40:
442:(the processing and interpreting of that input) via the brain-mind correlation, to psychological function. Thus there is not only (or not necessarily) a visual inability to see an aspect of reality but also (or instead) a mental inability to conceive even the possibility of seeing that aspect, due to a cognitive
522:
resists revision despite a person's perfect intellectual awareness and acceptance of the current physical reality (that is, that the amputated limb is gone or that the spared limb is still present). This suggests that aspects of schema in the mind (body schema, world schema) have neurologic bases
523:
that cannot be revised by mere intellectual understanding—at least not quickly. Sacks does explore the topic of how people adapt to phantoms over the years and how positive phantom limbs often gradually foreshorten and sometimes disappear; but some remain for the rest of life.
125:. There is no direct conscious awareness of visual scotomas. They are simply regions of reduced information within the visual field. Rather than recognizing an incomplete image, patients with scotomas report that things "disappear" on them.
505:
and could not completely reconcile reality with schema, prompting great unease. Given how hard this is to comprehend for a person who has not experienced it, people recently experiencing it for the first time consider it both
811:
792:
344:, as it is more difficult to detect by cursory clinical examination than the classical or textbook bitemporal peripheral hemianopia and may even elude sophisticated electronic modes of visual-field assessment.
493:
because it could not conceive that there was any space for the leg to exist in. Sacks and others agreed that the leg thus seemed like someone else's leg, including sometimes a
558:
that are obvious to others. Thus, in philosophy or politics, a person's thoughts or beliefs might be shaped by an inability to appreciate aspects of social interaction or
651:
Fletcher, Donald C.; Schuchard, Ronald A.; Renninger, Laura W. (2012-09-01). "Patient awareness of binocular central scotoma in age-related macular degeneration".
333:
501:
but not the sole explanation. Even for people who intellectually understood that the leg or hand was supposed to be theirs simply could not believe it
1864:
225:
and may be of any shape or size. A scotoma may include and enlarge the normal blind spot. Even a small scotoma that happens to affect central or
1261:
1933:
1859:
714:"The role of axoplasmic transport in the pathogenesis of retinal cotton-wool spots", D. McLeod, J. Marshall, E. M. Kohner, and A. C. Bird,
2414:
155:
A scotoma can be a symptom of damage to any part of the visual system, such as retinal damage from exposure to high-powered lasers,
873:
1881:
1876:
1701:
518:(a positive phantom), which does not produce a neuropsychological scotoma but shares with reverse phantoms the trait that the
1741:
1854:
1849:
1736:
1303:
757:
340:. This type of visual-field defect tends to be obvious to the person experiencing it but often evades early objective
1604:
1464:
133:
727:"Possible Roles of Vertebrate Neuroglia in Potassium Dynamics, Spreading depression, and migraine", Gardner-Medwin,
209:, scotomata may be due to a wide range of disease processes, affecting any part of the visual system, including the
1569:
51:
that is almost spiral-shaped, with distortion of shapes but otherwise melting into the background similarly to the
2144:
1662:
1574:
1564:
1293:
128:
The presence of the blind spot scotoma can be demonstrated subjectively by covering one eye, carefully holding
1657:
1548:
1414:
625:
477:
in such a way that an existing limb seems to its owner like it should not exist, and its presence thus seems
56:
485:, who experienced a reverse phantom leg that later resolved, considered it a form of spatial neglect in the
2055:
1746:
1731:
336:, and later, when the tumor enlarges, the scotomas extend out to the periphery to cause the characteristic
943:
901:
866:
550:
in themselves that are obvious to others. And at the highest abstraction level are what have been called
1871:
1667:
1641:
1599:
1594:
1459:
1332:
1320:
1276:
469:
injuries to the limbs, such as trauma in which a limb's nerves are severed but the limb is spared from
2050:
1938:
1844:
1691:
1536:
1337:
1283:
701:"Bilateral effects of unilateral visual cortex lesions in human", Matthew Rizzo and Donald A. Robin,
1589:
1560:
1184:
1149:
834:
278:
2060:
1814:
1614:
1134:
1127:
596:
2329:
2299:
2234:
2229:
1956:
1234:
1099:
859:
620:
360:
337:
2272:
1948:
630:
356:
294:
111:
48:
1916:
430:. Their concrete connection to the literal sense, however, is by the connection between the
2045:
1631:
1626:
1584:
1399:
1315:
290:
