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fatherland and my father's gods. For now, despite my youth, you have left me exposed in the cruellest of wars. You have, to the best of your ability, condemned both me and a faithful army to that most wretched of deaths, that of starvation. Is this what the Roman people expected when they sent their sons to war? And after being wounded, and so often shedding their blood for their country, is this how they are rewarded? When I got tired of fruitlessly writing letters and sending envoys, I used up my personal resources, and even my credit, while in three years you have barely supplied me with enough to keep going for one. By the
Immortal Gods! What do you think I am – the treasury, or someone capable of running an army with neither food nor pay? I'll admit that I started this war with more zeal than discretion. Forty days after you gave me the empty title of general I had raised an army. The enemy were already at the throat of Italy, and I drove them from the Alps into Hispania, in the process opening for you a route far superior to Hannibal's. ... Outnumbered and with inexperienced troops I held off the first onslaught of the conquering Sertorius. Thereafter I spent the winter not in making myself popular or in the towns but in camp among the most savage of enemies. Do I really have to recount the battles and campaigns, the towns destroyed or captured? The matter speaks for itself; the taking of the enemy camp at Sucro, the fight on the River Turia, Gaius Herennius, the enemy commander, wiped out along with his army; Valentia; you know all this well enough. So, grateful fathers, in return for all this – we get want and hunger. They are in the same condition, the enemy army and mine. Neither has any pay, and both can march into Italy to get it. Take note of this and please give my warning your full attention – you do not want me to take into my own hands the job of providing myself with what I need. Those parts of Hispania Citerior not held by the enemy are actually a costly burden for us because apart from the coastal towns both we and Sertorius have devastated it into total destitution. Gaul supplied cash and crops to Metellus last year – this year the crops failed and the province can barely support itself. So I'm out of options, money and credit. It is up to you. Either you save the situation or my army will come to Italy and bring the war with it. It's not what I want, but you have been warned.
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remained relatively fresh. Since his enemy remained drawn up in front of his camp for hours, Metellus had plenty of time to study their dispositions and make his own plans accordingly. He had observed that
Hirtuleius had posted his strongest units in the centre of his battle line. When the battle finally commenced Metellus held back his own centre and concentrated on winning on the flanks. After defeating his opponents flanks he enveloped Hirtuleius centre. Hirtuleius lost 20,000 men at Italica and, chastened, he fled north to join his commander Sertorius who was squaring off against Pompey. Metellus followed wanting to make the most of his victory by trapping Sertorius between Pompey and himself.
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bodyguard and he exchanged it for an
Iberian one causing resentment among the Romans and Italians in the Sertorian camp who saw this as a sign that their commander did not trust them anymore. Now a group of Romans began to actively plot his downfall. Plutarch tells how the Romans meted out harsh treatment to the Natives, blaming their actions on Sertorius' orders thus undermining his popularity, while Sertorius himself remained unaware. They wanted to get rid of Sertorius, who was becoming more and more erratic and paranoid. It is normally assumed that Perperna made his move to assassinate Sertorius in 72 BC. However there are strong arguments in favor of 73 BC.
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for enduring – as their enemy did – constant hunger without either tent or campfire, his army was useless. The light armour and consequent agility of his
Iberian warriors meant Sertorius was constantly shifting the focus and changing the situation, until Metellus was at his wits' end. Metellus was no longer young, and after the many heroic contests of his youth he was now inclined to ease and luxury, while Sertorius was full of mature vigour. ... When Sertorius challenged Metellus to single combat, Metellus' men cheered and urged him to fight it out, general on general, and they mocked him when he declined.
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although
Sertorius defeated the left wing of Pompey's army (even forcing Pompey himself to flee the battlefield after his failed attempt to raise morale among his crumbling wing) his other wing was defeated by Pompey's legate Afranius, so the end result was a draw. When word came of Metellus's imminent arrival, Sertorius marched inland with Pompey and Metellus in pursuit. At a town called Saguntum (probably not the city of Saguntum but a town with a similar name – see the discussion about its location in the
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countermeasures
Sertorius not only forced Metellus into besieging the city but also caused him to run out of supplies really quickly. Metellus had to detach a legion to go scouting for provisions. Upon their return they were ambushed by Sertorius who routed them and forced them to abandon their supplies. This left Metellus with nothing to feed his army and he gave up the siege and marched back to the coast. Back in Rome, Sulla died (78 BC) of natural causes leaving his faction without a strong leader.
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offer would be to destroy any hope of returning to Rome. More likely the offer grew out of an acceptance by the
Lusitani that they would not be able to defeat Rome and that their best hope was to assist the establishment in Rome of a regime sympathetic to them. Spann suggests that a major reason for Sertorius' acceptance was that it was becoming clearer that there would be no amnesty for him and his followers nor reconciliation with the regime set up by Sulla.
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They fought in the narrow space which separated the river from the city walls, conditions which favoured the battle hardened veterans of their opponent. Herennius himself was among the 10,000 casualties. Valentia was taken and sacked. Sertorius who was campaigning against
Metellus had to rush east to recover the situation and left Hirtuleius in command in Hispania Ulterior.
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legions) with him to Spain. Thus reinforced
Sertorius decided to take on the eastern cities who supported the Sullan faction. His first target was the city of Lauron between Valentia and Saguntum. Meanwhile, Pompey had crossed the Pyrenees and was marching his army toward Sertorius, he intended to finish the rebellion in one stroke by trying to force Sertorius into a
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Sertorius to leave and wander into the crowds, so it would be easier to kill him, as despite his age
Sertorius was still a skilled warrior. Disgusted, Sertorius changed his posture on the couch, intent on ignoring them all. At this, Perperna gave the signal to his fellow conspirators, and they murdered the unsuspecting Sertorius on the spot.
