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drying seeds to about 20% relative humidity, sealing seeds in high quality moisture-proof containers, and storing seeds at −20 °C (−4 °F). These conditions are frequently referred to as 'conventional' storage protocols. Seeds from our most important species – corn, wheat, rice, soybean, pea, tomato, broccoli, melon, sunflower, etc. – can be stored in this way. However, there are many species that produce seeds that do not survive the drying or low temperature of conventional storage protocols. These species must be stored cryogenically. Seeds of citrus fruits, coffee, avocado, cocoa, coconut, papaya, oak, walnut and willow are a few examples of species that should be preserved cryogenically.
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378:, Victoria, Australia, and was officially opened in March 2014 The primary reason for the bank to be created was the extreme temperatures in the area, up to 40 °C (104 °F) in the summer time. Because of that they had to ensure the protection of the grains all year around. The Genebank aims to collect and conserve the seeds of Australian crop wild species, that are not yet adequately represented in existing collections.
27:
448:), specifically legumes from dry regions around the world. The DELEP seed bank currently has over 3600 seed collections representing nearly 1400 species of arid land legumes originating in 65 countries on six continents. It is backed up (at least in part) in National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, and in the
111:) should be less than 100 for the sample to survive five years. Another rule is that reduction of water content by 1% or temperature by 10 °F (5.6 °C) will double the seed life span. Research from the 1990s showed that there is a limit to the beneficial effect of drying or cooling, so it must not be overdone.
204:
forest types and the research that has been conducted is discussed. This review includes detailed discussions of: (1) seed bank dynamics, (2) physiology of seeds in a seed bank, (3) boreal and deciduous forest seed banks, (4) seed bank dynamics and succession, and (5) recommendations for initiating a
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to store two seeds from every kind of plant in the known world. The seeds had to come from plant specimens that were free of defects, and the structure itself had to withstand a 300-year apocalyptic winter. Some scholars have suggested that the Norse equivalent of this myth is the underground garden
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Preservationist seed banks: These seed banks primarily aim to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated plant species. They focus on preserving the genetic diversity of plant species, and make seed samples available for research and breeding programs. They prioritize seed samples that
507:
Productivist seed banks: These seed banks primarily aim to support large-scale agricultural production and commercial farming. They focus on providing seed samples that have high yield potential, are pest and disease resistant, and can be grown with minimal inputs. They prioritize seed samples that
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Assistentialist seed banks: These seed banks primarily aim to support the needs of local communities and small-scale farmers. They focus on providing seed samples that are well-suited to local conditions and are easy to grow and maintain. They prioritize seed samples that have high yield potential,
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progresses. Seed banks offer communities a source of climate-resilient seeds to withstand changing local climates. As challenges arise from climate change, community based seed banks can improve access to a diverse selection of locally adapted crops while also enhancing indigenous understandings of
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can be extended by dry, low temperature storage. The level of dryness and coldness depends mostly on the longevity that is required and the investment in infrastructure that is affordable. Practical guidelines from a US scientist in the 1950s and 1960s, James
Harrington, are known as 'Thumb Rules'.
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The former NSW Seedbank focuses on native
Australian flora, especially NSW threatened species. The project was established in 1986 as an integral part of The Australian Botanic Gardens, Mount Annan. The NSW Seedbank has collaborated with the Millennium Seed Bank since 2003. The seed bank has since
114:
Understanding the effect of water content and temperature on seed longevity, the Food and
Agriculture division of the United Nations and a consultancy group called Bioversity International developed a set of standards for international seed banks to preserve seed longevity. The document advocates
468:
conserves over 10,000 accessions of five vegetable crops as seeds: the aubergine (eggplant), pepper, tomato, melon and lettuce collections, together with their wild or cultivated relatives, are conserved in
Avignon, France. Accessions from the collections have geographically diverse origins, are
118:
Like everything, seeds eventually degrade with time. It is hard to predict when seeds lose viability and so most reputable seed banks monitor germination potential during storage. When seed germination percentage decreases below a prescribed amount, the seeds need to be replanted and fresh seeds
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is well known and documented (Hills and Morris 1992). Detailed information on the role of such "soil seed banks" in northern
Ontario, however, is extremely limited, and research is required to determine the species and abundance of seeds in the soil across a range of forest types, as well as to
134:
Keeping seeds alive for hundreds of years is the next biggest challenge. Orthodox seeds are amenable to 'conventional' storage protocols but there are many seed types that must be stored using nonconventional methods. Technology for these methods is rapidly advancing; local institutional
130:
One of the greatest challenges for seed banks is selection. Collections must be relevant and that means they must provide useful genetic diversity that is accessible to the public. Collections must also be efficient and that means they mustn't duplicate materials already in collections.
