1622:, although scholarship is divided as to whether this is usually before puberty or later in adolescence. Meta-analyses have not supported some studies' conclusion that self-harm rates are increasing among adolescents. It is generally thought that self-harm rates increase over the course of adolescence, although this has not been studied thoroughly. The earliest reported incidents of self-harm are in children between 5 and 7 years old. In addition there appears to be an increased risk of self-harm in college students than among the general population. In a study of undergraduate students in the US, 9.8% of the students surveyed indicated that they had purposefully cut or burned themselves on at least one occasion in the past. When the definition of self-harm was expanded to include head-banging, scratching oneself, and hitting oneself along with cutting and burning, 32% of the sample said they had done this. In Ireland, a study found that instances of hospital-treated self-harm were much higher in city and urban districts, than in rural settings. The CASE (Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe) study suggests that the life-time risk of self-injury is ~1:7 for women and ~1:25 for men.
1638:/EURO Multicentre Study of Suicide, established in 1989, demonstrated that, for each age group, the female rate of self-harm exceeded that of the males, with the highest rate among females in the 13–24 age group and the highest rate among males in the 12–34 age group. However, this discrepancy has been known to vary significantly depending upon population and methodological criteria, consistent with wide-ranging uncertainties in gathering and interpreting data regarding rates of self-harm in general. Such problems have sometimes been the focus of criticism in the context of broader psychosocial interpretation. For example, feminist author Barbara Brickman has speculated that reported gender differences in rates of self-harm are due to deliberate socially biased methodological and sampling errors, directly blaming medical discourse for pathologising the female.
1780:
450:
438:
1439:
1515:
1659:
significant physical illness. Under 10% of the patients gave a history of earlier self-harm, while both the repetition and suicide rates were very low, which could be explained by the absence of factors known to be associated with repetition, such as personality disorder and alcohol abuse. However, NICE Guidance on Self-harm in the UK suggests that older people who self-harm are at a greater risk of completing suicide, with 1 in 5 older people who self-harm going on to end their life. A study completed in
Ireland showed that older Irish adults have high rates of deliberate self-harm, but comparatively low rates of suicide.
3069:, p. 178: "Some authors differentiate self harm from self injury .... Self harm may be defined as any act that causes psychological or physical harm to the self without a suicide intention, and which is either intentional, accidental, committed through ignorance, apathy or poor judgement. By far the most common form of self harm is drug overdose which requires standard medical management in the first instance. Self injury, on the other hand, is a kind of self harm which leads to visible, direct, bodily injury. Self injury includes cutting, burning, scalding and injurious insertion of objects into the body"
2010:, p. 1040: "ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."
1607:
sources: psychiatric samples, hospital admissions and general population surveys. A 2015 meta-analysis of reported self-harm among 600,000 adolescents found a lifetime prevalence of 11.4% for suicidal or non-suicidal self-harm (i.e. excluding self-poisoning) and 22.9% for non-suicidal self-injury (i.e. excluding suicidal acts), for an overall prevalence of 16.9%. The difference in SH and NSSI rates, compared to figures of 16.1% and 18.0% found in a 2012 review, may be attributable to differences in methodology among the studies analyzed.
1798:
1430:
person has the urge to harm themselves. The removal of objects used for self-harm from easy reach is also helpful for resisting self-harming urges. The provision of a card that allows the person to make emergency contact with counselling services should the urge to self-harm arise may also help prevent the act of self-harm. Some providers may recommend harm-reduction techniques such as snapping of a rubber band on the wrist, but there is no consensus as to the efficacy of this approach.
493:
differentiation may have been important to both safeguard the reputations of asylums against accusations of medical neglect and to protect patients and their families from the legal or religious consequences of a suicide attempt. In 1896, the
American ophthalmologists George Gould and Walter Pyle categorized self-mutilation cases into three groups: those resulting from "temporary insanity from hallucinations or melancholia; with suicidal intent; and in a religious frenzy or emotion".
1224:
suicide. In older adults, influenced by a combination of interconnected individual, societal, and healthcare factors, including financial and interpersonal problems and comorbid physical conditions and pain, with increased loneliness, perceived burdensome of ageing, and loss of control reported as particular motivations. There is a positive statistical correlation between self-harm and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. Self-harm may become a means of managing and controlling
1650:
individuals who do self-harm, both genders are just as equally likely to use the method of skin-cutting. However, females who self-cut are more likely than males to explain their self-harm episode by saying that they had wanted to punish themselves. In New
Zealand, more females are hospitalized for intentional self-harm than males. Females more commonly choose methods such as self-poisoning that generally are not fatal, but still serious enough to require hospitalization.
1615:. However, studies based only on hospital admissions may hide the larger group of self-harmers who do not need or seek hospital treatment for their injuries, instead treating themselves. Many adolescents who present to general hospitals with deliberate self-harm report previous episodes for which they did not receive medical attention. In the United States up to 4% of adults self-harm with approximately 1% of the population engaging in chronic or severe self-harm.
1364:
care at the emergency department. Both people who self-harm and staff in the study highlighted the failure of the healthcare system to support, the lack of specialist care. People who self-harm in the study often felt shame or being judged due to their condition, and said that being listened to and validated gave them hope. At the same time staff experienced frustration from being powerless to help and were afraid of being blamed if someone died by suicide.
1119:, and troubled parental or partner relationships. Factors such as war, poverty, unemployment, and substance abuse may also contribute. Other predictors of self-harm and suicidal behavior include feelings of entrapment, defeat, lack of belonging, and perceiving oneself as a burden along with having an impulsive personality and/or less effective social problem-solving skills. Two studies have indicated that self-harm correlates more with
381:
38:
130:
1213:
477:
160:
1702:, and prisoners who wish to avoid physical confrontations may resort to self-harm as a ruse, either to convince other prisoners that they are dangerously insane and resilient to pain or to obtain protection from the prison authorities. Prisoners are sometimes placed in cells with no furniture or objects to prevent them from harming themselves. Self-harm also occurs frequently in inmates who are placed in
458:
1397:(DBT) can be successful for those individuals exhibiting a personality disorder, and could potentially be used for those with other mental disorders who exhibit self-harming behavior. Diagnosis and treatment of the causes of self-harm is thought by many to be the best approach to treating self-harm. In adolescents multisystem therapy shows promise. According to the classification of Walsh and Rosen
356:. There are a number of different methods that can be used to treat self-harm, which concentrate on either treating the underlying causes, or on treating the behavior itself. Other approaches involve avoidance techniques, which focus on keeping the individual occupied with other activities, or replacing the act of self-harm with safer methods that do not lead to permanent damage.
975:. The disorder is defined as intentional self-inflicted injury without the intent of dying by suicide. Criteria for NSSI include five or more days of self-inflicted harm over the course of one year without suicidal intent, and the individual must have been motivated by seeking relief from a negative state, resolving an interpersonal difficulty, or achieving a positive state.
1642:
homeless and runaway youths (aged 16–19) with 72% of males and 66% of females reporting a history of self-harm. However, in 2008, a study of young people and self-harm saw the gender gap widen in the opposite direction, with 32% of young females, and 22% of young males admitting to self-harm. Studies also indicate that males who self-harm may also be at
2239:
1095:, a psychiatric disorder in which individuals feign illness or trauma. There may be a common ground of inner distress culminating in self-directed harm in a Münchausen patient. However, a desire to deceive medical personnel in order to gain treatment and attention is more important in Münchausen's than in self-harm.
1275:
self-harming. Studies of clinical and non-clinical populations suggest that people who engage in self-harm have higher pain thresholds and tolerance in general, although a 2016 review characterized the evidence base as "greatly limited". There is no consensus as to the reason for this apparent phenomenon.
1367:
There are also difficulties in meeting the need of patients that self-harm in mental healthcare. Studies have shown that staff found the care for people who self-harm emotionally challenging and they experienced an overwhelming responsibility in preventing the patients from self-harming and the care
1363:
are often the first point of contact with healthcare for people who self-harm. As such they are crucial in supporting them and can play a role in preventing suicide. At the same time, according to a study conducted in
England, people who self-harm often experience that they do not receive meaningful
1429:
Generating alternative behaviors that the person can engage in instead of self-harm is one successful behavioral method that is employed to avoid self-harm. Techniques, aimed at keeping busy, may include journaling, taking a walk, participating in sports or exercise or being around friends when the
1282:
because, to the self-harmer, it works; it enables them to deal with intense stress in the current moment. The patterns sometimes created by it, such as specific time intervals between acts of self-harm, can also create a behavioral pattern that can result in a wanting or craving to fulfill thoughts
1641:
This gender discrepancy is often distorted in specific populations where rates of self-harm are inordinately high, which may have implications on the significance and interpretation of psychosocial factors other than gender. A study in 2003 found an extremely high prevalence of self-harm among 428
1416:
A meta-analysis found that psychological therapy is effective in reducing self-harm. The proportion of the adolescents who self-harmed over the follow-up period was lower in the intervention groups (28%) than in controls (33%). Psychological therapies with the largest effect sizes were dialectical
1269:
Those who engage in self-harm face the contradictory reality of harming themselves while at the same time obtaining relief from this act. It may even be hard for some to actually initiate cutting, but they often do because they know the relief that will follow. For some self-harmers this relief is
1630:
Aggregated research has found no difference in the prevalence of self-harm between men and women. This is in contrast to past research which indicated that up to four times as many females as males have direct experience of self-harm, which many had argued was rather the result of data collection
1420:
In individuals with developmental disabilities, occurrence of self-harm is often demonstrated to be related to its effects on the environment, such as obtaining attention or desired materials or escaping demands. As developmentally disabled individuals often have communication or social deficits,
1308:
controls physical processes that are automatic (e.g., saliva production). The sympathetic nervous system innervates (e.g., is physically connected to and regulates) many parts of the body involved in stress responses. Studies of adolescents have shown that adolescents who self-injure have greater
1151:, and lips) and head-banging. Genetics may contribute to the risk of developing other psychological conditions, such as anxiety or depression, which could in turn lead to self-harming behavior. However, the link between genetics and self-harm in otherwise healthy patients is largely inconclusive.
982:
behavior; however, in many cases, this is inaccurate. Many self-harmers are very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal their behavior from others. They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or
1667:
Only recently have attempts to improve health in the developing world concentrated on not only physical illness but also mental health. Deliberate self-harm is common in the developing world. Research into self-harm in the developing world is however still very limited although an important case
1606:
It is difficult to gain an accurate picture of incidence and prevalence of self-harm. Even with sufficient monitoring resources, self-harm is usually unreported, with instances taking place in private and wounds being treated by the self-harming individual. Recorded figures can be based on three
1376:
Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) is a well-established treatment for self-injurious behavior in youth and is probably useful for decreasing the risk of non-suicidal self-injury. Several other treatments including integrated CBT (I-CBT), attachment-based family therapy (ABFT),
1684:
and harsh discipline by parents. The coping mechanisms are being spread in local communities as people are surrounded by others who have previously deliberately harmed themselves or attempted suicide. One way of reducing self-harm would be to limit access to poisons; however many cases involve
1658:
In a study of a district general hospital in the UK, 5.4% of all the hospital's self-harm cases were aged over 65. The male to female ratio was 2:3 although the self-harm rates for males and females over 65 in the local population were identical. Over 90% had depressive conditions, and 63% had
1223:
While the motivations for self harm vary, the most commonly endorsed reason for self harm given by adolescents is "to get relief from a terrible state of mind". Young people with a history of repeated episodes of self harm are more likely to self-harm into adulthood, and are at higher risk of
1239:
study reported only two motives: "to draw attention" and "because of anger". For some people, harming themselves can be a means of drawing attention to the need for help and to ask for assistance in an indirect way. It may also be an attempt to affect others and to manipulate them in some way
1649:
There does not appear to be a difference in motivation for self-harm in adolescent males and females. Triggering factors such as low self-esteem and having friends and family members who self-harm are also common between both males and females. One limited study found that, among those young
1274:
released in the brain. Endorphins are endogenous opioids that are released in response to physical injury, acting as natural painkillers and inducing pleasant feelings, and in response to self-harm would act to reduce tension and emotional distress. Many people do not feel physical pain when
889:(SIB) are different terms to describe tissue damage that is performed intentionally and usually without suicidal intent. The adjective "deliberate" is sometimes used, although this has become less common, as some view it as presumptuous or judgmental. Less common or more dated terms include
1175:
use and deliberate self-harm (DSH) in Norway and
England found that, in general, cannabis use may not be a specific risk factor for DSH in young adolescents. Smoking has also been associated with both non-suicidal self injury and suicide attempts in adolescents, although the nature of the
492:
is often credited with the initial clinical characterization of self-harm, self-harm is not a new phenomenon. There is frequent reference in 19th-century clinical literature and asylum records which make a clear clinical distinction between self-harm with and without suicidal intent. This
1123:, particularly the end of puberty (peaking around 15 for girls), rather than with age. Adolescents may be more vulnerable neurodevelopmentally in this time, and more vulnerable to social pressures, with depression, alcohol abuse, and sexual activity as independent contributing factors.
1421:
self-harm may be their way of obtaining these things which they are otherwise unable to obtain in a socially appropriate way (such as by asking). One approach for treating self-harm thus is to teach an alternative, appropriate response which obtains the same result as the self-harm.
1734:
Zoo or laboratory rearing and isolation are important factors leading to increased susceptibility to self-harm in higher mammals, e.g., macaque monkeys. Non-primate mammals are also known to mutilate themselves under laboratory conditions after administration of drugs. For example,
1231:
Assessment of motives in a medical setting is usually based on precursors to the incident, circumstances, and information from the patient. However, limited studies show that professional assessments tend to suggest more manipulative or punitive motives than personal assessments.
970:
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been listed in section 2 of the DSM-5-TR under the category "other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention". While NSSI is not a separate mental disorder, the DSM-5-TR adds a diagnostic code for the condition in-line with the
6948:
Gillies D, Christou MA, Dixon AC, Featherston OJ, Rapti I, Garcia-Anguita A, Villasis-Keever M, Reebye P, Christou E, Al Kabir N, Christou PA (October 2018). "Prevalence and
Characteristics of Self-Harm in Adolescents: Meta-Analyses of Community-Based Studies 1990–2015".
6070:
Madge N, Hewitt A, Hawton K, de Wilde EJ, Corcoran P, Fekete S, et al. (June 2008). "Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study".
1676:
were young and few expressed a desire to die, but death was relatively common in the young in these cases. The improvement of medical management of acute poisoning in the developing world is poor and improvements are required in order to reduce mortality.