258:
156:
85:
8:
2350:
2224:
2024:
1907:
1899:
1687:
1651:
1636:
1491:
1271:
1051:
815:
615:
458:
141:
103:
52:
1980:
1961:
1711:
1619:
1543:
1496:
1308:
1244:
1229:
1089:
1038:
828:
824:
820:
684:
254:
238:
107:
514:(as Sacks self-reported and found in others). Sacks also explored the regular type of
450:
2304:
2201:
1966:
1826:
1609:
1266:
1172:
753:
676:
668:
601:
547:
341:
262:
234:
129:
92:
63:
688:
237:
part of a visual field may go unnoticed by the bearer because of the normal reduced
2092:
2082:
1928:
1903:
1836:
1802:
1721:
1352:
1342:
1239:
1094:
981:
971:
660:
490:
137:
2159:
2123:
2087:
1706:
1531:
1518:
1452:
1409:
1327:
1139:
1071:
991:
976:
839:
747:
664:
399:
314:
305:. Less common, but important because they are sometimes reversible or curable by
81:
2389:
2241:
2186:
2029:
1797:
1726:
1508:
1478:
1424:
1378:
1249:
1122:
1056:
1046:
465:. Another type is the phenomenon of reverse or negative phantom limb, in which
435:
431:
367:
298:
266:
221:
and even the visual cortex. A pathological scotoma may involve any part of the
187:
805:
801:
321:
2408:
2309:
2164:
2104:
1821:
1769:
1716:
1646:
1555:
1442:
1419:
1347:
1256:
1061:
966:
672:
577:
443:
348:
250:
88:
68:
851:
2174:
2002:
1383:
1298:
1206:
1084:
1079:
1024:
1019:
680:
515:
511:
482:
371:
352:
329:
282:
222:
149:
2373:
2324:
2267:
2262:
2219:
2197:
2108:
2099:
2019:
1997:
1809:
1781:
1579:
1447:
1288:
1109:
986:
938:
885:
591:
559:
535:
519:
486:
474:
317:, which may compress the optic nerve or interfere with its blood supply.
218:
118:
91:
that is surrounded by a field of normal – or relatively well-preserved –
324:. One important variety of bilateral scotoma may occur when a pituitary
39:
2294:
2257:
2181:
2169:
2113:
2074:
1895:
1785:
1144:
1009:
555:
539:
470:
439:
427:
419:
415:
407:
403:
383:
270:
230:
183:
175:
171:
122:
784:
132:
with the open eye, and placing an object (such as one's thumb) in the
2345:
2319:
2193:
2139:
2127:
2012:
2007:
1992:
1988:
1526:
1224:
1201:
1014:
961:
956:
933:
498:
423:
395:
206:
179:
145:
2384:
2149:
1683:
1486:
1117:
411:
391:
302:
167:
538:
is judged by others to have a gap in perceptive ability. Thus, in
347:
In a pregnant woman, scotomata can present as a symptom of severe
2211:
1696:
1503:
1434:
1404:
1394:
1001:
572:
507:
502:
494:
478:
306:
274:
355:. Similarly, scotomata may develop as a result of the increased
2314:
1216:
1193:
913:
796:
462:
325:
286:
226:
214:
210:
99:
2286:
466:
310:
114:
102:
eye has a scotoma in its field of vision, usually termed its
489:
analogous to hemispatial neglect in that the mind could not
1366:
928:
526:
At a higher level of abstraction are what have been called
650:
170:
in several fields. The common theme of all the figurative
554:, in which a person cannot perceive distortions in their
534:, in which a person's self-perception of his or her own
332:(as distinct from a single optic nerve) and produces a
285:
blockages either in the retina or in the optic nerve,
261:), damage to nerve fiber layer in the retina (seen as
140:
visual field, about 15 degrees from fixation (see the
461:
that is sometimes experienced by people who have had
418:
is of a gap not in visual function but in the mind's
174:
is of a gap not in visual function but in the mind's
16:
Altered region in an otherwise normal field of vision
774:
1915:
1860:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
84:consisting of a partially diminished or entirely
2406:
265:) due to hypertension, toxic substances such as
213:(in particular its most sensitive portion, the
546:can refer to a person's inability to perceive
881:
867:
438:input, to nerve conduction, to the brain, to
121:exit the retina. This location is called the
1934:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
741:
739:
737:
1262:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
921:
874:
860:
497:one, which was part of the reason for the
434:and the mind, via the chain of links from
38:
734:
414:. The common theme of all the figurative
80:is an area of partial alteration in the
386:concerning the visual system, the term
2407:
233:, whereas a large scotoma in the more
2371:
1767:
1170:
899:
855:
745:
731:(1981), 95, pages 111-127 (Figure 4).
200:
1742:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
229:vision will produce a severe visual
1865:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
1702:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
13:
1737:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
366:The scotoma is also caused by the
249:Common causes of scotomas include
14:
2426:
2415:Visual disturbances and blindness
1465:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
770:
446:that lacks any provision for it.
