Second Battle of the Aisne

2092: 2232: 1409: 283: 272: 261: 250: 239: 228: 217: 206: 195: 145: 2009: 1360:). In his analysis of the battle, Loßberg opposed the granting of discretion to front trench garrisons to retire, as he believed that manoeuvre did not allow the garrisons to evade Allied artillery-fire, which could blanket the forward area and invited enemy infantry to occupy vacated areas unopposed. Loßberg considered that spontaneous withdrawals would disrupt the counter-attack reserves as they deployed and further deprive battalion and division commanders of the ability to conduct an organised defence, which the dispersal of infantry over a wider area had already made difficult. Loßberg and other officers had severe doubts as to the ability of relief divisions to arrive on the battlefield in time to conduct an immediate counter-attack ( 2048:

the Aisne had also been captured. South of the river, the Fifth and Tenth armies on the plain near Loivre, had managed to advance west of the Brimont Heights. East of Reims the Fourth Army had captured most of the Moronvilliers massif and Auberive, then advanced along the Suippe, which provided good jumping-off positions for a new offensive. The cost of the Nivelle Offensive in casualties and loss of morale were great but German losses were also high and the tactical success of the French, in capturing elaborately fortified positions and defeating counter-attacks, reduced German morale. The Germans had been forced out of three of the most elaborately fortified positions on the Western Front and failed to recapture them.

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immense French traffic jams on the few supply routes which had been sufficiently repaired to bear traffic. East of the Oise and north of the Aisne, the Third Army took the southern and north-western outskirts of Laffaux and Vauxeny. On 4 April German counter-attacks north of the Aisne were repulsed south of Vauxeny and Laffaux. The French captured Moy on the west bank of the Oise, along with Urvillers and Grugies, a village opposite Dallon on the east bank of the Somme. North of the farm of La Folie, the Germans were pushed back; three 155 mm (6.1 in) howitzers and several

174: 1921: 1503:), who would join the sentries to recapture sentry-posts by immediate counter-attack. Defensive procedures in the battle zone were similar but with greater numbers of men. The front trench system was the sentry line for the battle zone garrison, which was allowed to move away from concentrations of enemy fire and then counter-attack to recover the battle and outpost zones; such withdrawals were envisaged as occurring on small parts of the battlefield which had been made untenable by Allied artillery fire, as the prelude to 52: 2076:

infantry had reached the ridge. The tunnels and caves under the ridge nullified the destructive effect of the French artillery, which was also reduced by poor weather and by German air superiority, which made French artillery-observation aircraft even less effective. The rear edge of the German battle zone along the ridge had been reinforced with machine-gun posts and the German divisional commanders decided to hold the front line, rather than giving ground elastically; few of the

1876: 1713: 1635:, due to be attacked from the south by the Sixth Army of the GAR. The French were inhibited from firing on St. Quentin, which allowed the Germans unhampered observation from the cathedral and from factory chimneys and to site artillery in the suburbs, free from counter-battery fire. French attacks could only take place at night or during twilight and snow, rain, low clouds and fog made aircraft observation for the artillery impossible. German work on the 1773: 1756:

from Vendresse to the Oise–Aisne Canal had more success, the 153rd Division on the right flank reached the Chemin des Dames south of Courtecon after a second attack, managing an advance of 2.01 km (1.25 mi). The VI Corps advanced its right flank west of the Oise–Aisne Canal but its left flank was held up. On the east-facing northern flank near Laffaux, I Colonial Corps was able to penetrate only a few hundred yards into the defences of the

1583: 1304: 1681: 1641:(Hindenburg Line) continued but the first line, built along reverse-slopes was complete and from which flanking-fire could be brought to bear on any attack. Concrete machine-gun emplacements proved immune to all but the heaviest and most accurate howitzer-fire and the main position was protected by an observation line along the crest in front, which commanded no man's land, which was 800–1,200 yd (730–1,100 m) deep. 2354:(General Georges Humbert) in the south XXXIII Corps had the 77th and 70th divisions from Coucy le Chateau to the Oise, just south of La Fere, XXXV Corps in the centre had the 53rd, 61st and 121st divisions, from the Oise to the vicinity of Urvillers and XIII Corps on the left, the 26th and 25th divisions from near Urvillers to the boundary with the British Fourth Army at Savy. The XIV Corps was in reserve around Chauny. 159: 1953:

Craonne and on 18 May, German attacks on the Californie Plateau and on the Chemin des Dames just west of the Oise–Aisne Canal, were repulsed. On 20 May, a counter-offensive to retake the French positions from Craonne to the east of Fort de la Malmaison, was mostly defeated by artillery-fire and where German infantry were able to advance through the French defensive barrages, French infantry easily forced them back;

1509:(immediate counter-attack within the position). Such a decentralised battle by large numbers of small infantry detachments would present the attacker with unforeseen obstructions. Resistance from troops equipped with automatic weapons, supported by observed artillery fire, would increase the further the advance progressed. A school was opened in January 1917 to teach infantry commanders the new methods. 1453:. Defending infantry would fight in areas, with the front divisions in an outpost zone up to 2,700 m (3,000 yd) deep behind listening posts, with the main line of resistance placed on a reverse slope, in front of artillery observation posts, which were kept far enough back to retain observation over the outpost zone. Behind the main line of resistance was a 1744:. On the Chemin des Dames, I Corps made very little progress and by evening had advanced no further than the German support line, 200–300 yd (180–270 m) ahead. The French infantry had suffered many casualties and few of the leading divisions were capable of resuming the attack. The advance had failed to reach objectives which were to have fallen by 2052:, the Scarpe Heights, the caverns, spurs and plateau of the Chemin des Dames and the Moronvilliers massif had been occupied for more than two years, carefully surveyed by German engineers and fortified to make them impregnable. In six weeks all were lost and the Germans were left clinging to the eastern or northern edges of the ridges of the summits. 1662:

26th Division had held on to 91 m (100 yd) of the German front trench and the 25th Division had been forced back to its jumping-off trenches. German artillery-fire had not been heavy and the defence had been based on machine-gun fire and rapid counter-attacks. The XIII Corps and XXXV Corps attack due next day was eventually cancelled.

1220:, supported the concept of a decisive battle but insisted that if the first two phases of the Nivelle scheme were unsuccessful, the British effort would be moved north to Flanders. Nivelle threatened to resign if the offensive did not go ahead and having not lost a battle, had the enthusiastic support of the British Prime Minister 1704:

German counter-attack. German infantry launched hasty counter-attacks along the front, recaptured Bermericourt and conducted organised counter-attacks where the French infantry had advanced the furthest. At Sapigneul in the XXXII Corps area, the 37th Division attack failed, which released German artillery in the area to fire in

1165:). The mutinies in the French armies became known to the Germans but the cost of the defensive success on the Aisne made it impossible to reinforce Flanders and conduct more than local operations on the Aisne and in Champagne. A French attack at Verdun in August completed the recapture of much of the ground lost in 1916. The 2019:

as mid-May. Uffindell called this politically convenient, since this excluded the Battle of La Malmaison in October, making it easier to heap blame upon Nivelle. Uffindel wrote that the exclusion of La Malmaison was artificial, since the attack was begun from the ground taken from April to May. General

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two German divisions made five attacks on the east, west and central parts of the Californie Plateau and the west end of the Vauclerc Plateau. The Germans attacked in waves, at certain points advancing shoulder-to-shoulder, supported by flame-thrower detachments and gained some ground on the Vauclerc

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On 16 May, a German counter-offensive, on a front of 4.0 km (2.5 mi) from the north-west of Laffaux Mill to the Soissons–Laon railway, was defeated and after dark more attacks north of Laffaux Mill and north-west of Braye-en-Laonnois also failed. French attacks on 17 May took ground east of

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for 4.0 km (2.5 mi) along the Chemin des Dames and then advanced at the salient opposite Laffaux. An attack on 5 May southeast of Vauxaillon took Moisy Farm and Laffaux Mill and repulsed German counter-attacks. Next day another advance was conducted north of the mill. German counter-attacks

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The attack on the right flank of the Sixth Army, which faced north between Oulches and Missy, took place from Oulches to Soupir and had less success than the Fifth Army; the II Colonial Corps advanced for 0.80 km (0.5 mi) in the first thirty minutes and was then stopped. The XX Corps attack

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The operations in Champagne on 20 May ended the Nivelle Offensive; most of the Chemin-des-Dames plateau, particularly the east end, which dominated the plain north of the Aisne had been captured. Bois-des-Buttes, Ville-aux-Bois, Bois-des-Boches and the German first and second positions from there to

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and a large amount of equipment. The operation had been planned as a decisive blow against the Germans; by 20 April it was clear that the strategic intent of the offensive had not been achieved and by 25 April most of the fighting had ended. Casualties had reached 20 per cent in the French armies by

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In 2015, Andrew Uffindell wrote that retrospective naming and dating of events can affect the way in which the past is understood. The Second Battle of the Aisne began on 16 April but the duration and extent of the battle have been interpreted differently. The ending of the battle is usually given

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prisoners were taken. On 21 May, German surprise attacks on the Vauclerc Plateau failed and on the following evening, the French captured several of the remaining observation posts dominating the Ailette Valley and three German trench lines east of Chevreux. A German counter-attack on the Californie

