33:
516:(They) were neither always military nor always agricultural, but might approach very closely the service of knights or the service of farmers ... The serjeanty of holding the king's head when he made a rough passage across the Channel, of pulling a rope when his vessel landed, of counting his chessmen on Christmas Day, of bringing fuel to his castle, of doing his carpentry, of finding his pot-herbs, of forging his irons for his ploughs, of tending his garden, of nursing the hounds gored and injured in the hunt, of serving as veterinary to his sick falcons, such and many others might be the ceremonial or menial services due from a given serjeanty.
580:, "hawk"), presumably hawker to Edward the Confessor, held from the king an estate worth £7 in Somerset and did so in an area appropriate to his occupation, close to a water habitat. J. H. Round ascribed the development of serjeanties in England to Norman influence, though he did not dismiss earlier roots. The Anglo-Saxon historian James Campbell has suggested that serjeanties such as the messenger services recorded in the 13th century may represent "semi-fossilised remnants of important parts of the Anglo-Saxon governmental system".
1129:
659:(1660–1685), that of grand serjeanty was retained, doubtless on account of its honorary character, it being then limited in practice to the performance of certain duties at coronations, the discharge of which as a right has always been coveted, and the earliest record of which is that of the coronation of Queen
688:
in 1902. Although the first holder of such heritable grand sergeanties was clearly a man well liked and respected by the appointing monarch, and suitable to the role, the character of the tenant's heir in the duty, often involving close personal proximity, might be less pleasing to future monarchs.
544:
of 1086, though not in all cases differentiated from the barons, who held by knight-service. A few mediaeval tenures by serjeanty can be definitely traced as far back as
Domesday in the case of three Hampshire serjeanties: those of acting as king's marshal, of finding an archer for his service, and
609:
of those serjeanties the lands of which had been partly alienated, which were thereby converted into socage tenures (i.e. paying money rents), or in some cases, tenures by knight-service. Gradually the gulf widened, and "petty" serjeanties, consisting of renders, together with serjeanties held of
485:
on condition of the performance of a certain duty other than knight-service, usually the discharge of duties in the household of the king or a noble. It ranged from non-standard service in the king's army (distinguished only by equipment from that of the knight), to petty renders (for example the
683:
Although today any surviving remnants of grand sergeanty are regarded as roles of high honour, it should be remembered that originally grand sergeanty was a duty, not a right. Clearly even by the medieval era much grand sergeanty had become in practice merely a token of high honour given by a
646:
Once it began to give way, serjeanty disintegrated more quickly and easily than the other tenures as the feudal conception of society lost its hold...Its miscellaneous services had...many fates. A large number soon became obsolete; others were commuted to money payments or changed to knight's
600:
of 1215, the king there renouncing the right of prerogative wardship in the case of those who held of him by the render of small articles. The legal doctrine which developed that serjeanties were inalienable (i.e. non-transferable) and impartible, led during the reign of King
684:
monarch, where the duty was patently absurd and entirely non-onerous, except for the requirement of the physical presence of the tenant concerned. The duty of supporting the king's right arm was still performed at the coronation of
647:
service; a few that were honourable or ornamental were retained in their original form as part of the coronation ceremony. Some being still useful were performed by deputy, or absorbed into the regular administrative system.
848:
Serjeanty is to be distinguished from offices held hereditarily "in gross". These are not serjeanties, as they were not incidents of the tenure of a manor or other land. They are heritable in the same way as
696:
The meaning of serjeant as a household officer is still preserved in the monarch's serjeants-at-arms, serjeant-surgeons and serjeant-trumpeter. The horse and foot serjeants (
763:
769:
501:(1895) described it as being a free "servantship" in the sense that the serjeant, whatever his task, was essentially a menial servant. However the feudal historian
744:
520:
The varieties of serjeanty were later increased by lawyers, who for the sake of convenience categorised under this head such duties as escort service to the
775:
818:
803:
1230:
Oggins, V. D. and Robin S. Oggins. "Hawkers and falconers along the Ouse. A geographic principle of location in some serjeanty and related holdings."
809:
797:
791:
785:
888:
1144:
505:
objected that their definition does not cover military serjeanties and glosses over the honorific value of at least some of the services.
374:
1153:
853:, so that they can pass to a daughter where there is no male heir, and be split between daughters as co-heiresses if there are several.
884:
700:) of the king's army in the 12th century, who ranked after the knights and were more lightly armed, were unconnected with land tenure.
