1165:
1334:(essentially a sound wave in rock) can be determined by sending packets in both directions in the looped pair of optical fibers; the difference in the arrival times of the first pair of perturbed packets indicates the distance along the cable. This point is also the point closest to the earthquake's epicenter, which should be on a plane perpendicular to the cable. The difference between the p-wave/s-wave arrival times provides a distance (under ideal conditions), constraining the epicenter to a circle. A second detection on a non-parallel cable is needed to resolve the ambiguity of the resulting solution. Additional observations constrain the location of the earthquake's epicenter, and may resolve the depth.
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seconds, or once per thirty seconds. The general-purpose instruments of small stations or amateurs usually oscillate once per ten seconds. A pan of oil is placed under the arm, and a small sheet of metal mounted on the underside of the arm drags in the oil to damp oscillations. The level of oil, position on the arm, and angle and size of sheet is adjusted until the damping is "critical", that is, almost having oscillation. The hinge is very low friction, often torsion wires, so the only friction is the internal friction of the wire. Small seismographs with low proof masses are placed in a vacuum to reduce disturbances from air currents.
1368:
474:. The best mountings may be in deep boreholes, which avoid thermal effects, ground noise and tilting from weather and tides. Other instruments are often mounted in insulated enclosures on small buried piers of unreinforced concrete. Reinforcing rods and aggregates would distort the pier as the temperature changes. A site is always surveyed for ground noise with a temporary installation before pouring the pier and laying conduit. Originally, European seismographs were placed in a particular area after a destructive earthquake. Today, they are spread to provide appropriate coverage (in the case of
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1009:/m; local geologic seismographs, about 1,500 V/m; and teleseismographs, used for world survey, about 20,000 V/m. Instruments come in three main varieties: short period, long period and broadband. The short and long period measure velocity and are very sensitive, however they 'clip' the signal or go off-scale for ground motion that is strong enough to be felt by people. A 24-bit analog-to-digital conversion channel is commonplace. Practical devices are linear to roughly one part per million.
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systems, the light was reflected to a pair of differential electronic photosensors called a photomultiplier. The voltage generated in the photomultiplier was used to drive galvanometers which had a small mirror mounted on the axis. The moving reflected light beam would strike the surface of the turning drum, which was covered with photo-sensitive paper. The expense of developing photo-sensitive paper caused many seismic observatories to switch to ink or thermal-sensitive paper.
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that record data from up to 20 channels into a 16-mm film. The recorded film can be viewed by a machine. The reading and measuring from these types of media can be done by hand. After the digital processing has been used, the archives of the seismic data were recorded in magnetic tapes. Due to the deterioration of older magnetic tape medias, large number of waveforms from the archives are not recoverable.
663:, says that it was a large bronze vessel, about 2 meters in diameter; at eight points around the top were dragon's heads holding bronze balls. When there was an earthquake, one of the dragons' mouths would open and drop its ball into a bronze toad at the base, making a sound and supposedly showing the direction of the earthquake. On at least one occasion, probably at the time of a large earthquake in
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geophones are sometimes used to perform three-dimensional reflective imaging of subsurface features. Basic linear refractive geomapping software (once a black art) is available off-the-shelf, running on laptop computers, using strings as small as three geophones. Some systems now come in an 18" (0.5 m) plastic field case with a computer, display and printer in the cover.
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recording system allowed for a continuous record, the first to do so. The first seismogram was recorded on 3 November 1880 on both of Ewing's instruments. Modern seismometers would eventually descend from these designs. Milne has been referred to as the 'Father of modern seismology' and his seismograph design has been called the first modern seismometer.
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sensitive instruments to ten seconds. The basic damped horizontal pendulum seismometer swings like the gate of a fence. A heavy weight is mounted on the point of a long (from 10 cm to several meters) triangle, hinged at its vertical edge. As the ground moves, the weight stays unmoving, swinging the "gate" on the hinge.
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unrolled behind a truck. Now most short-range systems use "thumpers" that hit the ground, and some small commercial systems have such good digital signal processing that a few sledgehammer strikes provide enough signal for short-distance refractive surveys. Exotic cross or two-dimensional arrays of
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One of the continuing problems with sensitive vertical seismographs is the buoyancy of their masses. The uneven changes in pressure caused by wind blowing on an open window can easily change the density of the air in a room enough to cause a vertical seismograph to show spurious signals. Therefore,
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Later, professional suites of instruments for the worldwide standard seismographic network had one set of instruments tuned to oscillate at fifteen seconds, and the other at ninety seconds, each set measuring in three directions. Amateurs or observatories with limited means tuned their smaller, less
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The first seismographs were invented in the 1870s and 1880s. The first seismograph was produced by
Filippo Cecchi in around 1875. A seismoscope would trigger the device to begin recording, and then a recording surface would produce a graphical illustration of the tremors automatically (a seismogram).