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From my early youth I have endured peril and privation whilst the armies under my command put to flight the most criminal of your enemies and made you safe. Yet, Fathers of the Senate, now that I am absent, you could do no more against me than you are now doing if I had spent my time fighting you, my
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Metellus wanted to keep his troops in order so he had announced he had intelligence of an enemy ambush. He ordered that no-one should break ranks and leave the standards. He only did this to keep his troops disciplined, yet he happened to meet with an actual ambush. His soldiers dealt with it calmly,
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He was accustomed to regular warfare with heavy infantry. He liked to command a solid, ponderous bloc of infantry. This formation was superbly trained to push back and vanquish the enemy in combat at close quarters. For constantly chasing men who floated like the wind over mountains he had to climb,
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Upon learning of the death of Sertorius, some of his Iberian allies sent ambassadors to Pompey or to Metellus and made peace, most simply went home. Perperna managed to retain control of some of the Roman renegades who had followed Sertorius, but he needed a quick victory to gain his people's trust.
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in order to link up with Metellus who was in Hispania Ulterior. Initially successful he suffered a major setback when he faced Sertorius at the city of Lauron. Sertorius arrived at Lauron first, and began to lay siege to the city. Pompey was very confident of victory and when he arrived he built his
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Hirtuleius, a lieutenant of Quintus Sertorius, was taking a handful of cohorts up a narrow road between two steep and impassable mountains. On being told that a substantial enemy force was approaching he dug a ditch between the mountains, and set a wooden rampart behind that. He then set fire to the
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Upon hearing of Hirtuleius's defeat and the loss of his army at Italica, Sertorius decided he had to defeat Pompey before Metellus arrived from the west. Pompey, for whatever reason, decided to comply and both men drew up their armies for battle. They fought a pitched battle at the River Sucro; and
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Pompey, was delighted with the way things had turned out, for he now positioned his army so that Sertorius was, as he believed, caught between the city and the army. So Pompey sent a messenger to the people of Lauron. He invited them to celebrate, and take their seats along the city wall to see how
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The ongoing Sertorian threat forced the government in Rome into taking drastic measures; they agreed that the new governor of Hispania Citerior should get a proconsular command and that he should be sent out with a sizeable army to support Metellus's struggle against Sertorius and his rebels. In 76
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The Lusitani had a long history of resistance to Rome. Some historians have concluded that the Lusitani were seeking independence and by taking over the leadership of the movement Sertorius was opposing Rome itself. Philip Spann considers this unlikely, as for Sertorius to accept such a treasonable
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During 73 BC there was a growing division between the Roman and Native elements of the Sertorian coalition. Metellus had offered a reward of one hundred silver talents and twenty-thousand acres of land to any Roman who would betray Sertorius. This resulted in Sertorius no longer trusting his Roman
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At the start of the campaigning season of 75 BC Pompey defeated Sertorius's legates, Perperna and Gaius Herennius, in a battle near Valentia. Perperna and Herennius made the mistake of giving battle, apparently they were under the impression they could defeat the young general in a pitched battle.
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Metellus, unaware of the disaster, had already sent one of his legates, Lucius Thorius Balbus, to provide assistance to Domitius, but he too was defeated, this time by Sertorius himself. Domitius Calvinus's replacement as governor was Quintus Calidius. Metellus entered Spain in late 80 or early 79
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Perperna proceeded to invite Sertorius to a feast to celebrate a supposed victory. While under most circumstances, any festivities to which Sertorius was invited were conducted with great propriety, this particular feast was vulgar, designed to offend the skillful general. Perperna wanted to goad
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Sertorius responded by sending out his light troops and cavalry to harass Pompey's foragers. He ordered his men to concentrate on the forage parties in the nearby areas but to leave the Pompeians in the more distant tracts alone. Eventually, tired of the continual raids, the Pompeians moved their
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faction against Sulla. In 83 BC, Sertorius, after falling out with his faction's leadership, was sent to the Iberian Peninsula as its governor. Unfortunately for Sertorius, his faction lost the war in Italy, and Sulla dispatched an army which drove him from Iberia. After some wandering, Sertorius
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At the end of the campaigning season of 74 BC Pompey took his army into the Roman Province in southern Gaul where the local governor, Fronteius, had laid on stores for Pompey and his forces. Pompey used the winter to write urgent letters to his followers and the Senate in Rome. The letter to the
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near the Roman colony of Italica. Hirtuleius mustered his army soon after dawn and marched on Metellus's encampment. Metellus also mustered his troops, but kept them behind his entrenchments until noon. It was extremely hot and Hirtuleius' troops were soon sweltering while Metellus' legionaries
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and was raising troops from among the Ligurians and Gauls there, when his men heard that Pompey was marching north to deal with them, they demanded that Perperna take them to Hispania and join up with Sertorius. Perperna brought a substantial force of fifty-three cohorts (almost five-and-a-half
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Pompey lured Perperna's army into his ambush using 10 cohorts as bait. He allowed these to be attacked while scattered over a wide area, perhaps foraging, and as they fled they drew Perperna's army into the hidden lines of the main army. As these attacked from ambush, the 10 cohorts turned and
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The Battle of Lauron was a brilliant tactical victory for the Sertorians and proved the war was far from over. Unfortunately for Sertorius, Metellus fought his way past Perperna who was trying to keep him from interfering and came to Pompey's rescue. Unwilling to be caught between two enemies,
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Pompey's successful ambush proved Plutarch's disparaging comment "Perperna was as bad at command as he was at following orders". Perperna attempted to plead for his life, offering to give Pompey all of Sertorius' correspondence, which would document contacts with the highest levels of Roman
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Pompey put troops here and there, in places where they could attack from ambush. Then, pretending fear, he pulled back drawing the enemy after him. Then, when he had the enemy exposed to the ambuscade, he wheeled his army about. He attacked, slaughtering the enemy to his front and on both
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near Lisbon), a town allied to Sertorius. Metellus intended it to be an object lesson; he wanted the Celtic towns to know Sertorius could not protect them. Forewarned Sertorius supplied and fortified the city and stripped the countryside around Langobriga of anything useful. Through these
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The war during the year 74 BC is poorly documented. During the winter Metellus, who was wintering in Gaul, received two legions in reinforcements When the campaigning season started he marched across the Pyrenees and joined Pompey. They concentrated their efforts on the lands of the
917:(Pompey), who had never been a magistrate, on behalf of the consuls (both of whom had refused the command themselves). Pompey recruited an army of 30,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, its size evidence of the seriousness of the threat presented by Sertorius, and marched to Hispania.