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Between Vauxaillon and Reims and on the Moronvilliers heights the French had captured much of the German defensive zone, despite the failure to break through and Army Group German Crown Prince counter-attacked before the French could consolidate, mostly by night towards the summits of the Chemin des

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Tanks to accompany the French infantry to the third objective arrived late and the troops were too exhausted and reduced by casualties to follow them. Half of the tanks were knocked out in the German defences and then acted as pillboxes in advance of the French infantry, which helped to defeat a big

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but the orders arrived too late and the attack did not take place. French aircraft were active over the attack front but at midday large formations of German fighters arrived and forced the French artillery-observation and reconnaissance aircraft back behind the front line. By the end of the day the

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Large reconnaissance forces were sent towards the Dallon spur on 1 April, which were not able to gain footholds in the German front defences, although the British Fourth Army to the north captured the woods around Savy. On 2 April a bigger French attack on Dallon failed but on 3 April the Third Army

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on 23 May, a German assault on the Vauclerc Plateau was defeated and on 24 May, a renewed attack was driven back in confusion. During the night the French took the wood south-east of Chevreux and almost annihilated two German battalions. On 25 May, three German columns attacked a salient north-west

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suited the German defensive dispositions, since much of the new construction had taken place on reverse slopes. The speed of attack and the depth of the French objectives meant that there was no time to establish artillery observation posts overlooking the Ailette valley, in the areas where French

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but the advance was stopped at the Aisne–Marne canal. The canal was crossed further north and Berméricourt was captured against a determined German defence. From Bermericourt to the Aisne the French attack was repulsed and south of the river French infantry were forced back to their start-line. On

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The main attack by GAN was planned as two successive operations, an attack by XIII Corps to capture Rocourt and Moulin de Tous Vents south-west of the city, to guard the flank of the principal attack by XIII Corps and XXXV Corps on Harly and Alaincourt, intended to capture the high ground east and

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was abandoned in confusion on 9 May. The politicians and public were stunned by the chain of events and on 16 May, Nivelle was sacked and moved to North Africa. He was replaced by the considerably more cautious Pétain with Foch as chief of the General Staff, who adopted a strategy of "healing and

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and attacks by the Germans west of Cerny also failed. On the morning of 1 June, after a heavy bombardment, German troops captured several trenches north of Laffaux Mill and lost them to counter-attacks in the afternoon. On 2 June a bigger German attack began, after an intensive bombardment of the

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XIII Corps attacked with two divisions; the 26th Division on the right took the German first line and then defeated two German counter-attacks but the 25th Division on the left was held up almost immediately by uncut wire and machine-gun fire, despite French field artillery being advanced into no

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for stone for centuries, leaving a warren of caves and tunnels which were used as shelters by German troops to escape the French bombardment. The offensive met massed German machine-gun and artillery fire, which inflicted many casualties and repulsed the French infantry at many points. The French

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which the growing material strength of the French and British armies could be countered. Instead of fighting the defensive battle in the front line or from shell-hole positions near it, the main fight was to take place behind the front line, out of view and out of range of enemy field artillery.

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When Hindenburg and Ludendorff took over from Falkenhayn on 28 August 1916, the pressure being placed on the German army in France was so great that new defensive arrangements, based on the principles of depth, invisibility and immediate counter-action were formally adopted, as the only means by

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On the second day, Nivelle ordered the Fifth Army to attack north-eastwards to reinforce success, believing that the Germans intended to hold the ground in front of the Sixth Army. The Fifth Army was not able substantially to advance on 17 April but the Sixth Army, which had continued to attack

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south of Urvillers, were captured and the German position at the apex of the triangle from Ham to St Quentin and La Fère was made vulnerable to a further attack. The French had attacked in intense cold and driving rain, with chronic supply shortages caused by the German destruction of roads and

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were found to be empty and as French troops followed up the retirement, German troops counter-attacked at Vregny and Margival, which reduced the speed of the French pursuit to a step-by-step advance. By April, the French advance had only progressed beyond Neuville-sur-Margival and Leuilly. On 1

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The British Fourth Army was unable to assist the French with an attack due to a lack of divisions, after transfers north to the British Third Army but was able to assist with artillery-fire from the north and kept a cavalry division in readiness to join a pursuit. The French artillery had been

1560:(counter-attack) divisions would take their time to prepare a methodical attack, provided the lost ground was essential to the retention of the main position. Such methods required large numbers of reserve divisions ready to move to the battlefront. The reserve was obtained by creating 1885:

Nivelle ordered the Tenth Army forward between the Fifth and Sixth armies on 21 April. The IX Corps and XVIII Corps took over between Craonne and Hurtebise and local operations were continued on the fronts of the Fourth and Fifth armies with little success. An attack on Brimont on

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which had dawned misty and overcast. From the beginning, German machine-gunners were able to engage the French infantry and inflict many casualties, although German artillery-fire was far less destructive. Courcy on the right flank was captured by the 1st Brigade of the

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was captured with the help of British heavy artillery but then lost to a German counter-attack. The Sixth Army operations took approximately 3,500 prisoners but no break-through had been achieved and the German second position had been reached at only one point.

1449:(Principles of Command for Defensive Battle), the policy of unyielding defence of ground regardless of its tactical value, was replaced by the defence of positions suitable for artillery observation and communication with the rear, where an attacking force would 1254:

river. The plan of December 1916 was plagued by delays and information leaks. By the time the offensive began in April 1917, the Germans had received intelligence of the Allied plan and strengthened their defences on the Aisne front. The German retreat to the

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German attacks were repulsed at Cerny, La Bovelle, Heutebise Farm and the Californie Plateau. Next day, German counter-attacks on Chevreux, north-east of Craonne at the foot of the east end of the Chemin des Dames were defeated. More attacks on the night of

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were defeated by the French artillery and machine-gun fire; the French managed to advance on the northern slopes of the Vauclerc Plateau. On 10 May, another German attack at Chevreux was defeated and the French advanced north of Sancy and on the night of

1762:(Condé Switch trench) and failed to take Moisy Farm plateau. Laffaux was captured and then lost to a counter-attack before changing hands several times, until finally captured on 19 April. To the east of Vauxaillon, at the north end of the Sixth Army, 1366:) from behind the battle zone and wanted the Somme practice of fighting in the front line to be retained and authority devolved no further than the battalion, so as to maintain organizational coherence, in anticipation of a methodical counter-attack ( 1708:

into the flanks of the adjacent divisions, which had been able to advance and the guns were also able to engage the French tanks north of the Aisne. The defeat of the 37th Division restored the German defences between Loivre and Juvincourt.

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the XXI and XIV corps advanced rapidly and the I Cavalry Corps was brought forward into the XIV Corps area, in case the Germans collapsed. On 25 October the French captured the village and forest of Pinon and closed up to the line of the

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the capture of which would have been of great tactical value, was postponed on the orders of the French government and never took place. The Tenth Army captured the Californie Plateau on the Chemin des Dames, the Sixth Army captured the

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continued in constant attack and counter-attack in the Soissons sector. By the end of 5 May the Sixth Army had reached the outskirts of Allemant and took roughly 4,000 prisoners. The offensive continued on the Fourth Army front where

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the north bank of the Aisne the French attack was more successful, the 42nd and 69th divisions reached the German second position between the Aisne and the Miette, the advance north of Berry penetrating 4.0 km (2.5 mi).

1603:(GAR) had been reduced to the Third Army with three corps in line, by the transfer of the First Army to the GAR. The Third Army began French operations, with preliminary attacks on German observation points at St. Quentin on 2283:

artillery batteries. Much of the German artillery was silenced before the French attack. Gas bombardments in the Ailette valley became so dense that the carriage of ammunition and supplies to the front was made impossible.

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by internal reorganisation of the army, bringing divisions from the eastern front and by shortening the western front, in Operation Alberich. By the spring of 1917, the German army in the west had a strategic reserve of

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attacked after a "terrific" bombardment, on a front of about 13 km (8 mi) north of a line from Castres to Essigny-le-Grand and Benay, between the Somme canal at Dallon, south-west of St Quentin and the Oise.

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Plateau, until French counter-attacks recovered the ground. Despite the French holding improvised defences and the huge volumes of German artillery-fire used to prepare attacks, the German organised counter-attacks (

1324:) was published on 1 December 1916. The new manual laid down the organisation for the mobile defence of an area, rather than the rigid defence of a trench line. Positions necessary for the new method were defined in 1459:(battle zone), a second defensive area 1,500–2,500 yd (1,400–2,300 m) deep, also placed as far as possible on ground hidden from enemy observation, while remaining in view of German artillery observers. A 1149:. The British prolonged the Arras offensive into mid-May, despite uncertainty about French intentions, high losses and diminishing returns, as divisions were transferred northwards to Flanders. The British captured 3533:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 3089:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. 1071:. When the French armies met the British advancing from the Arras front, the Germans would be pursued towards Belgium and the German frontier. The offensive began on 9 April, when the British began the 1629:

south-east of St. Quentin. Success would enable the French to menace the flank of the German forces to the south, along the Oise to La Fère and the rear of the German positions south of the St. Gobain

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supported Nivelle but the war minister Lyautey resigned during a dispute with the Chamber of Deputies and the Briand government fell; a new government under Alexandre Ribot took office on 20 March.