316:
function, and modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, and interpersonal boundaries functions. Self-harm can also occur in high-functioning individuals who have no underlying mental health diagnosis.
1291:
Emotional pain activates the same regions of the brain as physical pain, so emotional stress can be a significantly intolerable state for some people. Some of this is environmental and some of this is due to physiological differences in responding. The
256:
Although self-harm is by definition non-suicidal, it may still be life-threatening. People who do self-harm are more likely to die by suicide, and self-harm is found in 40–60% of suicides. Still, only a minority of those who self-harm are suicidal.
1247:, separating the mind from feelings that are causing anguish. This may be achieved by tricking the mind into believing that the present suffering being felt is caused by the self-harm instead of the issues they were facing previously: the
1610:
The World Health
Organization estimates that, as of 2010, 880,000 deaths occur as a result of self-harm (including suicides). About 10% of admissions to medical wards in the UK are as a result of self-harm, the majority of which are
1689:
seeds, and the reduction of access to these agents would be difficult. Great potential for the reduction of self-harm lies in education and prevention, but limited resources in the developing world make these methods challenging.
363:. Self-harm in childhood is relatively rare, but the rate has been increasing since the 1980s. Self-harm can also occur in the elderly population. The risk of serious injury and suicide is higher in older people who self-harm.
1377:
resourceful adolescent parent program (RAP-P), intensive interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescents (IPT-A-IN), mentalization-based treatment for adolescents (MBT-A), and integrated family therapy are probably efficacious.
966:
in general to include suicidal acts. (This article principally discusses non-suicidal acts of self-inflicted skin damage or self-poisoning.) The inconsistent definitions used for self-harm have made research more difficult.
1714:
There are many movements among the general self-harm community to make self-harm itself and treatment better known to mental health professionals, as well as the general public. For example, March 1 is designated as
3466:, p. 1040: "Indeed, it has become apparent that self-injury occurs even in nonclinical and high-functioning populations such as secondary school students, college students, and active-duty military personnel".
8060:
1083:. As many as 70% of individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in self-harm. An estimated 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders engage in self-harm at some point, including eye-poking,
3642:
Joyce PR, Light KJ, Rowe SL, Cloninger CR, Kennedy MA (March 2010). "Self-mutilation and suicide attempts: relationships to bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, temperament and character".
1055:
Although some people who self-harm do not have any form of recognized mental disorder, self-harm often co-occurs with psychiatric conditions. Self-harm is for example associated with eating disorders,
1731:
Self-harm in non-human mammals is a well-established but not widely known phenomenon. Its study under zoo or laboratory conditions could lead to a better understanding of self-harm in human patients.
4329:
Escelsior A, Belvederi Murri M, Corsini GP, Serafini G, Aguglia A, Zampogna D, et al. (January 2021). "Cannabinoid use and self-injurious behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
6882:
Claassen CA, Trivedi MH, Shimizu I, Stewart S, Larkin GL, Litovitz T (April 2006). "Epidemiology of
Nonfatal Deliberate Self-Harm in the United States as Described in Three Medical Databases".
2855:
1018:
The most common form of self-harm for adolescents, according to studies conducted in six countries, is stabbing or cutting the skin with a sharp object. For adults ages 60 and over, self-
606:("I will circumcise myself"), because to avoid naming their friends, the girls said they had cut themselves. Historian Lynn Thomas described the episode as significant in the history of
4244:
1329:
are common in individuals who self-harm and as a result self-harm may be an indicator of depression and/or other psychological problems. As of 2021, there is little or no evidence that
221:
have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent. Common forms of self-harm include damaging the skin with a sharp object or scratching with the fingernails,
5481:
Ougrin D, Tranah T, Stahl D, Moran P, Asarnow JR (February 2015). "Therapeutic interventions for suicide attempts and self-harm in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis".
2956:
1766:, causing damage to feathers that can range from feather shredding to the removal of most or all feathers within the bird's reach, or even the mutilation of skin or muscle tissue.
4754:
Crowell SE, Beauchaine TP, McCauley E, Smith CJ, Stevens AL, Sylvers P (2005). "Psychological, autonomic, and serotonergic correlates of parasuicide among adolescent girls".
4243:
Bell M, O'Doherty E, O'Carroll A, McAnaney B, Graber S, McGale B, Hutchinson D, Moran P, Bonner B, O'Hagan D, Arensman E, Reulbach U, Corcoran P, Hawton K (21 January 2010),
1251:
therefore acts as a distraction from the original emotional pain. To complement this theory, one can consider the need to "stop" feeling emotional pain and mental agitation.
1167:
is associated with self-harming behavior in young people. Alcohol is a major risk factor for self-harm. A study which analyzed self-harm presentations to emergency rooms in
7103:
Jacobson CM, Gould M (21 March 2007). "The
Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior Among Adolescents: A Critical Review of the Literature".
1042:
provide diagnostic criteria for self-harm. It is often seen as only a symptom of an underlying disorder, though many people who self-harm would like this to be addressed.
599:
580:
during March 1909 to mutilate her body. Her plan was to carve 'Votes for Women' from her breast to her cheek, so that it would always be visible. But after completing the
1220:
Self-injury may result in serious injury and scarring. While non-suicidal self-injury by definition lacks suicidal intent, it may nonetheless result in accidental death.
3607:
Dominick KC, Davis NO, Lainhart J, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S (2007). "Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment".
3115:
8149:
1368:
focuses mainly on maintaining the safety for the patients, for example by removing dangerous items or physical restraint, even if it is believed to be ineffective.
1087:, hand-biting, and head-banging. According to a meta-analysis that did not distinguish between suicidal and non-suicidal acts, self-harm is common among those with
6793:
Bowen AC, John AM (2001). "Gender differences in presentation and conceptualization of adolescent self-injurious behavior: implications for therapeutic practice".
4993:; OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.50 to 4.58; N=53; k=1; I=not applicable). According to GRADE criteria, we judged the evidence to be of low certainty" (p. 20).
4970:; OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.50; N=30; k=1; I=not applicable). According to GRADE criteria, we judged the evidence to be of low certainty" (p. 19).
7179:
Knipe D, John A, Padmanathan P, Eyles E, Dekel D, Higgins JP, Bantjes J, Dandona R, Macleod-Hall C, McGuinness LA, Schmidt L, Webb RT, Gunnell D (1 June 2022).
5592:
Sigafoos J, Meikle B (January 1996). "Functional communication training for the treatment of multiply determined challenging behavior in two boys with autism".
1034:
of objects, and hair-pulling. The locations of self-harm are often areas of the body that are easily hidden and concealed from the sight of others. Neither the
4898:"Risk of self-harm and suicide in people with specific psychiatric and physical disorders: comparisons between disorders using English national record linkage"
5835:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
5424:"Habit Reversal Therapy in Obsessive Compulsive Related Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and CONSORT Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials"
4274:
Rossow I, Hawton K, Ystgaard M (2009). "Cannabis use and deliberate self-harm in adolescence: a comparative analysis of associations in
England and Norway".
1779:
7352:
Patton GC, Hemphill SA, Beyers JM, Bond L, Toumbourou JW, McMorris BJ, Catalano RF (April 2007). "Pubertal Stage and Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescents".
2718:
Thomas LM (November 1996). ""Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)": the gender and generational politics of the 1956 ban on clitoridectomy in Meru, Kenya".
3686:
Hawton K, Kingsbury S, Steinhardt K, James A, Fagg J (June 1999). "Repetition of deliberate self-harm by adolescents: the role of psychological factors".
1773:
have noticed similar behaviors. One known as "barbering" involves a mouse obsessively grooming the whiskers and facial fur off themselves and cage-mates.
958:, and other acts that do not directly lead to visible injuries. Others explicitly exclude these. Some sources, particularly in the United Kingdom, define
1719:(SIAD) around the world. On this day, some people choose to be more open about their own self-harm, and awareness organizations make special efforts to
5516:
Bird F, Dores PA, Moniz D, Robinson J (July 1989). "Reducing severe aggressive and self-injurious behaviors with functional communication training".
4797:
Nock MK, Mendes WB (February 2008). "Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers".
48:
4625:
Nixon MK, Cloutier PF, Aggarwal S (November 2002). "Affect regulation and addictive aspects of repetitive self-injury in hospitalized adolescents".
1410:
2864:
1852:
Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA (2005). "Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm".
8187:
667:(high lethality) self-mutilators who cut. The "delicate" cutters were young, multiple episodic of superficial cuts and generally had borderline
7267:
7031:
Haw C, Hawton K, Sutton L, Sinclair J, Deeks J (February 2005). "Schizophrenia and Deliberate Self-Harm: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors".
4200:
4103:
4016:
Connolly MD, Zervos MJ, Barone CJ, Johnson CC, Joseph CL (November 2016). "The Mental Health of Transgender Youth: Advances in Understanding".
3537:
991:
behavior. People who self-harm are not usually seeking to end their own life; it has been suggested instead that they are using self-harm as a
391:
4257:
1006:) have shown self-harm being dependent on environmental factors such as obtaining attention or escape from demands. Some individuals may have
8268:
8142:
6612:
Kalueff AV, Minasyan A, Keisala T, Shah ZH, Tuohimaa P (January 2006). "Hair barbering in mice: implications for neurobehavioural research".
515:"cutting themselves with blades until blood flowed" can be found in the Hebrew Bible. However, in Judaism, such self-harm is forbidden under
1171:
found that alcohol was a major contributing factor and involved in 63.8% of self-harm presentations. A 2009 study in the relation between
1127:
adolescents are significantly more likely to engage in self-harm than their cisgender peers. This can be attributed to distress caused by
8172:
4002:, p. 11 ("the incidence of suicidal behaviours varies seasonally and increases rapidly at this age (e.g. puberty effects)"), citing
3900:
4204:
2020:
Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E (2007). "Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation".
1382:
671:
diagnosis. The "coarse" cutters were older and generally psychotic. Ross and McKay (1979) categorized self-mutilators into nine groups:
4527:
4252:
6119:
3088:
1827:
8135:
7655:
Doyle L, Sheridan A, Treacy MP (2017-01-25). "Motivations for adolescent self-harm and the implications for mental health nurses".
5834:
972:
17:
2981:
2661:
201:
is intentional conduct that is considered harmful to oneself. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin
8332:
6283:
1184:
use and self-injurious behaviors has defined the extent of this association, which is significant both at the cross-sectional (
3580:
6822:
Chapman AL, Gratz KL, Brown MZ (March 2006). "Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model".
6712:
6384:
5972:
5961:
5950:
5674:"Deliberate self harm: systematic review of efficacy of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments in preventing repetition"
3881:
3378:
3302:
3270:
3176:
2966:
2904:
2829:
2692:
2645:
2559:
2377:
2252:
2163:
4480:
Hawton K, Cole D, O'Grady J, Osborn M (September 1982). "Motivational aspects of deliberate self-poisoning in adolescents".
3951:
3860:
Antai-Otong, D. 2008. Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts. 2nd edition. Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning
399:
8281:
6911:
David JA, Rifkin WJ, Chiu ES (December 2018). "Current Management of Self-Inflicted Wounds in Surgery: A Critical Review".
3005:
1668:
study is that of Sri Lanka, which is a country exhibiting a high incidence of suicide and self-poisoning with agricultural
1240:
emotionally. However, those with chronic, repetitive self-harm often do not want attention and hide their scars carefully.
5759:, p. 193: "ational rates of self-harm have not been well established in most countries, including the United States."
3478:"Lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3368:
461:
6210:
4552:
4455:
1228:, in contrast to the pain experienced earlier in the person's life over which they had no control (e.g., through abuse).
854:
are mutilations repeated generationally and "reflect the traditions, symbolism, and beliefs of a society" (p. 226).
6017:
Corcoran P, Reulbach U, Perry IJ, Arensman E (December 2010). "Suicide and deliberate self harm in older Irish adults".
3166:
747:
Ear-piercing, nail-biting, small tattoos, cosmetic surgery (not considered self-harm by the majority of the population)
109:
8306:
5635:
Muehlenkamp JJ (2006). "Empirically supported treatments and general therapy guidelines for non-suicidal self-injury".
5019:"Experiences of care for self-harm in the emergency department: the perspectives of patients, carers and practitioners"
4950:"Flupenthixol may reduce repetition of SH compared with placebo by post‐intervention based on evidence from one trial (
1522:, which is a measure of each country's disease burden, for self-inflicted injuries per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004
1196:) levels, and highlighting the role of the chronic use of the substance, and the presence of depressive symptoms or of
7844:
7062:
6557:
Kies SD, Devine DP (December 2004). "Self-injurious behaviour: a comparison of caffeine and pemoline models in rats".
4973:"There was no evidence of an effect on repetition of SH by post‐intervention for low‐dose fluphenazine in this trial (
4245:"Northern Ireland Registry of Deliberate Self-Harm Western Area, Two year report. January 1st 2007 – 31 December 2008"
1797:
81:
7383:"The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature"
1405:
represent class I and II self-mutilation behavior (see classification section in this article); for these conditions
424:
1698:
Deliberate self-harm is especially prevalent in prison populations. A proposed explanation for this is that prisons
67:
8182:
5213:"'There is no progression in prevention' – The experiences of mental health nurses working with repeated self-harm"
1353:
found no difference between low and ultra-low doses. As of 2012, no clinical trials have evaluated the effects of
449:
8158:
5387:
Ougrin D, Tranah T, Leigh E, Taylor L, Asarnow JR (April 2012). "Practitioner review: Self-harm in adolescents".
2273:
Rea K, Aiken F, Borastero C (1997). "Building therapeutic staff: client relationships with women who self-harm".
1060:
88:
6861:"Anaesthetic bodies and the absence of feeling: Pain and self-mutilation in later nineteenth-century psychiatry"
8037:
3586:
1305:
1236:
437:
289:
7976:"Repetition of deliberate self-harm and subsequent suicide risk: Long-term follow-up study of 11 583 patients"
7181:"Suicide and self-harm in low- and middle- income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review"
6144:
Brickman BJ (2004). "'Delicate' Cutters: Gendered Self-mutilation and Attractive Flesh in Medical Discourse".
8291:
7750:"Harm minimisation for self-harm: a cross-sectional survey of British clinicians' perspectives and practices"
7224:
Lofthouse N, Yager-Schweller J (October 2009). "Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide risk among adolescents".
2098:"Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital"
1643:
1519:
549:
442:
6756:
Angelotta C (2015). "Defining and Refining Self-Harm: A Historical Perspective on Nonsuicidal Self-Injury".
4211:
2468:
Jones IH, Barraclough BM (July 1978). "Auto-mutilation in animals and its relevance to self-injury in man".