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in AD 143, the seismoscope indicated an earthquake even though one was not felt. The available text says that inside the vessel was a central column that could move along eight tracks; this is thought to refer to a pendulum, though it is not known exactly how this was linked to a mechanism that would
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Most instruments measure directly the ground motion using the distance sensor. The voltage generated in a sense coil on the mass by the magnet directly measures the instantaneous velocity of the ground. The current to the drive coil provides a sensitive, accurate measurement of the force between the
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expressed their dissatisfaction with the current available seismometers, still using the large 1842 Forbes device located in Comrie Parish Church, and requested a seismometer which was compact, easy to install and easy to read. In 1875 they settled on a large example of the Mallet device, consisting
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Prior to the availability of digital processing of seismic data in the late 1970s, the records were done in a few different forms on different types of media. A "Helicorder" drum was a device used to record data into photographic paper or in the form of paper and ink. A "Develocorder" was a machine
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Modern instruments use electronic sensors, amplifiers, and recording devices. Most are broadband covering a wide range of frequencies. Some seismometers can measure motions with frequencies from 500 Hz to 0.00118 Hz (1/500 = 0.002 seconds per cycle, to 1/0.00118 = 850 seconds per cycle).
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The advantage of a horizontal pendulum is that it achieves very low frequencies of oscillation in a compact instrument. The "gate" is slightly tilted, so the weight tends to slowly return to a central position. The pendulum is adjusted (before the damping is installed) to oscillate once per three
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Both accessed 2010-9-29 Morrissey was a professional seismographic instrument engineer. This superior design uses a zero-length spring to achieve a 60-second period, active feedback and a uniquely convenient variable reluctance differential transducer, with parts scavenged from a hardware store.
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Marra, Giuseppe; Clivati, Cecilia; Luckett, Richard; Tampellini, Anna; KronjÀger, Jochen; Wright, Louise; Mura, Alberto; Levi, Filippo; Robinson, Stephen; Xuereb, André; Baptie, Brian; Calonico, Davide (3 August 2016), "Ultrastable laser interferometry for earthquake detection with terrestrial and
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of various sizes installed at right angles to each other on a sand bed, where larger earthquakes would knock down larger pins. This device was constructed in 'Earthquake House' near Comrie, which can be considered the world's first purpose-built seismological observatory. As of 2013, no earthquake
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as wave sources. The first efforts at this method used manual data reduction from paper seismograph charts. Modern digital seismograph records are better adapted to direct computer use. With inexpensive seismometer designs and internet access, amateurs and small institutions have even formed a
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Delivered seismometers come with two styles of output: analog and digital. Analog seismographs require analog recording equipment, possibly including an analog-to-digital converter. The output of a digital seismograph can be simply input to a computer. It presents the data in a standard digital
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Early seismometers had an arrangement of levers on jeweled bearings, to scratch smoked glass or paper. Later, mirrors reflected a light beam to a direct-recording plate or roll of photographic paper. Briefly, some designs returned to mechanical movements to save money. In mid-twentieth-century
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published an 1848 paper where he suggested ideas for seismometer design, suggesting that such a device would need to register time, record amplitudes horizontally and vertically, and ascertain direction. His suggested design was funded, and construction was attempted, but his final design did not
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in 1796, who improved upon
Salsano's pendulum instrument, using a pencil to mark, and using a hair attached to the mechanism to inhibit the motion of a clock's balance wheel. This meant that the clock would only start once an earthquake took place, allowing determination of the time of incidence.
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in response to an
Earthquake that took place on February 22, 1880, at Yokohama (Yokohama earthquake). Two instruments were constructed by Ewing over the next year, one being a common-pendulum seismometer and the other being the first seismometer using a damped horizontal pendulum. The innovative
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are often heavy cylindrical magnets with a spring-mounted coil inside. As the case moves, the coil tends to stay stationary, so the magnetic field cuts the wires, inducing current in the output wires. They receive frequencies from several hundred hertz down to 1 Hz. Some have electronic
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Today, the most common recorder is a computer with an analog-to-digital converter, a disk drive and an internet connection; for amateurs, a PC with a sound card and associated software is adequate. Most systems record continuously, but some record only when a signal is detected, as shown by a
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It might seem logical to make the heavy magnet serve as a mass, but that subjects the seismograph to errors when the Earth's magnetic field moves. This is also why seismograph's moving parts are constructed from a material that interacts minimally with magnetic fields. A seismograph is also
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A simple seismometer, sensitive to up-down motions of the Earth, is like a weight hanging from a spring, both suspended from a frame that moves along with any motion detected. The relative motion between the weight (called the mass) and the frame provides a measurement of the vertical
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Early seismometers used optical levers or mechanical linkages to amplify the small motions involved, recording on soot-covered paper or photographic paper. Modern instruments use electronics. In some systems, the mass is held nearly motionless relative to the frame by an electronic
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further developed this concept in 1751, having the pendulum create trace marks in sand under the mechanism, providing both magnitude and direction of motion. Neapolitan clockmaker
Domenico Salsano produced a similar pendulum which recorded using a paintbrush in 1783, labelling it a
1323:-scale changes in the length of the cable. As the length changes so does the time it takes a packet of light to traverse to the far end of the cable and back (using a second fiber). Using ultra-stable metrology-grade lasers, these extremely minute shifts of timing (on the order of
532:, though it is more applicable to the older instruments in which the measuring and recording of ground motion were combined, than to modern systems, in which these functions are separated. Both types provide a continuous record of ground motion; this record distinguishes them from
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described a seismoscope in 1703, which used a bowl filled with mercury which would spill into one of eight receivers equally spaced around the bowl, though there is no evidence that he actually constructed the device. A mercury seismoscope was constructed in 1784 or 1785 by
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Seismic observatories usually have instruments measuring three axes: north-south (y-axis), east-west (x-axis), and vertical (z-axis). If only one axis is measured, it is usually the vertical because it is less noisy and gives better records of some seismic waves.