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of Bray-en-Laonnois and gained a footing in the French first trench, before being forced out by a counter-attack. On 26 May German attacks on salients east and west of Cerny were repulsed and from

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in cold rain alternating with snow showers. The right flank guard to the east of Suippes was established by the 24th Division and Aubérive on the east bank of the river and the 34th Division took

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man's land at the last minute to cut the wire. Casualties in the thirteen attacking battalions were severe. The 25th Division was ordered by the army commander, General Humbert to attack again at

1789:, which ran from Laffaux Mill to the Chemin des Dames and joined the original defences at Courtecon. The German retirement was carried out in a rush and many guns were left behind, along with 1722:

The left flank division of the XXXII Corps and the right division of the V Corps penetrated the German second position south of Juvincourt but French tanks attacking south of the Miette from

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Given the Allies' growing superiority in munitions and manpower, attackers might still penetrate to the second (artillery protection) line, leaving in their wake German garrisons isolated in

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destroyed behind the French front line; few of the tanks reached the German defences and by the evening only ten tanks were operational. On the left flank, V Corps was stopped at the

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The new French strategy was not one of passive defence; in June and July the Fourth, Sixth and Tenth Armies conducted several limited attacks and the First Army was sent to

408: 2298:. In four days the attack had advanced 9.7 kilometres (6 mi) and forced the Germans from the narrow plateau of the Chemin des Dames, back to the north bank of the 1435:

April, a French attack along the line of the Ailette–Laon road reached the outskirts of Laffaux and Vauxaillon. Vauxeny and Vauxaillon were occupied a few days later.

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divisions), the 23rd division and one regiment between Nauroy and Moronvilliers. On the west bank the Moroccan Division was repulsed on the right and captured

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German attacks between Vauxaillon and Laffaux Mill broke down. Two attacks on 28 May at Hurtebise were defeated by French artillery-fire and on the night of

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left a belt of devastated ground up to 40 km (25 mi) deep in front of the French positions facing east from Soissons, northwards to St. Quentin.

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The main attack on the Aisne would be preceded by a large diversionary attack by the British Third and First armies at Arras. The French War Minister,

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advanced to disaster. German observers at Craonne, on the east end of the Chemin des Dames, were able to direct artillery-fire against the tanks and

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guns by transfers south to GAR, which was insufficient to bombard the German defences and conduct counter-batter fire simultaneously. On 13 April at

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on the left. To the north-east of the hill the advance reached a depth of 2.4 km (1.5 mi) and next day the advance was pressed beyond

1428:(Hindenburg Line) in March 1917, a modest withdrawal took place in the neighbourhood of Soissons. On 17 March, the German defences at Crouy and 92: 3432: 4056: 3626: 2091: 4118: 2231: 2031:

10 May and some divisions suffered more than 60 per cent casualties. On 3 May, the French 2nd Division refused orders, similar refusals and

5320: 5250: 4889: 4108: 4019: 5344: 4242: 3696: 1408: 394: 3138: 1291:(GAN) but also freed French divisions for the attack. By late March, GAN had been reduced by eleven infantry, two cavalry divisions and 3919: 2119:

killed in the first few days but that the effect on military and civilian morale was worse than the casualties. In the 1939 volume of

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Chemin des Dames Virtual Memorial searchable databases soldiers, regiments, battles, cemeteries, monuments and documents

5611: 4901: 4310: 4068: 1867:; lack of troops had forced the Germans into piecemeal attacks instead of a simultaneous attack along the whole front. 3146:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 2266: 1793:

stocks of munitions. The French infantry reached the new German positions with an advance of 6.4 km (4 mi).

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shot as scapegoats, provided better food, more pay and more leave, which led to a considerable improvement in morale.

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The objective of the attack on the Aisne was to capture the prominent 80 km (50 mi), east–west ridge of the

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Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande Zwölfter Band Die Kriegsführung im Frühjahr 1917

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shot as examples and introduced reforms to improve the welfare of French troops, which did much to restore morale.

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The offensive advanced the front line by 6–7 km (3.7–4.3 mi) on the front of the Sixth Army, which took

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in October captured the west end of the Chemin des Dames and forced the Germans to withdraw to the north bank of

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras

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by the relief divisions. Ludendorff was sufficiently impressed by the Loßberg memorandum to add it to the new

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while conserving French infantry. Pétain began a substantial programme re-equipment of the French Army, had

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Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)

3117:] (in German). Vol. XII (online scan ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. 786: 616: 310: 2217:. The advance of the Sixth Army was one of the largest made by a French army since trench warfare began. 1861:

German attacks on 27 May had temporary success before French counter-attacks recaptured the ground around

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called La Malmaison "the decisive phase of the Battle… that began on 16 April and ended on 2 November…".

1217: 1123: 1082: 986: 958: 938: 771: 526: 39: 5830: 4315: 1813:(GAC) began the subsidiary attack in Champagne from Aubérive to the east of Reims which became known as 1485:) held by sentries, had been built along the Western Front. Sentries could retreat to larger positions ( 628: 5795: 5679: 5636: 4913: 4678: 4663: 4565: 4434: 4002: 3914: 3871: 3426: 3115:

The World War 1914 to 1918: Military Land Operations, Twelfth Volume, the Warfare in the Spring of 1917

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prisoners but failed to defeat decisively the German armies. The failure had a traumatic effect on the

1092: 933: 923: 901: 751: 741: 714: 542: 1524:) still inflicting losses and disorganisation on the attackers. As the attackers tried to capture the 5621: 5389: 4973: 4961: 4723: 4708: 4429: 4320: 4014: 3992: 3741: 3731: 3664: 1625:

lorries were captured. Beyond Dallon French patrols entered the south-western suburb of St. Quentin.

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The Nivelle Offensive and the Battle of the Aisne 1917: A Battlefield Guide to the Chemin des Dames

2103:) mentioning local man Raimund Abraham, who was killed in action on the Californie Plateau (called 1451:"fight itself to a standstill and use up its resources while the defenders conserve their strength" 1351: 1158: 948: 886: 862: 766: 692: 2259:, was not able to establish a defence in depth along the Chemin-de-Dames, because the ridge was a 276: 5800: 5667: 5659: 5601: 5361: 5056: 4819: 4653: 4648: 4580: 4439: 4424: 4419: 4399: 4280: 4157: 2256: 1920: 1201: 913: 874: 852: 702: 643: 569: 4620: 3476: 1346:) was published on 30 January 1917. Towards the end of the Battle of the Somme in 1916, Colonel 5434: 5158: 5093: 4949: 4683: 4610: 4560: 4545: 4527: 4500: 4414: 4381: 4046: 4007: 3987: 3798: 3691: 2226: 2055: 1166: 1072: 928: 896: 857: 825: 756: 724: 697: 670: 579: 465: 435: 221: 1819:, with the VIII, XVII and XII Corps on an 11 km (6.8 mi) front. The attack began at 1465:(rear battle zone) further back was to be occupied by the reserve battalion of each regiment. 707: 5424: 5078: 4967: 4743: 4713: 4643: 4590: 4512: 4480: 4454: 4404: 4335: 4237: 4190: 3974: 3843: 3726: 3155: 3108: 1705: 1146: 1021: 943: 918: 776: 658: 562: 287: 282: 271: 260: 249: 238: 227: 216: 205: 194: 150: 86: 3201:

Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918

3132:– via Die digitale Landesbibliotek Oberösterreich (Upper Austrian Provincial Library). 1949:

and the following day, German attacks were repulsed on the Californie Plateau and at Cerny.

5774: 5689: 4376: 4350: 4300: 3657: 3526: 2096: 1675: 1131: 1033: 830: 440: 4325: 1347: 254: 8: 5756: 4895: 4759: 4718: 4595: 4555: 4550: 4495: 4178: 4172: 4073: 3367: 2351: 1802: 1197: 1100: 840: 796: 791: 606: 584: 452: 5709: 3398: 3237:

Lahaie, O. "The Development of French Tank Warfare on the Western Front, 1916–1918". In

5716: 5631: 4990: 4854: 4836: 4801: 4765: 4605: 4570: 4522: 4507: 4394: 4345: 4184: 4143: 3823: 3274: 2144: 1783:

overnight, forced a German withdrawal from the area of Braye, Condé and Laffaux to the

1221: 813: 653: 574: 1611:

After another attack on 4 April, the villages of Dallon, Giffecourt, Cerizy and côtes

1213: 1127: 552: 232: 5749: 5743: 5704: 5606: 5439: 5022: 4877: 4860: 4668: 4490: 4470: 4305: 4290: 4220: 4208: 3909: 3886: 3833: 3598: 3579: 3560: 3534: 3512: 3488: 3407: 3378: 3345: 3326: 3307: 3280: 3254: 3223: 3204: 3180: 3147: 3118: 3104: 3090: 3068: 3060: 3046: 2260: 2077: 2036: 1984:

French front, from the north of Laffaux to the east of Berry-au-Bac. On the night of

1835:. The "Monts" were held against a German counter-attack on 19 April by the 5th, 6th ( 1017: 879: 820: 623: 418: 3640: 3618: 3553: 3220:

Genesis, Employment, Aftermath: First World War Tanks and the New Warfare, 1900–1945

2205:

were taken prisoner; the rate of casualties was the worst since November 1914. From