8276:
8228:
1394:
1378:
1322:
834:
Favazza and Rosenthal (1993) reviewed hundreds of studies and divided self-mutilation into two categories:
566:
in European society. Sometimes, students who did not fence would scar themselves with razors in imitation.
95:
6366:
Ministry of Health. Annual health bulletin, Sri Lanka, 1995. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Health (1997)
3476:
Cucchi A, Ryan D, Konstantakopoulos G, Stroumpa S, Kaçar Aş, Renshaw S, Landau S, Kravariti E (May 2016).
621:
considered self-mutilation as a non-fatal expression of an attenuated death wish and thus coined the term
2863:(Ph.D. thesis). The Florida State University College of Social Work. pp. 8–10, 77–88. Archived from
1438:
7496:
Witt KG, Hetrick SE, Rajaram G, Hazell P, Taylor Salisbury TL, Townsend E, Hawton K (10 January 2021a).
6695:
Lengel GJ, Styer D (2019). "Comprehensive Assessment of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury". In Washburn JJ (ed.).
6181:"Self Mutilation and Homeless Youth: The Role of Family Abuse, Street Experiences, and Mental Disorders"
5328:
Hawton K, Witt KG, Taylor Salisbury TL, Arensman E, Gunnell D, Townsend E, et al. (December 2015).
2681:"'Ngaitana (I Will Circumcise Myself)': Lessons from Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya."
8033:
7793:"The natural history of self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood: a population-based cohort study"
6514:
Mueller K, Nyhan WL (June 1983). "Clonidine potentiates drug induced self-injurious behavior in rats".
5987:
Vanderhoff H, Lynn SJ (2001). "The assessment of self-mutilation: Issues and clinical considerations".
5907:"Nonsuicidal self-injury: a review of current research for family medicine and primary care physicians"
1297:
541:
6396:
4719:
Porges SW (October 2001). "The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system".
2819:
1758:
In dogs, canine obsessive-compulsive disorder can lead to self-inflicted injuries, for example canine
1258:, even if the sensation is unpleasant and painful. Those who self-harm sometimes describe feelings of
77:
8203:
7461:
Troya MI, Babatunde O, Polidano K, Bartlam B, McCloskey E, Dikomitis L, Chew-Graham CA (April 2019).
5786:
Rodham K, Hawton K, Evans E (2005). "Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescents: the Importance of Gender".
1817:
1716:
1514:
1309:
physiological reactivity (e.g., skin conductance) to stress than adolescents who do not self-injure.
1244:
1164:
1160:
1108:
1072:
1023:
1007:
858:
are historically transient and cosmetic such as piercing of earlobes, nose, eyebrows as well as male
269:
153:
Deliberate self-harm (DSH), self-injury (SI), self-poisoning, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), cutting
56:
5649:
4849:"Evidence Base Update of Psychosocial Treatments for Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Youth"
4811:
3818:
Humphries SR (March 1988). "Munchausen syndrome. Motives and the relation to deliberate self-harm".
3573:
8243:
8177:
8075:
5276:
Witt KG, Hetrick SE, Rajaram G, Hazell P, Taylor Salisbury TL, Townsend E, Hawton K (March 2021b).
2756:
1672:
or natural poisons. Many people admitted for deliberate self-poisoning during a study by Eddleston
1417:
behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mentalization-based therapy (MBT).
1301:
1293:
1140:
1056:
5117:"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"
5068:"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"
3072:
8213:
7140:
Kirtley OJ, O'Carroll RE, O'Connor RC (October 2016). "Pain and self-harm: A systematic review".
1406:
1003:
395:
52:
2369:
2363:
8253:
5644:
5166:"Hospital staff experiences of their relationships with adults who self-harm: A meta-synthesis"
4806:
1894:
Klonsky ED (March 2007a). "The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence".
1064:
928:
337:
297:
233:
are imprecise, but generally exclude tissue damage that occurs as an unintended side-effect of
5672:
Hawton K, Arensman E, Townsend E, Bremner S, Feldman E, Goldney R, et al. (August 1998).
5115:
Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, et al. (22 September 2021).
3904:
2680:
1092:
4381:
4365:
3437:
Hodgson S (2004). "Cutting Through the Silence: A Sociological Construction of Self-Injury".
2435:
1976:
942:
Different sources draw various distinctions between some of these terms. Some sources define
4531:
983:
conceal their scars with clothing. Self-harm in such individuals may not be associated with
792:
Wrist- or body-cutting, self-inflicted cigarette burns and tattoos, major wound-excoriation
8347:
4673:
2597:
1703:
1360:
1326:
1279:
919:
668:
511:
by cutting and piercing their bodies in order to draw blood. A reference to the priests of
345:
333:
261:
7309:"International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm"
6123:
5833:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
3739:
3722:
598:
girls cut each other's vulvas in the 1950s as a symbol of defiance, in the context of the
8:
8352:
8342:
8337:
5740:
5165:
3871:
1193:
1189:
992:
717:
Walsh and Rosen (1988) created four categories numbered by Roman numerals I–IV, defining
301:
7207:
7180:
6196:
5869:
5658:
5212:
4677:
3235:
3202:
2611:
1940:
Muehlenkamp JJ (April 2005). "Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome".
8376:
8013:
7957:
7930:
7873:
7830:
7774:
7749:
7698:
7524:
7497:
7409:
7382:
7335:
7308:
7249:
7128:
7091:
6974:
6936:
6847:
6810:
6781:
6718:
6637:
6582:
6539:
6447:
6422:
6421:
Kaba F, Lewis A, Glowa-Kollisch S, Hadler J, Lee D, Alper H, et al. (March 2014).
6344:
6319:
6161:
6052:
5882:
5617:
5569:
5544:
5458:
5423:
5364:
5329:
5302:
5277:
5258:
5193:
5141:
5116:
5092:
5067:
5066:
Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, et al. (2022-03-07).
5043:
5018:
4922:
4897:
4873:
4848:
4779:
4696:
4661:
4505:
4354:
4299:
4080:
4056:"Self-harm prevalence and ideation in a community sample of cis, trans and other youth"
4055:
3843:
3668:
3565:
3515:
3344:
3319:
3291:
2893:
2796:
2731:
2662:"Victoria's Sisters by Simon Schama, Lady Lytton's self mutilation gesture for 'Votes'"
2493:
2481:
2413:
2339:
2314:
2209:
2075:
1919:
1869:
1338:
189:
102:
7861:
7809:
7792:
7723:
7079:
6734:(Clinical guidelines). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines.
6527:
5850:
4732:
4175:
3723:"Deliberate self harm and the Probation Service; an overlooked public health problem?"
2286:
2197:
2063:
1143:
is uncontrollable self-harm and self-mutilation, and may include biting (particularly
1131:
as well as increased likelihoods of experiencing bullying, abuse, and mental illness.
8301:
8258:
8086:
8005:
7997:
7962:
7917:
7909:
7865:
7822:
7814:
7779:
7727:
7690:
7682:
7643:
7612:
7573:
7529:
7484:
7449:
7414:
7369:
7340:
7284:
7280:
7241:
7212:
7167:
7120:
7095:
7083:
7048:
7019:
6966:
6928:
6899:
6839:
6814:
6773:
6735:
6722:
6708:
6683:
6629:
6574:
6531:
6452:
6380:
6349:
6265:
6165:
6088:
6084:
6044:
5928:
5874:
5859:
5703:
5698:
5673:
5609:
5574:
5525:
5498:
5463:
5445:
5404:
5400:
5369:
5307:
5262:
5250:
5242:
5185:
5146:
5097:
5048:
4927:
4878:
4824:
4771:
4736:
4701:
4642:
4638:
4497:
4358:
4346:
4291:
4157:
4149:
4144:
4127:
4085:
4054:
Butler C, Joiner R, Bradley R, Bowles M, Bowes A, Russell C, Roberts V (2019-10-02).
4033:
4029:
3877:
3835:
3785:
3744:
3703:
3660:
3624:
3557:
3519:
3507:
3499:
3450:
3374:
3349:
3298:
3266:
3240:
3222:
3218:
3172:
2962:
2937:
2900:
2825:
2800:
2754:
Menninger K (1935). "A psychoanalytic study of the significance of self-mutilation".
2735:
2688:
2641:
2555:
2485:
2417:
2373:
2344:
2290:
2248:
2201:
2159:
2119:
2079:
2067:
1957:
1911:
1873:
1789:
1720:
1104:
1091:
and is a significant predictor of suicide. There are parallels between self-harm and
979:
469:
341:
329:
313:
273:
242:
176:
8017:
7877:
7834:
7791:
Moran P, Coffey C, Romaniuk H, Olsson C, Borschmann R, Carlin JB, Patton GC (2012).
7702:
7253:
7132:
6978:
6940:
6586:
6543:
6289:
6180:
6056:
5621:
5197:
4783:
4509:
3847:
3672:
2497:
2213:
1115:
is accepted as a primary social factor increasing the incidence of self-harm, as is
7987:
7952:
7942:
7931:"Pubertal timing and self-harm: a prospective cohort analysis of males and females"
7901:
7857:
7804:
7769:
7761:
7719:
7672:
7664:
7635:
7602:
7563:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7474:
7439:
7404:
7394:
7361:
7330:
7320:
7276:
7233:
7202:
7192:
7157:
7149:
7112:
7075:
7040:
7009:
6999:
6958:
6920:
6891:
6868:
6851:
6831:
6802:
6785:
6765:
6700:
6675:
6641:
6621:
6566:
6523:
6442:
6434:
6339:
6331:
6255:
6192:
6153:
6080:
6034:
6026:
5996:
5918:
5886:
5864:
5854:
5846:
5693:
5685:
5654:
5601:
5564:
5556:
5490:
5453:
5435:
5396:
5359:
5349:
5341:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5232:
5224:
5177:
5136:
5128:
5087:
5079:
5038:
5030:
4917:
4909:
4868:
4860:
4816:
4763:
4728:
4691:
4681:
4634:
4489:
4398:
4396:
4338:
4303:
4283:
4139:
4075:
4067:
4025:
3827:
3775:
3734:
3695:
3652:
3616:
3590:
3549:
3489:
3446:
3339:
3331:
3230:
3214:
2929:
2792:
2769:
2765:
2727:
2477:
2405:
2334:
2326:
2282:
2193:
2109:
2059:
2029:
1949:
1923:
1903:
1861:
1785:
1763:
1680:
Some of the causes of deliberate self-poisoning in Sri Lankan adolescents included
1398:
1390:
1168:
1128:
1080:
1068:
859:
813:
773:
569:
559:
321:
305:
202:
63:
8127:
7591:"Non-suicidal self-injury v. attempted suicide: new diagnosis or false dichotomy?"
7552:"Attempted suicide v. non-suicidal self-injury: behaviour, syndrome or diagnosis?"
6320:"Deliberate self harm in Sri Lanka: an overlooked tragedy in the developing world"
4864:
4459:
4071:
3569:
2920:
Favazza AR, Rosenthal RJ (February 1993). "Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation".
8286:
8208:
8080:
7365:
7237:
7197:
6924:
6769:
6625:
5923:
5906:
3955:
3145:
3116:"Addition of Diagnostic Codes for Suicidal Behavior and Nonsuicidal Self- Injury"
1699:
1686:
1354:
1334:
1201:
1197:
1181:
1172:
955:
932:
650:
577:
504:
349:
285:
277:
265:
238:
234:
8069:
7905:
7886:
7765:
7626:
Connors R (1996). "Self-injury in trauma survivors: 1. Functions and meanings".
4393:
3406:
3018:
8296:
8223:
8091:
7044:
6962:
6895:
6835:
5494:
4666:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4606:
3925:
3620:
2574:
2033:
1953:
1803:
1759:
1330:
1270:
primarily psychological while for others this feeling of relief comes from the
1120:
1031:
996:
765:
642:
psychotic – eye or ear removal, genital self-mutilation, and extreme amputation
618:
588:, and her plan was aborted by the authorities. She wrote of this in her memoir
489:
364:
7947:
7607:
7590:
7568:
7551:
7399:
7153:
7116:
6806:
6570:
6219:
6030:
5605:
5345:
4820:
4767:
4580:
4556:
4342:
4287:
4199:
3656:
3494:
3477:
3418:
2330:
1907:
1865:
927:
refers to a broader range of circumstances, including wounds that result from
8370:
8322:
8001:
7913:
7818:
7686:
6438:
6335:
6157:
5798:
5689:
5560:
5449:
5440:
5246:
4913:
4153:
3503:
3335:
3226:
3201:
Burke TA, Ammerman BA, Hamilton JL, Stange JP, Piccirillo M (November 2020).
2586:
1612:
1386:
1342:
1177:
1144:
1088:
1030:, head-banging, biting, scratching, hitting, preventing wounds from healing,
951:
936:
917:
as intentionally positive terminology to counter more negative associations.
595:
563:
545:
441:
The results of self-flagellation, as part of an annual Shia mourning ritual (
293:
281:
250:
6704:
6260:
6243:
6212:
New survey reveals almost one in three young females have tried to self-harm
5939:
4686:
4420:
3780:
3763:
453:
Mural of the Mourning of the Buddha, with various figures in ethnic costumes
8327:
8009:
7966:
7921:
7869:
7826:
7783:
7731:
7694:
7616:
7577:
7533:
7488:
7453:
7444:
7427:
7418:
7373:
7344:
7325:
7299:
7288:
7245:
7216:
7171:
7124:
7087:
7052:
7023:
6970:
6932:
6903:
6843:
6777:
6739:
6687:
6633:
6578:
6456:
6269:
6092:
6048:
5932:
5878:
5502:
5467:
5408:
5373:
5354:
5311:
5254:
5189:
5150:
5101:
5052:
4998:
4931:
4882:
4828:
4775:
4740:
4705:
4646:
4350:
4295:
4161:
4089:
4037:
3789:
3707:
3699:
3664:
3628:
3561:
3553:
3511:
3244:
2739:
2348:
2123:
2071:
1961:
1915:
1752:
1350:
1318:
1159:
Substance misuse, dependence and withdrawal are associated with self-harm.
1084:
769:
646:
555:
353:
7884:
7748:
Haris AM, Pitman A, Mughal F, Bakanaite E, Morant N, Rowe SL (June 2022).
7647:
6666:
Klonsky ED (November 2007b). "Non-suicidal self-injury: an introduction".