1570:Central retinal artery occlusion
241:in the peripheral visual field.
1575:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1304:Terrien's marginal degeneration
313:such as those arising from the
293:, often associated with aging.
2372:
1605:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
1565:Central retinal vein occlusion
1294:Pellucid marginal degeneration
721:
708:
695:
644:
377:
351:, a form of pregnancy-induced
334:bitemporal paracentral scotoma
106:. This is a location with no
1:
1658:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
1549:Posterior vitreous detachment
1415:Persistent pupillary membrane
718:(1977), 61(3), pages 177–191.
637:
626:Cortical spreading depression
394:in several fields, including
57:cortical spreading depression
2145:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2056:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
1768:
1747:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
1732:Persistent fetal vasculature
1663:Leber's congenital amaurosis
665:10.1097/OPX.0b013e318264cc77
653:Optometry and Vision Science
584:
7:
944:Meibomian gland dysfunction
565:
491:conceive of the leg as self
289:or other brain injury, and
144:article). The size of the
10:
2431:
1668:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
1642:Central serous retinopathy
1460:Focal choroidal excavation
1333:Corneal neovascularization
1150:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
900:
705:(1996), 119, pages 951-96.
455:neuropsychological scotoma
148:scotoma is 5×7 degrees of
2380:
2367:
2338:
2285:
2250:
2210:
2135:
2122:
2073:
2051:Convergence insufficiency
2038:
1979:
1947:
1924:
1894:
1835:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1763:
1692:Primary juvenile glaucoma
1676:
1537:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1517:
1477:
1433:
1374:
1365:
1215:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1108:
1070:
1037:
1000:
952:
912:
908:
895:
886:Diseases of the human eye
778:
244:
62:
46:
37:
29:
24:
1561:Ocular ischemic syndrome
752:, Simon & Schuster,
608:
473:, can affect the mind's
279:nutritional deficiencies
53:physiological blind spot
2061:One and a half syndrome
1815:Foster Kennedy syndrome
597:Horizontal eccentricity
328:begins to compress the
309:, are scotomata due to
186:. The term is from
2300:Argyll Robertson pupil
1100:Periorbital cellulitis
746:Sacks, Oliver (1984),
621:Bitemporal hemianopsia
530:psychological scotomas
370:antibiotics mainly by
361:malignant hypertension
338:bitemporal hemianopsia
320:Rarely, scotomata are
205:Symptom-producing, or
55:, as may be caused by
2273:Scintillating scotoma
1939:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
1882:Toxic and nutritional
1855:posterior (PION)
1338:Kayser–Fleischer ring
631:Scintillating scotoma
552:intellectual scotomas
457:. One example is the
357:intracranial pressure
295:Scintillating scotoma
112:retinal ganglion cell
49:scintillating scotoma
2046:Conjugate gaze palsy
1917:Paralytic strabismus
1850:anterior (AION)
1632:Retinitis pigmentosa
1627:Macular degeneration
1400:Intermediate uveitis
1316:Keratoconjunctivitis
291:macular degeneration
259:retrobulbar neuritis
159:, and brain damage.
157:macular degeneration
2351:Childhood blindness
2330:Parinaud's syndrome
1900:Extraocular muscles
1688:Ocular hypertension
1652:Epiretinal membrane
1637:Retinal haemorrhage
1492:Congenital cataract
616:Binasal hemianopsia
459:hemispatial neglect
382:Beyond its literal
297:is a common visual
108:photoreceptor cells
33:Scotomas, scotomata
1877:Leber's hereditary
1544:Retinal detachment
1497:Childhood cataract
1309:Post-LASIK ectasia
1090:Orbital cellulitis
1039:Lacrimal apparatus
548:personality traits
255:multiple sclerosis
239:optical resolution
201:Signs and symptoms
197: 'darkness'.
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2305:Marcus Gunn pupil
2281:
2280:
2202:Visual impairment
2069:
2068:
1975:
1974:
1962:Fourth-nerve (IV)
1890:
1889:
1827:Optic disc drusen
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1473:
1472:
1361:
1360:
1267:Corneal dystrophy
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1033:
1032:
849:
848:
749:A Leg to Stand On
602:Visual field test
263:cotton wool spots
117:that compose the
74:
73:
19:Medical condition
2422:
2369:
2368:
2133:
2132:
2124:Vision disorders
2083:Refractive error
2025:Brown's syndrome
1981:Other strabismus
1967:Sixth-nerve (VI)
1957:Oculomotor (III)
1929:Ophthalmoparesis
1922:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1904:Binocular vision
1837:Optic neuropathy
1803:optic papillitis
1791:
1790:
1778:
1777:
1765:
1764:
1654:(Macular pucker)
1372:
1371:
1353:Band keratopathy
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1168:
1167:
1095:Orbital lymphoma
982:Blepharophimosis
972:Blepharochalasis
919:
918:
910:
909:
897:
896:
876:
869:
862:
853:
852:
776:
775:
764:
763:
743:
732:
725:
719:
712:
706:
699:
693:
692:
659:(9): 1395–1398.