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where he was defeated and driven back into the city. After this setback, Manlius decided to retreat to his province. Hirtuleius tried to put Manlius under siege in Ilerda, but the governor of Gaul was able to escape. When he returned to Gaul where he was attacked by the Aquitani.
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in Celtiberia drawing Metellus and Pompey with him. At Clunia Sertorius resisted a siege tying up Pompey and Metellus while elsewhere his agents were rebuilding his army. When they were ready, Sertorius extricated his force from Clunia and joined up with the rest of his army.
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Pompey had a veteran army (recruited from among his own and Sulla's veterans) of 30,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry at his back and must have been very confident for he immediately took the offensive; Upon entering Hispania he started clearing the coastal strip from the
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that the Sertorians were unable to stop. After years of fighting, discontent in the Sertorian coalition grew and culminated in the assassination of Sertorius by Perperna in 73 or 72 BC. The war ended soon after when Perperna was promptly defeated by Pompey in the
755:, a fierce Celtic people, who implored him to lead them against the Sullan government which was extorting them back home. The Lusitanians chose Sertorius because of the mild policy he had pursued while governor in 82 BC, as compared to harsher earlier governors.
1093:. He was besieging the city when Sertorius turned up. Pompey did not stay to fight, but retreated before Sertorius could engage. From that moment on Pompey operated more closely to Metellus, each remaining close enough to support the other should the need arise.
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government and society. Pompey indicated he would accept the papers, and when they had all been gathered together, he burned them, averting the possibility of another civil war. He then executed Perperna and all of the men who had murdered Sertorius. After this
869:), Viccus Caecilius and Caecilina. This strategy might have worked on an inferior opponent, but Sertorius kept up a relentless campaign of hit-and-run attacks and ambuscades slowly wearing down Metellus who was soon forced to call for help.
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Pompey's threat galvanised Rome's aristocrats, and since the State was lacking the funds, they started a fund-raising campaign. The Sertorian threat frightened Rome's elite and many decided to contribute from their private fortunes.
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Lacking strong-points in central Hispania, Metellus set about creating them, he also started to methodically secure the cities and tribes of Hispania . Some of these forts are known today – Metellinum (Medellin), Castra Caecilia
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In the view of Scullard, Pompey's treatment of Hispania was humane, relative to the normal Roman treatment for traitors and rebels. Citizenship was given to many supporters and a group of fanatical opponents were resettled to
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main article) Sertorius' own forces, fed up with Sertorius' guerrilla tactics, forced Sertorius into battle. The battle ended inconclusive, but Sertorius suffered severe losses and was forced to withdraw further inland.
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foraging operations to the more remote areas. This was what Sertorius had been waiting for; During the night he ordered ten cohorts of heavily armed troops and ten cohorts of light troops under the command of
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Sertorius enjoyed being besieged. Sertorius was told of this, and found it highly amusing. Sulla's pupil (as he jokingly liked to refer to Pompey) was due another lesson – this time from Sertorius himself.
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949:, secure it as a base, and from there move up the coast. Memmius was immediately blockaded in the city, probably by Sertorius's pirate allies, and was unable to play his part in the campaign.
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Sertorius‘ victory at the Baetis brought the majority of Hispania Ulterior back under his control. While he consolidated his power in the south-west (Ulterior) he sent his trusted lieutenant,
814:
to take care of its governor, one Cotta, and the remaining Sullan forces on the Iberian Peninsula. Concerned at the growing threat, the authorities in Rome upgraded Hispania Ulterior from a
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After rebuilding the walls of Palentia Sertorius suddenly marched east into the Ebro valley. He surprised the Romans besieging the fortress town of Calgurris, killing some 3000 of them.
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The Sertorian armies were greatly diminished following these battles. The Sullan generals were able to call on reinforcements from Rome, and from 74 BC onward conducted a
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876:, tried to come to Metellus's aid, he marched with three legions and 1,500 cavalry across the Pyrenees. He fought a battle with the forces of Lucius Hirtuleius near
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The Senate sent an admiral called Antonius with a fleet to wage a naval campaign against Sertorius' naval and coastal forces. Antonius tried to raise the siege of
664:, and campaigned with success against the Sullan governors, depicting himself as the legitimate Roman governor of Hispania while winning over the native tribes.