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Seed banks can be classified in three main profiles: assistentialist, productivist or preservationist. In practice, many seed banks have a combination of these three main types, and they may have different priorities depending on the context and goals of the seed bank.
374:(AGG) is a national center for storing genetic material for plant breeding and research. The Genebank is in a collaboration with the Australian Seed Bank Partnership on an Australian Crop Wild Relatives project. It is located at Grains Innovation Park, in
77:. Many plants that were used centuries ago by humans are used less frequently now; seed banks offer a way to preserve that historical and cultural value. Collections of seeds stored at constant low temperature and low moisture are guarded against loss of
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as a way of preserving the natural habitat of the targeted seed-producing organisms. In-situ conservation of agricultural resources is performed on-farm. This also allows the plants to continue to evolve with their environment through natural selection.
101:
Seeds are living plants and keeping them viable over the long term requires adjusting storage moisture and temperature appropriately. As they mature on the mother plant, many seeds attain an innate ability to survive drying. Survival of these so-called
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will keep the vault below the freezing point of water, and the seeds are protected by 1-metre thick walls of steel-reinforced concrete. There are two airlocks and two blast-proof doors. The vault accepted the first seeds on 26 February
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Salinier, Jérémy; Lefebvre, Véronique; Besombes, Didier; Burck, Hélène; Causse, Mathilde; Daunay, Marie-Christine; Dogimont, Catherine; Goussopoulos, Juliette; Gros, Christophe; Maisonneuve, Brigitte; McLeod, Louis (2022-01-27).
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of 10% in 2009, with the next 25% milestone aimed to be reached by 2020. Importantly they also distribute seeds to other key locations around the world, do germination tests on each species every 10 years, and other important
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Breman, Elinor; Ballesteros, Daniel; Castillo-Lorenzo, Elena; Cockel, Christopher; Dickie, John; Faruk, Aisyah; O’Donnell, Katherine; Offord, Catherine A.; Pironon, Samuel; Sharrock, Suzanne; Ulian, Tiziana (2021-11-03).
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Hong, T.D. and R.H. Ellis. 1996. A protocol to determine seed storage behaviour. IPGRI Technical
Bulletin No. 1. (J.M.M. Engels and J. Toll, vol. eds.) International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
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Hills, S.C.; Morris, D.M. 1992. The function of seed banks in northern forest ecosystems: a literature review. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Ont. For. Res. Instit., Sault Ste. Marie ON, For. Res. Inf. Pap., No. 107. 25
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There are about 6 million accessions, or samples of a particular population, stored as seeds in about 1,300 genebanks throughout the world as of 2006. This amount represents a small fraction of the world's
489:
houses a seed bank in
Belgium. Among other things, it aims to preserve endangered and rare wild species of Belgian flora.It also includes wild beans, wild bananas and seeds of the Copper plants of Katanga.
362:), providing space for the storage of billions of seed samples in a nuclear bomb proof multi-story underground vault. Its ultimate aim being to store every plant species possible, it reached its first
138:
Some seeds cannot be kept alive in storage and must be regenerated – planted to produce a new quantity of seeds to be stored for another length of time. Parzies et al. 2000 found that this reduced the
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versions of existing seeds. The work of seed banks often span decades and even centuries. Most seed banks are publicly funded and seeds are usually available for research that benefits the public.
