207:
481:
469:
657:
958:, which would be used to impress a small emblem on the reverse of the impression. In some cases the seal and counter-seal would be kept by two different individuals, in order to provide an element of double-checking to the process of authentication. Sometimes, a large official seal, which might be in the custody of chancery officials, would need to be counter-sealed by the individual in whose name it had been applied (the monarch, or the mayor of a town): such a counter-seal might be carried on the person (perhaps secured by a chain or cord), or later, take the form of a signet ring, and so would be necessarily smaller. Other pendent seals were double-sided, with elaborate and equally-sized
1123:
714:
851:
27:
1252:
832:, but not detached. The object in all cases is to help ensure authenticity by maintaining the integrity of the relationship between document and seal, and to prevent the seal's reuse. If a forger tries to remove an applied seal from its document, it will almost certainly break. A pendent seal is easily detached by cutting the cords or strips of parchment, but the forger would then have great difficulty in attaching it to another document (not least because the cords or parchment are normally knotted inside the seal), and would again almost certainly break it.
242:
3965:
885:
769:) it is now unusual in most countries in the west for private citizens to use seals. In Central and Eastern Europe, however, as in East Asia, a signature alone is considered insufficient to authenticate a document of any kind in business, and all managers, as well as many book-keepers and other employees, have personal seals, normally just containing text, with their name and their position. These are applied to all letters, invoices issued, and similar documents. In Europe these are today plastic self-inking stamps.
3997:
901:
978:
4331:
43:
1241:
730:, Norfolk, and dated to the late 7th century; the next oldest is a mid-9th-century matrix of a Bishop Ethilwald (probably Æthelwold, Bishop of East Anglia). The practice of sealing in wax gradually moved down the social hierarchy from monarchs and bishops to great magnates, to petty knights by the end of the 12th century, and to ordinary freemen by the middle of the 13th century. They also came to be used by a variety of corporate bodies, including
2714:
1619:
317:
738:
520:
1387:
785:
2683:
108:(raised above the surface). The design on the impression will reverse (be a mirror-image of) that of the matrix, which is especially important when script is included in the design, as it very often is. This will not be the case if paper is embossed from behind, where the matrix and impression read the same way, and both matrix and impression are in relief. However
843:(i.e. open letters) conferring rights or privileges, which were intended to be available for all to view. In the case of important transactions or agreements, the seals of all parties to the arrangement as well as of witnesses might be attached to the document, and so once executed it would carry several seals. Most governments still attach pendent seals to
863:(letters intended only for the recipient) and parcels to indicate whether or not the item had been opened or tampered with since it had left the sender, as well as providing evidence that the item was actually from the sender and not a forgery. In the post-medieval period, seals came to be commonly used in this way for
74:, and is also the impression thus made. The original purpose was to authenticate a document, or to prevent interference with a package or envelope by applying a seal which had to be broken to open the container (hence the modern English verb "to seal", which implies secure closing without an actual wax seal).
867:. A letter writer would fold the completed letter, pour wax over the joint formed by the top of the page, and then impress a ring or other seal matrix. Governments sometimes sent letters to citizens under the governmental seal for their eyes only, known as letters secret. Wax seals might also be used with
616:
in East Asia. Like ink-brush calligraphy, there are several styles of engraving. Some engraving styles emulate calligraphy styles, but many styles are so highly stylized that the characters represented on the seal are difficult for untrained readers to identify. Seal engravers are considered artists,
1203:
The practice is less widely attested in the case of medieval laypeople, but certainly occurred on occasion, particularly in the 13th and 14th centuries. Silver seal matrices have been found in the graves of some of the 12th-century queens of France. These were probably deliberately buried as a means
1345:
The less noble classes began wearing and using signet rings as early as the 13th century. In the 17th century, signet rings fell out of favor in the upper levels of society, replaced by other means for mounting and carrying the signet. In the 18th century, though, signet rings again became popular,
620:
Because seals are commissioned by individuals and carved by artists, every seal is unique, and engravers often personalize the seals that they create. The materials of seals and the styles of the engraving are typically matched to the personalities of the owners. Seals can be traditional or modern,
603:
official documents or financial transactions. Both individuals and organizations have official seals, and they often have multiple seals in different sizes and styles for different situations. East Asian seals usually bear the names of the people or organizations represented, but they can also bear
950:
was naturally yellowish or pale brownish in tone, but could also be artificially colored red or green (with many intermediary variations). In some medieval royal chanceries, different colours of wax were customarily used for different functions or departments of state, or to distinguish grants and
275:
in stone or other materials were used. These could be rolled along to create an impression on clay (which could be repeated indefinitely), and used as labels on consignments of trade goods, or for other purposes. They are normally hollow and it is presumed that they were worn on a string or chain
1118:
In some jurisdictions, especially in Canada, it is a legal requirement for a professional engineer to seal documents in accordance with the
Engineering Profession Act and Regulations. Professional engineers may also be legally entitled to seal any document they prepare. The seal identifies work
1114:
for the project, these seals may be embossed and signed, stamped and signed, or in certain situations a computer generated facsimile of the original seal validated by a digital certificate owned by the professional may be attached to a security protected computer file. The identities on the
604:
poems or personal mottoes. Sometimes both types of seals, or large seals that bear both names and mottoes, are used to authenticate official documents. Seals are so important in East Asia that foreigners who frequently conduct business there also commission the engraving of personal seals.
1377:
labels are available which are destroyed if the protected container or equipment is opened, functionally equivalent to a wax seal. They are used to protect things which must not be tampered with such as pharmaceuticals, equipment whose opening voids a manufacturer's warranty, etc.
775:
also still use seals on a daily basis. At least in
Britain, each registered notary has an individual personal seal, registered with the authorities, which includes his or her name and a pictorial emblem, often an animal—the same combination found in many seals from ancient Greece.
503:
607:
East Asian seals are carved from a variety of hard materials, including wood, soapstone, sea glass and jade. East Asian seals are traditionally used with a red oil-based paste consisting of finely ground cinnabar, which contrasts with the black ink traditionally used for the
641:, and the rest of East Asia are watercolor paintings on silk, paper, or some other surface to which the red ink from seals can adhere. East Asian paintings often bear multiple seals, including one or two seals from the artist, and the seals from the owners of the paintings.
944:(pointed oval) shape. The central emblem was often a standing figure of the owner, or (in the case of ecclesiastical seals) of a saint. Medieval townspeople used a wide variety of different emblems but some had seals that included an image relating to their work.
1119:
performed by, or under the direct supervision of, a licensed professional engineer, and assures the document's recipient that the work meets the standards expected of experienced professionals who take personal responsibility for their judgments and decisions.
1369:
to show lower chargeable readings, they may be sealed with a lead or plastic seal with a government marking, typically fixed to a wire that passes through part of the meter housing. The meter cannot be opened without cutting the wire or damaging the seal.