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of a seismograph must be accurately characterized, so that its frequency response is known. This is often the crucial difference between professional and amateur instruments. Most are characterized on a variable frequency shaking table.
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In other systems the weight is allowed to move, and its motion produces an electrical charge in a coil attached to the mass which voltage moves through the magnetic field of a magnet attached to the frame. This design is often used in a
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in 1842, which recorded the measurements of seismic activity through the use of a pencil placed on paper above the pendulum. The designs provided did not prove effective, according to Milne's reports. It was Milne who coined the word
920:). While not sensitive enough to detect distant earthquakes, this instrument could indicate the direction of the pressure waves and thus help find the epicenter of a local quake. Such instruments were useful in the analysis of the
1350:
algorithm called UrbanDenoiser which can detect earthquakes, particularly in urban cities. The algorithm filters out the background noise from the seismic noise gathered from busy cities in urban areas to detect earthquakes.
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This technique is expected to be a boon in observing earthquakes, especially the smaller ones, in vast portions of the global ocean where there are no seismometers, and at a cost much cheaper than ocean bottom seismometers.
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between 1848 and 1850, which used a point-suspended rigid cylindrical pendulum covered in paper, drawn upon by a fixed pencil. The cylinder was rotated every 24 hours, providing an approximate time for a given quake.
995:, in which three identical motion sensors are set at the same angle to the vertical but 120 degrees apart on the horizontal. Vertical and horizontal motions can be computed from the outputs of the three sensors.
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most professional seismographs are sealed in rigid gas-tight enclosures. For example, this is why a common
Streckeisen model has a thick glass base that must be glued to its pier without bubbles in the glue.
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in 1841, to describe this instrument. In 1843, the first horizontal pendulum was used in a seismometer, reported by Milne (though it is unclear if he was the original inventor). After these inventions,
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This produced the first effective measurement of horizontal motion. Gray would produce the first reliable method for recording vertical motion, which produced the first effective 3-axis recordings.
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The hinges on a seismograph are usually patented, and by the time the patent has expired, the design has been improved. The most successful public domain designs use thin foil hinges in a clamp.
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later to give velocity and position. Strong-motion seismometers are not as sensitive to ground motions as teleseismic instruments but they stay on scale during the strongest seismic shaking.
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set up a network of pendulum earthquake detectors following the 1731 Puglia
Earthquake, where the amplitude was detected using a protractor to measure the swinging motion. Benedictine monk
1033:(cover removed). Two masses for x- and y-direction can be seen, the third one for z-direction is below. This model is a CMG-40TOBS, manufactured by GĂŒralp Systems Ltd and is part of the
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to detect the direction of an earthquake, where the lead fell into four bins arranged in a circle, to determine the quadrant of earthquake incidence. He completed the instrument in 1841.
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invented a precursor of seismometer, a vertical wooden poles connected with wooden gutters on the central axis functioned to fill water into a vessel until full to detect earthquakes.
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The concept of measuring the "shaking" of something means that the word "seismograph" might be used in a more general sense. For example, a monitoring station that tracks changes in
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applies a magnetic or electrostatic force to keep the mass nearly motionless. The voltage needed to produce this force is the output of the seismometer, which is recorded digitally.
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short-term increase in the variation of the signal, compared to its long-term average (which can vary slowly because of changes in seismic noise), also known as a STA/LTA trigger.
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open only one dragon's mouth. The first earthquake recorded by this seismoscope was supposedly "somewhere in the east". Days later, a rider from the east reported this earthquake.