649:
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were lost. Parzies' finding has since been taken seriously by banks around the world and has sparked further verification – regeneration is widely recognized to not preserve diversity perfectly.
1237:
Rajasekharan, P. E. (2015-01-01). "Gene
Banking for Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources". In Bahadur, Bir; Rajam, Manchikatla Venkat; Sahijram, Leela; Krishnamurthy, K. V. (eds.).
434:
The BBA (Beej Bachao
Andolan — Save the Seeds movement) began in the late 1980s in Uttarakhand, India, led by Vijay Jardhari. Seed banks were created to store native varieties of seeds.
405:(1887–1943) was a Russian geneticist and botanist who, through botanic-agronomic expeditions, collected seeds from all over the world. He set up one of the first seed banks, in
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1973:
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Seeds banks may operate in much more primitive conditions if the aim is only to maintain year-by-year seed supplies and lower costs for farmers in a particular area.
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van de Wouw, Mark; Kik, Chris; van Hintum, Theo; van
Treuren, Rob; Visser, Bert (2009-10-19). "Genetic erosion in crops: concept, research results and challenges".
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determine the function of the seed bank in post-disturbance vegetation dynamics. Comparison tables of seed density and diversity are presented for the
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1590:"The INRAE Centre for Vegetable Germplasm: Geographically and Phenotypically Diverse Collections and Their Use in Genetics and Plant Breeding"
1880:
811:"The significance of the seed bank as a potential for the reestablishment of arable-land vegetation in a marginal cultivated landscape"
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62:. There are many reasons to store seeds. One is to preserve the genes that plant breeders need to increase yield, disease resistance,
913:
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Handbook of Seed Technology for Genebanks Vol II: Compendium of Specific Germination Information and Test Recommendations
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was created in the 1990s in Ukraine. Described as one of the largest seed banks in the world, it was damaged during the
81:
that are otherwise maintained in situ or in field collections. These alternative "living" collections can be damaged by
723:"Plant Diversity Conservation Challenges and Prospects—The Perspective of Botanic Gardens and the Millennium Seed Bank"
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1414:
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archipelago, about 1,307 kilometres (812 mi) from the North Pole. It is designed to survive catastrophes such as
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1254:
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389:, New South Wales, is dedicated to the preservation of rice varieties, including some predating the Green Revolution.
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generally well-described and fixed for traits of agronomic or scientific interest, and have available passport data.
2420:
1320:
664:
459:
331:
1158:
Maharjan, Shree (February 2018). "Roles and contributions of community seed banks in climate adaptation in Nepa".
1873:
1647:
Pellegrini, Pablo A.; Balatti, Galo E. (2016-12-01). "Noah's arks in the XXI century. A typology of seed banks".
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Conserve varieties of seeds to contribute to the improvement of current crops by crossing them with those seeds
70:. Another is to forestall loss of genetic diversity in rare or imperiled plant species in an effort to conserve
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417:. Several botanists starved to death rather than eat the collected seeds. The institute is now known as the
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1937:
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89:, containing valuable information about evolved strategies to combat plant stress, and can be used to create
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20:
1515:"National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine - Інститут рослинництва ім. В. Я. Юр'єва НААН"
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452:. The DELEP seed bank is an accredited collection of the North American Plant Conservation Consortium.
2361:
599:, to protect the people (and seemingly the plants) that would repopulate the world after this event.
139:
1430:"'One Man Dies a Million Times' Review: A Haunting Portrait of Preservation at the End of the World"
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The bank makes its seeds available to produce new crops of agricultural interest from these seeds
244:) from a 32,000-year-old seed. The seed was found in a burrow 124 feet (38 m) under Siberian
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George Hulbert Seed Vault to protect and provide the world's rice seed stock for up to 100 years
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In February 2012, Russian scientists announced they had regenerated a narrow leaf campion (
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Preserve varieties of seeds in case they are destroyed by either man or natural events.