6535:
6353:
6000:
5707:
5613:
5578:
5529:
5132:
4662:"Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain"
4501:
4493:
4387:
4310:
3839:
3831:
3748:
3538:"Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders"
3353:
2941:
2804:
2433:
2409:
2294:
2205:
2114:
2097:
8233:
7992:
7975:
1822:
1770:
1744:
1402:
1346:
1148:
1124:
1112:
988:
842:. Favazza also created two subcategories of sanctioned self-mutilations;
630:
573:
537:
519:. It occurred in ancient Canaanite mourning rituals, as described in the
465:
360:
8115:
7479:
7462:
5714:
5083:
5034:
3796:
2933:
2489:
8238:
8110:
7004:
6987:
6679:
5181:
4328:
2238:
Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T (2000).
1185:
817:
809:
585:
520:
516:
309:
181:
66:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
8052:
7677:
7668:
7162:
7014:
6039:
5545:"Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training"
5237:
5228:
4408:
4242:
3969:
8218:
7639:
6873:
6860:
3582:
New AAP Reports Help Pediatricians Identify and Manage Autism Earlier
1740:
1669:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1035:
508:
7354:
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
7262:
6951:
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
6470:
1243:
Many people who self-harm state that it allows them to "go away" or
6244:"Repetitive skin-cutting: Parental bonding, personality and gender"
4205:"Drug misuse and dependence – UK guidelines on clinical management"
3606:
3475:
3203:"Nonsuicidal self-injury scar concealment from the self and others"
2365:
Stuart and Sundeen's mental health nursing: principles and practice
1748:
1736:
1349:
found a possible reduction in repetition, while one small trial of
711:
655:
conventional – nail-clipping, trimming of hair, and shaving beards.
639:
puberty rites – hymen removal, circumcision, or clitoral alteration
610:
because it made clear that its victims were also its perpetrators.
562:
at certain traditional German universities are an early example of
527:
206:
6073:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
5483:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
5389:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
5327:
4627:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1139:
The most distinctive characteristic of the rare genetic condition
1026:) is by far the most common form. Other self-harm methods include
7307:
Muehlenkamp JJ, Claes L, Havertape L, Plener PL (December 2012).
6658:
2711:
Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya
2685:
Female "circumcision" in Africa: culture, controversy, and change
1619:
984:
633:, pickers, extreme hair removal, and unnecessary cosmetic surgery
325:
222:
185:
7139:
4896:
Singhal A, Ross J, Seminog O, Hawton K, Goldacre MJ (May 2014).
4660:
Kross E, Berman MG, Mischel W, Smith EE, Wager TD (April 2011).
4612:
4594:
3394:
1010:
harboring a desire to feel real or to fit into society's rules.
1002:
Studies of individuals with developmental disabilities (such as
584:
on her breast and ribs she requested sterile dressings to avoid
367:, such as birds and monkeys, are also known to harm themselves.
8064:
7306:
6947:
6423:"Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates"
5820:
5816:
5804:
3424:
3098:
3094:
3082:
2783:
Pao PN (August 1969). "The syndrome of delicate self-cutting".
2184:
Suyemoto KL (August 1998). "The functions of self-mutilation".
1977:"The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI): A review"
1413:
have been found effective according to meta-analytic evidence.
1076:
1039:
1019:
497:
476:
246:
159:
7885:
Rasmussen S, Hawton K, Philpott-Morgan S, O'Connor RC (2016).
7380:
6492:
4753:
3903:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2004-12-06. Archived from
3685:
3318:
Iwata BA, Dorsey MF, Slifer KJ, Bauman KE, Richman GS (1994).
3048:
2991:
1212:
457:
7460:
6881:
6593:
6420:
6016:
5762:
5756:
5671:
4402:
3873:
A Bright Red Scream: Self-Mutilation and the Language of Pain
3412:
1681:
1200:
as factors that might increase the risk of self-injury among
1116:
801:
Accepted by some subgroups but not by the general population
532:
4226:
4224:
2913:
1278:
As a coping mechanism, self-harm can become psychologically
600:
campaign against female genital mutilation in colonial Kenya
406:
7928:
7712:
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice
6248:
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
5170:
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
4846:
4479:
4432:
4015:
4003:
3200:
2713:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 89–91.
2237:
1248:
1225:
1027:
548:, the commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, with
512:
226:
168:
7929:
Roberts E, Joinson C, Gunnell D, Fraser A, Mars B (2020).
7747:
7059:
6697:
Nonsuicidal Self-injury: Advances in Research and Practice
6611:
5720:
5004:
4316:
3987:
3975:
2613:
Ashura observed with blood streams to mark Karbala tragedy
1851:
1266:), and physical pain may be a relief from these feelings.
7790:
7495:
7387:
Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation
7381:
Plener PL, Schumacher TS, Munz LM, Groschwitz RC (2015).
7178:
6099:
6069:
5330:"Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents"
5278:"Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents"
5275:
4944:
4426:
4221:
4053:
3999:
3036:
2886:
2884:
2437:
National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 16: Self-harm
1635:
1341:
reduce repetition of self-harm. In limited research into
607:
7351:
7223:
6865:
Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century
6730:
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2012).
6288:, New Zealand Health Information Service, archived from
6178:
5114:
5065:
4895:
4371:
4104:"Transgender youths who self-harm: perspectives from..."
3995:
2396:
Pierce D (1987). "Deliberate self-harm in the elderly".
2019:
999:
or discomfort or as an attempt to communicate distress.
324:
to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as
7542:
7498:"Pharmacological interventions for self-harm in adults"
7030:
5832:
5386:
4659:
4575:
4573:
3802:
3720:
3641:
3370:
Understanding Children and Young People's Mental Health
3317:
2687:. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 129–131.
2241:
Non Fatal Suicidal Behaviour Among Adults aged 16 to 74
6317:
5515:
5480:
5078:(1). National Institute for Health and Care Research.
4847:
Glenn CR, Esposito EC, Porter AC, Robinson DJ (2019).
4210:. United Kingdom: Department of Health. Archived from
3373:. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 75.
3263:
Who's Hurting Who? Young people, self-harm and suicide
3024:
2881:
2747:
1103:
Self-harm is frequently described as an experience of
7589:
Kapur N, Cooper J, O'Connor RC, Hawton K (May 2013).
5904:
4624:
2811:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2504:
978:
A common belief regarding self-harm is that it is an
320:
The motivations for self-harm vary; some use it as a
8042:
6748:
5421:
4570:
4273:
3952:"The deportation machine: unmonitored and unimpeded"
3645:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
3010:
3008:
2095:
1300:
controls arousal and physical activation (e.g., the
710:
After the 1970s the focus of self-harm shifted from
496:
Self-harm was, and in some cases continues to be, a
260:
The desire to self-harm is a common symptom of some
8157:
7654:
7263:"Multiple meanings of self harm: A critical review"
6179:Tyler KA, Whitbeck LB, Hoyt DR, Johnson KD (2003).
4853:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
4414:
4128:"Self-mutilation behaviour in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome"
3721:Wessely S, Akhurst R, Brown I, Moss L (June 1996).
2434:National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004).
1755:are known to precipitate self-harm in lab animals.
1254:Alternatively, self-harm may be a means of feeling
764:Piercings, saber scars, ritualistic clan scarring,
7843:
7061:
5163:
3290:
2892:
2516:
2361:
344:. Self-harm is often associated with a history of
7313:Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
6988:"Deliberate Self-harm and Suicide in Adolescents"
6821:
5785:
4600:
3366:
3293:Self-harm – Perspectives from personal experience
2272:
1762:. Captive birds are sometimes known to engage in
1442:Deaths from self-harm per million people in 2012
1180:on literature concerning the association between
869:
625:. He began a classification system of six types:
8368:
7657:Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
7060:Hawton K, Saunders KE, O'Connor RC (June 2012).
6012:
6010:
5960:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFDixonFeatherston (
5911:Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
5422:Lee MT, Mpavaenda DN, Fineberg NA (2019-04-24).
5210:
4453:
3813:
3811:
2919:
2631:
2629:
2554:. Produccion Editorial Dante. pp. 207–208.
2467:
645:organic brain diseases – which allow repetitive
8188:Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder
6910:
6318:Eddleston M, Sheriff MH, Hawton K (July 1998).
6313:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6305:
5949:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFGilliesChristou (
4521:
4519:
3764:"[Self-harm and personality disorders]"
3054:
2895:Self Mutilation: Theory, Research and Treatment
2857:Indicators of Self-Mutilation: Youth in Custody
2849:
2847:
2355:
2091:
2089:
1935:
1933:
7463:"Self-harm in older adults: systematic review"
7268:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
6659:Medical books, chapters, and overview articles
5986:
5628:
5591:
5217:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
5016:
4201:National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse
4125:
2948:
1321:treatments can be used in self-harm including
62:Please review the contents of the article and
8143:
7102:
6985:
6007:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4799:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
4230:
3954:. Institute of Race Relations. Archived from
3808:
3400:
3320:"Toward a functional analysis of self-injury"
3143:
3078:
2999:
2626:
2398:International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
2179:
2177:
2175:
1618:The onset of self-harm tends to occur around
7986:(1). Royal College of Psychiatrists: 70–75.
7549:
6513:
6302:
6120:"Women and Parasuicide: a Literature Review"
5956:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5781:
5779:
5777:
4516:
4449:
4447:
3535:
3102:
2995:
2853:
2844:
2654:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2096:Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R (June 2003).
2086:
1974:
1930:
1192:) and longitudinal (odds ratio = 2.569, 95%
312:. Studies also provide strong support for a
8173:Dimensional models of personality disorders
7841:
7710:Gill JH (May 2001). "Avian Skin Diseases".
6694:
6218:, Affinity Healthcare, 2008, archived from
6203:
5945:
5905:Kerr PL, Muehlenkamp JJ, Turner JM (2010).
5634:
5334:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5282:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5211:Murphy C, Keogh B, Doyle L (October 2019).
4375:
4126:Cauwels RG, Martens LC (1 September 2005).
4060:The International Journal of Transgenderism
3991:
3602:
3600:
3284:
3282:
3256:
3254:
2640:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237.
2391:
2389:
1939:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1286:
8150:
8136:
7973:
7260:
6556:
6485:
5542:
4835:
4796:
4456:"Self-Injury: Types, Causes and Treatment"
4438:
4253:Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland
3531:
3529:
3066:
3042:
2987:
2890:
2776:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2172:
158:
7991:
7956:
7946:
7808:
7773:
7738:
7676:
7606:
7567:
7523:
7513:
7478:
7443:
7408:
7398:
7334:
7324:
7206:
7196:
7161:
7013:
7003:
6872:
6792:
6758:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
6755:
6446:
6414:
6343:
6285:Hospitalisation for intentional self-harm
6259:
6241:
6105:
6038:
5922:
5893:
5868:
5858:
5774:
5768:
5752:
5697:
5665:
5648:
5585:
5568:
5457:
5439:
5363:
5353:
5301:
5236:
5140:
5091:
5042:
4921:
4872:
4810:
4721:International Journal of Psychophysiology
4695:
4685:
4444:
4143:
4079:
3817:
3779:
3738:
3493:
3343:
3234:
2817:
2785:The British Journal of Medical Psychology
2753:
2549:
2537:
2510:
2429:
2427:
2338:
2301:
2153:
2130:
2113:
2045:
2043:
1828:Self-Injurious Behavior Inhibiting System
1216:A flow chart of two theories of self-harm
500:practice in many cultures and religions.
425:Learn how and when to remove this message
268:may also self-harm, including those with
7900:(3). Hogrefe Publishing Group: 176–183.
7425:
6665:
6559:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
6516:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
6143:
6122:. Women's Health Council. Archived from
5826:
5732:
4902:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
4256:, Northern Ireland: CAWT, archived from
3597:
3463:
3288:
3279:
3260:
3251:
2683:. In Shell-Duncan B, Hernlund Y (eds.).
2386:
2247:. Great Britain: The Stationery office.
2183:
2007:
1893:
1880:
1513:
1437:
1211:
1098:
475:
456:
448:
436:
405:Relevant discussion may be found on the
241:, as well as more societally acceptable
7625:
7502:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6986:Greydanus DE, Shek D (September 2009).
6117:
5164:O'Connor S, Glover L (September 2017).
4618:
3949:
3768:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
3526:
3436:
3146:"A Guide to DSM-5: Section 3 Disorders"
3030:
2954:
2699:(131 for the girls as "central actors")
2635:
2454:
2319:Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
2220:
1942:The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
1845:
1424:
636:religious – self-flagellants and others
488:Although the 20th-century psychiatrist
14:
8369:
7063:"Self-harm and suicide in adolescents"
6858:
5518:American Journal of Mental Retardation
5323:
5321:
4718:
4613:Kirtley, O'Carroll & O'Connor 2016
4132:Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine
3926:"Third World faces self-harm epidemic"
3895:
3893:
3869:
3863:
3679:
3609:Research in Developmental Disabilities
3536:Johnson CP, Myers SM (November 2007).
3161:
3159:
2708:
2678:
2525:
2424:
2395:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2040:
1381:may also be used to assist those with
714:psycho-sexual drives of the patients.
480:A ritual flagellation tool known as a
8131:
7935:Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences
7741:Anomalies and curiosities of medicine
7033:Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
6884:Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
6729:
5736:
5536:
5509:
4049:
4047:
3761:
3740:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024471
3311:
3196:
3194:
3144:Stetka BS, Correll CU (21 May 2013).
3014:
2362:Thomas B, Hardy S, Cutting P (1997).
2049:
1625:
1013:
836:culturally sanctioned self-mutilation
649:, hand-biting, finger-fracturing, or
8282:Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy
7709:
7543:Other medical and scientific sources
6599:
5971:sfnm error: no target: CITEREF2018 (
5549:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
5428:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
5005:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012
4530:. The Wellcome Trust. Archived from
4372:Lofthouse & Yager-Schweller 2009
4317:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012
4182:. U. S. National Library of Medicine
3988:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012
3976:Hawton, Saunders & O'Connor 2012
3324:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
2368:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p.
1644:a greater risk of completing suicide
1154:
374:
31:
7628:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
6197:10.1046/j.1532-7795.2003.01304003.x
5659:10.17744/mehc.28.2.6w61cut2lxjdg3m7
5637:Journal of Mental Health Counseling
5318:
5017:Robinson J, Bailey E (March 2022).
4454:Cutter D, Jaffe J, Segal J (2008).
3890:
3156:
2922:Hospital & Community Psychiatry
2782:
2443:. The British Psychological Society
2313:Klonsky ED, Glenn CR (March 2008).
2261:
2156:Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence
1662:
1296:is composed of two components: the
602:. The movement came to be known as
484:, used in Shia Muharram observances
171:on the forearm from prior self-harm
24:
8307:Transference focused psychotherapy
6185:Journal of Research on Adolescence
4525:
4044:
3191:
3171:. Mental Health Foundation. 2006.