830:(who had taken over Hispania Citerior from Cotta) crossed over into Hispania Ulterior, he found his passage blocked by the army of Hirtuleius who had fortified
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loomed. Sertorius left Metellus to his devices and concentrated on subduing those tribes in the interior that had not yet yielded to his authority.
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76 BC Pompey is outgeneraled and defeated at the Battle of Lauron (two-thirds of his army survive and he remains a force to be reckoned with)
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1110:, but made little progress against the stalwart Sertorian besiegers. Eventually, Antonius was recalled as his fleet was needed elsewhere.
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Hirtuleius used guerrilla warfare to wear down Domitius Calvinus's army while he lured him inland. Eventually a battle was fought at the
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74 BC Pompey writes his famous letter to the Senate threatening to march back to Rome unless the Senate sends funds and reinforcements
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in North Africa. There, he helped the locals depose Ascalis, a pro-Sullan tyrant. In Tingis he was met by an embassy of discontented
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regime as proconsul to Hispania in 83 BC, but was ejected by a Sullan army in 81 BC. He returned in 80 BC, landing in
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80 BC Hirtuleius (Sertorius's lieutenant) defeats Domitius Calvinus (governor of Hispania Citerior) on the banks of the Anas River
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from Sardinia. However, Perperna had only reluctantly agreed to put himself under Sertorius's command; he had sailed his army to
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Perperna circumvented the Romans operating in the interior and marched to the Iberian west coast where he took the city of
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Unfortunately for Perperna and his men, Pompey had set a trap; he feigned a retreat and ambushed them. Frontinus reports:
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74 BC Sertorius marches into the Ebro valley and surprises the Romans besieging Calgurris (killing 3000 of the besiegers)
683:, sent against Sertorius in 80 BC, failed to dislodge him after several years of campaigning. The Roman Senate sent
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80 BC At the Baetis estuary Sertorius defeats the forces of Fufidius (probably the Roman governor of Hispania Ulterior)
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855:(modern Medellin), made several thrusts into the interior, but was thwarted by Sertorius who used guerrilla tactics.
847:; where Domitius was defeated; he either died in battle or was killed by his own troops who defected to the rebels.
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camp close to that of Sertorius to force Sertorius into battle. Sertorius decided to teach Pompey a lesson.
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74 BC Antonius, a Roman admiral, tries to break the Sertorian siege of Emporion, he failed and is recalled
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79/78 Hirtuleius defeats Lucius Manlius, the governor of Gallia Transalpina, and forces him back into Gaul
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75 BC Metellus and Pompey besiege Sertorius at Clunia, Sertorius breaks through their lines and escapes
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75 BC Sertorius fights Metellus and Pompey at the Battle of Saguntum, Sertorius retreats further inland
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76 BC Gaius Memmius (Pompey's quaestor) captures New Carthage, but is blockaded by Sertorius's allies
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to help Metellus in late 77 BC, but in 76 BC Pompey was defeated by Sertorius at the
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79 BC Metellus marches into Hispania, Sertorius start wearing him down by guerrilla warfare
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75 BC Pompey and Sertorius fight the indecisive Battle of Sucro, Sertorius retreats inland
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and two thousand cavalry to move out of his camp and lay an ambush against the foragers.
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1682:, p. 44. The size of the army clearly indicates the seriousness of the Sertorian threat.
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77 BC Sertorius consolidates his power, he gains control of most of the Iberia Peninsula
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80/79 Sertorius defeats Lucius Thorius Balbus (a lieutenant of the consul Metellus Pius)
1076:. Overall, however, it seems that Sertorius' position was somewhat eroded. According to
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In 77 BC Metellus adopted a more cautious strategy, only holding on to the line of the
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72 BC Pompey ambushes Perperna's army and defeats the last remnants of the Sertorians
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77 BC The Senate sends Gnaeus Pompey Magnus with a large army to reinforce Metellus
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73 BC Perperna and his fellow conspirators assassinate Sertorius during a banquet
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652:, the leader of the opposition. It was notable for Sertorius' successful use of
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75 BC featured four large battles that deteriorated the Sertorian cause.
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80 BC Sertorius and a small army land at Baelo (near the Pillars of Hercules)
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of the first century BC. The Sertorians comprised many Roman exiles from the
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attacked their pursuers from the front. The ensuing massacre was decisive.
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Sertorius consolidated control over both Hispanian provinces (Ulterior and
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Sertorian forces had taken Emporion out of the conflict by a close siege.
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to defeat a Roman force under Lucius Fufidius (probably the governor of
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78 BC Metellus tries to take Langobriga, Sertorius thwarts his efforts
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and defeating him. Pompey also sent a fleet under his brother-in-law,
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fought from 80 to 72 BC between two Roman factions, one led by
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75 BC Pompey defeats Herennius and Perperna at the Battle Valentia
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and another led by the senate as constituted in the aftermath of
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Troop movements and battles of the Sertorian War between 76–75 BC
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73 BC Metellus offers a reward to anyone who will kill Sertorius
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74 BC Pompey and Metellus campaign against Sertorius's allies
794:). Spann suggests that a more probable sequence is that the
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75 BC Metellus defeats Hirtuleius at the Battle of Italica
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and guerrilla warfare, along with the aid of his legate
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73 BC There is a growing division in the Sertorian camp
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occurred during Sertorius' initial march to Lusitania.
998:
1080:
Metellus even got lucky during that particular year.
884:
In 78 BC Metellus tried to take Langobriga (probably
1239:
74 BC Perperna takes Cale on the Hispanic west coast
1025:
839:
rampart and made his escape with the enemy cut off .