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1927:
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Kameswara Rao, N., J. Hanson, M. E. Dulloo, K. Ghosh, A. Nowell and M. Larinde (2006).
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1390:"About the NSW Seedbank - Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust - Sydney, Australia"
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are well-suited to large-scale mechanized farming and can be grown in large quantities.
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Desert Legume Program (DELEP) focuses on wild species of plants in the legume family (
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2032:
1968:
1922:
1682:
1629:
1611:
1250:
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1107:
Griffiths, Kate (April 2015). "Maximizing the phylogenetic diversity of seed banks".
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358:. It is the largest seed bank in the world (longterm, at least 100 times bigger than
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55:
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until it could be transplanted to soil. This exemplifies the long-term viability of
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2005:
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Theorien der Lebendsammlung. Pflanzen, Mikroben und Tiere als Biofakte in Genbanken
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1947:
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582:, a legendary king of ancient Persia, to build an underground structure called a
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The 'Hundreds Rule' guides that the sum of relative humidity and temperature (in
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plant management such as seed selection, treatment, storage, and distribution.
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Conservation efforts such as seed banks are expected to play a greater role as
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This article is about human-curated repositories of seeds. For other uses, see
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has been built inside a sandstone mountain in a man-made tunnel on the frozen
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1906:
1783:. SGRP (System-Wide Genetic Resources Programme). Rome, Italy. Archived from
1739:. SGRP (System-Wide Genetic Resources Programme). Rome, Italy. Archived from
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Conserve varieties of seeds in case they need to be used in coming harvests
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2010:
1054:"Nurturing plant legacies: Two groups lend seeds and plants to gardeners"
827:
781:"Genebank Standards for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture"
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609:
575:
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343:
307:
219:
Seeds may be viable for hundreds and even thousands of years. The oldest
1732:
1039:
650:
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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seed about 2,000 years old, recovered from excavations at the palace of
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2194:
2126:
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2000:
1677:
1539:"Військові рф повністю знищили єдиний в Україні генетичний банк рослин"
1128:
1090:"32,000-Year-Old Plant Reborn From Ancient Fruit Found in Siberian Ice"
1024:
977:
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249:
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108:
421:. The story of this facility's survival of the siege is dramatized in
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2018:
1995:
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are pest and disease resistant, and can be grown with minimal inputs.
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2014:
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Sustainablelivingsystems.org: "A Typology of Community Seed Banks"
2747:
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2538:
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2390:
2319:
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1963:
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seed bank, the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation
30:
Seedbank at the USDA Western Regional Plant Introduction Station
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2385:
2341:
2189:
1987:
480:
347:
303:
232:
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1195:"The roles of community seed banks in climate change adaption"
294:, and many regions of the world have not been fully explored.
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are rare, endangered, or have unique genetic characteristics.
197:
960:
Spooner, David; Treuren, Rob van; Vicente, M. C. de (2005).
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2430:
2425:
2405:
2279:
2230:
2074:
1807:
Koo, B., Pardey, P. G., Wright, B. D.; et al. (2004).
1456:
Save the Seeds Movement of the Uttarakhand Himalayas, India
965:
282:
67:
51:
26:
1719:
by Viktor Rydberg (1906), v. 1, p. 307-43; v. 2, p. 380-89
1564:"Ukraine's agricultural research is threatened by the war"
808:
85:, outbreaks of disease, or war. Seed banks are considered
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2177:
809:
Waldhardt, R.; Fuhr-Bossdorf, K.; Otte, A. (2001-11-29).
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The bank does not offer its seeds but it safeguards them
253:
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along with 800,000 other seeds. Seed tissue was grown in
1765:
A Guide to Effective Management of Germplasm Collections
161:
strategy. In-situ conservation involves the creation of
355:
870:"The gatekeepers of Mozambique's community seed banks"
338:
Millennium Building (WTMB), located in the grounds of
96:
1835:
959:
223:-dated seed that has grown into a viable plant was a
955:
953:
951:
437:
National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation,
1475:"National Center for Genetic Resources Preservatio"
181:stores trees by planting them at a protected site.