3108:
2961:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
2797:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1969.tb02071.x
2732:10.1111/j.1468-0424.1996.tb00062.x
2609:
2482:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06918.x
1207:
1050:
659:Pao (1969) differentiated between
544:. Some branches of Islam mark the
25:
8388:
8027:
7842:Patton GC, Viner R (March 2007).
6749:Medical reviews and meta-analyses
6732:Self-harm: Longer-term Management
6427:American Journal of Public Health
4482:The British Journal of Psychiatry
4415:Doyle, Sheridan & Treacy 2017
3820:The British Journal of Psychiatry
3727:Journal of Public Health Medicine
3297:. Chipmunka/Survivors Speak Out.
2102:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1747:, and very high (toxic) doses of
1693:
613:
8183:Trauma model of mental disorders
7845:"Pubertal transitions in health"
7550:Butler AM, Malone K (May 2013).
7281:10.1046/j.1440-0979.2003.00287.x
6795:Counselling Psychology Quarterly
6605:
6550:
6507:
6463:
6389:
6369:
6360:
6276:
6235:
6172:
6137:
6111:
6085:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01879.x
6063:
5980:
5967:
5810:
5746:
5741:§ 7.3.5 Narrative synthesis
5726:
5474:
5415:
5401:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02525.x
5380:
5269:
5204:
5157:
5108:
5059:
5010:
4938:
4889:
4790:
4747:
4639:10.1097/00004583-200211000-00015
4145:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00330.x
4030:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.012
4018:The Journal of Adolescent Health
3451:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2004.00085.x
3367:Claveirole A, Gaughan M (2011).
3219:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.040
3123:American Psychiatric Association
2315:"Resisting Urges to Self-Injure"
1854:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
1796:
1778:
1726:
1176:relationship is unclear. A 2021
379:
128:
36:
27:Intentional injury to one's body
8159:Borderline personality disorder
7887:"Why Do Adolescents Self-Harm?"
7743:. New York: Bell Publishing Co.
7261:McAllister M (September 2003).
6699:. New York, London: Routledge.
6242:Marchetto MJ (September 2006).
4756:Development and Psychopathology
4712:
4653:
4601:Chapman, Gratz & Brown 2006
4545:
4528:"Pain and deliberate self-harm"
4473:
4458:. HELPGUIDE.org. Archived from
4322:
4267:
4236:
4193:
4168:
4119:
4096:
4009:
3981:
3943:
3918:
3854:
3755:
3714:
3635:
3469:
3457:
3430:
3360:
3207:Journal of Psychiatric Research
3137:
3060:
2702:
2672:
2603:
2579:
2568:
2543:
1433:
1385:diagnoses, such as depression,
1061:borderline personality disorder
558:such as those acquired through
209:intention. Other terms such as
8038:Royal College of Psychiatrists
7803:(9812). Elsevier BV: 236–243.
7515:10.1002/14651858.CD013669.pub2
7142:Journal of Affective Disorders
6824:Behaviour Research and Therapy
6668:Journal of Clinical Psychology
6019:International Psychogeriatrics
5294:10.1002/14651858.cd013667.pub2
4331:Journal of Affective Disorders
3587:American Academy of Pediatrics
2770:10.1080/21674086.1935.11925248
2638:Encyclopedia of body adornment
2470:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
2013:
2001:
1968:
1357:on adolescents who self-harm.
1306:parasympathetic nervous system
1237:Office for National Statistics
870:Classification and terminology
290:post-traumatic stress disorder
64:add the appropriate references
13:
1:
8292:Mentalization-based treatment
7980:British Journal of Psychiatry
7862:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60366-3
7810:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61141-0
7724:10.1016/S1094-9194(17)30040-3
7595:British Journal of Psychiatry
7556:British Journal of Psychiatry
7467:British Journal of Psychiatry
7226:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
7080:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5
6528:10.1016/S0091-3057(83)80011-2
5851:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
4865:10.1080/15374416.2019.1591281
4733:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00162-3
4072:10.1080/15532739.2019.1614130
3055:David, Rifkin & Chiu 2018
2552:An Overview of the Maya World
2287:10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0
2198:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0
2064:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3
2050:Skegg K (2005). "Self-harm".
1833:
1520:disability-adjusted life year
550:a ritual of self-flagellation
8277:Dialectical behavior therapy
8229:Idealization and devaluation
7432:Evidence Based Mental Health
7426:Townsend E (November 2014).
7366:10.1097/chi.0b013e31803065c7
7238:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283306825
7198:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000282
7105:Archives of Suicide Research
6992:The Keio Journal of Medicine
6925:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001706
6770:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000243
6626:10.1016/j.beproc.2005.09.004
5989:Journal of Threat Assessment
5924:10.3122/jabfm.2010.02.090110
4276:Archives of Suicide Research
3589:, 2007-10-29, archived from
2158:. London: Jessica Kingsley.
1838:
1709:
1395:Dialectical behavior therapy
1379:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1323:dialectical behavior therapy
1312:
866:is equivalent to self-harm.
359:Self-harm tends to begin in
7:
8034:Information about self-harm
7766:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056199
7428:"Self-harm in young people"
5543:Carr EG, Durand VM (1985).
4581:"Precursors to Self Injury"
3265:. Manchester: 42nd Street.
2891:Walsh BW, Rosen PM (1988).
1811:
1134:
772:, minor wound-excoriation,
552:, using chains and swords.
49:reliable medical references
10:
8393:
7974:Zahl DL, Hawton K (2004).
7739:Gould GM, Pyle WL (1896).
7045:10.1521/suli.35.1.50.59260
6963:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.018
6896:10.1521/suli.2006.36.2.192
6836:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005
6652:
5495:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.009
3621:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.003
2958:Bodies Under Siege, 2nd ed
2818:Ross RR, McKay HB (1979).
2186:Clinical Psychology Review
2034:10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289
1954:10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324
1896:Clinical Psychology Review
1653:
1371:
1298:sympathetic nervous system
733:Degree of Physical Damage
542:mortification of the flesh
526:Self-harm is practised in
370:
8323:BPDFamily (support group)
8315:
8267:
8196:
8178:Impulse-control disorders
8165:
8101:
8046:
7948:10.1017/S2045796020000839
7906:10.1027/0227-5910/a000369
7608:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116111
7569:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113506
7400:10.1186/s40479-014-0024-3
7185:PLOS Global Public Health
7154:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.068
7117:10.1080/13811110701247602
6913:Annals of Plastic Surgery
6807:10.1080/09515070110100956
6571:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.09.010
6472:Self injury awareness day
6031:10.1017/S1041610210001377
5606:10.1177/01454455960201003
5346:10.1002/14651858.CD012013
5074:(Plain English summary).
4821:10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.28
4768:10.1017/s0954579405050522
4343:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.020
4288:10.1080/13811110903266475
4231:Greydanus & Shek 2009
3657:10.3109/00048670903487159
3495:10.1017/S0033291716000027
3401:Greydanus & Shek 2009
3289:Pembroke LR, ed. (1994).
3079:Jacobson & Gould 2007
3000:Jacobson & Gould 2007
2899:. Guilford. of N..Y, NY.
2331:10.1017/S1352465808004128
2022:Psychoanalytic Psychology
1975:Groschwitz RC, Plener P.
1908:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002
1866:10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z
1818:Self-destructive behavior
1717:Self-injury Awareness Day
1165:benzodiazepine withdrawal
1161:Benzodiazepine dependence
1057:autism spectrum disorders
1045:
1024:intentional drug overdose
899:self-destructive behavior
825:Psychotic decompensation
530:by the ascetics known as
192:if serious injuries occur
175:
166:
157:
149:
144:
55:or relies too heavily on
6602:, pp. 474–475, 482.
6439:10.2105/ajph.2013.301742
6336:10.1136/bmj.317.7151.133
6158:10.1177/1357034X04047857
5690:10.1136/bmj.317.7156.441
5561:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-111
5441:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00079
4914:10.1177/0141076814522033
3336:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-197
3103:Butler & Malone 2013
3019:§ 2.1.1 Terminology
2996:Butler & Malone 2013
2854:Roe-Sepowitz DE (2005).
2757:Psychoanalytic Quarterly
2154:Fox C, Hawton K (2004).
1700:are often violent places
1302:fight-or-flight response
1294:autonomic nervous system
1287:Autonomic nervous system
913:. Others use the phrase
721:as rows II, III and IV.
18:Self-injurious behaviour
8214:Emotional dysregulation
7663:(2–3). Wiley: 134–142.
6705:10.4324/9781315164182-8
6377:Codes of the Underworld
6261:10.1348/147608305X69795
5957:Dixon & Featherston
5821:Muehlenkamp et al. 2012
4687:10.1073/pnas.1102693108
4553:"Myths about self harm"
4376:Lengel & Styer 2019
4180:Genetics Home Reference
3994:, p. 1133, citing
3992:Patton & Viner 2007
3781:10.4045/tidsskr.08.0140
3578:For a lay summary, see
3099:Muehlenkamp et al. 2012
1407:habit reversal training
1004:intellectual disability
929:organic brain syndromes
907:self-injurious behavior
903:self-inflicted violence
887:self-injurious behavior
883:nonsuicidal self-injury
864:deviant self-mutilation
840:deviant self-mutilation
462:One of the consequences
8197:Symptoms and behaviors
7445:10.1136/eb-2014-101840
7326:10.1186/1753-2000-6-10
5946:Gillies & Christou
4439:Zahl & Hawton 2004
4176:"Lesch-Nyhan syndrome"
3762:Urnes O (April 2009).
3700:10.1006/jado.1999.0228
3688:Journal of Adolescence
3554:10.1542/peds.2007-2361
3482:Psychological Medicine
2591:Hilchot Khovel u-Mazik
1806:from excessive licking
1603:
1518:World-map showing the
1511:
1217:
1113:Abuse during childhood
1065:dissociative disorders
784:Subculture acceptance
485:
473:
454:
446:
298:dissociative disorders
229:. The exact bounds of
8219:Feelings of emptiness
6614:Behavioural Processes
6106:Bowen & John 2001
6001:10.1300/J177v01n01_07
5860:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
5769:Bowen & John 2001
5753:Bowen & John 2001
5735:, p. 98, citing
5594:Behavior Modification
5133:10.1192/bjo.2021.1006
5121:Pulmonary Circulation
5072:Pulmonary Circulation
4947:, pp. 2, 19–20:
4494:10.1192/bjp.141.3.286
4388:Rasmussen et al. 2016
3832:10.1192/bjp.152.3.416
2538:Gould & Pyle 1896
2410:10.1002/gps.930020208
2275:Women's Health Issues
2115:10.1192/bjp.182.6.537
1685:pesticides or yellow
1517:
1441:
1361:Emergency departments
1345:, one small trial of
1327:personality disorders
1215:
1099:Psychological factors
950:, such as to include
925:self-inflicted injury
891:parasuicidal behavior
739:Social Acceptability
730:Examples of behavior
697:ingesting or inhaling
590:Prisons and Prisoners
479:
460:
452:
440:
392:synthesis of material
262:personality disorders
8348:Sibling estrangement
7993:10.1192/bjp.185.1.70
6397:"Walling up madness"
5819:, p. 6, citing
5757:Claassen et al. 2006
5755:, pp. 360–361.
3439:Sociological Inquiry
2720:Gender & History
2598:Damages (Jewish law)
2550:Gualberto A (1991).
1704:solitary confinement
1425:Avoidance techniques
1141:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
960:deliberate self-harm
920:Self-inflicted wound
750:Superficial to mild
736:Psychological State
669:personality disorder
663:(low lethality) and
264:. People with other
8353:Personal boundaries
8343:Family estrangement
8338:Emotional blackmail
7856:(9567): 1130–1139.
7480:10.1192/bjp.2019.11
7074:(9834): 2373–2382.
6494:LifeSIGNS web pages
6292:on October 15, 2008
5845:(9859): 2095–2128.
5817:Gillies et al. 2018
5805:Gillies et al. 2018
5771:, pp. 360–361.
5084:10.3310/alert_49221
5035:10.1192/bjo.2022.35
4678:2011PNAS..108.6270K
4429:, pp. 236–243.
4417:, pp. 134–142.
4405:, pp. 186–200.
4390:, pp. 176–183.
4378:, pp. 130–131.
4004:Roberts et al. 2020
3990:, p. 2374 and
3425:Gillies et al. 2018
3415:, pp. 189–190.
3403:, pp. 145–146.
3261:Spandler H (1996).
3095:Gillies et al. 2018
3083:Gillies et al. 2018
2955:Favazza AR (1996).
2934:10.1176/ps.44.2.134
2824:. Lexington Books.
2058:(9495): 1471–1483.
1600: more than 850
1339:dietary supplements
1194:confidence interval
1190:confidence interval
1093:Münchausen syndrome
781:Benign to agitated
302:psychotic disorders
8102:External resources
7005:10.2302/kjm.58.144
6680:10.1002/jclp.20411
6254:(3): 445–459(15).
5182:10.1111/papt.12113
3996:Patton et al. 2007
3950:Fikette L (2005).
3168:Truth Hurts Report
2992:Plener et al. 2015
2679:Thomas LM (2000).
2636:DeMello M (2007).
1984:Suicidology Online
1626:Gender differences
1604:
1534: less than 80
1512:
1325:. Psychiatric and
1218:
1014:Signs and symptoms
946:more broadly than
576:, used a stint in
486:
474:
455:
447:
402:to the main topic.
396:verifiably mention
390:possibly contains
338:emotional numbness
205:, usually without
190:emergency medicine
8361:
8360:
8316:Family challenges
8302:Social psychiatry
8259:Suicidal ideation
8125:
8124:
7669:10.1111/jpm.12360
6859:Chaney S (2012).
6714:978-1-315-16418-2
6674:(11): 1039–1043.
6385:978-0-691-11937-3
6330:(7151): 133–135.
6126:on April 28, 2008
5788:Psychiatric Times
5721:Haris et al. 2022
5684:(7156): 441–447.
5229:10.1111/inm.12626
4945:Witt et al. 2021a
4672:(15): 6270–6275.
4633:(11): 1333–1341.
4441:, pp. 70–75.
4427:Moran et al. 2012
4403:Troya et al. 2019
4000:Knipe et al. 2022
3883:978-0-14-028053-1
3870:Strong M (1999).
3805:, pp. 50–51.