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The mechanical suspension for horizontal instruments remains the garden-gate described above. Vertical instruments use some kind of constant-force suspension, such as the
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Seismometers unavoidably introduce some distortion into the signals they measure, but professionally designed systems have carefully characterized frequency transforms.
1849:
Oldroyd, David; Amador, F.; KozĂĄk, Jan; Carneiro, Ana; Pinto, Manuel (2007-01-01). "The Study of
Earthquakes in the Hundred Years Following Lisbon Earthquake of 1755".
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experiments in
England observed noise with a wave-form resembling the seismic waves generated by earthquakes. This was found to match seismological observations of an
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A worldwide array of seismometers can actually image the interior of the Earth in wave-speed and transmissivity. This type of system uses events such as earthquakes,
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796:, influenced by Mallet's 1848 paper, invented a seismometer in 1856 that could record the time of an earthquake. This device used metallic pendulums which closed an
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Small seismic imaging systems are now sufficiently inexpensive to be used by civil engineers to survey foundation sites, locate bedrock, and find subsurface water.
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1994:
680:(founded 1259) in Persia, though it is unclear whether these were constructed independently or based on the first seismoscope. French physicist and priest
924:. Further analysis was performed in the 1980s, using these early recordings, enabling a more precise determination of the initial fault break location in
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Strain-beam accelerometers constructed as integrated circuits are too insensitive for geologic seismographs (2002), but are widely used in geophones.
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In most designs the electronics holds a mass motionless relative to the frame. This device is called a "force balance accelerometer". It measures
912:. The result is that the stylus scratched a pattern corresponding with the Earth's movement. This type of strong-motion seismometer recorded upon a
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The frequency transform is carefully designed, unlike most amateur instruments. Morrisey is deceased, but the site remains up as a public service.
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instead of velocity of ground movement. Basically, the distance between the mass and some part of the frame is measured very precisely, by a
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with vibration, which then powered an electromagnet to stop a clock. Palmieri seismometers were widely distributed and used for a long time.
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systems. These seismometers are often used as part of a large scale governmental or scientific project, but some organizations such as the
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Zollner described torsionally suspended horizontal pendulums as early as 1869, but developed them for gravimetry rather than seismometry.
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in order to produce better detection devices for earthquakes. The outcome of this was an inverted pendulum seismometer constructed by
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In the
Southern Sung dynasty, gift money for bestowing upon officials by the imperial court was wrapped in paper envelopes (chih pao)
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Basic horizontal-motion seismograph. The inertia of the round weight tends to hold the pen still while the base moves back and forth.
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1251:. The data reduction methods resemble those of computer-aided tomographic medical imaging X-ray machines (CAT-scans), or imaging
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However, the instrument was not sensitive enough, and the first seismogram produced by the instrument was in 1887, by which time
659:(translated as, "instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth"). The description we have, from the
582:, a Chinese mathematician and astronomer. The first Western description of the device comes from the French physicist and priest
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6.0 earthquake in Italy, ~1400 km away. Further experiments in
England, Italy, and with a submarine fiber optic cable to
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Ferrari, Graziano (1997-01-01). "Cultural and scientific value of seismology's heritage in Europe: why and how to preserve".
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fulfill his expectations and suffered from the same problems as the Forbes design, being inaccurate and not self-recording.
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717:. Naturalist Nicolo Zupo devised an instrument to detect electrical disturbances and earthquakes at the same time (1784).
689:, a copy of which can be found at the University Library in Bologna, and a further mercury seismoscope was constructed by
393:. The output of such a deviceâformerly recorded on paper (see picture) or film, now recorded and processed digitallyâis a
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sensitive to changes in temperature so many instruments are constructed from low expansion materials such as nonmagnetic
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Seismometer without housing; presented during a demonstration for children about earthquakes at Alfred Wegener Institute.
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Seismographic systems used for petroleum or other mineral exploration historically used an explosive and a wireline of
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mass and frame, thus measuring directly the ground's acceleration (using f=ma where f=force, m=mass, a=acceleration).
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had completely spilled over, and did not provide useful information. He therefore devised a portable device that used
432:. A rotating drum is attached to the frame and a pen is attached to the weight, thus recording any ground motion in a
1433:
1122:. The data from such an instrument is essential to understand how an earthquake affects man-made structures, through
1208:
can also be used to precisely locate, in three dimensions, the source of an earthquake, using the time it takes for
1247:, an array of seismometers image sub-surface features. The data are reduced to images using algorithms similar to
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also built a seismological tool of unknown design or efficacy (known as an earthquake machine) in the late 1790s.
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Some other sensitive designs measure the current generated by the flow of a non-corrosive ionic fluid through an
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damping, a low-budget way to get some of the performance of the closed-loop wide-band geologic seismographs.