549:. It is probable, however, that many supposed tenures by serjeanty were not really such, although so described in returns, in
1087:
978:
880:
553:, and other records. The simplest legal test of the tenure was that serjeants, though liable to the feudal exactions of
486:
rendering of a quantity of basic food such as a goose) scarcely distinguishable from those of the rent-paying tenant or
494:
872:
690:
367:
32:
295:
1209:
Brand, Paul. "The
Serjeants of the Common Bench in the reign of Edward I. An Emerging Professional Elite." In
1313:
1308:
1263:
689:
Today, those with duties pertaining to the coronation are required to make their case to perform them at the
432:
220:
39:
1077:
959:
Cassell's Latin
Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p.519
1298:
927:
630:(15th century), this distinction appears as well defined, but the development was one of legal theory.
360:
671:, long held by the Dymoke family, and of supporting the king's right arm, appurtenant to the manor of
1273:
1184:
498:
738:
618:, while "grand" serjeanties, the holders of which performed their service in person, became alone
550:
509:
1253:
907:
832:
748:
1303:
861:
656:
235:
1318:
602:
569:
174:
130:
24:
8:
729:
660:
623:
120:
65:
932:
896:
733:
664:
652:
460:
285:
125:
642:(1272–1307), tenure by serjeanty was well on the retreat, as Kimball (1936) observes:
1140:
1083:
974:
546:
521:
502:
160:
135:
473:" is derived from the same source, though developing an entirely different meaning.
876:
753:
723:
402:
315:
1009:; Marchant, J. R. V. & Charles, Joseph F., (eds.), revised edition, 1928, p. 6
1293:
712:, duty to provide white kid gloves and support king's right arm, while the Royal
565:
245:
115:
46:
900:
892:
850:
482:
436:
275:
250:
165:
100:
75:
1123:. 2nd edition. 1898 (first edition 1895). Available from the Internet Archive.
1287:
1173:
1148:
1135:
921:
709:
541:
305:
290:
465:
1216:
Campbell, James. "Some Agents and
Agencies of the Late Anglo-Saxon State."
1213:, ed. M. Prestwich, R. H. Britnell, and R. Frame. Woodbridge, 1999. 81–102.
1196:
1189:
1107:
The King's
Serjeants & Officers of State with their Coronation Services
836:
335:
240:
561:; they made in place of this exaction special composition with the Crown.
1227:. Yale Historical Publications Miscellany 30. New Haven and London, 1936.
1211:
Thirteenth century
England VII: Proceedings of the Durham conference 1997
779:
606:
597:
525:
392:
230:
210:
170:
150:
757:
717:
685:
668:
611:
554:
330:
70:
564:
Some of the
Domesday Book tenants may have been serjeants before the
388:
350:
280:
90:
741:
duty to count the King's chessmen and storing them away after a game
1079:
The King's
Serjeants & Officers of State: Kings & Sergeants
822:
639:
470:
270:
255:
190:
95:
80:
1134:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
813:
713:
672:
558:
340:
325:
260:
205:
200:
180:
105:
651:
When the military tenure of knight-service was abolished at the
828:
615:
487:
320:
140:
110:
85:
417:
185:
411:
868:
588:
The germ of the later distinction between "grand" (French:
524:, or of military service on the Welsh border by the men of
423:
195:
60:
414:
583:
1109:. London, 1911. PDF available from the Internet Archive.
1119:
Pollock, Sir
Frederick and Frederic William Maitland.
971:
The
History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I
800:, duty to bear a towel for washing the monarch's hands
1239:
Obligations of Society in the XII and XIII Centuries.
968:
408:
420:
969:Pollock, Frederick; F. W. Maitland (30 June 2007).
435:in return for a specified duty other than standard
405:
1121:History of English Law before the Time of Edward I
950:Collins Dictionary of the English Language, p.1394
1139:
1285:
1232:Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society
1270:. Useful, but its editions are very uncritical.
469:, "to keep, preserve, save, rescue, deliver". "
843:
703:
481:Serjeanty originated in the assignation of an
620:liable to the burden of wardship and marriage
368:
1157:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
540:) already appear as a distinct class in the
448:
1220:, ed. J. C. Holt. Woodbridge, 1987. 201-18.
663:in 1236. The most conspicuous are those of
454:
885:Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun
512:stated as follows concerning serjeanties:
476:
375:
361:
720:, from the late 11th century until 1327.