648:
532:
531:
453:level, there is
253:disease such as
42:
22:
21:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2394:
2376:
2355:
2334:
2277:
2246:
2206:
2160:Color blindness
2126:
2118:
2065:
2039:Other binocular
2034:
1971:
1943:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1886:
1831:
1784:
1772:
1751:
1707:Ocular hypotony
1672:
1532:Chorioretinitis
1513:
1469:
1453:Chorioretinitis
1429:
1410:Rubeosis iridis
1388:
1357:
1328:Corneal opacity
1284:Corneal ectasia
1211:
1175:
1154:
1140:Pseudopterygium
1104:
1066:
1029:
996:
992:Ankyloblepharon
948:
904:
891:
890:
880:
850:
845:
844:
787:
773:
768:
767:
760:
744:
735:
726:
722:
716:Br J Ophthalmol
713:
709:
700:
696:
649:
645:
640:
635:
611:
606:
587:
582:
568:
529:
528:
400:neuropsychology
380:
359:that occurs in
315:pituitary gland
247:
203:
82:field of vision
47:Animation of a
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2390:Onchocerciasis
2387:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2242:Quadrantanopia
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2187:Oguchi disease
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2030:Duane syndrome
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1798:Optic neuritis
1794:
1788:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Phthisis bulbi
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:Coats' disease
1607:
1602:
1600:of prematurity
1597:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1509:Ectopia lentis
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1367:Vascular tunic
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1250:Photokeratitis
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1123:Conjunctivitis
1120:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1057:Dacryocystitis
1054:
1049:
1047:Dacryoadenitis
1043:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
936:
931:
925:
923:
916:
906:
905:
893:
892:
889:
888:
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783:
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779:Classification
772:
771:External links
769:
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759:978-0671467807
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583:
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569:
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564:
481:. Neurologist
432:nervous system
392:metaphorically
379:
376:
368:aminoglycoside
267:methyl alcohol
246:
243:
202:
199:
168:metaphorically
72:
71:
66:
60:
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44:
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35:
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9:
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2352:
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2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Adie syndrome
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
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2240:
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2213:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Achromatopsia
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:Anisometropia
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
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1982:
1978:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
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1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:Accommodation
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
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1866:
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1848:
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1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Optic atrophy
1820:
1816:
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1812:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
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1779:
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1771:
1766:
1762:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Keratomycosis
1720:
1718:
1717:Globe rupture
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Macular edema
1645:
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1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
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1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
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1593:
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1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Retinoschisis
1554:
1550:
1547:
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1545:
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1498:
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1480:
1476:
1466:
1463:
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1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Choroideremia
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Iridodialysis
1418:
1416:
1413:
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1408:
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1401:
1398:
1396:
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1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Arcus senilis
1346:
1344:
1343:Haab's striae
1341:
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1257:Corneal ulcer
1255:
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1238:
1236:
1235:acanthamoebic
1233:
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1228:
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1214:
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1199:
1197:
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1188:
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1185:Fibrous tunic
1182:
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1062:Xerophthalmia
1060:
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1003:
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985:
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978:
975:
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968:
967:Lagophthalmos
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
951:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
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917:
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898:
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865:
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799:
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790:
789:
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761:
755:
751:
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742:
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738:
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729:J. Exp. Biol.
