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371:(future Pope Julius II), who had fled to France due to a dispute with Alexander VI. Furthermore, Charles VII and later Louis XII had been campaigning of d'Amboise's behalf for years and had entered into a secret treaty with Cesare Borgia for the support of the eleven Spanish cardinals (more loyal to Cesare than the Spanish monarch) in exchange for the maintenance of his numerous territorial claims.
308:, the heir of Charles VIII, as the king of Naples. Nevertheless, Ferdinand had made serious gains in the war, forcing Louis to send a reinforcement force in 1503 which neared Rome when Alexander VI died in August. Rather than continue to Naples, Louis XII ordered his force to wait outside Rome for the duration of the conclave. The Neapolitan army was only forty miles to the South as well.
137:
492:; on the first scrutiny. Baumgartner regards as the most accurate the account according 15 votes to della Rovere, 13 to d'Amboise, and 4 to Piccolomini. This was bad news for d'Amboise, who knew that many of his pledged supporters had promised only to vote for him on the first scrutiny. Therefore, d'Amboise threw his support to Piccolomini.
344:
387:
conclave after the proscribed ten days after the pope's funeral, the
College opted to delay Alexander VI's funeral to accommodate these demands, and the conclave was entered on September 21. d'Amboise and his supporters were able to arrive in time and only two of the eight absent cardinals were French.
444:
The French cardinals soon discovered the wisdom of the bookmakers, having underestimated della Rovere's ambition and overestimated his loyalty. He declared that he would only vote for d'Amboise if he was the final vote needed for d'Amboise to be elected. Furthermore, della Rovere declared he wished
200:
The participation of thirty-nine cardinals, made possible by the delay of the funeral of
Alexander VI, made the conclave the largest in history, up to that time, in terms of the number of electors. There were 21 Italian cardinals, 11 Spanish, and 7 French. A convergence of factors undid years of
386:
A French agent informed the
College that the king would regard it as a "major affront" were the conclave to begin before the arrival of d'Amboise and the other French cardinals. Della Rovere, from Genoa, also sent a courier to demand the College await his arrival as well. Rather than begin the
326:
due to the triple threat of armed interference, and the start of the conclave was delayed by the need to prepare the building for this new use and for Cesare acquiesce to removing his troops from the city. However, on
September 3, the College elected to move to a chapel in the
462:
proved too ill to exert control over the
Spanish cardinals, who instead followed the instructions of the king of Spain to vote against the French. The Spaniards themselves could not be elected due to the antagonism of the Italian cardinals against Alexander VI.
382:
D'Amboise was also bankrolled with a large sum of gold and—according to the
Venetian ambassador—no attempt at bribe or threat was spared. The Roman crowds hailed him as the next pope when he triumphantly entered the city on September 10.
1750:
422:
449:, an opinion shared by all twenty-two Italian cardinals. d'Amboise agreed to move the French army farther north as a sign of good faith before he realized the intentions of della Rovere.
731:
1337:
322:
also commanded a papal army within the walls of Rome; however, Cesare's influence was weakened by his sudden illness. The
College of Cardinals initially decided to meet in
409:, did not regard d'Amboise's election as certainly as the Roman public. His odds were set at 13 to 100, while della Rovere's were 15 to 100; Cardinal Piccolomini (elected
1949:
724:
1760:
1353:
717:
213:
and the loss of control of the
Spanish cardinals by Cesare Borgia, d'Amboise threw his support to Cardinal Francesco Piccolomini, who was elected
1216:
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355:
1633:
1617:
1585:
1569:
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1537:
1665:
1649:
1601:
441:
to 24. It did, however, include a payment of 2,400 ducats from the pope annually to any cardinal with income less than 6,000 ducats.
1309:
455:, however, kept to his word to vote for d'Amboise, although he did not attempt to persuade any other Italian cardinal to do so.