698:and Gaius Herennius were defeated by Pompey at the
920:In the same year (76 BC) Sertorius was joined by
3175:
645:, and native Celts, Aquitanians, and Iberians.
512:
2126:
2124:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1242:74 BC Sertorius rebuilds the walls of Palentia
2689:
2268:
1475:Plutarch's Sertorius: A historical commentary
706:. Sertorius engaged Pompey at the indecisive
498:
407:
317:
2652:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
2228:, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2013)
2061:
2059:
896:while he awaited the events in Rome where a
702:, while Metellus defeated Hirtuleius at the
2121:
1762:
1760:
1407:
1236:74 BC Sertorius drives Pompey from Palentia
1089:Pompey had less luck when he tried to take
1017:Metellus promptly defeated Hirtuleius in a
2696:
2682:
2275:
2261:
1114:Senate has been preserved in the works of
1054:Sertorius marched to the fortress town of
505:
491:
414:
400:
324:
310:
35:
2240:Quintus Sertorius and the Legacy of Sulla
2056:
1294:Quintus Sertorius and the Legacy of Sulla
1757:
1584:
1582:
762:In 80 BC Sertorius, after defeating off
641:led by Sertorius, who fashioned himself
2423:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
1595:
1267:
952:
425:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
3176:
2282:
2242:, University of Arkansas Press (1987)
1444:Brennan, p. 505–506; Philip Matyszak,
1062:
1049:
2677:
2256:
1579:
1281:The Encyclopaedia of Military History
1131:
909:BC the Senate accepted a proposal by
903:
801:
486:
395:
305:
3209:1st century BC in the Roman Republic
2531:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
2226:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
2210:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
2145:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
2047:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1982:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1930:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1913:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1845:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1815:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1781:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1768:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1739:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1722:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1642:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1590:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1574:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1553:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1536:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1523:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1459:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1446:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1402:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
1389:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1376:Sertorius and the Struggle for Spain
2888:Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis
999:The battles of Valentia and Italica
738:, Quintus Sertorius fought for the
16:Civil war in Roman republican Spain
13:
2072:
14:
3275:
2218:
1026:The battles of Sucro and Saguntum
331:
3155:
3154:
2664:Military history of ancient Rome
1720:, pp. 226–227; Philip Matyszak,
872:Lucius Manlius, the governor of
671:) between 80–77 BC through
165:
3140:The Tragedy of Pompey the Great
2647:Civil wars of the Third Century
2202:
2189:
2176:
2163:
2150:
2137:
2106:
2093:
2039:
2026:
2009:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1905:
1888:
1871:
1858:
1833:
1820:
1807:
1794:
1773:
1744:
1731:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1566:
1545:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1480:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1394:
824:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius
2113:Plutarch, Lives, Sertorius, 25
1381:
1374:, pp. 57–58; Philip Matyszak,
1364:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1273:
941:, accompanied by the Spaniard
1:
2938:Temple of Hercules Pompeianus
1085:since they were expecting it.
3264:Crisis of the Roman Republic
1166:
656:. Sertorius was sent by the
648:The war takes its name from
621:. The war was fought on the
29:Crisis of the Roman Republic
7:
3199:Roman Republican civil wars
1783:, pp. 117–118; John Leach,
1179:
275:Lucius Thorius Balbus
10:
3280:
3204:1st century BC in Hispania
2703:
2082:, p. 51; Philip Matyszak,
1915:, pp. 132–133; Frontinus,
1036:Battle of Saguntum (75 BC)
1029:
1002:
956:
796:battle of the Baetis River
766:a small naval force under
729:
589:Pompeian–Parthian invasion
3214:1st-century BC rebellions
3149:
3096:
3063:
3037:
2999:
2992:
2961:
2930:
2921:Lex Pompeia de provinciis
2872:
2840:
2807:
2789:
2751:
2718:
2711:
2660:
2605:Roman conquest of Britain
2576:
2290:
1843:, p.47; Philip Matyszak,
524:
433:
341:
126:
86:
45:
34:
26:
21:
2132:From the Gracchi to Nero
2049:, pp. 149–151; Sallust,
1724:, pp. 96–101; Scullard,
1471:Summary of Roman History
1420:From the Gracchi to Nero
1005:Battle of Valentia 75 BC
911:Lucius Marcius Philippus
828:Marcus Domitius Calvinus
822:province, and appointed
191:Gaius Tarquitius Priscus
186:Gaius Octavius Graecinus
2302:Roman conquest of Italy
2019:, pp. 147–48; Sallust,
1538:, pp. 82–84; Plutarch,
1318:H. Berve, "Sertorius",
926:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
913:to send his son-in-law
696:Marcus Perperna Veiento
609:was a civil war in the
292:Lucius Cornelius Balbus
3071:Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo
1555:, pp. 82–84; Orosius,
1152:
1125:
1087:
980:
915:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
862:
851:BC, basing himself at
841:
127:Commanders and leaders
2914:Lex Pompeia de ambitu
2809:Third Mithridatic War
2632:Domitian's Dacian War
2551:Liberators' civil war
2117:University of Chicago
1898:, pp. 113–115; Livy,
1847:, pp. 118–119; Livy,
1644:, p. 96; John Leach,
1147:
1120:
1082:
975:
857:
836:
633:) and was one of the
244:Decimus Laelius
2873:Legislative activity
2637:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2322:Roman–Hernician wars
2086:, p. 152; Plutarch,
1881:, p. 114; Plutarch,
1708:, 2.5.31; Plutarch,
1268:Notes and references
995:Sertorius withdrew.