725:
by about the end of the 10th century. In
England, few wax seals have survived of earlier date than the Norman Conquest, although some earlier matrices are known, recovered from archaeological contexts: the earliest is a gold double-sided matrix found near
677:
There is a direct line of descent from the seals used in the ancient world, to those used in medieval and post-medieval Europe, and so to those used in legal contexts in the western world to the present day. Seals were historically most often impressed in
969:
On the death of a seal-holder, as a sign of continuity, a son and heir might commission a new seal employing the same symbols and design-elements as those used by his father. It is likely that this practice was a factor in the emergence of hereditary
858:
Applied seals, by contrast, were originally used to seal a document closed: that is to say, the document would be folded and the seal applied in such a way that the item could not be opened without the seal being broken. Applied seals were used on
1352:
Rings have been used since antiquity as spy identification and in espionage. During World War II, US Air Force personnel would privately purchase signet rings with a hidden compartment that would hold a small compass or hidden message.
449:, who deposited it in a temple in Rome. Engraved gems continued to be produced and collected until the 19th century. Pliny also explained the significance of the signet ring, and how over time this ring was worn on the little finger.
912:
Historically, the majority of seals were circular in design, although ovals, triangles, shield-shapes and other patterns are also known. The design generally comprised a graphic emblem (sometimes, but not always, incorporating
1184:, the papal signet, and to see that it is broken up. A similar practice prevailed in the Middle Ages and it is often alluded to by historians, as it seems to have been a matter of some ceremony. For example, on the death of
1115:
professional seals determine legal responsibility for any errors or omissions, and in some cases financial responsibility for their correction as well as the territory of their responsibility, e.g.: "State of
Minnesota".
617:
and, in the past, several famous calligraphers also became famous as engravers. Some seals, carved by famous engravers, or owned by famous artists or political leaders, have become valuable as historical works of art.
1223:
before his flight to France in order to ensure that the machinery of government would cease to function. It is unclear how much truth there is to this story, but certainly the seal was recovered: James's successors,
131:, running through them. These "pendent" seal impressions dangled below the documents they authenticated, to which the attachment tag was sewn or otherwise attached (single-sided seals were treated in the same way).
1175:
The importance of the seal as a means of authentication necessitated that when authority passed into new hands the old seal should be destroyed and a new one made. When the pope dies it is the first duty of the
2744:- Harvard's Ben Edelman says "Suppose users have seen a seal on dozens of sites that turn out to be legitimate. Dubious sites can present that same seal to encourage more users to buy, register, or download."
871:
techniques to ensure that only the intended recipient would read the message. In general, seals are no longer used in these ways except for ceremonial purposes. However, applied seals also came to be used on
749:
Traditional wax seals continue to be used on certain high-status and ceremonial documents, but in the 20th century they were gradually superseded in many other contexts by inked or dry embossed seals and by
628:
Although it is a utilitarian instrument of daily business in East Asia, westerners and other non-Asians seldom see Asian seals except on Asian paintings and calligraphic art. All traditional paintings in
854:
Hand-folded letter sealed with wax and stamped with capital letter "A". If a letter is folded and sealed correctly, a wax seal can eliminate the need for an envelope as demonstrated in the above picture.
828:) to provide extra strength. Alternatively, the seal may be attached to a narrow strip of the material of the document (again, in this case, usually parchment), sliced and folded down, as a tail or
185:
may well feature in such contexts as well as on seals, the seal design in its entirety rarely appears as a graphical emblem and is used mainly as originally intended: as an impression on documents.
123:
Most seals have always given a single impression on an essentially flat surface, but in medieval Europe two-sided seals with two matrices were often used by institutions or rulers (such as towns,
1984:
1349:
Since at least the 16th century there have also been pseudo-signet rings where the engraving is not reversed (mirror image), as it should be if the impression is to read correctly.
1017:
966:. Certain medieval seals were more complex still, involving two levels of impression on each side of the wax which would be used to create a scene of three-dimensional depth.
2697:
1417:
The expression "seal of approval" refers to a formal approval, regardless whether it involves a seal or other external marking, by an authoritative person or institute.
717:
During the early
Byzantine period these rings were used for sealing personal documents and validating wills and testaments. 6th century, silver. The Walters Art Museum.
1930:
93:). If the impression is made purely as a relief resulting from the greater pressure on the paper where the high parts of the matrix touch, the seal is known as a
1819:
Markus Späth, "Memorialising the glorious past: thirteenth-century seals from
English cathedral priories and their artistic contexts", in Schofield 2015, p. 166.
2239:
413:
From the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC until the Middle Ages, seals of various kinds were in production in the Aegean islands and mainland Greece. In the
1071:" (contrary to custom), sent their letters to him unsealed. The custom of bishops possessing seals may from this date be assumed to have been pretty general.
1338:
or crest of the school). One may also have their initials engraved as a sign of their personal stature. Traditionally, signet rings were worn either on the
962:
and reverses. The impression would be formed by pressing a "sandwich" of matrices and wax firmly together by means of rollers or, later, a lever-press or a
2128:
338:
331:
1743:
1013:-shaped. The use of a seal by men of wealth and position was common before the Christian era, but high functionaries of the Church adopted the habit.
690:, but in the post-medieval period the resin (and other ingredients) came to dominate. During the early Middle Ages seals of lead, or more properly "
1267:
A signet ring is a ring bearing on its flat top surface the equivalent of a seal. A typical signet ring has a design, often a family or personal
595:
was normally used. Even in modern times, seals, often known as "chops" in local colloquial
English, are still commonly used instead of handwritten
201:
1317:
Because it is used to attest to the authority of its bearer, the ring has also been seen as a symbol of power, which is why it is included in the
1302:
The wearing of signet rings (from Latin "signum" meaning "sign" or "mark") dates back to ancient Egypt: the seal of a pharaoh is mentioned in the
2557:
2433:
2052:
Dąbrowska, Elżbieta (2011). "Les sceaux et les matrices de sceaux trouvés dans le tombes médiévales". In Gil, Marc; Chassel, Jean-Luc (eds.).
1968:
1232:
used the same Great Seal matrix, fairly crudely adapted – possibly quite deliberately, in order to demonstrate the continuity of government.