1216:

opposed the plan, believing it to be premature. The British Commander-in-Chief, Sir

1130:, who adopted a strategy of "healing and defence", to resume the wearing-out of the 4807: 4777: 4771: 4688: 4517: 4485: 4475: 4214: 4138: 4133: 4061: 3881: 3781: 3635: 1193: 1060: 781: 557: 299: 164: 5616: 5456: 4795: 4355: 4330: 4029: 3937: 3776: 3630: 2299: 1256: 1225: 1187: 1170: 976: 648: 332: 43: 5449: 5429: 5100: 4813: 4658: 4449: 4340: 4196: 4100: 4083: 3248: 3174: 1209: 1045: 719: 589: 343: 243: 199: 51: 2123:, the German official historians recorded German losses to the end of June as 5789: 5560: 4848: 4842: 4285: 4202: 4113: 3636:

La Caverne du Dragon museum of the 1917 battle at Chemin des Dames multimedia

3492: 3382: 3284: 3258: 3122: 3034: 1712: 1671: 1049: 1025: 601: 338: 327: 321: 316: 305: 294: 265: 179: 107: 94: 3411: 3151: 1285:

divisions. The German withdrawal forestalled the attacks of the British and

1277:

divisions, which were moved to the Aisne, increasing the German garrison to

5010: 4444: 3576:

The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne

3299: 3184: 2330:

10 per cent of the casualties of the attacks during the Nivelle Offensive.

2252: 1085:) attacked the Chemin des Dames and the next day, the Fourth Army, part of 18:

This article is about the 1917 battle. For other battles of the Aisne, see

1680: 1303: 386: 5221: 5126: 4824: 4259: 3680: 3548: 3082: 1935:

May, the Germans attacked from Vauxaillon to Craonne and on the night of

1247: 1053: 2013:

French territorial gains on the Aisne, Nivelle Offensive, April–May 1917

1875: 3511:. Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2049: 1772: 1041: 3377:. Vol. XII (online scan ed.). London: The Times. 1914–1921. 5016: 4783: 3373: 1582: 1153:

on 7 June and spent the rest of the year on the offensive at Ypres (

5276: 2255:

and control of the Chemin des Dames ridge. The 7th Army commander,

1142: 1107: 78: 1958:

Plateau was smashed by artillery and infantry small-arms fire and

1446:

Grundsätze für die Führung in der Abwehrschlacht im Stellungskrieg

2608: 2147:, the Canadian official historian, recorded German casualties of 2100: 3253:(English ed.). Clermont Ferrand: Michelin & cie. 1919. 3065:

Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

494: 3477:"The Introduction of New German Defensive Tactics in 1916–1917" 2061: 2040:

defence" to avoid casualties and to restore morale. Pétain had

2032: 1631: 1119: 1029: 3649: 2874: 2185:

in the Third Army. In 2005, Richard Doughty quoted figures of

1479:) was published in January 1917 and by April an outpost zone ( 1250:, with the main effort against the German positions along the 5444: 1931:

Dames and the Moronvilliers massif. During the nights of the

1251: 1243: 1096: 1064: 82: 3509:

Holding Out: The German Army and Operational Command in 1917

3447: 2635: 2625: 2623: 3406:. Vol. XIV (online scan ed.). London. 1914–1921. 2816: 2814: 2812: 2739: 2737: 1068: 3067:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. 2898: 2700: 2698: 1048:

planned the offensive in December 1916, after he replaced

3006: 2970: 2659: 2647: 2620: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2447: 2423: 2413: 2411: 1354:) had been able to establish a line of relief divisions ( 3619:

Chemin des Dames Portail official portal, multi-language

3045:] (Kessinger repr. ed.). Berlin: Eisenschmidt. 2994: 2946: 2826: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2671: 2572: 2560: 2536: 1338:

Experience of the German First Army in the Somme Battles

2934: 2910: 2862: 2838: 2773: 2695: 2495: 2236:

German retreat from the Chemin des Dames, November 1917

1548:

into the battle zone, in an immediate counter-attack, (

1542:

of the counter-attack divisions would advance from the

1192:

Nivelle believed the Germans had been exhausted by the

2886: 2850: 2749: 2548: 2519: 2408: 2596: 2483: 2435: 1036:

from north to south, beginning with an attack by the

1024:-British attempt to inflict a decisive defeat on the 2982: 2922: 2683: 2584: 2263:

and the only alternative was to retire north of the

1295:

guns, which went into the French strategic reserve.

1016:, 16 April – mid-May 1917) was the main part of the 3342:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