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Earthquake Locations Determined by the Southern Alaska Seismograph Network for October 1971 through May 1989
443:, and by measuring the movement between the frame and the mass, the motion of the ground can be determined.
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After World War II, the seismometers developed by Milne, Ewing and Gray were adapted into the widely used
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is a free tool for recent Macintosh laptop computers that implements a real-time three-axis seismograph.
536:, which merely indicate that motion has occurred, perhaps with some simple measure of how large it was.
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has been large enough to cause any of the cylinders to fall in either the original device or replicas.
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Science and Civilization in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
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The foundation of a seismic station is critical. A professional station is sometimes mounted on
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1045:. It consists of a small "proof mass", confined by electrical forces, driven by sophisticated
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The first moderately successful device for detecting the time of an earthquake was devised by
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discusses the history of development of the primary technology in global earthquake research.
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2028:. In Beer, Michael; Kougioumtzoglou, Ioannis A.; Patelli, Edoardo; Siu-Kui Au, Ivan (eds.).
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2228:"Toward improved urban earthquake monitoring through deep-learning-based noise suppression"
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1079:. One of the amplified currents from the negative feedback loop drives a coil very like a
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is said to have invented the first seismoscope (by the definition above), which was called
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Fogleman, Kent A.; Lahr, John C.; Stephens, Christopher D.; Page, Robert A. (June 1993).
1240:, can use residential size detectors built into computers to detect earthquakes as well.
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Any movement from the ground moves the frame. The mass tends not to move because of its
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Sleeswyk AW, Sivin N (1983). "Dragons and toads: the Chinese seismoscope of BC. 132".
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William H.K. Lee; Paul Jennings; Carl Kisslinger; Hiroo Kanamori (27 September 2002).
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The Development Of Very-Broad-Band Seismography: Quanterra And The Iris Collaboration
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lander, the first time a seismometer was placed onto the surface of another planet.
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The first seismometer was made in China during the 2nd century. It was invented by
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Seismometers, seismographs, seismograms â what's the difference? How do they work?
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Yang, Lei; Liu, Xin; Zhu, Weiqiang; Zhao, Liang; Beroza, Gregory C. (2022-04-15).
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in Japan, from 1880 to 1895. Milne, Ewing and Gray, all having been hired by the
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2292:"A deep-learning algorithm could detect earthquakes by filtering out city noise"
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In 1880, the first horizontal pendulum seismometer was developed by the team of
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A strong-motion seismometer measures acceleration. This can be mathematically
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to provide a long period (high sensitivity). Some modern instruments use a
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detected additional earthquakes, including one 4,100 km away, and an
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circuit. The amount of force necessary to achieve this is then recorded.
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Pendulum devices were developing at the same time. Neapolitan naturalist
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Another type of seismometer is a digital strong-motion seismometer, or
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Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Volume 1
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An early special-purpose seismometer consisted of a large, stationary
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1813:"The invention of the Seismoscope | The Asian Age Online, Bangladesh"
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Seismometers were placed on the Moon starting in 1969 as part of the
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2128:"A Biography of Lucien LaCoste, inventor of the zero-length spring"
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in 1703. The modern seismometer was developed in the 19th century.
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that responds to ground displacement and shaking such as caused by
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The modern broadband seismograph can record a very broad range of
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in 1841, to describe an instrument designed by Scottish physicist
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Sean Morrisey's professional design of an amateur teleseismograph
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International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology
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International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology
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Strong motion sensors are used for intensity meter applications.
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Instrument that records seismic waves by measuring ground motions
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A new technique for detecting earthquakes has been found, using
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1224:). Interconnected seismometers are also used, as part of the
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1792:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 626â635.
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Agnew, Duncan Carr (2003). "Ch. 1: History of Seismology".
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594:
539:
The technical discipline concerning such devices is called
1848:
1330:
The point of the cable first disturbed by an earthquake's
676:
By the 13th century, seismographic devices existed in the
1500:
Erhard Wielandt's 'Seismic Sensors and their Calibration'
1290:
cables. In 2016 a team of metrologists running frequency
567:
2371:
The Lehman amateur seismograph, from Scientific American
2347:
2153:
1906:
Shelley Unbound: Discovering Frankenstein's True Creator
1509:- Current (2002) reference by a widely consulted expert.
962:
Simplified LaCoste suspension using a zero-length spring
904:
started to move, the heavy mass of the pendulum had the
1083:. The result is that the mass stays nearly motionless.
593:. In December 2018, a seismometer was deployed on the
1726:
Science and Civilisation in China: Paper and Printing
1281:
928:
and its subsequent progression, mostly to the south.
728:
After an earthquake taking place on October 4, 1834,
1851:
Journal of the History of the Earth Sciences Society
1698:
2322:. Seismological Laboratory, Caltech. Archived from
1527:
Earthquakes and Engineers: an International History
743:
2317:"NEWS FLASH!! SCSN Earthquake Catalog Completed!!"