822:) of parchment, threaded through holes or slots cut in the lower edge of the document: the document is often folded double at this point (a
492:
Joseon-era Korean royal seal with knob in the form of a turtle, late 16th-17th century, cast bronze with gilding, 6.98 x 15.24 x 15.24 cm,
2726:
206:
2671:
799:
import. There are two main ways in which a seal may be attached to a document. It may be applied directly to the face of the paper or
1395:
921:) running around the perimeter. The legend most often consisted merely of the words "The seal of ", either in Latin or in the local
664:
1321:
of certain monarchies. After the death of a Pope, the destruction of his signet ring is a prescribed act clearing the way for the
1155:
seal; or a certified document given to a shipper as a warrant that his goods have been duly entered and have paid duty. Hence, in
3021:
1044:'s letters (217 to Victorinus) indicates that he used a seal. The practice spread, and it seems to be taken for granted by King
3363:
381:
232:) and probably earlier. The oldest stamp seals were button-shaped objects with primitive ornamental forms chiseled onto them.
2623:
2580:
2523:
2500:
2481:
2270:
153:
of the seal design (in monochrome or color), which may be used in a variety of contexts including architectural settings, on
480:
468:
353:
3327:
1632:
1083:
116:
in this context, giving a "counter-relief" or intaglio impression when used as seals. The process is essentially that of a
1716:
1956:
Kansas State Board of
Technical Professions. Typical sample of requirements for a professional seal in the United States.
1923:
1177:
612:. Red chemical inks are more commonly used in modern times for sealing documents. Seal engraving is considered a form of
1911:
1063:
when for some reason they lawfully quit their own proper diocese. Such a ruling was enacted at Chalon-sur-Saône in 813.
127:
and kings) to make two-sided or fully three-dimensional impressions in wax, with a "tag", a piece of ribbon or strip of
2793:
1424:
360:
1561:
2642:
2602:
2450:
2408:
2380:
2342:
2323:
2289:
2166:
1859:
400:
1949:
1783:
John A. McEwan, "Does size matter? Seals in
England and Wales, ca. 1200–1500", in Whatley 2019, pp. 103–26 (116–18).
1430:
493:
421:
age a new set for seal forms, motifs and materials appear. Hard stone requires new rotary carving techniques. The
4363:
1365:
In modern use, seals are used to tamper-proof equipment. For example, to prevent gas and electricity meters from
367:
162:
2764:
Photographic reproductions of medieval seals in the
Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden searchable via the
2136:
1975:
U.S. Federal Acquisition Regulations, Subpart 36.6 Architect-Engineer Services, Article 36.609 Contract Clauses.
3079:
2361:
876:
applied directly to the face of the document, so that there was no need to break them, and this use continues.
682:(often simply described as "wax"): in the Middle Ages, this generally comprised a compound of about two-thirds
276:
round the neck. Many have only images, often very finely carved, with no writing, while others have both. From
2562:
4340:
1965:
1192:
reports: "After his burial, his seal was publicly broken up in the presence of all by Master Robert Avenel."
1122:
1111:
166:
2736:
1366:
694:" (from the Latin), were in common use both in East and West, but with the notable exception of documents ("
349:
3601:
3596:
1029:
699:
2763:
2282:
Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: case studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia
2515:
656:
3466:
4373:
722:
4368:
2033:
Paul Brand, "Seals and the law in the thirteenth century", in Schofield 2015, pp. 111–19 (at p. 115).
1374:
97:; in other cases ink or another liquid or liquefied medium is used, in another color than the paper.
1357:
purchased a number of signet rings from Regent Street jewelers that were used to conceal compasses.
713:
4160:
3656:
3183:
2748:
1322:
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on the tops of the seals. Seals are also sometimes carved with images or calligraphy on the sides.
613:
438:
174:
170:
4323:
4285:
3677:
3616:
3556:
2943:
2888:
2853:
1216:
940:
In the Middle Ages it became customary for the seals of women and of ecclesiastics to be given a
850:
789:
327:
4178:
4127:
3988:
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3978:
3973:
1523:
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2786:
2467:. Public Record Handbooks. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1656:
1509:
1251:
1225:
425:
is the time par excellence of the lens-shaped seal and the seal ring, which continued into the
417:
age these were formed of soft stone and ivory and show particular characteristic forms. By the
3955:
2656:
2313:
3064:
3014:
3009:
2987:
2871:
1637:
1622: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1185:
1181:
824:
374:
20:
1247:
signet ring bearing the arms of the Baronnet family; goldsmith: Jean-Pierre Gautheron, Paris
284:, including some with the names of kings, have been found; these tend to show only names in
4183:
2970:
2936:
2828:
2220:
1463:
1457:
1272:
1189:
1075:
101:
26:
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1314:'s hand; he arrayed him in garments of fine linen, and put a gold chain around his neck."
8:
4041:
3839:
3821:
3611:
3194:
3146:
3121:
2823:
2652:
2221:"Publication of specifications related to physical sealing of electricity and gas meters"
1212:
1208:
1049:
959:
815:
795:
Seals are used primarily to authenticate documents, specifically those which carry some
4235:
4208:
3536:
3481:
3431:
3342:
3332:
3269:
3244:
3179:
3154:
3126:
3026:
2813:
2590:
2568:
2551:
2427:
2280:
Ameri, Marta; Costello, Sarah Kielt; Jamison, Gregg; Scott, Sarah Jarmer, eds. (2018).
2084:
1847:
1447:
1412:
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1041:
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241:
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4083:
4074:
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2953:
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2779:
2638:
2619:
2598:
2576:
2519:
2496:
2477:
2446:
2404:
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2357:
2338:
2319:
2301:
2285:
2266:
2162:
2088:
1899:
1855:
989:
873:
731:
703:
225:
117:
2595:
Seals and Society: medieval Wales, the Welsh marches and their English border region
1947:"Rule and Regulation Change Allowing the Construction and use of Computerized Seals"
1259:: 'Perfect God, Lord of the Two Lands' ('Ntr-Nfr, Neb-taui'; right to left columns)—
1074:
In the British Museum collection the earliest bishop's seals preserved are those of
303:(Yitsḥaq bar Ḥanina) engraved in reverse so as to read correctly in the impression.
259:
Seals were used in the earliest civilizations and are of considerable importance in
138:
or specified signature-accompanying words such as "seal" or "L.S." (abbreviation of
104:(cut below the flat surface) and therefore the design on the impressions made is in
3964:
3920:
3908:
3829:
3631:
3436:
3383:
3378:
3312:
3297:
3239:
3204:
3054:
3049:
2982:
2948:
2876:
2692:
2460:
2076:
1628:
1481:
1311:
1268:
1196:
gives a similar description of the breaking of the seal of William of Trumpington,
1079:
889:
884:
864:
836:
835:
In the Middle Ages, the majority of seals were pendent. They were attached both to
796:
758:
630:
540:
524:
458:
446:
2102:
579:, seals have been used in East Asia as a form of written identification since the
4335:
4247:
3932:
3777:
3762:
3757:
3692:
3373:
3337:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3164:
3136:
2910:
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2613:
2476:. London Record Society Extra Series. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer.
2195:
1972:
1953:
1934:
1303:
1064:
1025:
734:, municipalities, monasteries etc., to validate the acts executed in their name.