887:, who shares with other descendants of
835:was held by the service of keeping the
1286:
1203:
584:Grand serjeanty versus petty serjeanty
40:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
1075:
879:. In 2023, the spurs were carried by
596:, "small") serjeanty is found in the
1225:Serjeanty tenure in medieval England
1099:
973:(2 ed.). Lawbook Exchange Ltd.
447:The word comes from the French noun
881:Delaval Astley, 23rd Baron Hastings
16:Land tenure under the feudal system
13:
1167:
1162:
788:, duty to bear a charger of wafers
766:, duty to present three Maple cups
678:
14:
1330:
633:
572:. For instance, a certain Siward
391:in France and England during the
1127:
531:
401:
31:
1082:. Routledge. pp. 243–248.
1069:
1060:
875:, vested in descendants of the
760:at coronations, 1066 until 1821
592:, "large") and "petty" (French
1047:
1038:
1025:
1012:
1000:
987:
962:
953:
944:
667:, appurtenant to the manor of
296:Peerages in the United Kingdom
1:
1178:Victoria History of Hampshire
938:
754:Manor of Bardolf-in-Addington
221:Feudal land tenure in England
889:20th Baroness Grey de Ruthyn
772:, Chief Larderer and caterer
442:
7:
1044:Campbell, "Agents." p. 211.
928:History of English land law
914:
844:Hereditary offices in gross
704:Examples of grand serjeanty
653:Restoration of the Monarchy
557:, etc., were not liable to
10:
1335:
1234:80 (1992 for 1991)': 7–20.
1007:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
764:Manor of Nether Bilsington
756:, duty to serve a mess of
1185:Red Book of the Exchequer
1114:The Kings and Their Hawks
1076:Round, J. Horace (1911).
739:Manor of Kingston Russell
499:Frederic William Maitland
1254:McKechnie, William Sharp
551:inquisitions post mortem
453:, itself from the Latin
1154:Encyclopædia Britannica
908:Grand Carver of England
770:Manor of Eston-le-Mount
749:Chief Butler of England
716:was in his hand during
545:of keeping the gaol in
477:Origins and development
1241:Oxford, 1946. Chapter.
1223:Kimball, Elisabeth G.
867:the duty to carry the
862:Lord Great Chamberlain
794:, Chief Sewer (server)
649:
568:, in the time of King
518:
464:
455:
449:
1020:Kings and their Hawks
644:
638:By the reign of King
514:
493:The legal historians
236:English feudal barony
1314:Medieval English law
1309:Feudalism in England
1237:Poole, Austin Lane.
745:Manor of Kenninghall
570:Edward the Confessor
456:serviens, servientis
131:Feudal fragmentation
730:Manor of Scrivelsby
726:, ibid., from 1327.
661:Eleanor of Provence
605:(1216–1272) to the
66:Ecclesiastical fief
1299:Society of England
1116:. New Haven, 2004.
1105:Round, J. Horace.
933:Feudal land tenure
897:Viscount St Davids
856:Examples include:
776:Manor of Wymondley
461:present participle
286:Customary freehold
126:Feudal maintenance
1278:Coronation Claims
1204:Secondary sources
1141:John Horace Round
1112:Oggins, Robin S.
1100:Secondary sources
1089:978-1-136-22265-8
1035:. pp. 14–20, 270.