2066:
1309:
837:Milne horizontal pendulum seismometer. One of the
803:By 1872, a committee in the United Kingdom led by
2103:"Physics of the Zero-Length Spring of Geoscience"
1001:Modern sensitivities come in three broad ranges:
816:
2446:
2067:Herbert-Gustar, A. L.; Nott, Patrick A. (1980).
1762:"NASA's InSight Places First Instrument on Mars"
1760:Cook, Jia-Rui; Good, Andrew (19 December 2018).
1319:Seismic waves are detectable because they cause
1173:Seismometer in operation recording a seismogram.
1156:A Kinemetrics seismograph, formerly used by the
463:, which is used in exploration for oil and gas.
2032:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1â31.
1316:3.4 earthquake 89 km away from the cable.
399:. Such data is used to locate and characterize
2225:
1722:
1600:
1199:
732:observed that the mercury seismoscope held at
713:, possibly the first use of a similar word to
2069:John Milne : father of modern seismology
1753:
1553:
1551:
1346:Researchers at Stanford University created a
1113:
877:in the previous five years to assist Japan's
350:
1530:. Reston, VA: ASCE Press. pp. 122â125.
1519:
1517:
1515:
748:In response to a series of earthquakes near
671:
1729:. Cambridge University Press. p. 122.
1557:
2380:- not designed for calibrated measurement.
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1718:
1716:
1548:
1523:
987:suspension. The LaCoste suspension uses a
498:, a shaking or quake, from the verb ÏΔίÏ,
357:
343:
2267:
2199:
2189:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1962:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1512:
1296:
2221:
2219:
1759:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1163:
1158:United States Department of the Interior
1151:
1062:linear variable differential transformer
1024:
973:
965:
957:
832:
610:
591:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
478:) or concentrated in high-risk regions (
418:
18:
1883:
1829:
1810:
1787:
1781:
1713:
1694:
1692:
1591:
1192:sponge or a conductive fluid through a
826:had already demonstrated his design in
756:in 1839, a committee was formed in the
2447:
2030:Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering
2023:
2012:
1936:
1923:
1071:That measurement is then amplified by
1066:linear variable differential capacitor
970:CMG-40T triaxial broadband seismometer
839:Important Cultural Properties of Japan
2216:
2146:"Redwood City Public Seismic Network"
1466:
953:
843:National Museum of Nature and Science
528:, to draw. It is often used to mean
2314:
1902:
1689:
1371:Matsushiro Seismological Observatory
1035:Monterey Accelerated Research System
1871:10.17704/eshi.26.2.h9v2708334745978
1471:. Vol. Part A. pp. 3â11.
1075:attached to parts of an electronic
1020:
414:
13:
1943:Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering
1282:Fiber optic cables as seismometers
14:
2481:
2366:The history of early seismometers
2359:
1939:"A history of British seismology"
1886:Cah. Cent. Europ. Geodyn. Seismol
1613:. Academic Press. pp. 283â.
1434:Pacific Northwest Seismic Network
764:, first presented in a report by
1341:
744:Early Modern designs (1839â1880)
661:History of the Later Han Dynasty
506:, to measure, and was coined by
46:
2341:
2308:
2284:
2168:
2138:
2120:
2095:
2083:"Who Invented the Seismograph?"
2075:
2060:
2038:10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_171-1
1987:
1937:Musson, R. M. W. (2013-06-01).
1896:
1877:
1804:
1226:International Monitoring System
993:"triaxial" or "Galperin" design
485:
2435:â How Does A Seismometer Work?
2387:Also see Keith Payea's version
1664:
1634:
1596:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
1585:
1493:
1460:
1363:Viewing of a Develocorder film
1267:"public seismograph network".
1147:
883:Seismological Society of Japan
817:The first seismographs (1880-)
606:
1:
1903:Hart, Scott de (2013-07-22).
1454:
922:1906 San Francisco earthquake
785:constructed a seismometer in
2417:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
1354:
1029:A low-frequency 3-direction
566:studies the "quakes" on the
7:
1909:. Feral House. p. 39.
1524:Reitherman, Robert (2012).
1409:Galitzine, Boris Borisovich
1397:
1327:) appear as phase-changes.
1232:explosions, as well as for
1212:to propagate away from the
1200:Interconnected seismometers
871:foreign-government advisors
808:of an array of cylindrical
520:is another Greek term from
10:
2486:
2429:â Research References 2012
2423:â retrieved on 2009-06-15.
1564:. Springer. p. 2657.
1382:
1216:, the initiating point of
1114:Strong-motion seismometers
1105:Another issue is that the
628:List of Chinese inventions
625:
573:
490:The word derives from the
255:Coordinating Committee for
2315:Hutton, Kate; Yu, Ellen.