3413:Troya et al. 2019
3380:978-0-470-72345-6
3304:978-1-904697-04-6
3272:978-1-900782-00-5
3178:978-1-903645-81-9
2968:978-0-8018-5300-5
2906:978-0-89862-731-2
2831:978-0-669-02116-5
2709:Thomas L (2003).
2694:978-1-55587-995-2
2647:978-0-313-33695-9
2561:978-968-7232-19-5
2379:978-0-7234-2590-8
2254:978-0-11-621548-2
2165:978-1-84310-237-3
1790:Moluccan cockatoo
1723:about self-harm.
1317:Several forms of
1155:Drugs and alcohol
1105:depersonalization
1081:conduct disorders
980:attention-seeking
832:
831:
795:Mild to moderate
778:Mild to moderate
540:, it is known as
435:
434:
427:
274:anxiety disorders
243:body modification
196:
195:
139:Medical condition
137:
136:
113:
16:(Redirected from
8384:
8209:Eating disorders
8152:
8145:
8138:
8129:
8128:
8044:
8043:
8021:
7995:
7970:
7960:
7950:
7925:
7891:
7881:
7847:
7838:
7812:
7787:
7777:
7744:
7735:
7706:
7680:
7651:
7640:10.1037/h0080171
7620:
7610:
7581:
7571:
7537:
7527:
7517:
7492:
7482:
7457:
7447:
7422:
7412:
7402:
7377:
7348:
7338:
7328:
7303:
7297:
7295:
7257:
7220:
7210:
7200:
7175:
7165:
7136:
7099:
7065:
7056:
7027:
7017:
7007:
6982:
6944:
6907:
6878:
6876:
6874:10.16995/ntn.646
6855:
6818:
6789:
6743:
6726:
6691:
6646:
6645:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6467:
6461:
6460:
6450:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6393:
6387:
6375:Diego Gambetta.
6373:
6367:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6347:
6315:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6263:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6224:
6217:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6146:Body and Society
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6042:
6025:(8): 1327–1336.
6014:
6005:
6004:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5965:
5954:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5926:
5902:
5891:
5890:
5872:
5862:
5830:
5824:
5814:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5783:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5750:
5744:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5701:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5652:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5572:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5489:(2): 97–107.e2.
5478:
5472:
5471:
5461:
5443:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5367:
5357:
5340:(12): CD012013.
5325:
5316:
5315:
5305:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5240:
5223:(5): 1145–1154.
5208:
5202:
5201:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5144:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5095:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5046:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4844:
4833:
4832:
4814:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4762:(4): 1105–1127.
4751:
4745:
4744:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4689:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4577:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4555:. Archived from
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4451:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4249:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4209:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4147:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4013:
4007:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3815:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3577:
3572:. Archived from
3548:(5): 1183–1215.
3533:
3524:
3523:
3497:
3488:(7): 1345–1358.
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3296:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3101:, pp. 1–2;
3092:
3086:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3012:
3003:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2862:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2607:
2601:
2583:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2310:
2299:
2298:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2246:
2235:
2218:
2217:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2151:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1849:
1800:
1786:Feather-plucking
1782:
1764:feather-plucking
1663:Developing world
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1399:trichotillomania
1391:bipolar disorder
1335:mood stabilizers
1198:mental disorders
1169:Northern Ireland
1129:gender dysphoria
1069:bipolar disorder
993:coping mechanism
956:eating disorders
814:self-enucleation
774:trichotillomania
756:Mostly accepted
724:
723:
570:Constance Lytton
560:academic fencing
430:
423:
419:
416:
410:
383:
382:
375:
342:sense of failure
322:coping mechanism
306:gender dysphoria
286:eating disorders
266:mental disorders
235:eating disorders
162:
142:
141:
132:
131:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
40:
39:
32:
21:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8367:
8366:
8362:
8357:
8311:
8287:McLean Hospital
8263:
8192:
8161:
8156:
8126:
8121:
8120:
8097:
8096:
8055:
8030:
8025:
8024:
7889:
7588:
7545:
7540:
7508:(3): CD013669.
7293:
7291:
7191:(6): e0000282.
6957:(10): 733–741.
6919:(6S): S79–S88.
6751:
6746:
6715:
6661:
6655:
6650:
6649:
6610:
6606:
6598:
6594:
6555:
6551:
6512:
6508:
6500:
6498:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6478:
6476:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6419:
6415:
6406:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6361:
6316:
6303:
6295:
6293:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6240:
6236:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6177:
6173:
6142:
6138:
6129:
6127:
6116:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6068:
6064:
6015:
6008:
5985:
5981:
5970:
5959:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5903:
5894:
5831:
5827:
5815:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5784:
5775:
5767:
5763:
5751:
5747:
5731:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5670:
5666:
5650:10.1.1.666.6159
5633:
5629:
5590:
5586:
5541:
5537:
5514:
5510:
5479:
5475:
5420:
5416:
5385:
5381:
5355:1854/LU-8573483
5326:
5319:
5288:(3): CD013667.
5274:
5270:
5209:
5205:
5162:
5158:
5113:
5109:
5064:
5060:
5015:
5011:
5007:, p. 2380.
5003:
4999:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4894:
4890:
4845:
4836:
4812:10.1.1.506.4280
4795:
4791:
4752:
4748:
4717:
4713:
4658:
4654:
4623:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4571:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4537:
4535:
4524:
4517:
4478:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4452:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4374:, p. 644;
4370:
4366:
4327:
4323:
4319:, p. 2376.
4315:
4311:
4272:
4268:
4260:
4247:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4207:
4198:
4194:
4185:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4124:
4120:
4111:
4109:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4052:
4045:
4014:
4010:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3959:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3816:
3809:
3803:Haw et al. 2005
3801:
3797:
3760:
3756:
3719:
3715:
3684:
3680:
3640:
3636:
3605:
3598:
3579:
3534:
3527:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3435:
3431:
3427:, pp. 4–5.
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3365:
3361:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3259:
3252:
3199:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3093:
3089:
3085:, pp. 4–5.
3081:, p. 131;
3077:
3073:
3067:McAllister 2003
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3043:McAllister 2003
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3013:
3006:
2990:, p. 178;
2988:McAllister 2003
2986:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2953:
2949:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2889:
2882:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2821:Self-Mutilation
2816:
2812:
2781:
2777:
2752:
2748:
2717:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2617:
2616:, Jafariya news
2608:
2604:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2466:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2360:
2356:
2311:
2302:
2271:
2262:
2255:
2244:
2236:
2221:
2182:
2173:
2166:
2152:
2131:
2094:
2087:
2048:
2041:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1938:
1931:
1892:
1881:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1729:
1721:raise awareness
1712:
1696:
1665:
1656:
1628:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1374:
1355:pharmacotherapy
1331:antidepressants
1315:
1289:
1272:beta endorphins
1210:
1208:Pathophysiology
1157:
1137:
1101:
1053:
1051:Mental disorder
1048:
1016:
933:substance abuse
895:self-mutilation
872:
810:Auto-castration
798:Psychic crisis
727:Classification
719:Self-mutilation
623:partial suicide
616:
586:blood poisoning
578:Holloway Prison
507:performed auto-
505:Maya priesthood
431:
420:
414:
411:
404:
394:which does not
384:
380:
373:
365:Captive animals
314:self-punishment
278:substance abuse
239:substance abuse
219:self-mutilation
140:
133:
129:
124:
118:
115:
72:
61:
57:primary sources
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8390:
8380:
8379:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8319:
8317:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8297:Schema therapy
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8273:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8224:Hypersexuality
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8169:
8167:
8163:
8162:
8155:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8132:
8123:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8083:
8072:
8056:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8047:Classification
8041:
8040:
8029:
8028:External links
8026:
8023:
8022:
7971:
7926:
7882:
7839:
7788:
7760:(6): e056199.
7745:
7736:
7718:(2): 463–492.
7707:
7652:
7634:(2): 197–206.
7623:
7622:
7621:
7601:(5): 326–328.
7562:(5): 324–325.
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7493:
7473:(4): 186–200.
7458:
7423:
7378:
7360:(4): 508–514.
7349:
7304:
7275:(3): 177–185.
7258:
7232:(5): 641–645.
7221:
7176:
7137:
7111:(2): 129–147.
7100:
7057:
7028:
6998:(3): 144–151.
6983:
6945:
6908:
6890:(2): 192–212.
6879:
6856:
6830:(3): 371–394.
6819:
6801:(4): 357–379.
6790:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6727:
6713:
6692:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6604:
6592:
6565:(4): 587–598.
6549:
6522:(6): 891–894.
6506:
6484:
6462:
6433:(3): 442–447.
6413:
6401:Prison Insider
6388:
6368:
6359:
6301:
6275:
6234:
6202:
6191:(4): 457–474.
6171:
6136:
6110:
6108:, p. 361.
6098:
6079:(6): 667–677.
6062:
6006:
5979:
5938:
5917:(2): 240–259.
5892:
5825:
5809:
5797:
5773:
5761:
5745:
5725:
5713:
5664:
5643:(2): 166–185.
5627:
5584:
5555:(2): 111–126.
5535:
5508:
5473:
5414:
5395:(4): 337–350.
5379:
5317:
5268:
5203:
5176:(3): 480–501.
5156:
5107:
5058:
5009:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4971:
4937:
4908:(5): 194–204.
4888:
4859:(3): 357–392.
4834:
4789:
4746:
4727:(2): 123–146.
4711:
4652:
4617:
4615:, p. 361.
4605:
4603:, p. 383.
4593:
4569:
4544:
4515:
4488:(3): 286–291.
4472:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4392:
4380:
4364:
4321:
4309:
4282:(4): 340–348.
4266:
4263:on 8 July 2011
4235:
4220:
4217:on 2012-10-11.
4192:
4167:
4138:(9): 573–575.
4118:
4095:
4066:(4): 447–458.
4043:
4024:(5): 489–495.
4008:
3980:
3968:
3942:
3917:
3889:
3882:
3862:
3853:
3826:(3): 416–417.
3807:
3795:
3774:(9): 872–876.
3754:
3733:(2): 129–132.
3713:
3694:(3): 369–378.
3678:
3651:(3): 250–257.
3634:
3615:(2): 145–162.
3596:
3576:on 2009-02-08.
3525:
3468:
3456:
3445:(2): 162–179.
3429:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3379:
3359:
3330:(2): 197–209.
3310:
3303:
3278:
3271:
3250:
3190:
3177:
3155:
3136:
3107:
3105:, p. 325.
3087:
3071:
3059:
3057:, p. S82.
3047:
3045:, p. 178.
3035:
3033:, p. 198.
3023:
3004:
3002:, p. 131.
2980:
2967:
2947:
2928:(2): 134–140.
2912:
2905:
2880:
2843:
2830:
2810:
2791:(3): 195–206.
2775:
2764:(3): 408–466.
2746:
2726:(3): 338–363.
2701:
2693:
2671:
2653:
2646:
2625:
2602:
2578:
2567:
2560:
2542:
2530:
2515:
2511:Angelotta 2015
2503:
2453:
2423:
2404:(2): 105–110.
2385:
2378:
2354:
2325:(2): 211–220.
2300:
2281:(2): 121–125.
2260:
2253:
2219:
2192:(5): 531–554.
2171:
2164:
2129:
2108:(6): 537–542.
2085:
2039:
2028:(2): 289–305.
2012:
2000:
1967:
1948:(2): 324–333.
1929:
1902:(2): 226–239.
1879:
1860:(5): 447–457.
1843:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1804:Lick granuloma
1802:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1777:
1760:lick granuloma
1728:
1725:
1711:
1708:
1695:
1694:Prison inmates
1692:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1627:
1624:
1613:drug overdoses
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1373:
1370:
1343:antipsychotics
1314:
1311:
1288:
1285:
1283:of self-harm.
1209:
1206:
1156:
1153:
1136:
1133:
1121:pubertal phase
1100:
1097:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1032:self-embedding
1015:
1012:
997:emotional pain
871:
868:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
807:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
766:sailor tattoos
762:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
657:
656:
653:
643:
640:
637:
634:
619:Karl Menninger
615:
614:Classification
612:
572:, a prominent
490:Karl Menninger
468:was practiced
433:
432:
387:
385:
378:
372:
369:
282:mood disorders
194:
193:
179:
173:
172:
164:
163:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
138:
135:
134:
127:
125:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8389:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8365:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8195:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8153:
8148:
8146:
8141:
8139:
8134:
8133:
8130:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8108:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8054:
8049:
8045:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7888:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7846:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7746:
7742:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7624:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7600:
7597:(Editorial).
7596:
7592:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7561:
7558:(Editorial).
7557:
7553:
7548:
7547:
7535:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6663:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6553:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6510:
6496:
6495:
6488:
6474:
6473:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6417:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6382:
6379:. Princeton.
6378:
6372:
6363:
6355:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6225:on 2008-12-01
6221:
6214:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6152:(4): 87–111.
6151:
6147:
6140:
6125:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6013:
6011:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5806:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5770:
5765:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5733:Townsend 2014
5729:
5722:
5717:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5383:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5322:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5006:
5001:
4972:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4559:on 2019-11-02
4558:
4554:
4548:
4534:on 2008-09-16
4533:
4529:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4462:on 2008-05-11
4461:
4457:
4450:
4448:
4440:
4435:
4428:
4423:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4389:
4384:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4213:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3958:on 2008-03-03
3957:
3953:
3946:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3907:on 2009-03-19
3906:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3601:
3593:on 2011-03-24
3592:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3464:Klonsky 2007b
3460:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3195:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3097:, p. 6;
3096:
3091:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2994:, p. 1;
2993:
2989:
2984:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2887:
2885:
2870:on 2012-02-25
2866:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:Mishneh Torah
2582:
2576:
2575:1 Kings 18:28
2571:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2008:Klonsky 2007b
2004:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1727:Other animals
1724:
1722:
1718:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1594: 800–850
1588: 720–800
1582: 640–720
1576: 560–640
1570: 480–560
1564: 400–480
1558: 320–400
1552: 240–320
1546: 160–240
1528: no data
1521:
1516:
1508: 194–395
1502: 147–193
1496: 122–146
1448: no data
1440:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:schizophrenia
1384:
1380:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1262:or numbness (
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1249:physical pain
1246:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:= 1.569, 95%
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:meta-analysis
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:schizophrenia
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
989:para-suicidal
986:
981:
976:
974:
968:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:drug overdose
949:
945:
940:
938:
937:autoeroticism
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:
916:
915:self-soothing
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
828:Unacceptable
827:
824:
821:
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
783:
780:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:
722:
720:
715:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
654:
652:
648:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
628:
627:
626:
624:
620:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
565:
564:scarification
561:
557:
556:Dueling scars
553:
551:
547:
546:Day of Ashura
543:
539:
535:
534:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
494:
491:
483:
478:
471:
470:self-flogging
467:
463:
459:
451:
444:
439:
429:
426:
418:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:This section
386:
377:
376:
368:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
315:
311:
307:
304:, as well as
303:
299:
295:
294:schizophrenia
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
191:
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
143:
126:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
69:
65:
59:
58:
54:
50:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
8363:
8333:Complex PTSD
8328:Codependency
8248:
8204:Dissociation
8109:
8085:
8074:
8059:
7983:
7979:
7938:
7934:
7897:
7893:
7853:
7849:
7800:
7796:
7757:
7753:
7740:
7715:
7711:
7660:
7656:
7631:
7627:
7598:
7594:
7584:
7559:
7555:
7505:
7501:
7470:
7466:
7438:(4): 97–99.