693:
699:
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678:
1898:
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101:
78:
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1302:
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319:
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230:
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1209:
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406:
151:
209:. After receiving far fewer votes than expected on the first ballot due to the independent candidacy of
1796:
1610:
2022:
1730:
1260:
507:. The sixty-four-year-old Piccolomini was too ill even to attend this scrutiny. Since he was only a
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to see an
Italian pope rather than a "barbarian" (non-Italian) and feared the return of the
1130:
364:
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277:
The conclave was the first in two centuries held under the pall of an "outsider army". The
206:
178:
93:
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The thirty-nine cardinal-electors made the election the largest since the creation of the
8:
1834:
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was the favorite of Louis XII, and also expected the support of the faction of
Cardinal
1810:
581:
Volume III (Paris 1883) 267-268. Also a list in Marino Sanuto (ed. Federico Stefani),
294:
1932:
689:
674:
290:
170:
1915:
437:, unlike all previous capitulations in that it contained no mention of limiting the
328:
39:
486:
for the various cardinals) disagree on the number of votes received by the three
315:
304:
Alexander VI had initially sided with Ferdinand of Aragon but in 1498 recognized
194:
68:
709:
511:, Piccolomini was ordained a bishop by della Rovere, only to die on October 18.
421:
759:
471:
452:
446:
426:
391:
372:
368:
1996:
1690:
579:
Johannis Burchardi Argentinensis . . . Diarium sive Rerum Urbanum commentarii
500:
475:
459:
410:
311:
267:
190:
166:
122:
504:
278:
226:
174:
43:
239:
1710:
483:
375:, who had been taken prisoner by the French in 1500 when they captured
1983:
343:
1864:
379:, was also freed in exchange for his promise to vote for d'Amboise.
251:
1805:
496:
488:
1817:
1751:
De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis
508:
263:
217:
on the second ballot despite receiving only four on the first.
1840:
376:
181:
was surrounded by three potentially hostile armies, loyal to
136:
482:
The different accounts of the conclave (written by the
1794:
671:
Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections
739:
1994:
356:Cardinal electors for the 1503 papal conclaves
725:
585:Tomo V (Venezia 1881), columns 100-102. See
732:
718:
360:There were thirty-nine cardinal electors.
201:planning by Louis XII and his predecessor
688:. Vol. II. Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing.
577:A list provided in L. Thuasne (editor),
499:on the second scrutiny, taking the name
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342:
297:, who in turn was aided by his relative
262:
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238:
197:and illegitimate son of Alexander VI).
1995:
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762:(1274–1276, 1294–present)
713:
686:The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571)
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587:Sede Vacante of 1503. Dr. J. P. Adams
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405:The Roman bookmakers, accustomed to
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704:Histoire diplomatique des conclaves
13:
630:
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520:
433:The cardinals began by drafting a
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2054:
413:) was the favorite at 30 to 100.
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439:size of the College of Cardinals
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123:Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini
102:Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini
79:Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini
706:Volume I (Paris 1864) 435-456 .
669:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003.
478:was elected on the second vote.
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1:
1843:September 1503 papal conclave
741:Papal elections and conclaves
684:Setton, Kenneth Meyer. 1978.
663:
597:Baumgartner, 2003, pp. 86-87.
466:
320:Captain General of the Church
220:
163:September 1503 papal conclave
700:F. Petruccelli della Gattina
429:from captivity for his vote.
350:, the candidate of Louis XII
205:to promote the candidacy of
7:
753:Papal selection before 1059
495:Piccolomini was elected by
407:gambling on papal elections
10:
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353:
224:
1772:
1731:Romano Pontifici eligendo
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770:
747:
657:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 89.
627:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 88.
583:I diarii di Marino Sanuto
559:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 86.
543:Baumgartner, 2003, p. 87.
281:had been under way since
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16:Election of Pope Pius III
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2003:1503 in the Papal States
1741:Universi Dominici gregis
514:
314:, Alexander VI's former
231:Italian War of 1499–1504
285:decided to enforce the
2038:Ferdinand II of Aragon
2018:16th-century elections
1721:Ingravescentem aetatem
673:. Palgrave Macmillan.