953:The Battle of Lauron
639:Sullan proscriptions
263:M. Domitius Calvinus
258:Gaius Aurelius Cotta
3126:The Death of Pompey
2881:Lex Gellia Cornelia
2536:Roman–Parthian Wars
2327:Roman–Volscian wars
2307:Roman–Etruscan Wars
1851:, 91.4; Frontinus,
1648:, p. 47; Plutarch,
1473:, VI.1; C. Konrad,
1461:, p. 80; Plutarch,
1174:Lugdunum Convenarum
1063:The 74 BC campaigns
1050:Rebuilding the army
780:Pillars of Hercules
162:M. Perperna Veiento
2901:Eastern settlement
2842:Caesar's civil war
2642:Roman–Persian Wars
2541:Caesar's civil war
2413:Roman–Seleucid war
2312:Roman-Aequian wars
2284:Ancient Roman wars
1855:, 2.1.2 and 2.3.5.
1787:, p.48; Plutarch,
1716:, 18; John Leach,
1712:, 18.3; Plutarch,
1652:, 18.3; Plutarch,
1176:in southern Gaul.
1132:Events of 73–71 BC
1043:Battle of Saguntum
989:Tarquitius Priscus
945:, to try and take
904:Events of 76–74 BC
874:Gallia Transalpina
802:Events of 80–77 BC
712:Battle of Saguntum
700:Battle of Valentia
3171:
3170:
3119:Caesar and Pompey
3092:
3091:
2948:Portico of Pompey
2943:Theatre of Pompey
2868:
2867:
2720:Sulla's civil war
2671:
2670:
2627:Jewish–Roman wars
2499:Sulla's civil war
2493:Bellum Octavianum
2381:Illyro-Roman Wars
2354:Roman–Gallic wars
2332:Roman–Sabine wars
2248:978-0-938626-64-0
2234:978-1-84884-787-3
2224:Philip Matyszak,
2208:Philip Matyszak,
2197:Quintus Sertorius
2184:Life of Sertorius
2143:Philip Matyszak,
2088:Life of Sertorius
2067:Quintus Sertorius
2045:Philip Matyszak,
1980:Philip Matyszak,
1956:Quintus Sertorius
1943:Quintus Sertorius
1928:Philip Matyszak,
1911:Philip Matyszak,
1896:Quintus Sertorius
1883:Life of Sertorius
1879:Quintus Sertorius
1866:Quintus Sertorius
1813:Philip Matyszak,
1779:Philip Matyszak,
1766:Philip Matyszak,
1752:Life of Sertorius
1737:Philip Matyszak,
1714:Life of Sertorius
1654:Life of Sertorius
1640:Philip Matyszak,
1629:Life of Sertorius
1616:Quintus Sertorius
1588:Philip Matyszak,
1572:Philip Matyszak,
1559:, 5.23; Sallust,
1551:Philip Matyszak,
1540:Life of Sertorius
1534:Philip Matyszak,
1521:Philip Matyszak,
1510:Life of Sertorius
1497:Quintus Sertorius
1463:Life of Sertorius
1457:Philip Matyszak,
1400:Philip Matyszak,
1387:Philip Matyszak,
1372:Quintus Sertorius
1359:Quintus Sertorius
1346:Quintus Sertorius
1333:Quintus Sertorius
1322:64 (1929) p. 221.
1307:Quintus Sertorius
1279:Dupuy and Dupuy,
1009:Battle of Italica
985:Octavius Gracinus
812:Hispania Citerior
808:Lucius Hirtuleius
792:Hispania Ulterior
772:Iberian Peninsula
736:Sulla's civil war
704:Battle of Italica
677:Lucius Hirtuleius
662:Hispania Ulterior
654:guerrilla warfare
650:Quintus Sertorius
623:Iberian peninsula
619:Sulla's civil war
615:Quintus Sertorius
602:
601:
544:Bellum Octavianum
515:Roman Republican
480:
479:
389:
388:
300:
299:
149:Lucius Hirtuleius
137:Quintus Sertorius
82:
81:
67:Iberian peninsula
3271:
3194:70s BC conflicts
3189:80s BC conflicts
3158:
3157:
3029:Cornelia Metella
2997:
2996:
2716:
2715:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2593:Marcomannic Wars
2504:Mithridatic Wars
2428:Celtiberian Wars
2317:Roman–Latin wars
2277:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2171:Pompey the Great
2167:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2101:Pompey the Great
2097:
2091:
2080:Pompey the Great
2076:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1841:Pompey the Great
1837:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1785:Pompey the Great
1777:
1771:
1764:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1718:Pompey the Great
1702:
1696:
1693:Pompey the Great
1689:
1683:
1680:Pompey the Great
1676:
1670:
1667:Pompey the Great
1663:
1657:
1646:Pompey the Great
1638:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1603:Pompey the Great
1599:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1486:Brennan, p. 506.
1484:
1478:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1418:H. H. Scullard,
1416:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1277:
959:Battle of Lauron
770:, landed in the
719:war of attrition
689:Battle of Lauron
635:Roman civil wars
519:
507:
500:
493:
484:
483:
443:Celtiberian Wars
438:Second Punic War
428:
426:
416:
409:
402:
393:
392:
336:
326:
319:
312:
303:
302:
285:Quintus Calidius
281:
271:
250:
235:
181:
169:
157:
112:Cilician Pirates
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3145:
3088:
3059:
3033:
2988:
2957:
2953:Curia of Pompey
2926:
2864:
2836:
2803:
2785:
2747:
2712:Military career
2707:
2702:
2672:
2667:
2656:
2622:Civil war of 69
2610:Boudican revolt
2579:
2572:
2448:Cantabrian Wars
2386:Macedonian Wars
2293:
2286:
2281:
2221:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2122:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1910:
1906:
1893:
1889:
1876:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1726:Gracchi to Nero
1703:
1699:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1550:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1512:, 12–13 passim.