2761: 2507: 2471: 2459: 1067:and then advance northwards to capture the city of 3592: 3552: 3397: 3366: 2367:(1939) due to certain egregiously racist passages. 1915: 1111:achieved a substantial tactical success and took 3344:(repr. ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 5787: 2958: 1388: 1321:Grundsätze für die Führung in der Abwehrschlacht 4626:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 3645:photos and descriptions, Chemin des Dames sites 3179:. Clermont Ferrand: Michelin & cie. 1920 . 2209:the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Tenth armies took 1554:). If the immediate counter-attack failed, the 2251:led to the capture of the village and fort of 2111:In 1939 G. C. Wynne wrote that the French had 1965: 1925:Craonne and the eastern Chemin des Dames, 1917 3665: 3222:. Modern Military History. Solihull: Helion. 2271:. The German artillery was outnumbered about 1413:Illustration of the German retirement to the 1343:Erfahrungen der I. Armee in der Sommeschlacht 510: 402: 3595:The First World War: The War to End All Wars 2293: 2264: 2242: 2070: 1990: 1899: 1892: 1862: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1814: 1808: 1784: 1763: 1757: 1739: 1733: 1723: 1636: 1620: 1598: 1592: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1460: 1454: 1444: 1429: 1423: 1394: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1341: 1329: 1319: 1286: 1268: 1086: 1076: 1011: 1005: 5821:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion 5109: 3593:Simkins, P.; Jukes, G.; Hickey, M. (2003). 2391:set on fire and attached infantry suffered 1807:On 17 April the Fourth Army on the left of 416: 5806:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 3672: 3658: 3431:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3279:(online ed.). London: Jonathan Cape. 517: 503: 409: 395: 3396: 3365: 3320: 3247: 3176:Rheims and the Battles for its Possession 3136: 3000: 2952: 2904: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2803: 2641: 2530: 2131:missing and claimed French casualties of 2083:were needed to intervene in the battle. 1665: 1326:Principles of Field Position Construction 1231:The Second Battle of the Aisne involved 1181: 1063:, 110 km (68 mi) north-east of 1040:(BEF) then the main attack by two French 170: 5816:Battles of World War I involving Germany 4908:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3298: 3173: 3103: 2940: 2868: 2755: 2417: 2230: 2220: 2090: 2054: 2007: 1919: 1874: 1771: 1711: 1679: 1581: 1530:and dig in near the German second line, 1407: 1302: 1298: 155: 141: 5811:Battles of World War I involving France 5285:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3573: 3525: 3198: 3059: 3043:Development of Tactics in the World War 3012: 2976: 2892: 2880: 2856: 2554: 2489: 2453: 2441: 2429: 1690:The Fifth Army attacked on 16 April at 1393: 5788: 3578:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 3547: 3325:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 3272: 3238: 3236: 3217: 3140:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 2704: 2665: 2653: 2629: 2614: 2602: 1468: 1122:of the French army and many divisions 1032:. The Entente strategy was to conduct 5238:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4581:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3653: 3506: 3474: 3339: 3081: 3039:Entwickelung der Taktik im Weltkriege 3033: 2988: 2928: 2916: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2743: 2728: 2716: 2689: 2677: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2542: 2513: 2501: 2477: 2465: 2363:Caution is suggested with the source 1912:had been taken by the French armies. 1697:Russian Expeditionary Force in France 1473:"Principles of Field Fortification" ( 498: 390: 5642:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 3481:British Journal for Military History 3446: 2964: 2189:French casualties on the Aisne from 1443:In a new manual of 1 December 1916, 1422:During the German withdrawal to the 1126:. Nivelle was superseded by General 1106:The Chemin des Dames ridge had been 68:16 April – 9 May, 24–26 October 1917 56:Chemin des Dames and Champagne, 1917 5571:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4372:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 1438: 1378:Manual of Infantry Training for War 13: 4311:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3468: 3250:Soissons Before and During the War 2275:on the front of the 14th Division 14: 5842: 3612: 3359: 3306:. Vol. I. New York: Viking. 2161:men. A 2003 Web publication gave 524: 4674:Second Battle of the Piave River 4296:Russian invasion of East Prussia 1880:Fifth and Tenth army areas, 1917 337: 326: 315: 304: 293: 281: 270: 259: 248: 237: 226: 215: 204: 193: 172: 157: 143: 50: 5738:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 4938:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3679: 3569:– via Archive Foundation. 3421:– via Archive Foundation. 3392:– via Archive Foundation. 2370: 2357: 2340: 2035:spread through the armies; the 1916:German 7th Army counter-attacks 1853:. The Fourth Army attacks took 1597:(GAN) on the northern flank of 1316:Conduct of the Defensive Battle 1200:in 1916 and could not resist a 5561:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 5420:Deportations from East Prussia 5217:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3399:"The Times History of the War" 3368:"The Times History of the War" 2173:casualties in the Sixth Army, 2107:by the Germans) on 22 May 1917 1796: 1204:, which could be completed in 1: 5472:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3448:"Les Offensives d'avril 1917" 3021: 2155: 2148: 2086: 2069:The French tactic of assault 1870: 1646: 1577: 1476:Allgemeines über Stellungsbau 1389:German defensive preparations 1331:Allgemeines über Stellungsbau 1232: 1176: 1112: 1099:to the south-east, began the 1052:as Commander-in-Chief of the 376: 368: 25:Battle of the First World War 5826:Wilhelm, German Crown Prince 5627:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 4926:Estonian War of Independence 4601:Southern Palestine offensive 3304:The First World War: To Arms 3137:Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). 2402: 2314:mortars. French losses were 2279:batteries were bombarded by 2241:The Battle of La Malmaison ( 1998: 1224:. The French Prime Minister 1007:Bataille du Chemin des Dames 7: 5581:USA against Austria-Hungary 4980:Turkish War of Independence 4932:Latvian War of Independence 4664:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4255:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 3440: 3273:Spears, Sir Edward (1939). 2617:, pp. 263–265, passim. 2003: 1966:Battle of the Observatories 1904:was captured and by 10 May 1212:and Chief of Staff General 1038:British Expeditionary Force 1013:Seconde bataille de l'Aisne 987:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 5847: 5664:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5212:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 4679:Second Battle of the Marne 4566:Second battle of the Aisne 4435:Second Battle of Champagne 4276:German invasion of Belgium 2224: 1800: 1752:prisoners had been taken. 1717:Ville-aux-Bois, Aisne 1917 1669: 1600:Groupe d'armées de Reserve 1401: 1383: 1185: 1078:Groupe d'armées de Reserve 1002:Second Battle of the Aisne 33:Second Battle of the Aisne 17: 5770: 5729: 5650: 5589: 5551: 5495: 5484: 5445:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5388: 5360: 5308: 5230: 5204: 5156: 5049: 5042: 4974:Irish War of Independence 4870: 4752: 4724:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4709:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4634: 4536: 4463: 4364: 4321:First Battle of the Marne 4268: 4230: 4165: 4156: 4099: 3973: 3962: 3928: 3900: 3862: 3814: 3767: 3760: 3687: 2295:Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne 2267:Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne 2154:and French casualties of 1810:Groupe d'armées de Centre 1587:Western Front, April 1917 1572: 1506:Gegenstoß in der Stellung 1497:(five men and an NCO per 1088:Groupe d'armées de Centre 534: 453:The Hills (3rd Champagne) 428: 362: 349: 186: 135: 60: 49: 37: 32: 5597:Constantinople Agreement 4890:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 4753:Co-belligerent conflicts 4729:Second Romanian campaign 4699:Third Transjordan attack 4410:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4316:Battle of Grand Couronné 3218:Searle, A., ed. (2015). 3027: 2376:The tank crews suffered 2333: 2302:Valley. The French took 2244:Bataille de la Malmaison 2143:taken prisoner. In 1962 1163:20 November – 8 December 5660:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5612:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 4920:Greater Poland Uprising 4820:National Protection War 4704:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4654:German spring offensive 4649:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4425:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 4400:Second Battle of Artois 4281:Battle of the Frontiers 2883:, pp. 354, 359–60. 2181:in the Fourth Army and 1685:Loivre and Berméricourt 1594:Groupe d'armées du Nord 1551:Gegenstoß aus der Tiefe 1350:(Chief of Staff of the 1308:Chavonne defences, 1917 1288:Groupe d'armées du Nord 875:German spring offensive 420:Nivelle Offensive, 1917 5685:Paris Peace Conference 5673:Ukraine–Central Powers 5467:Massacres of Albanians 5435:Late Ottoman genocides 5242:Bulgarian occupations 4950:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4914:Hungarian–Romanian War 4739:Naval Victory Bulletin 4734:Armistice with Germany 4684:Hundred Days Offensive 4611:Battle of La Malmaison 4561:Second battle of Arras 4528:Battle of Transylvania 4382:Second Battle of Ypres 4250:Sarajevo assassination 4139:South African Republic 3340:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 3321:Uffindell, A. (2015). 