660:
638:
442:
422:
113:
71:
47:
3996:
3451:
814:). A pendent seal may be attached to cords or ribbons (sometimes in the owner's
4259:
4225:
4218:
3772:
3737:
3529:
3456:
3441:
3421:
3159:
3004:
2999:
2893:
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2741:
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1829:
1400:
893:
844:
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766:
645:
622:
600:
426:
182:
35:
2753:
2375:. British Museum Research Publication. Vol. 213. London: British Museum.
2080:
224:
was a common seal die, frequently carved from stone, known at least since the
4357:
4307:
4213:
3873:
3797:
3729:
2818:
2687:
2637:. Marburger Studien zur Vor und Frühgeschichte 4. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
1810:
John Cherry, "Medieval and post-medieval seals", in Collon 1997, pp. 130–131.
1721:
1623:
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109:
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Pourquois les sceaux? La sigillographie, nouvel enjeu de l'histoire de l'art
1342:
of the least dominant hand, with the most common usage being on the little.
437:. These were a major luxury art form and became keenly collected, with King
4320:
Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
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4275:
4230:
4108:
3767:
3672:
3307:
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3199:
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1296:
1220:
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or conservative or expressive. Seals are sometimes carved with the owners'
588:
414:
292:
178:
135:
3709:
3426:
3405:
2183:
Evasion and Escape Devices: Produced by MI9, MIS-X and SOE in World War II
2182:
2067:
Jenkinson, Hilary (1943). "What happened to the Great Seal of James II?".
1912:"How Building Officials Interact With Registered Architects And Engineers"
1299:
were probably originally worn as signet rings, or as seals on a necklace.
721:
Wax seals were being used on a fairly regular basis by most western royal
100:
In most traditional forms of dry seal the design on the seal matrix is in
4302:
4144:
3641:
3621:
3489:
3368:
3131:
1946:
1652:
1331:
1280:
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281:
268:
264:
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245:
59:
4117:
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3189:
1330:
Signet rings are also used as a souvenir or membership attribute, e.g.,
1067:
in the same century complained that the bishops of Dôle and Reims had, "
900:
702:
these leaden authentications fell out of favour in western Christendom.
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3792:
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3742:
3687:
3561:
3519:
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3471:
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The matrices for pendent seals were sometimes accompanied by a smaller
922:
695:
221:
215:
158:
42:
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It is also part of the formal name of certain quality marks, such as:
4203:
3807:
3787:
3782:
3591:
3576:
3393:
3098:
2056:. Lille: Centre de Gestion de l'Édition Scientifique. pp. 31–43.
1514:. (2020). California Secretary of State, Notary Public Section. p. 7.
1288:
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1103:
800:
609:
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150:
128:
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3322:
2727:
God's Regents on Earth: A Thousand Years of Byzantine Imperial Seals
2265:. British Museum Research Publications 168. London: British Museum.
316:
31:
4292:
3834:
3719:
3646:
3626:
3571:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3074:
2802:
2686: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2354:
Medieval Europe 1992: pre-printed papers: vol. 7: Art and Symbolism
2042:
Cherry, "Medieval and post-medieval seals", in Collon 1997, p. 134.
1292:
1156:
1089:
1045:
1002:
985:
971:
914:
727:
592:
4053:
4005:
2713:
1016:
737:
3944:
3702:
3636:
3606:
3586:
3581:
3566:
3546:
3400:
3388:
3358:
3317:
3281:
3214:
3169:
2965:
2926:
1318:
1307:
905:
809:
742:
683:
576:
519:
300:
253:
149:
In the United States, the word "seal" is sometimes assigned to a
1836:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–15.
1717:"Before Envelopes, People Protected Messages With Letterlocking"
1279:) impression of the design when the ring is pressed onto liquid
502:
4280:
4254:
4029:
3861:
3651:
3541:
3524:
3494:
3274:
3229:
3219:
2960:
2843:
2371:
Cherry, John; Berenbeim, Jessica; Beer, Lloyd de, eds. (2018).
1386:
1339:
1276:
1060:
1056:
1033:
1006:
772:
124:
105:
784:
3896:
3551:
3224:
3103:
3086:
1284:
934:
687:
564:
556:
67:
2544:
Die Siegel der deutschen Kaiser und Könige, von 751 bis 1913
2335:
Sceaux et usages de sceaux: images de la Champagne médiévale
1295:
which tend not to bind with the wax. Most smaller classical
4000:
3209:
2771:
2698:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
1914:
National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (US).
1055:
Later ecclesiastical synods require that letters under the
762:
154:
63:
1529:
1306:. Genesis 41:42: "Removing his signet ring from his hand,
951:
decrees made in perpetuity from more ephemeral documents.
2279:
2261:
Adams, Noël; Cherry, John; Robinson, James, eds. (2007).
1354:
2263:
Good Impressions: Image and Authority in Medieval Seals
1346:
and by the 19th century, men of all classes wore them.
77:
The seal-making device is also referred to as the seal
2392:
The History of Marks from Antiquity to the Middle Ages
142:, "place of the seal") to be the legal equivalent of,
16:
Device for making an impression in wax or other medium
1926:
Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service
1541:
1255:
Golden ring, with cartouche and hieroglyphic name of
706:
sometimes issued documents with gold seals, known as
2445:. London: British Library and Public Record Office.
2370:
2260:
2014:. Surtees Society. Vol. 9. London. p. 63.
1167:, which was perhaps stamped as though with a seal.
523:
A demonstration of the use of a standardized seal (
2300:
2159:Finger Rings From Ancient Egypt to the Present Day
165:, among other uses, appears on the reverse of the
2156:
1526:. Vermont Legislature. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
1110:who supervised the development. Depending on the
4355:
2474:Seals in Medieval London, 1050–1300: A Catalogue
2440:
1902:National Society of Professional Engineers (US).
1627:
1466:used to validate documents approved by the order
1090:Architects, surveyors and professional engineers
202:Ancient Near Eastern seals and sealing practices
2514:. Archives and the User. Vol. 11. London:
2417:
2315:Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art
2240:"Tamper evident labels market growth continues"
252:and the impression made by it—worship of
146:, an equally effective substitute for, a seal.
2701:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
2670:. Belgrade: The Institute for History: 23–29.
2356:. York: Medieval Europe 1992. pp. 23–27.
2352:Cherry, John (1992). "The breaking of seals".
2129:"The ultimate guide to signet rings / Journal"
1559:
933:. Occasionally, the legend took the form of a
2787:
2756:(database of Byzantine Seal impressions from
2441:Harvey, P. D. A.; McGuinness, Andrew (1996).
1846:
1574:
1215:of 1688/9, he is supposed to have thrown the
2758:Prosopography of the Byzantine World project
2589:
2312:Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013).