119:collected for another round of long-term storage.
1733:Ellis, R. H., T.D. Hong and E.H. Roberts (1985).
1646:
948:
897:
895:
893:
591:, which was intended to withstand the three-year
553:The bank provides seeds to farmers who lack them
409:(now St Petersburg), which survived the 28-month
2959:
393:been replaced as part of a major upgrade by the
1379:, 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
970:International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
890:
1874:
1768:. CGN, FAO, GRST, IPGRI, SGRP. Archived from
1427:
862:
1827:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1762:Engels, J. M. M. and L. Visser, ed. (2003).
1753:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1415:"SCIENTISTS DIED GUARDING SEEDS DURING WWII"
1271:"Work starts on Arctic seed vault - CNN.com"
1236:
493:
1501:"Desert Legume Program (DELEP) | Home"
157:of seed-producing plant species is another
1881:
1867:
1813:. CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP. Archived from
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1676:
1623:
1605:
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962:Molecular markers for genebank management
914:National Institute of Agricultural Botany
826:
756:
738:
462:in 2022 but survived in substantial part.
1157:
466:The INRAE Centre for Vegetable Germplasm
276:
25:
1293:
1192:
456:National Gene Bank of Plants of Ukraine
281:Plant tissue cultures being grown at a
193:seeds remaining dormant within the soil
2960:
1342:"Banking the world's seeds | Kew"
184:A less expensive, community-supported
66:, nutritional quality, taste, etc. of
1888:
1862:
1309:"Why we're storing billions of seeds"
1306:
1087:
1060:
517:Seed banks classification by profile
318:and world war. It is operated by the
205:seed bank study in northern Ontario.
1780:Manual of Seed Handling in Genebanks
1241:. Springer India. pp. 445–459.
1836:Karafyllis, Nicole C., ed. (2018).
843:
419:Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry
97:Storage conditions and regeneration
13:
1726:
14:
3014:
1847:
1707:Avesta, Vendidad, Fargard 2:24-28
876:Food and Agriculture Organization
565:
259:
188:can save local genetic material.
2942:
2941:
1842:. Karl Alber. Freiburg, Germany.
665:Millennium Seed Bank Partnership
1710:
1701:
1640:
1580:
1556:
1531:
1507:
1493:
1467:
1449:
1428:David Ehrlich (July 27, 2022).
1421:
1407:
1382:
1364:
1334:
1263:
1239:Plant Biology and Biotechnology
1230:
1186:
1151:
1100:
1081:
1070:
149:
135:infrastructure may be lacking.
1193:Vernooy, Ronnie (April 2017).
1046:
802:
773:
713:
1:
1649:Biodiversity and Conservation
1215:10.1080/09614524.2017.1294653
1172:10.1080/09614524.2018.1418838
706:
515:
272:
125:
1907:Pollution / quality
1307:Drori, Jonathan (May 2009).
1247:10.1007/978-81-322-2283-5_23
972:(IPGRI). pp. viii+126.
428:One Man Dies a Million Times
208:
7:
1545:(in Ukrainian). 16 May 2022
1088:Frier, Sarah (2012-02-20).
660:List of conservation topics
602:
460:Russian invasion of Ukraine
320:Global Crop Diversity Trust
10:
3019:
450:Svalbard Global Seed Vault
372:Australian Grains Genebank
360:Svalbard Global Seed Vault
300:Svalbard Global Seed Vault
212:
21:Seed bank (disambiguation)
18:
2937:
2878:
2743:
2736:
2617:
2478:Types / location
2477:
2468:
2278:
2073:
1986:
1956:
1905:
1896:
1669:10.1007/s10531-016-1201-z
926:10.1017/s1479262109990062
530:
527:
524:
521:
494:Seed banks classification
383:George Hulbert Seed Vault
256:under proper conditions.