3203:. London: Frank Cass. 2294: 2265: 2243: 2238: 2227:Battle of La Malmaison 2108: 2071: 2066: 2060:The ruined village of 2015: 1991: 1927: 1900: 1893: 1882: 1863: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1815: 1809: 1785: 1779: 1764: 1758: 1740: 1734: 1724: 1719: 1687: 1666:Fifth and Sixth armies 1637: 1621: 1599: 1593: 1589: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1430: 1424: 1419: 1417:/Hindenburg Line, 1917 1395: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1342: 1330: 1320: 1310: 1287: 1269: 1202:breakthrough offensive 1182:Strategic developments 1167:Battle of La Malmaison 1145:to participate in the 1087: 1077: 1044:on the Aisne. General 1012: 1006: 187:Commanders and leaders 5695:Treaty of St. Germain 5668:Russia–Central Powers 5622:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5450:Pontic Greek genocide 5425:Destruction of Kalisz 5401:Eastern Mediterranean 4962:Polish–Lithuanian War 4744:Armistice of Belgrade 4714:Armistice of Salonica 4644:Operation Faustschlag 4591:Third Battle of Oituz 4513:Baranovichi offensive 4481:Lake Naroch offensive 4455:Battle of Robat Karim 4430:Vistula–Bug offensive 4405:Battles of the Isonzo 4336:First Battle of Ypres 2234: 2221:Subsequent operations 2115:casualties including 2094: 2058: 2011: 1923: 1878: 1775: 1715: 1683: 1585: 1545:rückwärtige Kampfzone 1518:, (resistance nests, 1462:rückwärtige Kampfzone 1411: 1306: 1299:Tactical developments 1155:31 July – 10 November 1147:Third Battle of Ypres 363:Casualties and losses 5690:Treaty of Versailles 5406:Mount Lebanon famine 5321:in the United States 5289:Russian occupations 5003:Turkish–Armenian War 4944:Polish–Ukrainian War 4884:Ukrainian–Soviet War 4831:Central Asian Revolt 4621:Armistice of Focșani 4351:Battle of Sarikamish 4301:Battle of Tannenberg 3697:Military engagements 3574:Sheldon, J. (2015). 3507:Cowan, Tony (2023). 3475:Cowan, Tony (2019). 3199:Samuels, M. (1995). 2097:Ruhstorf an der Rott 1676:Saint-Chamond (tank) 1605:1 to 4 and 10 April. 1396:Unternehmen Alberich 1263:Unternehmen Alberich 982:French Army mutinies 977:1914 Christmas truce 747:Hohenzollern Redoubt 311:Crown Prince Wilhelm 5757:They shall not pass 5680:Treaty of Bucharest 5637:Treaty of Bucharest 5576:USA against Germany 5553:Declarations of war 5257:German occupations 5170:British casualties 5029:Soviet–Georgian War 4956:Egyptian Revolution 4896:Armeno-Georgian War 4760:Somaliland campaign 4719:Armistice of Mudros 4596:Battle of Caporetto 4586:Battle of Mărășești 4556:Zimmermann telegram 4551:February Revolution 4496:Battle of the Somme 4420:Bug-Narew Offensive 4395:Battle of Gallipoli 4387:Sinking of the RMS 4179:Scramble for Africa 4173:Franco-Prussian War 3829:Sinai and Palestine 3559:. New York: Knopf. 3555:The First World War 2794:, pp. 500–501. 2746:, pp. 497–498. 2731:, pp. 496–497. 2719:, pp. 495–496. 2680:, pp. 494–495. 2668:, pp. 454–455. 2656:, pp. 453–454. 2644:, pp. 379–380. 2632:, pp. 287–290. 2581:, pp. 156–158. 2569:, pp. 152–156. 2545:, pp. 149–151. 2504:, pp. 148–149. 2456:, pp. 326–327. 2432:, pp. 327–328. 2380:in a complement of 2177:in the Tenth Army, 2169:in the Fifth Army, 2165:French casualties, 1803:Battle of the Hills 1725:Bois de Beau Marais 1469:Field fortification 1357:Ablösungsdivisionen 1259:Operation Alberich 1198:Battle of the Somme 1101:Battle of the Hills 1075:. On 16 April, the 971:Associated articles 688:Hartmannswillerkopf 548:Invasion of Belgium 473:Associated articles 104: / 20:Battle of the Aisne 5717:Treaty of Lausanne 5632:Paris Economy Pact 5566:UK against Germany 5496:Entry into the war 5462:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5181:Ottoman casualties 4991:Franco-Turkish War 4871:Post-War conflicts 4855:Russian Revolution 4837:Invasion of Darfur 4802:Kelantan rebellion 4790:Kurdish rebellions 4766:Mexican Revolution 4606:October Revolution 4571:Kerensky offensive 4546:Capture of Baghdad 4523:Monastir offensive 4508:Brusilov offensive 4346:Battle of Kolubara 4185:Russo-Japanese War 3629:2011-07-21 at the 3597:. London: Osprey. 3276:Prelude to Victory 3105:Foerster, Wolfgang 3015:, pp. 384–89. 2979:, pp. 353–54. 2919:, pp. 187–88. 2782:, pp. 99–100. 2387:were knocked out, 2365:Prelude to Victory 2348:Franchet D'Esperey 2239: 2207:16 April to 10 May 2109: 2067: 2042:40 to 62 mutineers 2021:Franchet d'Espèrey 2016: 1928: 1883: 1816:Bataille des Monts 1780: 1738:and the hamlet of 1720: 1688: 1590: 1420: 1404:Operation Alberich 1311: 1236: 1.2 million 1222:David Lloyd George 1093:Central Army Group 1083:Reserve Army Group 211:Franchet d'Espèrey 5796:Conflicts in 1917 5783: 5782: 5766: 5765: 5750:The Golden Virgin 5744:Mutilated victory 5725: 5724: 5705:Treaty of Trianon 5700:Treaty of Neuilly 5607:Damascus Protocol 5480: 5479: 5440:Armenian genocide 5397:Allied blockades 5369:Belgian refugees 5152: 5151: 5062:Strategic bombing 5038: 5037: 5023:Franco-Syrian War 4997:Greco-Turkish War 4985:Anglo-Turkish War 4968:Polish–Soviet War 4902:German Revolution 4878:Russian Civil War 4861:Finnish Civil War 4694:Battle of Megiddo 4669:Battle of Goychay 4616:Battle of Cambrai 4576:Battle of Mărăști 4491:Battle of Jutland 4471:Erzurum offensive 4326:Siege of Przemyśl 4306:Siege of Tsingtao 4291:Battle of Galicia 4221:Second Balkan War 4209:Italo-Turkish War 4166:Pre-War conflicts 4152: 4151: 4042:Portuguese Empire 3958: 3957: 3920:German New Guinea 3902:Asian and Pacific 3641:First World War: 3604:978-1-84176-738-3 3585:978-1-78346-345-9 3566:978-0-375-40052-0 3540:978-0-89839-166-4 3518:978-1-108-83023-2 3427:cite encyclopedia 3351:978-0-8371-5029-1 3332:978-1-78303-034-7 3313:978-1-4352-9266-6 3229:978-1-909982-22-2 3210:978-0-7146-4214-7 3161:on 26 August 2011 3096:978-0-89839-180-0 3074:978-0-674-01880-8 3052:978-1-4368-2099-8 2907:, pp. 101–2. 2707:, pp. 72–73. 2328:23 to 26 October, 2201:were wounded and 2197:men were killed, 2072:brutal et continu 2037:Nivelle Offensive 1894:Siegfriedstellung 1786:Siegfriedstellung 1741:la Ville aux Bois 1638:Siegfriedstellung 1515:Widerstandsnester 1425:Siegfriedstellung 1415:Siegfriedstellung 1348:Fritz von Loßberg 1159:Battle of Cambrai 1018:Nivelle Offensive 995: 994: 821:Nivelle offensive 595:Trouée de Charmes 492: 491: 460:Other engagements 385: 384: 255:François Anthoine 131: 130: 5838: 5710:Treaty of Sèvres 5602:Treaty of London 5493: 5492: 5271:Northeast France 5202: 5201: 5174:Parliamentarians 5107: 5106: 5069:Chemical weapons 5047: 5046: 4808:Senussi campaign 4778:Muscat rebellion 4772:Maritz rebellion 4689:Vardar offensive 4518:Battle of Romani 4486:Battle of Asiago 4476:Battle of Verdun 4440:Kosovo offensive 4215:First Balkan War 4163: 4162: 4062:Russian Republic 3971: 3970: 3765: 3764: 3707:Economic history 3674: 3667: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3643:Chemin des Dames 3608: 3589: 3570: 3558: 3544: 3522: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3436: 3430: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3401: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3370: 3355: 3336: 3317: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3242: 3233: 3214: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3154:. Archived from 3145: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3100: 3078: 3056: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2355: 2344: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2290: 2289:24 to 25 October 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2250: 2246: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2145:Gerald Nicholson 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2095:War memorial in 2074: 2043: 2029: 1994: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1961: 1956: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1911: 1907: 1906:28,500 prisoners 1903: 1896: 1889: 1866: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1788: 1767: 1761: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1727: 1693: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1640: 1624: 1622:Luftstreitkräfte 1617: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1464: 1458: 1448: 1439:Defensive battle 1433: 1427: 1398: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1345: 1333: 1323: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1242:on a front from 1241: 1237: 1234: 1207: 1194:Battle of Verdun 1164: 1156: 1137: 1117: 1114: 1090: 1080: 1061:Chemin des Dames 1015: 1009: 934:St Quentin Canal 529: 519: 512: 505: 496: 495: 423: 421: 411: 404: 397: 388: 387: 381: 378: 373: 370: 342: 341: 331: 330: 320: 319: 309: 308: 300:Erich Ludendorff 298: 297: 286: 285: 275: 274: 264: 263: 253: 252: 242: 241: 231: 230: 220: 219: 209: 208: 198: 197: 182: 178: 176: 175: 167: 163: 161: 160: 153: 149: 147: 146: 119: 118: 116: 115: 114: 109: 108:49.400°N 3.600°E 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 62: 61: 54: 30: 29: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5831:Philippe Pétain 5786: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5762: 5721: 5653: 5646: 5617:Treaty of Darin 5585: 5547: 5503:Austria-Hungary 5489: 5476: 5457:Rape of Belgium 5384: 5356: 5304: 5298:Western Armenia 5293:Eastern Galicia 5226: 5200: 5164: 5163:Civilian impact 5162: 5148: 5105: 5034: 4866: 4796:Ovambo Uprising 4748: 4630: 4532: 4459: 4377:Battle of Łomża 4360: 4356:Christmas truce 4331:Race to the Sea 4264: 4226: 4148: 4119:Austria-Hungary 4095: 4030:Empire of Japan 3967: 3965: 3954: 3938:U-boat campaign 3924: 3896: 3858: 3810: 3756: 3737:Popular culture 3683: 3678: 3631:Wayback Machine 3615: 3605: 3586: 3567: 3541: 3519: 3497: 3495: 3471: 3469:Further reading 3466: 3457: 3455: 3443: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3414: 3387: 3385: 3362: 3352: 3333: 3314: 3289: 3287: 3263: 3261: 3230: 3211: 3189: 3187: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3143: 3127: 3125: 3097: 3075: 3053: 3030: 3024: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3003:, pp. 6–7. 