2311:
1535:
1188:, Bishop of Durham, in 1283, the chronicler
587:were impressed in a soft clay, but from the
2742:Not All Online Authority Seals are Credible
2418:Grisar, Josef; De Lasala, Fernando (1997).
2157:Taylor, Gerald; Scarisbrick, Diana (1978).
892:in Scotland, late 13th century, now in the
761:formerly required seals for validity (e.g.
2794:
2780:
2573:Seals and their Context in the Middle Ages
2556:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2532:
2465:Guide to Seals in the Public Record Office
2432:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1987:, History of Science and Technology. p.243
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
306:
2635:Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology
2567:
2459:
2284:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2103:"What Is A Signet Ring And Why Wear One?"
2066:
2051:
1854:. London: Frederick Warne. pp. 6–7.
1360:
1106:drawings, to certify the identity of the
988:-shaped seal of the cathedral chapter of
644:East Asian seals are the predecessors to
531:) (red colour) for organizations in China
401:Learn how and when to remove this message
299:age. One example shows a name written in
2747:Signet ring article - Berganza, London:
2691:
2651:
2389:
2298:
2150:
2000:. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
1959:
1547:
1385:
1250:
1239:
1126:Professional engineer's seal (in fact a
1121:
1015:
976:
899:
883:
849:
783:
736:
712:
655:
518:
501:
240:
205:
58:is a device for making an impression in
41:
25:
2615:A Companion to Seals in the Middle Ages
2611:
2332:
1928:. Appendix A: "Submission Requirements"
1834:Heralds and Heraldry in the Middle Ages
1592:
1327:and subsequent election of a new Pope.
974:in western Europe in the 12th century.
929:was frequently abbreviated to a simple
441:the first major collector according to
4356:
2597:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
2490:
2471:
2398:
2351:
2237:
1828:
515:, rotating character seal of Xú Yǒngyù
337:Please improve this section by adding
291:Recently, seals have come to light in
2775:
2541:
2493:Matrix: A Collection of British Seals
2009:
1940:
1937:U.S. General Services Administration.
1905:
1390:Representation of a seal of approval.
818:), or to the two ends of a strip (or
70:, or some other medium, including an
2632:
2012:Historia Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres
1893:
1714:
1641:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1084:St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury
1001:Ecclesiastical seals are frequently
651:
310:
195:
112:were often carved in relief, called
2509:
1917:
807:); or it may hang loose from it (a
667:, earl of Gloucester and Hertford,
13:
2373:Seals and Status: power of objects
2307:. New York: New York, H.N. Abrams.
1577:The invention of printing in China
1562:"Pliny The Elder, Natural History"
1427:of the Good Housekeeping Institute
1425:Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval
1381:
1283:. The design is often made out of
1159:, there was an officer called the
996:
445:. His collection fell as booty to
433:periods, in the form of pictorial
14:
4385:
2706:
2443:A Guide to British Medieval Seals
2238:Corbin, Tony (15 November 2018).
1635:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1040:An incidental allusion in one of
4329:
3995:
3963:
2766:verteillte Bildarchiv prometheus
2712:
2681:
2677:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2403:. London: British Museum Press.
2161:. Ashmolean Museum. p. 71.
1715:Cain, Abigal (9 November 2018).
1617:
1431:Good Netkeeping Seal of Approval
1275:so that it will leave a raised (
1163:. It may have given its name to
1138:
494:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
479:
467:
315:
210:A stamp seal and its impression.
85:; the imprint it creates as the
2399:Collon, Dominique, ed. (1997).
2254:
2231:
2213:
2188:
2175:
2121:
2095:
2060:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2003:
1990:
1978:
1880:
1868:
1840:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1736:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1645:
1235:
1005:-shaped, as in the shape of an
904:The Great Seal of the State of
188:The study of seals is known as
163:Great Seal of the United States
1583:
1568:
1553:
1524:Vermont Statutes Title 1 § 134
1517:
1503:
1494:
1170:
511:
1:
2737:UK National Archives on seals
2657:"The Golden Seal of Stroimir"
1875:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
1487:
1112:authority having jurisdiction
1048:at the very beginning of the
1020:A series of crosses from the
917:), surrounded by a text (the
888:Two-sided pendent seals from
686:to one-third of some kind of
668:
339:secondary or tertiary sources
4086:(metal in the United States)
2801:
2612:Whatley, Laura, ed. (2019).
2390:Di Palma, Salvatore (2015).
2135:. 2017-06-20. Archived from
1888:Regesta Pontificum Romanorum
1579:. Columbia University Press.
1180:to obtain possession of the
779:
583:(221 BC–). The seals of the
452:
134:Some jurisdictions consider
46:Present-day impression of a
7:
2749:Signets: Sealed with a Ring
2593:; New, E. A., eds. (2016).
2533:Pastoureau, Michel (1981).
2516:British Records Association
2512:Seals and Sealing Practices
2420:Aspetti della sigillografia
2303:Greek Gems and Finger Rings
1744:"British Museum Collection"
1436:
1406:
1102:construction documents, or
1059:'s seal should be given to
788:Pendent seals on the Swiss
173:appear on their respective
10:
4390:
2333:Chassel, Jean-Luc (2003).
2010:Raine, James, ed. (1839).
1705:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 18–19.
1687:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 14–18.
1410:
1334:(which typically bear the
1094:Seals are also affixed on
879:
456:
234:
213:
199:
18:
4316:
4268:
4196:
4169:
4093:
4062:
4016:
3954:
3883:
3848:
3820:
3728:
3665:
3480:
3414:
3351:
3290:
3145:
3112:
3035:
2919:
2864:
2809:
2081:10.1017/s0003581500042189
1998:Oxford English Dictionary
1792:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 8–10.
1564:. Loeb Classical Library.
1460:, the first seal in Japan
1340:little or the ring finger
925:language: the Latin word
544:
528:
506:
161:. Thus, for example, the
2695:, ed. (1728). "Cocket".
2563:Accessible on Wikisource
2394:. Société des écrivains.
1890:, nos. 2789, 2806, 2823.
1678:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 6-7.
1536:Brown & Feldman 2013
1396:Seal of the Confessional
439:Mithridates VI of Pontus
171:seals of the U.S. states
4324:List of oldest heraldry
2546:. Vol. 5. Dresden.
2510:New, Elizabeth (2010).
2299:Boardman, John (1972).
1560:Harris Rackham (1938).
1217:Great Seal of the Realm
790:Federal Charter of 1291
307:Ancient Greece and Rome
4364:Authentication methods
2569:Schofield, Phillipp R.
2491:Morris, David (2012).
2185:. 2015. Pages 296-297.
1765:Jenkinson 1968, p. 13.
1657:The Walters Art Museum
1589:Jenkinson 1968, p. 12.