980:978-1-58477-718-2
778:, duty to bear a
547:Winchester Castle
522:Abbess of Barking
503:John Horace Round
495:Frederick Pollock
459:, "serving", the
385:
384:
161:Lord of the manor
136:Bastard feudalism
25:English feudalism
1326:
1218:Domesday Studies
1158:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1094:
1093:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1055:Serjeanty tenure
1051:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:King's serjeants
1029:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
995:King's serjeants
991:
985:
984:
966:
960:
957:
951:
948:
877:Earl of Pembroke
851:baronies by writ
819:Manor of Sculton
804:Manor of Bedford
724:Manor of Worksop
710:Manor of Farnham
621:
458:
452:
431:) was a form of
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
377:
370:
363:
316:Avera and inward
50:
35:
21:
20:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1284:
1283:
1206:
1176:, see e.g. the
1170:
1168:Primary sources
1165:
1163:Further reading
1128:
1126:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
992:
988:
981:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
917:
846:
810:Manor of Ashele
798:Manor of Heydon
792:Manor of Pelham
786:Manor of Lyston
734:King's Champion
706:
691:Court of Claims
686:King Edward VII
681:
679:Modern remnants
665:King's Champion
636:
619:
586:
566:Norman Conquest
534:
479:
445:
404:
400:
381:
345:
300:
215:
145:
52:
51:
47:Bayeux Tapestry
44:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1149:Chisholm, Hugh
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1068:
1059:
1046:
1037:
1024:
1011:
999:
986:
979:
961:
952:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
930:
925:
916:
913:
912:
911:
904:
901:Baron Churston
893:Earl of Romney
891:including the
865:
845:
842:
841:
840:
825:
816:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
773:
767:
761:
751:
742:
736:
727:
721:
705:
702:
680:
677:
635:
634:Disintegration
632:
585:
582:
533:
530:
508:The historian
483:estate in land
478:
475:
444:
441:
437:knight-service
383:
382:
380:
379:
372:
365:
357:
354:
353:
347:
346:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
312:
309:
308:
302:
301:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
251:Knight-service
248:
243:
238:
233:
227:
224:
223:
217:
216:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
168:
166:Manorial court
163:
157:
154:
153:
147:
146:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
101:Subinfeudation
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
76:Allodial title
73:
68:
63:
57:
54:
53:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1331:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:Feudal duties
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:Domesday Book
1172:
1171:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1136:public domain
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
990:
982:
976:
972:
965:
956:
947:
943:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
923:
922:Quia Emptores
919:
918:
909:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
859:
858:
857:
854:
852:
838:
834:
830:
827:The manor of
826:
824:
820:
817:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
777:
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771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
752:
750:
746:
743:
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731:
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722:
719:
715:
711:
708:
707:
701:
699:
694:
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687:
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666:
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658:
654:
648:
643:
641:
631:
629:
625:
617:
613:
608:
604:
599:
595:
591:
581:
579:
575:
574:Accipitrarius
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
542:Domesday Book
539:
532:Domesday Book
529:
527:
523:
517:
513:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
484:
474:
472:
468:
467:
462:
457:
451:
440:
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428:
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378:
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366:
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342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
311:
310:
307:
306:Feudal duties
304:
303:
297:
294:
292:
291:Landed gentry
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
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42:
41:
34:
30:
29:
26:
23:
22:
19:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1197:Book of Fees
1195:
1190:Rolls series
1183:
1177:
1152:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1078:
1071:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
989:
970:
964:
955:
946:
920:
855:
847:
837:Royal Forest
697:
695:
682:
650:
645:
637:
627:
614:, sank into
593:
589:
587:
577:
576:(from Latin
573:
563:
537:
535:
519:
515:
510:Mary Bateson
507:
492:
480:
463:of the verb
446:
396:
395:, tenure by
386:
336:Scot and lot
265:
246:Knight's fee
241:Feudal baron
38:
18:
1319:Land tenure
1258:Magna Carta
1246:Older works
1022:. pp. 46–7.
780:silver-gilt
612:mesne lords
607:arrentation
598:Magna Carta
536:Serjeants (
526:Archenfield
393:Middle Ages
231:Land tenure
211:Free tenant
171:Manor house
151:Manorialism
1288:Categories
997:. pp. 6–8.
939:References
873:coronation
758:Dillegrout
718:Coronation
698:servientes
669:Scrivelsby
657:Charles II
538:servientes
331:Feudal aid
71:Crown land
1180:, vol. I.
1145:Serjeanty
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1057:. p. 250.
1053:Kimball,
839:of Kinver
806:, Almoner
624:Littleton
603:Henry III
578:accipiter
443:Etymology
397:serjeanty
389:feudalism
351:Feudalism
281:Gavelkind
266:Serjeanty
91:Feoffment
1018:Oggins,
915:See also
899:and the
833:Stourton
823:larderer
655:by King
640:Edward I
555:wardship
471:Sergeant
276:Freehold
271:Copyhold
256:Baronage
191:Overlord
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814:naperer
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559:scutage
488:socager
450:sergent
341:Tallage
326:Scutage
261:Peerage
206:Serfdom
201:Peasant
181:Demesne
106:Feoffee
1294:Titles
1274:Franks
1264:Blount
1147:". In
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1086:
977:
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829:Kinver
747:, the
732:, The
616:socage
433:tenure
387:Under
321:Socage
141:Livery
116:Homage
111:Fealty
86:Vassal
871:at a
869:spurs
622:. In
594:petit
590:grand
466:servo
186:Glebe
1084:ISBN
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