724:
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704:
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686:
682:
678:
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658:
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629:
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624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
579:
578:Scotomization
576:
574:
571:
570:
563:
561:
560:institutional
557:
553:
549:
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541:
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445:
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433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
390:is also used
389:
385:
375:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:pre-eclampsia
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:demyelinating
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
198:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:is also used
165:
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158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:Every normal
96:
94:
90:
89:visual acuity
87:
83:
79:
70:
69:Ophthalmology
67:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2200: /
2196: /
2175:Monochromacy
2154:
2107: /
2003:Heterophoria
1991: /
1690: /
1686: /
1590:hypertensive
1563: /
1384:Ciliary body
1299:Keratoglobus
1207:Episcleritis
1085:Enophthalmos
1080:Exophthalmos
1025:Trichomegaly
1020:Distichiasis
922:Inflammation
833:
810:
791:
748:
728:
723:
715:
710:
702:
697:
656:
652:
646:
551:
543:
527:
525:
516:phantom limb
483:Oliver Sacks
454:
449:At the most
448:
387:
381:
372:streptomycin
365:
353:hypertension
346:
330:optic chiasm
319:
248:
223:visual field
207:pathological
204:
194:
191:
163:
161:
154:
150:visual angle
127:
110:, where the
97:
77:
75:
2325:Cycloplegia
2268:Photophobia
2263:Hemeralopia
2220:Hemianopsia
2198:Vision loss
2109:Aniseikonia
2100:Astigmatism
2020:Cyclotropia
1998:Hypertropia
1810:Papilledema
1782:Optic nerve
1615:Sickle cell
1595:Purtscher's
1580:Retinopathy
1448:Choroiditis
1289:Keratoconus
1110:Conjunctiva
987:Xanthelasma
939:Blepharitis
592:Amsler grid
562:structure.
536:personality
520:body schema
503:emotionally
487:body schema
475:body schema
378:Terminology
219:optic nerve
119:optic nerve
86:degenerated
30:Other names
2374:Infections
2295:Anisocoria
2258:Asthenopia
2251:subjective
2235:homonymous
2230:bitemporal
2182:Nyctalopia
2170:Dichromacy
2114:Presbyopia
2075:Refraction
1896:Strabismus
1786:Optic disc
1145:Pinguecula
1010:Trichiasis
638:References
556:world view
540:psychology
495:cadaverous
471:amputation
440:perception
428:world view
420:perception
408:philosophy
404:psychology
271:ethambutol
235:peripheral
231:disability
184:world view
176:perception
142:blind spot
138:horizontal
123:optic disc
104:blind spot
2346:Nystagmus
2320:Mydriasis
2194:Blindness
2140:Amblyopia
2128:Blindness
2088:Hyperopia
2013:Exophoria
2008:Esophoria
1993:Exotropia
1989:Esotropia
1527:Retinitis
1225:Keratitis
1202:Scleritis
1135:Pterygium
1015:Madarosis
962:Ectropion
957:Entropion
934:Chalazion
673:1538-9235
585:Detection
512:ineffable
499:dysphoria
424:cognition
396:neurology
342:diagnosis
322:bilateral
180:cognition
162:The term
146:monocular
100:mammalian
64:Specialty
2409:Category
2385:Trachoma
2150:Diplopia
1845:Ischemic
1770:Pathways
1684:Glaucoma
1585:diabetic
1487:Cataract
1425:Synechia
1277:Meesmann
1245:Exposure
1230:herpetic
1128:allergic
1118:Chemosis
1052:Epiphora
689:34805670
681:22863789
566:See also
451:concrete
412:politics
303:migraine
283:vascular
195:(skótos)
130:fixation
2225:binasal
2212:Anopsia
2155:Scotoma
1949:palsies
1712:Red eye
1697:Floater
1504:Aphakia
1435:Choroid
1405:Hyphema
1395:Uveitis
1002:Eyelash
840:D012607
573:Floater
544:scotoma
508:uncanny
479:uncanny
463:strokes
436:sensory
388:scotoma
307:surgery
275:quinine
227:macular
217:), the
164:scotoma
134:lateral
78:scotoma
25:Scotoma
2315:Miosis
2093:Myopia
1872:Kjer's
1620:photic
1519:Retina
1272:Fuchs'
1240:fungal
1217:Cornea
1194:Sclera
977:Ptosis
914:Eyelid
902:Adnexa
829:368.12
825:368.42
821:368.41
756:
687:
679:
671:
444:schema
416:senses
410:, and
326:tumour
311:tumors
287:stroke
245:Causes
215:macula
211:retina
193:σκότος
172:senses
93:vision
2339:Other
2287:Pupil
1677:Other
1321:sicca
1173:Globe
1072:Orbit
806:H53.1
802:H53.4
703:Brain
685:S2CID
609:Types
467:nerve
426:, or
384:sense
190:
188:Greek
182:, or
115:axons
1479:Lens
1379:Iris
929:Stye
835:MeSH
816:9-CM
754:ISBN
677:PMID
669:ISSN
510:and
299:aura
273:and
136:and
812:ICD
793:ICD
661:doi
301:in
2411::
838::
827:,
823:,
819::
804:,
800::
797:10
736:^
683:.
675:.
667:.
657:89
655:.
542:,
422:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
374:.
363:.
281:,
277:,
269:,
178:,
152:.
95:.
76:A
875:e
868:t
861:v
814:-
795:-
785:D
762:.
691:.
663::
257:(
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