1575:Thomas Carter (1925).
1511:Notary Public Handbook
1391:
1361:Modern tamper-proofing
1264:
1248:
1135:
1037:
993:
909:
897:
855:
792:
746:
718:
674:
532:
516:
350:"seals" antiquity
326:relies excessively on
256:
211:
177:. In Europe, although
89:(or, more rarely, the
51:
39:
30:Town seal (matrix) of
2472:McEwan, John (2016).
2318:. Walter de Gruyter.
1638:Catholic Encyclopedia
1389:
1367:being interfered with
1254:
1243:
1211:was dethroned in the
1186:Robert of Holy Island
1182:Ring of the Fisherman
1130:) in the Province of
1125:
1108:licensed professional
1019:
980:
903:
887:
853:
787:
740:
716:
659:
522:
505:
280:seals in the form of
244:
209:
169:; and several of the
45:
29:
21:Seal (disambiguation)
2542:Posse, Otto (1913).
2537:. Turnhout: Brepols.
2196:"Gas meter stamping"
1756:McEwan 2016, no.764.
1696:New 2010, pp. 19–23.
1464:Knights Templar Seal
1458:King of Na gold seal
1204:of cancelling them.
1076:William de St-Calais
591:a red ink made from
19:For other uses, see
4336:Heraldry portal
3763:Hastings/Hungerford
3050:Crowns and coronets
3022:National traditions
2633:Yule, Paul (1981).
2401:7000 Years of Seals
2069:Antiquaries Journal
1848:Brooke-Little, John
1213:Glorious Revolution
1209:James II of England
1178:Cardinal Camerlengo
1161:clerk of the cocket
1050:Merovingian dynasty
271:carved or engraved
72:embossment on paper
3720:Waterlily/Seeblatt
2944:Ancient and modern
2337:. Paris: Somogny.
2225:Measurement Canada
2133:Rebus Signet Rings
1971:2010-12-01 at the
1952:2009-10-11 at the
1933:2009-09-29 at the
1852:Boutell's Heraldry
1448:Keeper of the seal
1413:Certification mark
1392:
1265:
1249:
1198:Abbot of St Albans
1136:
1038:
994:
910:
898:
856:
793:
747:
732:cathedral chapters
719:
704:Byzantine Emperors
675:
533:
517:
257:
212:
52:
40:
4374:Rings (jewellery)
4351:
4350:
4192:
4191:
4130:(color in Canada)
3816:
3815:
2717:Works related to
2693:Chambers, Ephraim
2664:Historical Review
2625:978-90-04-38064-6
2618:. Leiden: Brill.
2582:978-1-78297-817-6
2575:. Oxford: Oxbow.
2525:978-0-900222-15-3
2502:978-0-9570102-0-8
2483:978-0-900952-56-2
2461:Jenkinson, Hilary
2272:978-0-86159-168-8
2227:. 18 August 2008.
1190:Robert Greystones
1082:(1081–96) and of
1026:Beatrice of Bar's
874:legal instruments
837:legal instruments
698:") issued by the
652:Western tradition
411:
410:
403:
385:
226:6th millennium BC
196:Ancient Near East
192:or sphragistics.
157:, or on official
4381:
4369:Seals (insignia)
4334:
4333:
4332:
4172:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4125:
4115:
4107:
4104:
4096:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4052:
4049:
4040:
4037:
4028:
4025:
3999:
3967:
3943:
3940:
3931:
3928:
3919:
3916:
3907:
3904:
3895:
3892:
3872:
3869:
3860:
3857:
3846:
3845:
3830:Rule of tincture
3547:Griffin/Keythong
3143:
3142:
2834:Officers of arms
2796:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2716:
2702:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2661:
2648:
2629:
2608:
2591:Schofield, P. R.
2586:
2561:
2555:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2506:
2487:
2468:
2456:
2437:
2431:
2423:
2414:
2395:
2386:
2367:
2348:
2329:
2308:
2306:
2295:
2276:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1963:
1957:
1944:
1938:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:New 2010, p. 13.
1799:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1774:New 2010, p. 41.
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1629:Herbert Thurston
1621:
1620:
1615:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1482:Signet ring cell
1080:Bishop of Durham
1009:, also known as
915:heraldic devices
890:Inchaffray Abbey
741:The wax seal of
673:
672: 1218–1230
670:
665:Gilbert de Clare
546:
530:
513:
508:
483:
471:
459:Seal (East Asia)
447:Pompey the Great
429:, Classical and
406:
399:
395:
392:
386:
384:
343:
319:
311:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4330:
4328:
4312:
4264:
4188:
4170:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4123:
4113:
4105:
4102:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4058:
4050:
4047:
4038:
4035:
4026:
4023:
4012:
3950:
3941:
3938:
3929:
3926:
3917:
3914:
3905:
3902:
3893:
3890:
3879:
3870:
3867:
3858:
3855:
3844:
3812:
3778:Hungerford knot
3748:Cavendish/Savoy
3724:
3661:
3476:
3410:
3347:
3286:
3141:
3108:
3031:
2915:
2860:
2805:
2800:
2709:
2682:
2674:
2659:
2653:Živković, Tibor
2645:
2626:
2605:
2583:
2549:
2548:
2526:
2503:
2484:
2453:
2425:
2424:
2411:
2383:
2364:
2345:
2326:
2292:
2273:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2236:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1973:Wayback Machine
1964:
1960:
1954:Wayback Machine
1945:
1941:
1935:Wayback Machine
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:Philipp Jaffé,
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1845:
1841:
1830:Wagner, Anthony
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:New 2010, p. 3.
1668:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1618:
1616:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1504:
1500:New 2010, p. 7.
1499:
1495:
1490:
1439:
1415:
1409:
1384:
1382:Figurative uses
1373:Specially-made
1363:
1304:Book of Genesis
1261:Musée du Louvre
1238:
1173:
1141:
1092:
1065:Pope Nicholas I
1022:sigillum cereum
999:
997:Ecclesiasticism
882:
865:private letters
782:
671:
661:Equestrian seal
654:
500:
499:
498:
497:
489:
488:
487:
484:
476:
475:
472:
461:
455:
443:Pliny the Elder
423:Late Bronze Age
407:
396:
390:
387:
344:
342:
336:
332:primary sources
320:
309:
295:datable to the
239:
218:
204:
198:
183:heraldic badges
167:one-dollar bill
87:seal impression
48:Late Bronze Age
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4387:
4377:
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4371:
4366:
4349:
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4326:
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4317:
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4260:Trophy of arms
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4219:banner of arms
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3805:
3803:Tristram/Bowen
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2889:Ecclesiastical
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2879:
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2754:Search Results
2751:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2731:Dumbarton Oaks
2723:
2722:
2708:
2707:External links
2705:
2704:
2703:
2679:
2649:
2643:
2630:
2624:
2609:
2603:
2587:
2581:
2571:, ed. (2015).