7435:
7431:
7390:
7386:
7357:
7353:
7316:
7312:
7300:Academia.edu
7298:– via
7292:. Retrieved
7272:
7266:
7229:
7225:
7188:
7184:
7145:
7141:
7108:
7104:
7071:
7067:
7039:(1): 50–62.
7036:
7032:
6995:
6991:
6954:
6950:
6916:
6912:
6887:
6883:
6864:
6827:
6823:
6798:
6794:
6764:(2): 75–80.
6761:
6757:
6731:
6696:
6671:
6667:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6595:
6562:
6558:
6552:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6499:, retrieved
6493:
6487:
6477:, retrieved
6471:
6465:
6430:
6426:
6416:
6405:. Retrieved
6403:. 2022-04-14
6400:
6391:
6376:
6371:
6362:
6327:
6323:
6294:, retrieved
6290:the original
6284:
6278:
6251:
6247:
6237:
6227:, retrieved
6220:the original
6211:
6205:
6188:
6184:
6174:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6128:. Retrieved
6124:the original
6113:
6101:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6022:
6018:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5941:
5914:
5910:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5812:
5807:, p. 4.
5800:
5791:
5787:
5764:
5748:
5728:
5723:, p. 3.
5716:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5600:(1): 60–84.
5597:
5593:
5587:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5524:(1): 37–48.
5521:
5517:
5511:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5431:
5427:
5417:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5337:
5333:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5220:
5216:
5206:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5124:
5120:
5110:
5075:
5071:
5061:
5026:
5023:BJPsych Open
5022:
5012:
5000:
4940:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4856:
4852:
4805:(1): 28–38.
4802:
4798:
4792:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4585:. Retrieved
4561:. Retrieved
4557:the original
4547:
4536:. Retrieved
4532:the original
4485:
4481:
4475:
4464:. Retrieved
4460:the original
4434:
4422:
4410:
4383:
4367:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4312:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4258:the original
4251:
4238:
4212:the original
4195:
4184:. Retrieved
4179:
4170:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4110:. Retrieved
4106:
4098:
4063:
4059:
4021:
4017:
4011:
3983:
3971:
3960:. Retrieved
3956:the original
3945:
3934:. Retrieved
3932:. 1998-07-10
3929:
3920:
3909:. Retrieved
3905:the original
3872:
3865:
3856:
3823:
3819:
3798:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3612:
3608:
3591:the original
3581:
3574:the original
3545:
3541:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3459:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3369:
3362:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3292:
3262:
3210:
3206:
3182:. Retrieved
3167:
3149:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3122:
3110:
3090:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3031:Connors 1996
3026:
2983:
2972:. Retrieved
2957:
2950:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2894:
2872:. Retrieved
2865:the original
2856:
2835:. Retrieved
2820:
2813:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2684:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2637:
2618:, retrieved
2612:
2605:
2594:
2593:ch. 5, etc.
2590:
2585:Maimonides,
2581:
2570:
2551:
2545:
2533:
2506:
2476:(1): 40–47.
2473:
2469:
2445:. Retrieved
2436:
2401:
2397:
2364:
2357:
2322:
2318:
2278:
2274:
2240:
2189:
2185:
2155:
2105:
2101:
2055:
2051:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2003:
1992:. Retrieved
1987:
1983:
1970:
1945:
1941:
1899:
1895:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1769:Breeders of
1768:
1757:
1753:theophylline
1733:
1730:
1713:
1697:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1540: 80–160
1490: 96–121
1434:Epidemiology
1428:
1419:
1415:
1375:
1366:
1359:
1351:fluphenazine
1319:psychosocial
1316:
1290:
1277:
1268:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1219:
1158:
1138:
1109:dissociative
1102:
1085:skin-picking
1054:
1017:
1008:dissociation
1001:
977:
969:
963:
959:
947:
943:
941:
924:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:
863:
860:circumcision
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
833:
770:gang tattoos
718:
716:
709:
705:constricting
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
664:
660:
658:
647:head-banging
622:
617:
603:
594:
589:
581:
568:
554:
531:
525:
502:
495:
487:
481:
421:
412:
389:
358:
354:sexual abuse
348:, including
319:
259:
255:
230:
218:
214:
210:
198:
197:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
53:verification
46:
29:
8239:Mood swings
8234:Impulsivity
7148:: 347–363.
6620:(1): 8–15.
6497:, LifeSIGNS
6475:, LifeSIGNS
6118:O'Brien A.
5127:(1): e175.
4583:. LifeSIGNS
3901:"Self-harm"
3876:. Penguin.
3213:: 313–320.
2526:Chaney 2012
1823:Self-hatred
1745:amphetamine
1682:bereavement
1484: 77–95
1478: 62–76
1472: 50–61
1466: 33–49
1460: 24–32
1403:nail biting
1347:flupentixol
1163:as well as
1145:of the skin
1125:Transgender
1117:bereavement
1022:(including
995:to relieve
948:self-injury
885:(NSSI) and
879:self-injury
651:eye removal
631:nail-biters
629:neurotic –
574:suffragette
538:Catholicism
466:Black Death
415:August 2023
361:adolescence
215:self-injury
150:Other names
119:August 2023
78:"Self-harm"
47:needs more
8269:Management
8244:Projection
8111:Patient UK
8087:DiseasesDB
7850:The Lancet
7797:The Lancet
7678:2262/92183
7163:1893/23261
7015:10397/4495
6501:2012-05-10
6479:2012-05-10
6407:2024-05-14
6296:2008-05-03
6229:2009-12-13
6130:2008-05-26
6040:10468/2916
5995:: 91–109.
5737:NCCMH 2012
5238:2262/89600
5029:(2): e66.
4587:2012-10-05
4563:2022-01-19
4538:2008-05-26
4526:Swales M.
4466:2008-05-26
4186:2010-01-13
4112:2021-12-26
3962:2008-04-26
3936:2008-05-26
3911:2010-01-04
3542:Pediatrics
3386:9 February
3184:2024-03-27
3015:NCCMH 2012
2974:2009-06-22
2874:2009-06-15
2837:2024-03-27
2620:2011-09-04
2610:Zabeeh I,
2447:2009-12-13
1994:2018-03-07
1834:References
1670:pesticides
1454: 3–23
1411:decoupling
1304:) and the
1245:dissociate
1186:odds ratio
1073:depression
911:self-abuse
818:amputation
521:Ras Shamra
517:Mosaic law
330:depression
310:dysmorphia
270:depression
182:Psychiatry
89:newspapers
8377:Self-harm
8254:Splitting
8249:Self-harm
8116:Self-harm
8036:from the
8002:0007-1250
7914:0227-5910
7819:0140-6736
7687:1351-0126
7319:(1): 10.
7294:2 January
7096:151486181
6815:145405708
6723:188571167
6600:Gill 2001
6166:145191075
5645:CiteSeerX
5450:1662-5153
5263:195658429
5247:1445-8330
4807:CiteSeerX
4359:221842572
4337:: 85–98.
4154:0904-2512
3520:206255649
3504:0033-2917
3227:0022-3956
2716:Also see
2418:145408278
2080:208794175
1874:145689088
1839:Citations
1771:show mice
1741:clonidine
1710:Awareness
1313:Treatment
1280:addictive
1264:anhedonia
1260:emptiness
1256:something
1036:DSM-IV-TR
1020:poisoning
964:self-harm
944:self-harm
875:Self-harm
856:Practices
848:practices
689:inserting
523:tablets.
509:sacrifice
407:talk page
350:emotional
251:piercings
231:self-harm
199:Self-harm
177:Specialty
145:Self-harm
8371:Category
8018:16329045
8010:15231558
7967:33021194
7941:: e170.
7922:26831210
7878:12367153
7870:17398312
7835:14680279
7827:22100201
7784:35980724
7754:BMJ Open
7732:11480362
7703:20406171
7695:28124465
7617:23637107
7585:Response
7578:23637106
7534:35608866
7489:30789112
7454:25114299
7419:26401305
7393:(2): 2.
7374:17420686
7345:22462815
7289:17393644
7254:42707908
7246:19623077
7217:36962383
7208:10021274
7172:27323296
7133:25482728
7125:17453692
7088:22726518
7053:15843323
7024:19826208
6979:52902235
6971:30274648
6941:53281359
6933:30383582
6904:16704324
6844:16446150
6778:25594789
6740:23534084
6688:17932979
6634:16236465
6587:11695905
6579:15582667
6544:43743590
6457:24521238
6270:16945201
6093:18341543
6057:21390675
6049:20716390
5933:20207935
5879:23245604
5870:10790329
5622:36780321
5503:25617250
5468:31105537
5409:22329807
5374:26688129
5312:33677832
5255:31240823
5198:13088706
5190:28035740
5151:32166015
5102:32166015
5053:35264275
4932:24526464
4883:31046461
4829:18229980
4784:12056367
4776:16613433
4741:11587772
4706:21444827
4647:12410076
4510:38556782
4351:32956965
4296:19813111
4203:(2007).
4162:16138897
4090:32999629
4038:27544457
3930:BBC News
3848:11881655
3790:19415088
3708:10462427
3673:12374927
3665:20180727
3629:16581226
3562:17967920
3512:26954514
3245:32871456
3236:10266527
3150:Medscape
2740:12322506
2595:See also
2498:24737213
2349:29527120
2214:15468889
2124:12777346
2072:16243093
1962:15839768
1916:17014942
1812:See also
1749:caffeine
1737:pemoline
1687:oleander
1631:biases.
1202:cannabis
1182:cannabis
1173:cannabis
1135:Genetics
1038:nor the
985:suicidal
712:Freudian
685:severing
681:abrading
661:delicate
604:Ngaitana
528:Hinduism
443:Muharram
245:such as
207:suicidal
8166:General
8081:D016728
8070:X60-X84
7958:7576520
7775:9171231
7648:9173798
7525:8094615
7410:4579518
7336:3348041
6852:1918485
6786:8869537
6653:Sources
6642:9132709
6536:6684300
6448:3953781
6354:9657795
6345:1113497
5887:1541253
5708:9703526
5614:8561770
5579:2410400
5570:1307999
5530:2751890
5459:6491945
5365:8786270
5303:8094399
5142:8485342
5093:7052475
5044:8935906
4988:⁄
4983:versus
4978:⁄
4965:⁄
4960:versus
4955:⁄
4923:4023515
4874:6534465
4697:3076808
4674:Bibcode
4502:7139213
4304:2409791
4081:6913646
3840:3167380
3749:8816309
3354:8063622
3345:1297798
3129:May 23,
2942:8432496
2805:5808710
2340:5841247
2295:9071885
2206:9740977
1990:: 24–32
1924:1321836
1654:Elderly
1620:puberty
1372:Therapy
1204:users.
1111:state.
1077:phobias
1028:burning
852:rituals
844:rituals
822:Severe
753:Benign
701:hitting
693:burning
673:cutting
464:of the
371:History
340:, or a
326:anxiety
247:tattoos
227:burning
223:hitting
211:cutting
203:tissues
186:surgery
167:Healed
103:scholar
68:removed
8016:
8008:
8000:
7965:
7955:
7920:
7912:
7894:Crisis
7876:
7868:
7833:
7825:
7817:
7782:
7772:
7730:
7701:
7693:
7685:
7646:
7615:
7576:
7532:
7522:
7487:
7452:
7417:
7407:
7372:
7343:
7333:
7287:
7252:
7244:
7215:
7205:
7170:
7131:
7123:
7094:
7086:
7068:Lancet
7051:
7022:
6977:
6969:
6939:
6931:
6902:
6867:(15).
6850:
6842:
6813:
6784:
6776:
6738:
6721:
6711:
6686:
6640:
6632:
6585:
6577:
6542:
6534:
6455:
6445:
6383:
6352:
6342:
6268:
6164:
6091:
6055:
6047:
5931:
5885:
5877:
5867:
5839:Lancet
5706:
5696:
5647:
5620:
5612:
5577:
5567:
5528:
5501:
5466:
5456:
5448:
5434:: 79.
5407:
5372:
5362:
5310:
5300:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5196:
5188:
5149:
5139:
5100:
5090:
5051:
5041:
4930:
4920:
4881:
4871:
4827:
4809:
4782:
4774:
4739:
4704:
4694:
4645:
4508:
4500:
4357:
4349:
4302:
4294:
4160:
4152:
4088:
4078:
4036:
3880:
3846:
3838:
3788:
3747:
3706:
3671:
3663:
3627:
3570:218028
3568:
3560:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3377:
3352:
3342:
3301:
3269:
3243:
3233:
3225:
3175:
3125:. 2022
2965:
2940:
2903:
2828:
2803:
2738:
2691:
2644:
2558:
2496:
2488:
2416:
2376:
2347:
2337:
2293:
2251:
2212:
2204:
2162:
2122:
2078:
2070:
2052:Lancet
1960:
1922:
1914:
1872:
1674:et al.