171:National Wildlife Refuges
140:effective population size
58:; hence it is a type of
1202:Development in Practice
1160:Development in Practice
905:Plant Genetic Resources
310:, which is part of the
1607:10.3390/plants11030347
1461:June 30, 2015, at the
878:of the United Nations)
740:10.3390/plants10112371
487:Meise Botanical Garden
439:Fort Collins, Colorado
286:
31:
2978:Conservation projects
620:Conservation movement
425:'s 2019 feature film
280:
29:
2968:Community seed banks
2853:remnant natural area
2490:storage and recovery
2156:habitat conservation
1974:Deforestation (REDD)
1109:Conservation Biology
828:10.5194/we-2-83-2001
615:Biodiversity banking
395:Australian PlantBank
332:Millennium Seed Bank
155:In-situ conservation
91:genetically modified
2807:Earth Overshoot Day
2381:Marine conservation
2362:non-timber products
1661:2016BiCon..25.2753P
1481:on 12 November 2011
1281:on 11 February 2007
1121:2015ConBi..29..370G
1077:National Geographic
518:
16:Backup seed storage
2993:Plant reproduction
2988:Plant conservation
2792:Ecosystem services
1915:Ambient standards
1717:Teutonic Mythology
1503:. 24 January 2019.
1129:10.1111/cobi.12390
516:
411:Siege of Leningrad
287:
241:Silene stenophylla
215:Oldest viable seed
191:The phenomenon of
32:
2998:Seed associations
2955:
2954:
2933:
2932:
2732:
2731:
2411:genetic resources
2347:genetic resources
1982:
1981:
1890:Natural resources
1655:(13): 2753–2769.
987:978-92-9043-684-3
675:Recalcitrant seed
595:winter preceding
563:
562:
473:Indian Seed Vault
83:natural disasters
79:genetic resources
64:drought tolerance
56:genetic diversity
3010:
2945:
2944:
2896:
2843:Natural heritage
2802:overexploitation
2741:
2740:
2475:
2474:
2421:herbal medicines
2401:FAO Plant Treaty
1941:
1918:
1903:
1902:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1843:
1832:
1826:
1818:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1680:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1609:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1543:www.ukrinform.ua
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1477:. Archived from
1471:
1465:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1392:. Archived from
1386:
1380:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1348:. Archived from
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1319:. Archived from
1317:TED (conference)
1304:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1277:. Archived from
1267:
1261:
1260:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1056:. 23 March 2012.
1050:
1044:
1042:
1007:
957:
946:
945:
899:
888:
887:
885:
884:
866:
860:
847:
841:
840:
830:
806:
800:
799:
797:
795:
785:
777:
771:
770:
760:
742:
717:
531:Preservationist
519:
225:Judean date palm
167:National Forests
104:'orthodox' seeds
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2973:Biorepositories
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2929:
2894:
2874:
2860:Systems ecology
2826:Natural capital
2728:
2613:
2602:reclaimed water
2464:
2426:UPOV Convention
2274:
2069:
1978:
1952:
1948:Ozone depletion
1939:
1916:
1892:
1887:
1850:
1820:
1819:
1790:
1789:
1746:
1745:
1729:
1727:Further reading
1724:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1645:
1641:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1463:Wayback Machine
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1426:
1422:
1417:. May 13, 1992.
1413:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1305:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1235:
1231:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1156:
1152:
1105:
1101:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1038:
988:
958:
949:
900:
891:
882:
880:
868:
867:
863:
848:
844:
807:
803:
793:
791:
783:
779:
778:
774:
718:
714:
709:
704:
605:
568:
525:Assitentialist
496:
441:, United States
403:Nikolai Vavilov
340:Wakehurst Place
275:
262:
229:Herod the Great
217:
211:
152:
128:
99:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2895:(perpetuation)
2890:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2848:Nature reserve
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2789:
2788:
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2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2744:
2738:
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2730:
2729:
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2594:
2589:
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2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2466:
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2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2440:
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2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2325:climate change
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2293:Bioprospecting
2290:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:Clean Air Act
1930:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1848:External links
1846:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1817:on 2008-12-11.