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299:Ferdinand II of Aragon
283:Charles VIII of France
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256:Ferdinand II of Aragon
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203:Charles VIII of France
187:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1701:Aeterni Patris Filius
1310:October–December 1590
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369:Giuliano della Rovere
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98:Giuliano della Rovere
59:Giuliano della Rovere
425:The French released
179:College of Cardinals
306:Louis XII of France
244:Louis XII of France
183:Louis XII of France
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324:Castel Sant'Angelo
295:Ferrante of Aragon
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32:Dates and location
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694:978-0-87169-127-9
365:Georges d'Amboise
348:Georges d'Amboise
339:Cardinal-electors
333:Niccolò dell'Arca
291:Kingdom of Naples
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171:Pope Alexander VI
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679:0-312-29463-8
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498:
493:
491:
490:
485:
477:
476:Pope Pius III
473:
464:
461:
460:Cesare Borgia
458:Furthermore,
456:
454:
450:
448:
442:
440:
436:
428:
423:
414:
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411:Pope Pius III
408:
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349:
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336:
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312:Cesare Borgia
309:
307:
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289:claim to the
288:
284:
280:
269:
268:Cesare Borgia
265:
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191:Cesare Borgia
188:
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173:. Due to the
172:
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167:Pope Pius III
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50:Key officials
48:
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20:
2013:Italian Wars
1982:
1965:
1948:
1931:
1914:
1897:
1885:from Commons
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1842:
1835:Vatican City
1823:Christianity
1759:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1627:October 1978
1210:October 1503
1193:
984:January 1276
900:October 1187
703:
685:
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331:designed by
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279:Italian Wars
276:
227:Italian Wars
214:
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175:Italian Wars
162:
160:
152:October 1503
128:
127:Name taken:
121:
116:Elected pope
44:Papal States
1865:Definitions
1811:Catholicism
1711:Cum proxime
1611:August 1978
484:conclavists
417:Proceedings
169:to succeed
75:Protodeacon
1997:Categories
1916:Quotations
1682:(selected)
1261:April 1555
664:References
467:Scrutinies
293:, ousting
221:Background
90:Candidates
65:Camerlengo
1967:Resources
1950:Textbooks
1680:documents
1678:Governing
1503:1830–1831
1482:1799–1800
1475:1774–1775
1398:1669–1670
1282:1565–1566
1254:1549–1550
1233:1521–1522
1061:1314–1316
1054:1304–1305
1033:1292–1294
1026:1287–1288
1012:1280–1281
991:July 1276
977:1268–1271
970:1264–1265
773:conclaves
363:Cardinal
1783:Category
1666:electors
1650:electors
1634:electors
1618:electors
1602:electors
1586:electors
1570:electors
1554:electors
1538:electors
1354:electors
1347:May 1605
1338:electors
1268:May 1555
1217:electors
1201:electors
501:Pius III
497:accessus
489:papabile
400:papabile
215:Pius III
165:elected
129:Pius III
85:Election
1797:Portals
505:Pius II
287:Angevin
154: →
145:←
108:Ballots
1764:(2013)
1754:(2007)
1744:(1996)
1734:(1975)
1724:(1970)
1714:(1922)
1704:(1621)
1694:(1274)
692:
677:
509:deacon
189:, and
177:, the
1933:Texts
1882:Media
515:Notes
377:Milan
193:(the
1984:Data
1899:News
1659:2013
1643:2005
1595:1963
1579:1958
1563:1939
1547:1922
1531:1914
1524:1903
1517:1878
1510:1846
1496:1829
1489:1823
1468:1769
1461:1758
1454:1740
1447:1730
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1433:1721
1426:1700
1419:1691
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1187:1492
1180:1484
1173:1471
1166:1464
1159:1458
1152:1455
1145:1447
1138:1431
1131:1417
1124:1406
1117:1404
1110:1389
1103:1378
1096:1370
1089:1362
1082:1352
1075:1342
1068:1334
1047:1303
1040:1294
1019:1285
1005:1277
963:1261
956:1254
949:1243
942:1241
935:1227
928:1216
921:1198
914:1191
893:1185
886:1181
879:1159
872:1154
865:1153
858:1145
851:1144
844:1143
837:1130
830:1124
823:1119
816:1118
809:1099
802:1088
795:1086
788:1073
781:1061
690:ISBN
675:ISBN
398:The
318:and
229:and
161:The
147:1492
55:Dean
1999::
702:,
632:^
602:^
548:^
522:^
394:.
335:.
301:.
185:,
100:,
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1851::
1799::
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696:.
681:.
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