1507:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1469:90; Eutropius,
1456:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1182:
1169:
1134:
1065:
1052:
1038:
1032:Battle of Sucro
1030:Main articles:
1028:
1011:
1003:Main articles:
1001:
961:
955:
922:Marcus Perperna
906:
804:
732:
708:Battle of Sucro
673:pitched battles
603:
598:
520:
516:
513:
511:
481:
476:
472:Cantabrian Wars
429:
424:
422:
420:
390:
385:
337:
332:
330:
296:
277:
267:
254:Lucius Fufidius
246:
240:Lucius Afranius
231:
206:
195:Lucius Insteius
177:
173:Gaius Herennius
153:
116:
70:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3112:Parallel Lives
3108:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2557:Bellum Siculum
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2460:Jugurthine War
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Lusitanian War
2430:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2298:
2296:
2294:Roman Republic
2288:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2238:Philip Spann,
2236:
2220:
2219:Modern Sources
2217:
2215:
2214:
2212:, pp. 158–159.
2201:
2188:
2175:
2162:
2149:
2147:, pp. 153–154.
2136:
2120:
2105:
2092:
2071:
2055:
2038:
2025:
2008:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1960:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1904:
1887:
1870:
1868:, pp. 111–112.
1857:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1789:Life of Pompey
1772:
1756:
1743:
1730:
1710:Life of Pompey
1697:
1684:
1671:
1658:
1650:Life of Pompey
1633:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1578:
1565:
1557:Contra Paganos
1544:
1527:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1479:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1406:
1393:
1380:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1298:
1292:Philip Spann,
1285:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1168:
1165:
1133:
1130:
1064:
1061:
1051:
1048:
1027:
1024:
1000:
997:
957:Main article:
954:
951:
935:pitched battle
905:
902:
803:
800:
768:Aurelius Cotta
731:
728:
724:Battle of Osca
611:Roman Republic
600:
599:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
579:Bellum Siculum
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
522:
521:
510:
509:
502:
495:
487:
478:
477:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
457:Lusitanian War
454:
440:
434:
431:
430:
419:
418:
411:
404:
396:
387:
386:
384:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
342:
339:
338:
329:
328:
321:
314:
306:
298:
297:
295:
294:
289:
288:Lucius Manlius
286:
283:
273:
260:
255:
252:
242:
237:
224:
217:
209:
207:
205:
204:
199:
198:Gaius Insteius
196:
193:
188:
183:
170:
159:
146:
132:
129:
128:
124:
123:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
96:
92:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:Sullan victory
76:
72:
71:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3276:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Sertorian War
3182:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Pompeia Magna
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
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2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
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2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
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2889:
2885:
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2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2753:Sertorian War
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:Germanic wars
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2568:War of Actium
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:War of Mutina
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Sertorian War
2441:
2439:
2438:Numantine War
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2134:, p. 92.
2133:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2003:
1997:, pp. 146–47.
1996:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1770:, pp. 96–105.
1769:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1057:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
996:
992:
990:
987:, along with
986:
979:
974:
971:
967:
960:
950:
948:
944:
940:
939:Gaius Memmius
936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
901:
899:
895:
890:
887:
882:
879:
875:
870:
868:
861:
856:
854:
848:
846:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:propraetorian
813:
809:
799:
797:
793:
789:
788:Baetis valley
785:
782:(Gibraltar).
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
754:
750:
745:
741:
737:
727:
725:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
681:Metellus Pius
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:Sertorian War
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
518:
508:
503:
501:
496:
494:
489:
488:
485:
473:
470:
468:
467:Sertorian War
465:
463:
462:Numantine War
460:
458:
455:
452:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
432:
427:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
397:
394:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
340:
335:
334:Sertorian War
327:
322:
320:
315:
313:
308:
307:
304:
293:
290:
287:
284:
282:
280:
274:
272:
270:
264:
261:
259:
256:
253:
251:
249:
243:
241:
238:
236:
234:
228:
227:Gaius Memmius
225:
223:
222:
218:
216:
215:
214:Metellus Pius
211:
210:
208:
203:
202:Marcus Marius
200:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
180:
174:
171:
168:
163:
160:
158:
156:
150:
147:
145:
144:
139:
138:
134:
133:
131:
130:
125:
122:
118:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
91:
90:
85:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
22:Sertorian War
20:
3160:
3153:
3138:
3133:Pompeo Magno
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3019:Mucia Tertia
2979:Pompeiopolis
2919:
2912:
2907:Lex Trebonia
2905:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2752:
2733:Sena Gallica
2662:
2617:Armenian War
2580:Roman Empire
2563:Perusine War
2555:
2491:
2470:Servile Wars
2465:Cimbrian War
2442:
2418:Galatian War
2337:Samnite Wars
2239:
2225:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2169:John Leach,
2165:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2131:
2108:
2100:
2099:John Leach,
2095:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:John Leach,
2074:
2066:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1945:, pp. 124–5.
1942:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:John Leach,
1835:
1827:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1691:John Leach,
1687:
1679:
1678:John Leach,
1674:
1666:
1665:John Leach,
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1605:, pp. 44–45.