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2244:Packaging News
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2149:
2120:
2107:He Spoke Style
2094:
2059:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2002:
1989:
1977:
1958:
1939:
1916:
1904:
1900:"What is a PE"
1892:
1879:
1877:, Leg., II, 2.
1867:
1860:
1839:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
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1567:
1552:
1540:
1538:, p. 304.
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1403:
1401:Record sealing
1398:
1383:
1380:
1375:tamper-evident
1362:
1359:
1237:
1234:
1172:
1169:
1140:
1137:
1091:
1088:
998:
995:
894:British Museum
881:
878:
845:letters patent
841:letters patent
781:
778:
700:Papal Chancery
653:
650:
646:block printing
623:zodiac animals
491:
490:
485:
478:
477:
473:
466:
465:
464:
463:
462:
454:
451:
409:
408:
323:
321:
314:
308:
305:
273:cylinder seals
235:Main article:
214:Main article:
200:Main article:
197:
194:
36:Czech Republic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4386:
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4308:Sigillography
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4296:
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3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:
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3678:Laurel wreath
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2721:at Wikisource
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2689:
2688:public domain
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2644:3-8053-0490-0
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2495:. Whyteleaf.
2494:
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2452:0-7123-0410-X
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2410:0-7141-1143-0
2406:
2402:
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2382:9780861592135
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2344:2-85056-643-8
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2325:9781614510352
2321:
2317:
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2297:
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2291:9781107194588
2287:
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2201:
2200:UK Government
2197:
2191:
2184:
2181:Froom, Phil.
2178:
2170:
2168:0-900090-54-5
2164:
2160:
2153:
2139:on 2019-04-01
2138:
2134:
2130:
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2109:. 31 May 2017
2108:
2104:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:(1–2): 1–13.
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1861:0-7232-1708-4
1857:
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1816:
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1798:
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1724:
1723:
1722:Atlas Obscura
1718:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1653:"Signet Ring"
1648:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1624:public domain
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1556:
1550:, p. 21.
1549:
1548:Di Palma 2015
1544:
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1520:
1513:
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1300:
1298:
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1294:
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1278:
1274:
1271:, created in
1270:
1262:
1258:
1253:
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1199:
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1194:Matthew Paris
1191:
1187:
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1139:Custom houses
1133:
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1097:
1096:architectural
1087:
1086:(1093–1109).
1085:
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1072:
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1042:St. Augustine
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570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:Greater China
542:
538:
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521:
514:
512:Xú Yǒngyù yìn
504:
495:
482:
470:
460:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:engraved gems
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Middle Minoan
416:
405:
402:
394:
391:November 2021
383:
380:
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373:
369:
366:
362:
359:
355:
352: –
351:
347:
346:Find sources:
340:
334:
333:
329:
324:This section
322:
318:
313:
312:
304:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
286:hieroglyphics
283:
279:
278:ancient Egypt
274:
270:
267:. In ancient
266:
262:
255:
251:
250:cylinder seal
247:
243:
238:
237:Cylinder seal
233:
231:
230:Halaf culture
227:
223:
217:
208:
203:
193:
191:
190:sigillography
186:
184:
180:
179:coats of arms
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
140:locus sigilli
137:
136:rubber stamps
132:
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110:engraved gems
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49:
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37:
33:
28:
22:
4298:Phaleristics
4242:
4231:Roll of arms
4197:Applications
4109:Bleu celeste
4095:Rare colours
3788:Ormonde/Wake
3673:Fleur-de-lis
3235:Inescutcheon
3200:Crozier head
3045:Coat of arms
2932:Augmentation
2839:King of Arms
2765:
2757:
2696:
2667:
2663:
2634:
2614:
2594:
2572:
2543:
2534:
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2400:
2391:
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2302:
2281:
2262:
2255:Bibliography
2243:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2177:
2158:
2152:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:the original
2132:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
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2068:
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2029:
2024:Cherry 1992.
2020:
2011:
2005:
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1726:. Retrieved
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1496:
1471:Manu propria
1469:
1443:Company seal
1419:
1416:
1372:
1364:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1336:coat of arms
1329:
1324:sede vacante
1323:
1316:
1301:
1266:
1236:Signet rings
1221:River Thames
1206:
1202:
1174:
1165:cocket bread
1160:
1153:custom house
1148:
1142:
1132:Saskatchewan
1128:rubber stamp
1117:
1093:
1073:
1069:contra morem
1068:
1054:
1039:
1021:
1000:
968:
956:counter-seal
955:
953:
946:
939:
930:
926:
918:
911:
857:
834:
829:
823:
819:
808:
805:applied seal
804:
794:
771:
756:
748:
720:
708:Golden Bulls
676:
643:
627:
619:
606:
601:authenticate
589:Tang dynasty
572:
568:
560:
552:
536:
534:
510:
415:Early Minoan
412:
397:
388:
378:
371:
364:
357:
345:
325:
293:South Arabia
290:
282:signet rings
258:
246:Mesopotamian
219:
187:
148:
143:
139:
133:
122:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
76:
55:
53:
34:(now in the
4303:Vexillology
4064:Rare metals
4044:(blood red)
3642:Winged lion
3622:Sea-griffin
3557:Hippocampus
3490:Allocamelus
3132:Fimbriation
3060:Compartment
3037:Achievement
3005:Marshalling
2971:distinction
2829:Law of arms
2814:Authorities
2729:, from the
1332:class rings
1281:sealing wax
1257:Tutankhamun
1226:William III
1200:, in 1235.
1171:Destruction
1145:English law
1104:land survey
1100:engineering
964:screw press
948:Sealing wax
759:instruments
757:While many
680:sealing wax
614:calligraphy
585:Han dynasty
581:Qin dynasty
486:Inscription
431:Hellenistic
269:Mesopotamia
265:art history
261:archaeology
175:state flags
159:letterheads
38:) from 1570
4358:Categories
4248:equestrian
4032:(mulberry)
3758:Harrington
3688:Quatrefoil
3617:Salamander
3562:Hippogriff
3520:Cockatrice
3500:Amphiptere
3472:Wolfsangel
3452:Portcullis
3364:Black swan
3318:Camelopard
3147:Ordinaries
3065:Escutcheon
3015:impalement
3010:quartering
2993:variations
2911:Attributed
2849:pursuivant
2733:Collection
2535:Les sceaux
2363:0952002361
2143:2018-09-16
2113:23 October
1996:"Cocket".