1804:
1787:on 2008-01-21.
1774:
1772:on 2007-05-25.
1759:
1743:on 2008-12-11.
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1700:
1639:
1579:
1555:
1530:
1506:
1492:
1466:
1448:
1420:
1406:
1381:
1363:
1352:on 6 July 2008
1333:
1292:
1262:
1255:
1229:
1208:(3): 316–327.
1185:
1166:(2): 292–302.
1150:
1099:
1080:
1069:
1059:
1045:
986:
947:
889:
861:
842:
801:
772:
711:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:
700:Soil seed bank
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
640:Heirloom plant
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
606:
604:
601:
567:
566:Early concepts
564:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
547:
546:
543:
540:
537:
533:
532:
529:
526:
523:
514:
513:
509:
505:
495:
492:
491:
490:
484:
470:
463:
453:
442:
435:
432:
400:
399:
398:
390:
368:
336:Wellcome Trust
334:housed at the
328:
274:
271:
266:climate change
261:
260:Climate change
258:
213:Main article:
210:
207:
163:National Parks
151:
148:
127:
124:
98:
95:
87:seed libraries
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3015:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2926:
2925:Non-renewable
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Urban ecology
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Privatization
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Surface water
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
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2486:
2483:
2482:
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2476:
2473:
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2427:
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2422:
2419:
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2402:
2399:
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2394:
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2384:
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2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
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2321:
2318:
2316:
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2311:
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2303:
2299:
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2281:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2264:
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2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:peak farmland
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
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1812:
1811:
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1794:
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1760:
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1718:
1713:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1569:
1568:The Economist
1565:
1559:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1520:
1519:yuriev.com.ua
1516:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1396:on 2013-06-01
1395:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:Scully, Jess.
1367:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1323:on 2011-12-08
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1256:9788132222828
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1189:
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1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:(2): 370–81.
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
954:
952:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:
898:
896:
894:
879:
877:
871:
865:
859:
857:
856:92-9043-279-9
853:
846:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
789:
782:
776:
768:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
716:
712:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
670:Orthodox seed
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:Knowledge ark
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:Index Seminum
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
600:
598:
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590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
534:
528:Productivist
520:
510:
506:
502:
501:
500:
488:
485:
482:
478:
474:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
454:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
431:
429:
424:
423:Jessica Oreck
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
396:
391:
388:
384:
380:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:. The area's
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:
295:
293:
284:
279:
270:
267:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
216:
206:
203:
199:
194:
189:
187:
182:
180:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
147:
145:
141:
136:
132:
123:
120:
116:
112:
110:
105:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
22:
2923: /
2797:Exploitation
2682:Conservation
2625:Desalination
2560:
2453:conservation
2442:
2288:Biodiversity
2236:conservation
2083:Agricultural
2011:Fossil fuels
1838:
1815:the original
1810:Saving Seeds
1809:
1785:the original
1779:
1770:the original
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730:
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685:Seed library
680:Seed company
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550:Functioning
497:
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415:World War II
292:biodiversity
288:
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190:
186:seed library
183:
176:
159:conservation
153:
150:Alternatives
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100:
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72:biodiversity
54:to preserve
47:
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2916:Nationalism
2888:Common-pool
2529:Hydrosphere
2522:remediation
2507:Groundwater
2102:Degradation
1678:11336/46868
1346:www.kew.org
1275:www.cnn.com
978:10113/11672
912:(1). NIAB (
815:Web Ecology
690:Seed saving
610:Agroecology
578:instructed
576:Ahura Mazda
574:mythology,
572:Zoroastrian
387:Wagga Wagga
344:West Sussex
316:nuclear war
308:Spitsbergen
2983:Gene banks
2962:Categories
2911:Extraction
2870:Wilderness
2831:accounting
2814:Management
2780:ecological
2768:tragedy of
2687:Peak water
2672:Efficiency
2645:Sanitation
2587:Stormwater
2580:harvesting
2556:Irrigation
2458:management
2416:gene banks
2357:management
2335:management
2251:resilience
2217:phosphorus
2173:industrial
2151:Management
2127:soundscape
2033:Geothermal
1600:(3): 347.