1964:10.1007/s10518-013-9444-5
1676:solar-center.stanford.edu
1449:Wood-Anderson seismometer
1204:Seismometers spaced in a
1064:. Some instruments use a
1013:format (often "SE2" over
908:to stay still within the
672:Early designs (1259â1839)
286:AdamsâWilliamson equation
2026:"Historical Seismometer"
1788:Needham, Joseph (1959).
1558:Ben-Menahem, A. (2009).
1234:Earthquake early warning
1031:ocean-bottom seismometer
502:, to shake; and ÎŒÎÏÏÎżÎœ,
480:strong-motion seismology
234:Seismic intensity scales
229:Seismic magnitude scales
2191:10.1126/science.aat4458
1723:Joseph Needham (1985).
948:Press-Ewing seismometer
900:on the bottom. As the
23:Kinemetric seismograph.
2470:Seismology instruments
2252:10.1126/sciadv.abl3564
2024:BatllĂł, Josep (2021).
1592:Richter, C.F. (1958).
1380:
1372:
1364:
1228:to detect underground
1174:
1161:
1132:engineering seismology
1124:earthquake engineering
1077:negative feedback loop
1038:
979:
971:
963:
854:
638:Amenhotep, son of Hapu
623:
476:weak-motion seismology
449:negative feedback loop
424:
296:Earthquake engineering
24:
2465:Measuring instruments
2296:MIT Technology Review
1811:Szczepanski, Kallie.
1594:Elementary Seismology
1444:Quake-Catcher Network
1383:Further information:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1245:reflection seismology
1238:Quake-Catcher Network
1172:
1155:
1073:electronic amplifiers
1028:
977:
969:
961:
881:efforts, founded the
836:
614:
422:
319:Earth Sciences Portal
291:FlinnâEngdahl regions
257:Earthquake Prediction
22:
2413:Video of seismograph
1642:"The RF Seismograph"
682:Jean de Hautefeuille
678:Maragheh observatory
584:Jean de Hautefeuille
281:Shear wave splitting
2244:2022SciA....8L3564Y
2176:submarine cables",
1955:2013BuEE...11..715M
1863:2007ESHis..26..321O
1798:1959scc3.book.....N
1222:Earthquake location
1177:Accelerographs and
916:(glass with carbon
403:, and to study the
181:Epicentral distance
2460:Chinese inventions
2455:1880 introductions
2405:2016-08-10 at the
2376:2009-02-04 at the
2134:on March 20, 2007.
2107:physics.mercer.edu
1652:on 1 December 2017
1505:2010-09-24 at the
1381:
1379:A Seismogram graph
1373:
1365:
1264:nuclear explosions
1220:rupture (See also
1175:
1162:
1039:
989:zero-length spring
980:
972:
964:
954:Modern instruments
863:James Alfred Ewing
855:
762:James David Forbes
734:Bologna University
722:Ascanio Filomarino
691:NiccolĂČ Cacciatore
624:
558:waves presents an
512:James David Forbes
425:
405:internal structure
383:volcanic eruptions
158:Induced seismicity
105:Remotely triggered
25:
2184:(6401): 486â490,
2047:978-3-642-36197-5
1916:978-1-936239-64-1
1736:978-0-521-08690-5
1672:"The Singing Sun"
1620:978-0-08-048922-3
1571:978-3-540-68831-0
1537:978-0-7844-1071-4
1478:978-0-12-440652-0
1170:
1107:transfer function
841:. Exhibit in the
657:Houfeng Didong Yi
621:Houfeng Didong Yi
367:
366:
2477:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2238:(15): eabl3564.
2232:Science Advances
2223:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2193:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2156:on 26 March 2018
2152:. Archived from
2142:
2136:
2135:
2130:. Archived from
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2021:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1997:. Archived from
1991:
1985:
1984:
1966:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1846:
1827:
1826:
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1779:
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1757:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1648:. Archived from
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1540:. Archived from
1521:
1510:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1464:
1314:
1301:
1171:
1021:Teleseismometers
875:Meiji Government
869:, who worked as
798:electric circuit
766:David Milne-Home
687:Atanasio Cavalli
554:noise affecting
508:David Milne-Home
415:Basic principles
359:
352:
345:
130:Earthquake swarm
50:
27:
26:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2445:
2444:
2407:Wayback Machine
2378:Wayback Machine
2362:
2357:
2352:(Report). USGS.