1966:FAR 36.609
1488:References
1477:Privy seal
1453:Great seal
1411:See also:
1310:put it on
1245:Armigerous
1207:When King
923:vernacular
723:chanceries
597:signatures
457:See also:
361:newspapers
328:references
248:limestone
222:stamp seal
216:Stamp seal
4341:resources
4286:socialist
4209:Hatchment
4204:Bookplate
4184:Carnation
4171:Realistic
3984:Erminites
3822:Tinctures
3773:Hinckaert
3738:Bourchier
3592:Ouroboros
3577:Manticore
3482:Legendary
3457:Reremouse
3394:Przepaska
3323:Hind/stag
3313:Dog/hound
3122:Attitudes
3099:Supporter
3027:Societies
2988:divisions
2937:abatement
2552:cite book
2428:cite book
2089:162188010
1924:GSA P100
1631:(1913). "
1289:carnelian
1219:into the
1028:grant to
801:parchment
780:Practices
767:covenants
745:from 1839
610:ink brush
573:ấn chương
535:Known as
453:East Asia
297:Himyarite
151:facsimile
129:parchment
4293:Logotype
4236:Illyrian
4118:Brunâtre
4042:Sanguine
3979:Erminois
3947:(purple)
3840:Hatching
3835:Tricking
3798:Stafford
3698:Shamrock
3647:Woodwose
3627:Sea-lion
3597:Pantheon
3572:Lindworm
3515:Chollima
3510:Biscione
3505:Basilisk
3427:Crapaudy
3328:Kangaroo
3190:Componée
3184:Łękawica
3080:pavilion
3075:Mantling
2954:courtesy
2949:Alliance
2877:dominion
2872:National
2803:Heraldry
2672:Archived
2655:(2007).
2463:(1968).
2205:7 August
1969:Archived
1950:Archived
1931:Archived
1850:(1973).
1832:(1956).
1728:12 March
1437:See also
1407:Approval
1293:sardonyx
1273:intaglio
1157:Scotland
1134:, Canada
1046:Clovis I
1030:San Zeno
1003:mandorla
992:(France)
986:Mandorla
972:heraldry
960:obverses
927:Sigillum
773:Notaries
728:Postwick
593:cinnabar
569:ấn triện
537:yinzhang
102:intaglio
95:dry seal
4269:Related
4137:Cendrée
4120:(brown)
3974:Ermines
3945:Purpure
3935:(green)
3911:(black)
3884:Colours
3864:(white)
3768:Heneage
3710:Thistle
3703:Trefoil
3637:Unicorn
3612:Phoenix
3607:Pegasus
3602:Panther
3587:Musimon
3582:Mermaid
3567:Lampago
3537:Enfield
3530:Chinese
3467:Serpent
3462:Scallop
3432:Dolphin
3406:Pelican
3401:Martlet
3389:Szaszor
3359:Alerion
3333:Leopard
3308:Bull/ox
3282:Saltire
3270:Roundel
3245:Lozenge
3215:Flaunch
3180:Chevron
3170:Bordure
3155:Annulet
3127:Erasure
3114:Charges
2978:Canting
2966:Cadency
2927:Armiger
2901:Burgher
2854:private
2824:History
2690::
2422:. Rome.
1626::
1319:regalia
1308:Pharaoh
1143:In old
1061:priests
990:Moulins
906:Montana
880:Designs
839:and to
810:pendent
743:Tampere
684:beeswax
577:Vietnam
541:Chinese
525:Chinese
427:Archaic
375:scholar
301:Aramaic
254:Shamash
125:bishops
91:sealing
4281:Emblem
4255:Tabard
4179:Proper
4158:
4153:Orange
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4124:
4116:
4114:
4106:
4103:
4082:
4080:
4075:Copper
4072:
4051:
4048:
4039:
4036:
4030:Murrey
4027:
4024:
4017:Stains
4006:Potent
3969:Ermine
3942:
3939:
3930:
3927:
3923:(blue)
3918:
3915:
3906:
3903:
3894:
3891:
3876:(gold)
3871:
3868:
3862:Argent
3859:
3856:
3849:Metals
3715:Turnip
3666:Plants
3652:Wyvern
3542:Garuda
3525:Dragon
3495:Alphyn
3291:Beasts
3275:Bezant
3230:Hamade
3220:Goutte
3175:Canton
3092:slogan
3070:Helmet
2961:Blazon
2920:Topics
2844:herald
2641:
2622:
2601:
2579:
2522:
2499:
2480:
2449:
2407:
2379:
2360:
2341:
2322:
2288:
2269:
2165:
2087:
1985:Cocket
1858:
1312:Joseph
1277:relief
1151:was a
1149:cocket
1057:bishop
1036:(1073)
1034:Verona
1011:vesica
1007:almond
982:Vesica
942:vesica
919:legend
830:tongue
692:bullae
553:injang
543::
527::
377:
370:
363:
356:
348:
106:relief
79:matrix
32:Náchod
4226:Badge
4145:Ochre
4054:Tenné
3921:Azure
3909:Sable
3899:(red)
3897:Gules
3793:Savoy
3753:Dacre
3743:Bowen
3730:Knots
3632:Tyger
3552:Harpy
3437:Emmet
3415:Other
3384:Eagle
3352:Birds
3240:Label
3225:Gyron
3205:Chief
3195:Cross
3137:Lines
3104:Torse
3087:Motto
3055:Crest
3000:Fraud
2983:Field
2906:Women
2894:papal
2882:civic
2865:Types
2760:(PBW)
2719:Seals
2675:(PDF)
2660:(PDF)
2085:S2CID
1291:, or
1285:agate
1269:crest
935:motto
825:plica
797:legal
763:deeds
696:bulls
688:resin
639:Korea
635:Japan
631:China
575:) in
565:Japan
561:inshō
557:Korea
547:) in
474:Front
382:JSTOR
368:books
155:flags
118:mould
114:cameo
68:paper
4243:Seal
4214:Flag
4161:Rose
4128:Buff
4084:Buff
4001:Vair
3989:Pean
3956:Furs
3933:Vert
3808:Wake
3783:Lacy
3693:Rose
3657:Yale
3447:Lucy
3379:Dove
3374:Crow
3369:Cock
3343:Wolf
3338:Lion
3303:Boar
3298:Bear
3265:Pile
3260:Pall
3255:Pale
3250:Orle
3210:Fess
3165:Bend
2639:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2558:link
2520:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2434:link
2405:ISBN
2377:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2207:2021
2163:ISBN
2115:2017
1856:ISBN
1730:2019
1633:Seal
1230:Mary
1228:and
1147:, a
908:(US)
812:seal
803:(an
571:(or
507:徐永裕印
496:(US)
354:news
263:and
220:The
181:and
144:i.e.
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56:seal
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4276:Mon
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3442:Ged
3422:Bee
3160:Bar
2077:doi
1355:MI9
1098:or
1024:of
820:tag
765:or
663:of
599:to
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