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2358: 2350:controlled the 2345: 2341: 2336: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2248: 2237: 2229: 2223: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2191:16 to 25 April, 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2140: 2139:men, including 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2089: 2065: 2041: 2028:5,300 prisoners 2027: 2014: 2006: 2001: 1985: 1981:31 May – 1 June 1980: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1959: 1955:1,000 unwounded 1954: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1918: 1909: 1905: 1887: 1881: 1873: 1858: 1855:3,550 prisoners 1854: 1820: 1805: 1799: 1778: 1777:St.Chamond tank 1765:Mont des Singes 1749: 1745: 1735:Bois des Boches 1729: 1718: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1668: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1615: 1612: 1604: 1588: 1580: 1575: 1566: 1561: 1539:Sturmregimenter 1533:Sturmbataillone 1471: 1441: 1418: 1406: 1400: 1391: 1386: 1373: 1309: 1301: 1292: 1282: 1278: 1275:13 to 14 German 1274: 1257:Hindenburg Line 1239: 1235: 1226:Aristide Briand 1214:Philippe Pétain 1206:24 to 48 hours. 1205: 1190: 1188:Hindenburg Line 1184: 1179: 1162: 1154: 1136:40–62 mutineers 1135: 1128:Philippe Pétain 1115: 1073:Battle of Arras 998: 997: 996: 991: 968: 772:Vimy Ridge 1916 649:Race to the Sea 617:1st St. Quentin 539: 530: 525: 523: 493: 488: 470: 457: 424: 419: 417: 415: 379: 371: 336: 335: 333:Fritz von Below 325: 324: 314: 313: 303: 302: 292: 288:Georges Humbert 280: 279: 269: 268: 258: 257: 247: 246: 236: 235: 233:Philippe Pétain 225: 224: 222:Alfred Micheler 214: 213: 203: 202: 192: 173: 171: 158: 156: 154: 144: 142: 112: 110: 106: 103: 98: 95: 93: 91: 90: 89: 55: 44:First World War 26: 23: 12: 11: 5: 5844: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5801:1917 in France 5798: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5652:Peace treaties 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5538:United Kingdom 5535: 5530: 5528:Ottoman Empire 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5432: 5430:Sack of Dinant 5427: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5378:United Kingdom 5375: 5366: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5338: 5332:POW locations 5330: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5314: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5132:United Kingdom 5129: 5127:Ottoman Empire 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5104: 5103: 5101:Trench warfare 5098: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5053: 5051: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4817: 4814:Volta-Bani War 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4659:Zeebrugge Raid 4656: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4450:Battle of Loos 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4341:Black Sea raid 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4243:Historiography 4234: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4197:Bosnian Crisis 4194: 4191:Tangier Crisis 4188: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4167: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4124:Ottoman Empire 4121: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4103: 4101:Central Powers 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4084:British Empire 4079:United Kingdom 4076: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4057:Russian Empire 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3975:Entente Powers 3968: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3943:North Atlantic 3934: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3854:Central Arabia 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3816:Middle Eastern 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3717:Historiography 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E. 3523: 3517: 3504: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3454:. France. 2003 3442: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3394: 3361: 3360:Encyclopaedias 3358: 3357: 3356: 3350: 3337: 3331: 3318: 3312: 3296: 3270: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3228: 3215: 3209: 3196: 3171: 3134: 3107:, ed. (1939). 3101: 3095: 3079: 3073: 3061:Doughty, R. A. 3057: 3051: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3005: 3001:Michelin 1919a 2993: 2991:, p. 101. 2981: 2969: 2957: 2955:, p. 243. 2953:Nicholson 1962 2945: 2943:, p. 410. 2933: 2931:, p. 188. 2921: 2909: 2905:The Times 1918 2897: 2895:, p. 368. 2885: 2873: 2871:, p. 247. 2861: 2859:, p. 351. 2849: 2845:Uffindell 2015 2837: 2835:, p. 105. 2833:The Times 1918 2825: 2823:, p. 104. 2821:The Times 1918 2808: 2806:, p. 103. 2804:The Times 1918 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2694: 2692:, p. 495. 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2642:The Times 1917 2634: 2619: 2607: 2605:, p. 452. 2595: 2593:, p. 485. 2583: 2571: 2559: 2557:, p. 181. 2547: 2535: 2531:Michelin 1919a 2518: 2516:, p. 161. 2506: 2494: 2492:, p. 180. 2482: 2480:, p. 486. 2470: 2468:, p. 492. 2458: 2446: 2444:, p. 337. 2434: 2422: 2420:, p. 243. 2406: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2378:128 casualties 2369: 2356: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2249:23–27 October) 2235: 2225:Main article: 2222: 2219: 2213:prisoners and 2159: 187,000 2152: 163,000 2127:men including 2088: 2085: 2059: 2012: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1967: 1964: 1924: 1917: 1914: 1901:Mont Cornillet 1879: 1872: 1869: 1826:Mont Cornillet 1801:Main article: 1798: 1795: 1776: 1716: 1684: 1667: 1664: 1586: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1470: 1467: 1456:Grosskampfzone 1440: 1437: 1412: 1402:Main article: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1374:24 to 48 hours 1307: 1300: 1297: 1210:Hubert Lyautey 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1151:Messines Ridge 1046:Robert Nivelle 993: 992: 990: 989: 984: 979: 967: 966: 964:Lys and Escaut 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 905: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 866: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 844: 843: 838: 833: 828: 818: 811: 800: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 733: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 711: 710: 700: 695: 693:Neuve Chapelle 690: 685: 674: 673: 668: 666:Winter actions 663: 662: 661: 656: 646: 641: 636: 631: 629:Grand Couronné 626: 621: 620: 619: 614: 609: 599: 598: 597: 592: 587: 582: 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5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5543:United States 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5160: 5155: 5145: 5144:United States 5142: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5094:Convoy system 5092: 5091: 5090: 5089:Naval warfare 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4849:Kaocen revolt 4847: 4844: 4843:Easter Rising 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4415:Great Retreat 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4286:Battle of Cer 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4203:Agadir Crisis 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4091:United States 4089: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4008:French Empire 4006: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3961: 3951: 3950:Mediterranean 3948: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3930:Naval warfare 3927: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3806:Italian Front 3804: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3794:Eastern Front 3792: 3790: 3789:Western Front 3787: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747:Puppet states 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3472: 3453: 3452:chtimiste.com 3449: 3445: 3444: 3434: 3428: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3239:Searle (2015) 3235: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2941:Foerster 1939 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2869:Strachan 2003 2865: 2858: 2853: 2847:, p. 17. 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2770:, p. 99. 2769: 2764: 2758:, p. 12. 2757: 2756:Michelin 1919 2752: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2418:Strachan 2003 2414: 2412: 2407: 2373: 2366: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2326:missing from 2301: 2296: 2285: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2257:Max von Boehn 2254: 2245: 2233: 2228: 2218: 2146: 2122: 2121:Der Weltkrieg 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2073: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2010: 1996: 1993: 1992:Gegenangriffe 1977:26 to 27 May, 1963: 1960:350 prisoners 1950: 1922: 1913: 1902: 1895: 1877: 1868: 1865: 1851: 1845: 1844:Mont sans Nom 1839: 1833: 1827: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1753: 1742: 1736: 1726: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1672:Schneider CA1 1663: 1642: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1609: 1601: 1595: 1584: 1570: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1488:Gruppennester 1483: 1482:Vorpostenfeld 1477: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1416: 1410: 1405: 1397: 1381: 1379: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1305: 1296: 1289: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 29,000 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1050:Joseph Joffre 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1003: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 974: 973: 972: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 939:Meuse-Argonne 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 882: 878: 877: 876: 873: 872: 871: 870: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 