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1389:, and
1383:Axis I
1079:, and
1046:Causes
1040:ICD-10
935:, and
909:, and
881:(SI),
877:(SH),
862:while
850:. The
703:, and
677:biting
665:coarse
596:Kikuyu
536:s. In
498:ritual
482:zanjir
400:relate
346:trauma
334:stress
217:, and
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
8092:30605
8014:S2CID
7890:(PDF)
7874:S2CID
7831:S2CID
7699:S2CID
7250:S2CID
7129:S2CID
7092:S2CID
6975:S2CID
6937:S2CID
6848:S2CID
6811:S2CID
6782:S2CID
6719:S2CID
6638:S2CID
6583:S2CID
6540:S2CID
6223:(PDF)
6216:(PDF)
6162:S2CID
6053:S2CID
5883:S2CID
5699:28637
5618:S2CID
5259:S2CID
5194:S2CID
4780:S2CID
4506:S2CID
4355:S2CID
4300:S2CID
4261:(PDF)
4248:(PDF)
4215:(PDF)
4208:(PDF)
3844:S2CID
3669:S2CID
3566:S2CID
3516:S2CID
3119:(PDF)
2868:(PDF)
2861:(PDF)
2494:S2CID
2490:99981
2441:(PDF)
2414:S2CID
2245:(PDF)
2210:S2CID
2076:S2CID
1980:(PDF)
1920:S2CID
1870:S2CID
1788:in a
1337:, or
1235:A UK
1149:nails
1107:or a
533:sadhu
225:, or
188:, or
169:scars
110:JSTOR
96:books
8076:MeSH
8006:PMID
7998:ISSN
7963:PMID
7918:PMID
7910:ISSN
7866:PMID
7823:PMID
7815:ISSN
7780:PMID
7728:PMID
7691:PMID
7683:ISSN
7644:PMID
7613:PMID
7574:PMID
7530:PMID
7506:2021
7485:PMID
7450:PMID
7415:PMID
7370:PMID
7341:PMID
7296:2023
7285:PMID
7242:PMID
7213:PMID
7168:PMID
7121:PMID
7084:PMID
7049:PMID
7020:PMID
6967:PMID
6929:PMID
6900:PMID
6840:PMID
6774:PMID
6736:PMID
6709:ISBN
6684:PMID
6630:PMID
6575:PMID
6532:PMID
6453:PMID
6381:ISBN
6350:PMID
6266:PMID
6089:PMID
6045:PMID
5973:help
5968:2018
5962:help
5951:help
5929:PMID
5875:PMID
5794:(1).
5704:PMID
5610:PMID
5575:PMID
5526:PMID
5499:PMID
5464:PMID
5446:ISSN
5405:PMID
5370:PMID
5338:2021
5308:PMID
5286:2021
5251:PMID
5243:ISSN
5186:PMID
5147:PMID
5098:PMID
5049:PMID
4928:PMID
4879:PMID
4825:PMID
4772:PMID
4737:PMID
4702:PMID
4643:PMID
4498:PMID
4347:PMID
4292:PMID
4158:PMID
4150:ISSN
4086:PMID
4034:PMID
3878:ISBN
3836:PMID
3786:PMID
3745:PMID
3704:PMID
3661:PMID
3625:PMID
3558:PMID
3508:PMID
3500:ISSN
3388:2011
3375:ISBN
3350:PMID
3299:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3241:PMID
3223:ISSN
3173:ISBN
3131:2022
2963:ISBN
2938:PMID
2901:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2801:PMID
2736:PMID
2689:ISBN
2642:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2486:PMID
2374:ISBN
2345:PMID
2291:PMID
2249:ISBN
2202:PMID
2160:ISBN
2120:PMID
2068:PMID
1958:PMID
1912:PMID
1634:The
1409:and
1401:and
1226:pain
846:and
838:and
789:III
513:Baal
503:The
352:and
249:and
82:news
51:for
8061:ICD
7988:doi
7984:185
7953:PMC
7943:doi
7902:doi
7858:doi
7854:369
7805:doi
7801:379
7770:PMC
7762:doi
7720:doi
7673:hdl
7665:doi
7636:doi
7603:doi
7599:202
7564:doi
7560:202
7520:PMC
7510:doi
7475:doi
7471:214
7440:doi
7405:PMC
7395:doi
7362:doi
7331:PMC
7321:doi
7277:doi
7234:doi
7203:PMC
7193:doi
7158:hdl
7150:doi
7146:203
7113:doi
7076:doi
7072:379
7041:doi
7010:hdl
7000:doi
6959:doi
6921:doi
6892:doi
6869:doi
6832:doi
6803:doi
6766:doi
6762:203
6701:doi
6676:doi
6622:doi
6567:doi
6524:doi
6443:PMC
6435:doi
6431:104
6340:PMC
6332:doi
6328:317
6324:BMJ
6256:doi
6193:doi
6154:doi
6081:doi
6035:hdl
6027:doi
5997:doi
5919:doi
5865:PMC
5855:hdl
5847:doi
5843:380
5694:PMC
5686:doi
5682:317
5678:BMJ
5655:doi
5602:doi
5565:PMC
5557:doi
5491:doi
5454:PMC
5436:doi
5397:doi
5360:PMC
5350:hdl
5342:doi
5298:PMC
5290:doi
5233:hdl
5225:doi
5178:doi
5137:PMC
5129:doi
5088:PMC
5080:doi
5039:PMC
5031:doi
4918:PMC
4910:doi
4906:107
4869:PMC
4861:doi
4817:doi
4764:doi
4729:doi
4692:PMC
4682:doi
4670:108
4635:doi
4490:doi
4486:141
4339:doi
4335:278
4284:doi
4140:doi
4107:MHT
4076:PMC
4068:doi
4026:doi
3828:doi
3824:152
3776:doi
3772:129
3735:doi
3696:doi
3653:doi
3617:doi
3550:doi
3546:120
3490:doi
3447:doi
3340:PMC
3332:doi
3231:PMC
3215:doi
3211:130
2930:doi
2793:doi
2766:doi
2728:doi
2666:BBC
2478:doi
2406:doi
2370:343
2335:PMC
2327:doi
2283:doi
2194:doi
2110:doi
2106:182
2060:doi
2056:366
2030:doi
1950:doi
1904:doi
1862:doi
1751:or
1636:WHO
987:or
973:ICD
962:or
923:or
806:IV
761:II
608:FGM
398:or
308:or
237:or
8373::
8364:`
8114::
8090::
8079::
8068::
8065:10
8012:.
8004:.
7996:.
7982:.
7978:.
7961:.
7951:.
7939:29
7937:.
7933:.
7916:.
7908:.
7898:37
7896:.
7892:.
7872:.
7864:.
7852:.
7848:.
7829:.
7821:.
7813:.
7799:.
7795:.
7778:.
7768:.
7758:12
7756:.
7752:.
7726:.
7714:.
7697:.
7689:.
7681:.
7671:.
7661:24
7659:.
7642:.
7632:66
7630:.
7611:.
7593:.
7587::
7572:.
7554:.
7528:.
7518:.
7504:.
7500:.
7483:.
7469:.
7465:.
7448:.
7436:17
7434:.
7430:.
7413:.
7403:.
7389:.
7385:.
7368:.
7358:46
7356:.
7339:.
7329:.
7315:.
7311:.
7283:.
7273:12
7271:.
7265:.
7248:.
7240:.
7230:21
7228:.
7211:.
7201:.
7187:.
7183:.
7166:.
7156:.
7144:.
7127:.
7119:.
7109:11
7107:.
7090:.
7082:.
7070:.
7066:.
7047:.
7037:35
7035:.
7018:.
7008:.
6996:58
6994:.
6990:.
6973:.
6965:.
6955:57
6953:.
6935:.
6927:.
6917:81
6915:.
6898:.
6888:36
6886:.
6863:.
6846:.
6838:.
6828:44
6826:.
6809:.
6799:14
6797:.
6780:.
6772:.
6760:.
6717:.
6707:.
6682:.
6672:63
6670:.
6636:.
6628:.
6618:71
6616:.
6581:.
6573:.
6563:79
6561:.
6538:.
6530:.
6520:18
6518:.
6451:.
6441:.
6429:.
6425:.
6399:.
6348:.
6338:.
6326:.
6322:.
6304:^
6264:.
6252:79
6250:.
6246:.
6189:13
6187:.
6183:.
6160:.
6150:10
6148:.
6087:.
6077:49
6075:.
6051:.
6043:.
6033:.
6023:22
6021:.
6009:^
5991:.
5966:;
5955:;
5927:.
5915:23
5913:.
5909:.
5895:^
5881:.
5873:.
5863:.
5853:.
5841:.
5837:.
5792:22
5790:.
5776:^
5739:,
5702:.
5692:.
5680:.
5676:.
5653:.
5641:28
5639:.
5616:.
5608:.
5598:20
5596:.
5573:.
5563:.
5553:18
5551:.
5547:.
5522:94
5520:.
5497:.
5487:54
5485:.
5462:.
5452:.
5444:.
5432:13
5430:.
5426:.
5403:.
5393:53
5391:.
5368:.
5358:.
5348:.
5336:.
5332:.
5320:^
5306:.
5296:.
5284:.
5280:.
5257:.
5249:.
5241:.
5231:.
5221:28
5219:.
5215:.
5192:.
5184:.
5174:90
5172:.
5168:.
5145:.
5135:.
5125:10
5123:.
5119:.
5096:.
5086:.
5076:10
5070:.
5047:.
5037:.
5025:.
5021:.
4990:26
4980:27
4976:12
4967:16
4963:12
4957:14
4926:.
4916:.
4904:.
4900:.
4877:.
4867:.
4857:48
4855:.
4851:.
4837:^
4823:.
4815:.
4803:76
4801:.
4778:.
4770:.
4760:17
4758:.
4735:.
4725:42
4723:.
4700:.
4690:.
4680:.
4668:.
4664:.
4641:.
4631:41
4629:.
4572:^
4518:^
4504:.
4496:.
4484:.
4446:^
4395:^
4353:.
4345:.
4333:.
4298:.
4290:.
4280:13
4278:.
4250:,
4223:^
4178:.
4156:.
4148:.
4136:34
4134:.
4130:.
4084:.
4074:.
4064:20
4062:.
4058:.
4046:^
4032:.
4022:59
4020:.
3998:.
3928:.
3892:^
3842:.
3834:.
3822:.
3810:^
3784:.
3770:.
3766:.
3743:.
3731:18
3729:.
3725:.
3702:.
3692:22
3690:.
3667:.
3659:.
3649:44
3647:.
3623:.
3613:28
3611:.
3599:^
3585:,
3564:.
3556:.
3544:.
3540:.
3528:^
3514:.
3506:.
3498:.
3486:46
3484:.
3480:.
3443:74
3441:.
3348:.
3338:.
3328:27
3326:.
3322:.
3281:^
3253:^
3239:.
3229:.
3221:.
3209:.
3205:.
3193:^
3158:^
3148:.
3121:.
3017:,
3007:^
2998:;
2936:.
2926:44
2924:.
2883:^
2846:^
2799:.
2789:42
2787:.
2760:.
2734:.
2722:.
2664:.
2628:^
2589:,
2518:^
2492:.
2484:.
2474:58
2472:.
2456:^
2426:^
2412:.
2400:.
2388:^
2372:.
2343:.
2333:.
2323:36
2321:.
2317:.
2303:^
2289:.
2277:.
2263:^
2222:^
2208:.
2200:.
2190:18
2188:.
2174:^
2132:^
2118:.
2104:.
2100:.
2088:^
2074:.
2066:.
2054:.
2042:^
2026:24
2024:.
1986:.
1982:.
1956:.
1946:75
1944:.
1932:^
1918:.
1910:.
1900:27
1898:.
1882:^
1868:.
1858:34
1856:.
1743:,
1739:,
1706:.
1646:.
1393:.
1333:,
1147:,
1075:,
1071:,
1067:,
1063:,
1059:,
954:,
939:.
931:,
905:,
901:,
897:,
893:,
816:,
812:,
768:,
744:I
707:.
699:,
695:,
691:,
687:,
683:,
679:,
675:,
592:.
336:,
332:,
328:,
300:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
284:,
280:,
276:,
272:,
253:.
213:,
184:,
70:.
8151:e
8144:t
8137:v
8063:-
8053:D
8020:.
7990::
7969:.
7945::
7924:.
7904::
7880:.
7860::
7837:.
7807::
7786:.
7764::
7734:.
7722::
7716:4
7705:.
7675::
7667::
7650:.
7638::
7619:.
7605::
7580:.
7566::
7536:.
7512::
7491:.
7477::
7456:.
7442::
7421:.
7397::
7391:2
7376:.
7364::
7347:.
7323::
7317:6
7302:.
7279::
7256:.
7236::
7219:.
7195::
7189:2
7174:.
7160::
7152::
7135:.
7115::
7098:.
7078::
7055:.
7043::
7026:.
7012::
7002::
6981:.
6961::
6943:.
6923::
6906:.
6894::
6877:.
6871::
6854:.
6834::
6817:.
6805::
6788:.
6768::
6742:.
6725:.
6703::
6690:.
6678::
6644:.
6624::
6589:.
6569::
6546:.
6526::
6459:.
6437::
6410:.
6356:.
6334::
6272:.
6258::
6199:.
6195::
6168:.
6156::
6133:.
6095:.
6083::
6059:.
6037::
6029::
6003:.
5999::
5993:1
5977:.
5975:)
5964:)
5953:)
5935:.
5921::
5889:.
5857::
5849::
5823:.
5743:.
5710:.
5688::
5661:.
5657::
5624:.
5604::
5581:.
5559::
5532:.
5505:.
5493::
5470:.
5438::
5411:.
5399::
5376:.
5352::
5344::
5314:.
5292::
5265:.
5235::
5227::
5200:.
5180::
5153:.
5131::
5104:.
5082::
5055:.
5033::
5027:8
4986:9
4953:3
4934:.
4912::
4885:.
4863::
4831:.
4819::
4786:.
4766::
4743:.
4731::
4708:.
4684::
4676::
4649:.
4637::
4590:.
4566:.
4541:.
4512:.
4492::
4469:.
4361:.
4341::
4306:.
4286::
4233:.
4189:.
4164:.
4142::
4115:.
4092:.
4070::
4040:.
4028::
4006:.
3978:.
3965:.
3939:.
3914:.
3886:.
3850:.
3830::
3792:.
3778::
3751:.
3737::
3710:.
3698::
3675:.
3655::
3631:.
3619::
3552::
3522:.
3492::
3453:.
3449::
3390:.
3356:.
3334::
3307:.
3275:.
3247:.
3217::
3187:.
3152:.
3133:.
3021:.
2977:.
2944:.
2932::
2909:.
2877:.
2840:.
2807:.
2795::
2772:.
2768::
2762:4
2742:.
2730::
2724:8
2697:.
2668:.
2650:.
2600:.
2564:.
2540:.
2528:.
2513:.
2500:.
2480::
2450:.
2420:.
2408::
2402:2
2382:.
2351:.
2329::
2297:.
2285::
2279:7
2257:.
2216:.
2196::
2168:.
2126:.
2112::
2082:.
2062::
2036:.
2032::
1997:.
1988:3
1964:.
1952::
1926:.
1906::
1876:.
1864::
582:V
472:.
445:)
428:)
422:(
417:)
413:(
409:.
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
60:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.