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2329:on 14 July 2014
2326:
2319:
2313:
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2298:
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2217:
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2169:
2159:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2022:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1995:"Seismographen"
1993:
1992:
1988:
1935:
1924:
1917:
1901:
1897:
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1878:
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1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1758:
1754:
1741:
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1721:
1714:
1702:Chinese Science
1697:
1690:
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1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
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1538:
1522:
1513:
1507:Wayback Machine
1498:
1494:
1479:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1439:Plate tectonics
1424:IRIS Consortium
1400:
1387:
1357:
1344:
1313:
1300:
1284:
1202:
1164:
1150:
1116:
1023:
956:
819:
746:
674:
630:
619:'s seismoscope
609:
576:
564:helioseismology
552:electromagnetic
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417:
363:
311:
310:
276:
268:
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259:
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170:Characteristics
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5:
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2360:External links
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2011:
1986:
1949:(3): 715â861.
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1857:(2): 321â370.
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758:United Kingdom
745:
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711:geo-sismometro
702:Nicola Cirillo
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560:rf seismograph
543:, a branch of
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1999:the original
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1650:the original
1646:www.nsarc.ca
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1560:
1542:the original
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1419:Inge Lehmann
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1325:femtoseconds
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1230:nuclear test
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1058:acceleration
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1005:, 50 to 750
1000:
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926:Marin county
914:smoked glass
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730:Luigi Pagani
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486:Nomenclature
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275:Other topics
223:
80:Blind thrust
2427:Seismoscope
2201:11696/59747
1773:20 December
1288:fiber optic
1148:Other forms
1081:loudspeaker
1047:electronics
1043:frequencies
867:Thomas Gray
805:James Bryce
771:seismometer
715:seismometer
706:Andrea Bina
653:Han dynasty
651:of China's
615:Replica of
607:Ancient era
595:planet Mars
541:seismometry
530:seismometer
524:and ÎłÏÎŹÏÏ,
518:Seismograph
401:earthquakes
391:seismograph
371:seismometer
263:Forecasting
224:Seismometer
218:Measurement
191:Shadow zone
40:Earthquakes
2449:Categories
2301:2022-04-17
2088:2022-10-12
2053:2022-10-17
2005:2011-02-18
1822:2022-10-12
1487:2002103787
1455:References
1429:John Milne
1385:Seismogram
1321:micrometer
1249:tomography
1214:hypocenter
1139:integrated
1130:, through
859:John Milne
824:John Milne
783:Karl Kreil
695:James Lind
649:Zhang Heng
626:See also:
617:Zhang Heng
580:Zhang Heng
545:seismology
434:seismogram
396:seismogram
387:explosions
375:instrument
306:Seismology
247:Prediction
186:Hypocenter
120:Supershear
100:Megathrust
95:Intraplate
90:Interplate
75:Aftershock
2260:2375-2548
1981:110740854
1973:1573-1456
1577:28 August
1355:Recording
1292:metrology
1272:geophones
1179:geophones
1003:geophones
896:, with a
738:lead shot
693:in 1818.
494:ÏΔÎčÏÎŒÏÏ,
176:Epicenter
153:Volcanism
115:Submarine
70:Foreshock
65:Mainshock
2433:Iris EDU
2403:Archived
2374:Archived
2278:35417238
2210:29903881
2160:28 March
2112:28 March
1742:16 April
1681:28 March
1656:28 March
1626:29 April
1503:Archived
1414:Geophone
1398:See also
1190:electret
1051:feedback
1015:Ethernet
894:pendulum
754:Scotland
461:geophone
326:Category
301:Seismite
32:a series
30:Part of
2394:SeisMac
2269:9007499
2240:Bibcode
2178:Science
1951:Bibcode
1892:: 1â21.
1859:Bibcode
1794:Bibcode
1709:: 1â19.
985:LaCoste
906:inertia
600:InSight
597:by the
574:History
562:. And
522:seismĂłs
496:seismĂłs
472:bedrock
441:inertia
125:Tsunami
85:Doublet
2441:â USGS
2421:Flickr
2333:4 July
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2044:
1979:
1971:
1913:
1733:
1617:
1568:
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1332:p-wave
1253:sonars
898:stylus
787:Prague
750:Comrie
645:AD 132
526:grĂĄphĆ
504:métron
385:, and
379:quakes
373:is an
206:S wave
201:P wave
142:Causes
2419:â on
2327:(PDF)
2320:(PDF)
1977:S2CID
1305:Malta
1218:fault
1097:invar
910:frame
902:earth
851:Japan
847:Tokyo
828:Japan
665:Gansu
492:Greek
409:Earth
58:Types
2335:2014
2274:PMID
2256:ISSN
2206:PMID
2162:2018
2114:2018
2042:ISBN
1969:ISSN
1911:ISBN
1775:2018
1767:NASA
1744:2013
1731:ISBN
1683:2018
1658:2018
1628:2013
1615:ISBN
1579:2012
1566:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1483:LCCN
1473:ISBN
918:soot
865:and
810:pins
500:seĂĆ
110:Slow
2415:at
2264:PMC
2248:doi
2196:hdl
2186:doi
2182:361
2034:doi
1959:doi
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