853:Passchendaele 851: 849: 846: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 822: 819: 817: 816: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 804: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 738: 737: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 715:2nd Champagne 713: 709: 706: 705: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 683:1st Champagne 681: 680: 679: 678: 672: 669: 667: 664: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 603: 602:Great Retreat 600: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 571: 568: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 538: 533: 528: 527:Western Front 520: 515: 513: 508: 506: 501: 500: 497: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 475: 474: 467: 464: 463: 462: 461: 454: 451: 449: 446: 442: 439: 438: 437: 434: 433: 432: 427: 422: 412: 407: 405: 400: 398: 393: 392: 389: 375: 367: 366: 361: 357: 354: 353: 348: 345: 340: 334: 329: 323: 322:Max von Boehn 318: 312: 307: 301: 296: 291: 289: 284: 278: 277:Denis Duchêne 273: 267: 266:Olivier Mazel 262: 256: 251: 245: 240: 234: 229: 223: 218: 212: 207: 201: 196: 191: 190: 185: 181: 169: 166: 152: 140: 139: 134: 126: 123: 122: 117: 113:49.400; 3.600 88: 84: 80: 75: 72: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 40:Western Front 36: 31: 21: 16: 5755: 5748: 5736: 5343: / 5275: 5110:Conscription 5074:Cryptography 5011:Iraqi Revolt 4445:Siege of Kut 4388: 3966:participants 3915:German Samoa 3849:South Arabia 3642: 3594: 3575: 3554: 3530: 3508: 3496:. Retrieved 3487:(2): 81–99. 3484: 3480: 3456:. Retrieved 3451: 3415:. Retrieved 3403: 3386:. Retrieved 3372: 3341: 3322: 3303: 3300:Strachan, H. 3288:. Retrieved 3275: 3262:. Retrieved 3249: 3219: 3200: 3188:. Retrieved 3175: 3163:. Retrieved 3156:the original 3139: 3126:. Retrieved 3114: 3109: 3086: 3064: 3042: 3038: 3013:Doughty 2005 3008: 2996: 2984: 2977:Doughty 2005 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2893:Doughty 2005 2888: 2881:Doughty 2005 2876: 2864: 2857:Doughty 2005 2852: 2840: 2828: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2724: 2712: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2555:Samuels 1995 2550: 2538: 2533:, p. 6. 2509: 2497: 2490:Samuels 1995 2485: 2473: 2461: 2454:Doughty 2005 2449: 2442:Doughty 2005 2437: 2430:Doughty 2005 2425: 2372: 2364: 2359: 2342: 2322:wounded and 2286: 2253:La Malmaison 2240: 2120: 2110: 2104: 2078: 2068: 2046: 2025: 2017: 1969: 1951: 1929: 1884: 1806: 1790: 1781: 1759:Condé-Riegel 1754: 1750:7,000 German 1721: 1702: 1689: 1643: 1630: 1627: 1616:108, and 121 1613:(hills) 111, 1610: 1591: 1567:40 divisions 1562:22 divisions 1511: 1472: 1450: 1442: 1421: 1414: 1377: 1369:Gegenangriff 1337: 1336: 1325: 1315: 1312: 1279:38 divisions 1262: 1230: 1218:Douglas Haig 1191: 1140: 1105: 1058: 1001: 999: 970: 969: 929:Saint-Mihiel 897:Belleau Wood 880: 868: 867: 858:La Malmaison 835: 814: 802: 801: 767:Kink Salient 735: 734: 730:Gas: Wieltje 676: 675: 536: 472: 471: 466:La Malmaison 459: 458: 447: 430: 358:38 divisions 355:53 divisions 136:Belligerents 127:Inconclusive 38:Part of the 15: 5373:Netherlands 5350:Switzerland 5231:Occupations 5222:Spanish flu 4999:(1919–1922) 4993:(1918–1921) 4987:(1918–1923) 4976:(1919–1921) 4970:(1919–1921) 4964:(1919–1920) 4940:(1918–1920) 4934:(1918–1920) 4928:(1918–1920) 4910:(1918–1920) 4892:(1918–1920) 4886:(1917–1921) 4880:(1917–1921) 4827:(1916-1918) 4825:Arab Revolt 4816:(1915–1917) 4810:(1915–1917) 4798:(1914-1917) 4792:(1914–1917) 4786:(1914–1921) 4780:(1913–1920) 4768:(1910–1920) 4762:(1900–1920) 4260:July Crisis 4181:(1880–1914) 3844:Mesopotamia 3722:Home fronts 3681:World War I 3128:25 November 2705:Lahaie 2015 2666:Spears 1939 2654:Spears 1939 2630:Spears 1939 2615:Spears 1939 2603:Spears 1939 2395:casualties. 2393:40 per cent 2306:prisoners, 1933:6/7 and 7/8 1797:Fourth Army 1645:reduced to 1238:troops and 1171:the Ailette 1132:German Army 1054:French Army 1042:army groups 949:2nd Cambrai 787:Boar's Head 777:Mont Sorrel 111: / 5790:Categories 5590:Agreements 5390:War crimes 5266:Luxembourg 5159:Casualties 4037:Montenegro 3872:South West 3752:Technology 3742:Propaganda 3732:Opposition 3549:Keegan, J. 3458:1 November 3417:26 October 3388:6 November 3190:11 October 3165:10 October 3022:References 2989:Balck 2008 2929:Wynne 1976 2917:Wynne 1976 2792:Falls 1992 2780:Balck 2008 2768:Balck 2008 2744:Falls 1992 2729:Falls 1992 2717:Falls 1992 2690:Falls 1992 2678:Falls 1992 2591:Falls 1992 2579:Wynne 1976 2567:Wynne 1976 2543:Wynne 1976 2514:Wynne 1976 2502:Wynne 1976 2478:Falls 1992 2466:Falls 1992 2352:Third Army 2346:GAN under 2281:125 French 2261:hog's back 2105:Winterberg 2087:Casualties 2050:Vimy Ridge 1947:10/11 May, 1888:(4–5 May), 1871:Tenth Army 1832:Mont Blond 1692:6:00 a.m., 1670:See also: 1654:5:00 a.m., 1650: 250 1578:Third Army 1494:Stoßtrupps 1491:) held by 1240:7,000 guns 1186:See also: 1177:Background 1157:) and the 1034:offensives 1028:armies in 762:Wulverghem 725:3rd Artois 703:2nd Artois 671:1st Artois 441:Vimy Ridge 5487:Diplomacy 5194:Olympians 5117:Australia 5084:Logistics 5017:Vlora War 4946:(1918–19) 4922:(1918–19) 4916:(1918–19) 4904:(1918–19) 4851:(1916–17) 4833:(1916–17) 4784:Zaian War 4774:(1914–15) 4501:first day 4389:Lusitania 4217:(1912–13) 4211:(1911–12) 4199:(1908–09) 4193:(1905–06) 4175:(1870–71) 3964:Principal 3824:Gallipoli 3727:Memorials 3712:Geography 3702:Aftermath 3529:(1991) . 3493:2057-0422 3404:The Times 3383:475617679 3374:The Times 3285:459267081 3259:470759519 3123:248903245 3085:(1992) . 3083:Falls, C. 3037:(2008) . 3035:Balck, W. 2965:Anon 2003 2403:Footnotes 2316:2,241 men 2312:220 heavy 2277:32 German 2081:Divisions 1999:Aftermath 1986:2/3 June, 1972:8:30 p.m. 1864:Mont Haut 1850:Mont Haut 1821:4:45 a.m. 1746:9:30 a.m. 1659:6:00 p.m. 1363:Gegenstoß 1283:53 French 944:5th Ypres 924:2nd Somme 902:2nd Marne 892:3rd Aisne 841:The Hills 836:2nd Aisne 797:Fromelles 792:1st Somme 742:The Bluff 708:Hébuterne 698:2nd Ypres 659:1st Ypres 639:1st Aisne 634:1st Marne 607:Le Cateau 585:Charleroi 570:Frontiers 448:2nd Aisne 5775:Category 5362:Refugees 5328:Italians 5317:Germans 5277:Ober Ost 5057:Aviation 4158:Timeline 4129:Bulgaria 3910:Tsingtao 3887:Togoland 3834:Caucasus 3769:European 3761:Theatres 3627:Archived 3551:(1999). 3498:20 April 3441:Websites 3412:70406275 3302:(2003). 3152:59609928 3063:(2005). 2389:57 being 2385:76 tanks 2382:720 men, 2318:killed, 2308:200 guns 2215:187 guns 2193:of whom 2079:Eingreif 2004:Analysis 1942:9/10 May 1910:187 guns 1859:27 guns. 1838:Eingreif 1706:enfilade 1557:Eingreif 1431:Côte 132 1372:) after 1352:1st Army 1293:50 heavy 1281:against 1270:Alberich 1196:and the 1143:Flanders 1124:mutinied 1108:quarried 1095:), near 954:Courtrai 909:Soissons 848:Messines 815:Alberich 624:Maubeuge 580:Ardennes 575:Lorraine 543:Moresnet 479:Mutinies 350:Strength 79:Soissons 77:Between 73:Location 5513:Germany 5413:Germany 5341:Germany 5261:Belgium 5246:Albania 5205:Disease 5185:Sports 5137:Ireland 5050:Warfare 5043:Aspects 4238:Origins 4231:Prelude 4134:Senussi 4114:Germany 4109:Leaders 4047:Romania 3988:Belgium 3983:Leaders 3882:Kamerun 3864:African 3799:Romania 3777:Balkans 3692:Outline 3185:5361169 2300:Ailette 2273:3:1 and 2199:100,000 2187:134,000 2163:108,000 2137:300,000 2133:250,000 2125:163,000 2113:117,000 2101:Bavaria 1962:taken. 1937:8/9 May 1730:23 were 1384:Prelude 919:Ailette 887:The Lys 881:Michael 863:Cambrai 757:Hulluch 752:St Eloi 644:Antwerp 431:Battles 180:Germany 96:49°24′N 42:of the 5533:Russia 5508:France 5336:Canada 5251:Serbia 5122:Canada 5079:Horses 5031:(1921) 5025:(1920) 5019:(1920) 5013:(1920) 5005:(1920) 4958:(1919) 4952:(1919) 4898:(1918) 4863:(1918) 4857:(1917) 4845:(1916) 4839:(1916) 4804:(1915) 4223:(1913) 4205:(1911) 4187:(1905) 4144:Darfur 4069:Serbia 4052:Russia 4015:Greece 4003:France 3993:Brazil 3839:Persia 3782:Serbia 3601: 3582: 3563: 3537: 3515: 3491: 3410: 3381: 3348: 3329: 3310: 3290:13 May 3283: 3264:4 July 3257: 3226: 3207: 3183: 3150: 3121: 3093: 3071: 3049: 2304:11,157 2211:28,500 2195:30,000 2171:30,296 2167:49,526 2141:10,500 2129:37,000 2117:32,000 2064:, 1917 2062:Soupir 2033:mutiny 1632:massif 1573:Battle 1273:freed 1120:morale 1091:(GAC, 1081:(GAR, 1030:France 1026:German 1022:Franco 959:Sambre 914:Amiens 782:Verdun 612:Étreux 558:Dinant 484:Verdun 177: 165:Russia 162: 151:France 148: 124:Result 99:3°36′E 87:France 5730:Other 5523:Japan 5518:Italy 5345:camps 5189:Rugby 4025:Japan 4020:Italy 3998:China 3892:North 3159:(PDF) 3144:(PDF) 3113:[ 3041:[ 3028:Books 2334:Notes 2324:1,460 2320:8,162 2287:From 2203:4,000 2183:1,486 2175:4,849 1527:Widas 1521:Widas 1500:Trupp 1252:Aisne 1244:Reims 1097:Reims 1065:Paris 826:Arras 809:Ancre 563:Namur 553:Liège 436:Arras 83:Reims 5310:POWs 4636:1918 4538:1917 4464:1916 4365:1915 4269:1914 4074:Siam 3877:East 3599:ISBN 3580:ISBN 3561:ISBN 3535:ISBN 3513:ISBN 3500:2024 3489:ISSN 3460:2013 3433:link 3419:2013 3408:OCLC 3390:2013 3379:OCLC 3346:ISBN 3327:ISBN 3308:ISBN 3292:2017 3281:OCLC 3266:2014 3255:OCLC 3224:ISBN 3205:ISBN 3192:2013 3181:OCLC 3167:2013 3148:OCLC 3130:2013 3119:OCLC 3091:ISBN 3069:ISBN 3047:ISBN 2310:and 2179:2169 1908:and 1857:and 1829:and 1791:vast 1748:but 1674:and 1536:and 1248:Roye 1069:Laon 1020:, a 1000:The 869:1918 831:Vimy 803:1917 736:1916 720:Loos 677:1915 654:Yser 590:Mons 537:1914 81:and 65:Date 1970:At 1340:, ( 1334:). 1246:to 1010:or 5792:: 3483:. 3479:. 3450:. 3429:}} 3425:{{ 3402:. 3371:. 2811:^ 2736:^ 2697:^ 2622:^ 2521:^ 2410:^ 2247:, 2156:c. 2149:c. 1647:c. 1569:. 1380:. 1233:c. 1173:. 1113:c. 1103:. 1056:. 377:c. 369:c. 85:, 5161:/ 3673:e 3666:t 3659:v 3607:. 3588:. 3543:. 3521:. 3502:. 3485:5 3462:. 3435:) 3354:. 3335:. 3316:. 3294:. 3268:. 3241:. 3232:. 3213:. 3194:. 3169:. 3099:. 3077:. 3055:. 2967:. 2135:– 2099:( 1328:( 1318:( 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Second Battle of the Aisne

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