1573:2022-05-18
1549:2022-05-18
1524:2022-05-18
1400:2012-10-02
1327:2011-12-11
1285:12 January
1025:Bioversity
883:2021-09-14
707:References
589:Odainsaker
536:Objective
324:permafrost
306:island of
273:Facilities
250:test tubes
246:permafrost
126:Challenges
109:Fahrenheit
48:seed vault
44:seeds bank
40:seed banks
2921:Renewable
2906:Depletion
2893:Conflict
2775:Economics
2753:enclosure
2712:Resources
2692:Pollution
2609:Watershed
2512:pollution
2443:Seed bank
2438:Rangeland
2320:Fisheries
2305:Biosphere
2298:biopiracy
2241:fertility
2117:cityscape
2112:Landscape
2019:peak coal
2006:Resources
1957:Emissions
1823:cite book
1793:cite book
1749:cite book
1687:1572-9710
1616:2223-7747
1441:August 2,
1435:Indiewire
1224:157455756
1180:158910274
1094:Bloomberg
996:136956590
968:, Italy:
934:1479-2621
920:): 1–15.
837:2193-3081
749:2223-7747
695:Seed swap
635:Germplasm
630:Gene pool
625:Gene bank
407:Leningrad
367:research.
364:milestone
304:Norwegian
221:carbon-14
209:Longevity
202:deciduous
179:arboretum
60:gene bank
50:) stores
36:seed bank
2947:Category
2880:Resource
2819:adaptive
2717:improved
2677:Conflict
2662:Security
2657:Scarcity
2650:improved
2640:Leaching
2517:recharge
2497:Drinking
2448:Wildlife
2315:Bushmeat
2310:Bushfood
2263:planning
2168:gemstone
2163:Minerals
2144:property
2132:viewshed
2122:seascape
2053:sunlight
2027:peak oil
2023:peak gas
1634:35161327
1459:Archived
1376:ABC News
1145:20537959
1137:25196170
1004:83426985
942:54496219
874:UN FAO (
767:34834734
603:See also
597:Ragnarok
522:Profile
477:Chang La
446:Fabaceae
312:Svalbard
2748:Commons
2737:Related
2702:Quality
2618:Aspects
2544:glacial
2485:Aquifer
2391:Pasture
2342:Forests
2268:reserve
2043:Nuclear
2013: (
1969:Trading
1964:Airshed
1695:2545366
1657:Bibcode
1625:8838894
1313:TED2009
1117:Bibcode
758:8623176
483:, India
376:Horsham
352:England
346:, near
144:alleles
75:ex situ
2758:global
2722:policy
2667:Supply
2630:Floods
2597:Sewage
2570:Marine
2562:huerta
2396:Plants
2386:Meadow
2246:health
2224:rights
2212:copper
2190:mining
2088:arable
1988:Energy
1928:Indoor
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348:London
233:Israel
198:boreal
169:, and
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2539:bergs
2502:Fresh
2470:Water
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2107:Field
2058:shade
2048:Solar
2038:Hydro
1923:Index
1691:S2CID
1220:S2CID
1198:(PDF)
1176:S2CID
1141:S2CID
1032:CGIAR
1017:AGRIS
1013:11672
1009:NADLC
1000:S2CID
938:S2CID
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2280:Life
2231:Soil
2207:peak
2200:sand
2075:Land
2065:Wind
1940:(US)
1917:(US)
1829:link
1799:link
1755:link
1683:ISSN
1630:PMID
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2001:Law
1996:Bio
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