1602:
1601:John Leach,
1597:
1589:
1576:, pp. 86–87.
1573:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1499:, pp. 69–71.
1496:
1491:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1401:
1396:
1391:, pp. 65–66.
1388:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:, pp. 56–57.
1358:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1335:, pp. 59–60.
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1170:
1161:final battle
1157:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1121:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1070:Celtiberians
1066:
1053:
1039:
1016:
1012:
993:
981:
976:
970:New Carthage
962:
947:New Carthage
919:
907:
894:Baetis river
891:
883:
871:
863:
858:
849:
842:
837:
805:
761:
757:
747:ended up at
733:
716:
693:
666:
647:
626:
606:
604:
553:
466:
346:Baetis River
333:
278:
268:
247:
232:
219:
212:
178:
154:
142:
135:
107:Celtiberians
87:Belligerents
27:Part of the
2895:Lex Manilia
2855:Dyrrhachium
2799:Coracaesium
2738:2nd Clusium
2578:Wars of the
2526:Gallic Wars
2455:Achaean War
2342:Pyrrhic War
2292:Wars of the
2156:Frontinus,
1967:Frontinus,
1826:Frontinus,
1800:Frontinus,
1704:Frontinus,
1431:Frontinus,
1309:, pp. 58–9.
1098:Portus Cale
820:proconsular
778:, near the
753:Lusitanians
574:Liberators'
559:3rd Servile
534:2nd Servile
529:1st Servile
3178:Categories
2850:Brundisium
2791:Pirate War
2728:Asio River
2598:Gothic War
2359:Punic Wars
2347:Social War
2182:Plutarch,
2158:Stratagems
2130:Scullard,
2015:Matyszak,
1993:Matyszak,
1969:Stratagems
1958:, pp. 127.
1917:Stratagems
1853:Stratagems
1828:Stratagems
1802:Stratagems
1750:Plutarch,
1706:Stratagems
1627:Plutarch,
1563:, 1.11–13.
1508:Plutarch,
1465:12; Livy,
1433:Stratagems
898:new revolt
886:Laccobriga
853:Metellinum
845:Anas River
517:civil wars
351:Anas River
95:Sertorians
3105:Pharsalia
2931:Buildings
2860:Pharsalus
2832:Jerusalem
2199:, p. 135.
2160:, 2.5.32.
2084:Sertorius
2069:, p. 128.
2051:Histories
2034:Histories
2032:Sallust,
2021:Histories
2017:Sertorius
1995:Sertorius
1984:, p. 146.
1971:, 4.7.42.
1932:, p. 143.
1919:, 2.12.2.
1561:Histories
1525:, p. 144.
1167:Aftermath
1078:Frontinus
832:Consabura
643:proconsul
554:Sertorian
3162:Category
3085:(sister)
3073:(father)
3038:Children
3009:Antistia
2969:Pamplona
2776:Saguntum
2766:Valentia
2103:, p. 51.
2023:, 3.6–7.
1830:, 2.3.5.
1817:, p.119.
1804:, 2.1.2.
1741:, p. 97.
1728:, p. 91.
1695:, p. 47.
1618:, p. 86.
1592:, p. 87.
1448:, p. 80.
1435:, 1.5.8.
1404:, p. 68.
1378:, p. 64.
1348:, p. 55.
1296:, p. 54.
1283:, p. 93.
1180:Timeline
1108:Emporion
1091:Palentia
1072:and the
966:Pyrenees
784:Plutarch
764:Mellaria
669:Citerior
627:Hispania
625:(called
584:Perusine
564:Caesar's
376:Saguntum
361:Valentia
63:Hispania
58:Location
53:80–72 BC
3083:Pompeia
3077:Pompeia
3014:Aemilia
2822:Pelorus
2195:Spann,
2173:, p.52.
2065:Spann,
2053:, 2.82.
2036:, 2.82.
1954:Spann,
1941:Spann,
1900:Epitome
1894:Spann,
1877:Spann,
1864:Spann,
1849:Epitome
1669:, p.45.
1614:Spann,
1495:Spann,
1467:Epitome
1422:,p. 90.
1370:Spann,
1357:Spann,
1344:Spann,
1331:Spann,
1305:Spann,
1150:flanks.
1116:Sallust
1074:Vaccaei
930:Liguria
867:Cáceres
734:During
730:Origins
629:by the
549:Sulla's
366:Italica
279:†
269:†
248:†
233:†
179:†
155:†
119:Sullan
102:peoples
99:Iberian
3097:Legacy
3079:(aunt)
3055:Sextus
3045:Gnaeus
2993:Family
2984:Samsun
2962:Cities
2761:Lauron
2705:Pompey
2514:Second
2480:Second
2406:Fourth
2396:Second
2369:Second
2246:
2232:
1320:Hermes
1056:Clunia
1019:battle
943:Balbus
878:Ilerda
749:Tingis
744:Cinnan
740:Marian
685:Pompey
658:Marian
631:Romans
594:Actium
569:Mutina
539:Social
451:Second
356:Lauron
265:
229:
221:Pompey
175:
164:
151:
140:
121:senate
75:Result
3259:72 BC
3254:73 BC
3249:74 BC
3244:75 BC
3239:76 BC
3234:77 BC
3229:78 BC
3224:79 BC
3219:80 BC
3064:Other
3024:Julia
3001:Wives
2817:Lycus
2771:Sucro
2743:Utica
2519:Third
2509:First
2485:Third
2475:First
2401:Third
2391:First
2374:Third
2364:First
2186:, 27.
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