612:
23:
596:
1870:
1652:
225:
328:
434:
of directives – "The Trying of
Homosexual Soldiers" – to all military prosecutors, instructing them to only file charges against soldiers who broke the civilian law against homosexual acts if: one of the parties involved was a minor, the sex was non-consensual, one of the parties was unconscious, the sex was conducted in public, or one of the soldiers was under the command of the other.
395:
Some, such as Noa Halevi, a reserves officer, say that female gay soldiers have an easier time in the army's masculine environment. In 2019, an IDF spokesman supported the removal of drawings depicting various family structures – including same-sex couples and single parents – that had been posted to a base's bulletin board for Family Day, as the photos were not in "
430:'s orders did not mention homosexuality, but civilian law deemed "relations not in the usual way" a criminal offense. Psychologist Dr. Skali Avraham testified that homosexual behavior was deviant, not criminal. The court accepted the argument, and sentenced one soldier to a day in prison and the other, who was ruled to have instigated the encounter, to 70 days.
497:
In 2013, the IDF announced that they would, for the first time, allow a transgender woman to serve in the army as a female soldier. The IDF Medical Corps' Mental Health
Division then worked with the Israeli Center for Human Sexuality & Gender Identity to better understand the needs of transgender
501:
In 2014, a new policy was put in place that automatically referred transgender personnel to a support system – allowing them to avoid seeking a commander's help obtaining uniforms, health care, or proper facilities, and making it easier to serve as their preferred gender. Showers and housing may be
433:
In the 1960s, legal opinions by the
Israeli Attorney General and the Supreme Court limited the application of the criminal laws against homosexuality, but the prevailing notion that homosexuality was a disease remained. In 1977, the Military Advocate General, Brig. Gen. Zvi Inbar, issued a set
469:
to be medically essential for transgender personnel, and, thus, pays for said treatments. The IDF determines gender-specific army regulations (length of service, housing, uniforms, etc.) on a case-by-case basis. However, this is complicated by the fact that
Israeli law only allows gender-affirming
437:
In 1983, the IDF adopted a policy that gay personnel would not be limited or discharged solely based on their sexual orientation, but it did prohibit gay service members from taking intelligence positions, other jobs requiring a top-secret clearance, or serving in elite combat units. Officers were
383:
at the same time can ask for one partner's service to be postponed – whether their child or children are listed as in custody of one or both parents. Children of same-sex couples are eligible for scholarships and nursery school subsidies, even if the career soldier is not the biological parent. In
444:
In 1993, the IDF formally opened the draft to all, regardless of sexual orientation. In 1998, the army ceased to link sexual orientation to security clearances, and rescinded the order that required commanding officers to report gay soldiers. These policy changes were not well-publicized; a 2003
394:
Acceptance in everyday life sometimes differs from regulations; a poll conducted in 2011 by the Israel Gay Youth found that 40% of gay soldiers said they were verbally harassed for their sexual orientation, 20% said they had been sexually harassed, and 4% said they had been physically assaulted.
530:
man was initially found to be fit for service in a combat supporting role. Upon his attempt to improve his profile to serve in combat roles, the army determined that he could not enlist at all due to his age – 30 – though the man himself believes this determination was due to his status as an
413:
Among the public, the Peace Index poll found that a large majority of
Israelis say the IDF should espouse a "pluralistic and open value system", including openness to LGBT soldiers. 81% of those who said they were "secular", 76% of "non-religious-traditional", 57% of "religious", and 52% of
521:
Without conclusive data on intersex prevalence in Israel or reports regarding the military service of intersex individuals, a case study by Marom et al. (2008) estimates that there are a "few dozen" intersex individuals in active service in the IDF. They assume that the condition is likely
544:
In May 2019, the IDF made changes to recruitment forms, aimed at adjusting them to be inclusive of soldiers with same-sex parents. Where the form asked for the information of the "Father" and "Mother", it now asks for "Parent 1" and "Parent 2". The move was opposed by some
580:
of Israel, discrimination against LGBT people is prohibited. A violation of these rules does not necessarily result in ejection from the service; in 2018, a police rabbi who made homophobic statements was allowed to keep his job with a warning.
470:
surgery to be performed once an individual is 18 – the draft age –; therefore, most individuals joining the IDF would not have the opportunity to transition before joining. Shachar Erez, the first openly transgender person to become an
378:
and an additional 12 weeks of unpaid leave (regardless of the biological father), unless the other partner has also taken leave. Like heterosexual partners, same-sex partners raising children together who are called up for
358:
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual soldiers serve throughout all branches of the military. Discrimination against LGBT soldiers in recruitment, placement, and promotion is prohibited. Harassment or degradation on the grounds of
438:
also required to refer known gay soldiers for a psychological evaluation to determine whether they posed any security risks or were mentally unfit for service, though commanders did sometimes disregard this policy.
410:. However, its reputation as a gay-friendly unit is complicated by unit dissenters that objected to Unit 8200's collection of information on innocent people – including their sexuality – for later use as blackmail.
367:– also co-head of a premilitary academy – from visiting bases and called for him to retract statements calling gay people "perverts". A study conducted by Kaplan and Rosenmann in 2000 found that in terms of unit
1402:
502:
handled on a case-by-case basis, while fitness standards for a given position must be met as applicable to their preferred gender. That year, Shachar Erez became the first openly transgender officer in the IDF.
391:
However, in 2018, the IDF banned soldiers from participating in strikes protesting the exclusion of gay men from a recently passed surrogacy law, as they were considered political demonstrations.
445:
survey found that only 29% of gay soldier respondents were aware of the 1993 policy. Non-heterosexual personnel are currently allowed to serve openly in the military, including in special units.
384:
terms of these rights for children of career soldiers, the IDF is more accommodating for same-sex couples than the state. A Gender
Affairs unit works to empower the LGBT community in the IDF.
1451:
1395:
91:
1461:
128:
494:
While transgender individuals have been allowed to serve in the IDF, more recent policy changes have allowed these individuals to be treated in accordance with their preferred gender.
1446:
86:
1388:
611:
374:
The military recognizes same-sex couples, including widows and widowers of the same sex. Life partners of non-heterosexual career soldiers are entitled to 14 weeks' paid
645:
253:
1567:
1507:
203:
156:
794:
1344:
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151:
1896:
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139:
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161:
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60:
1577:
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208:
22:
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187:
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in the IDF, underwent gender-affirming surgery during his service. During his officers course, he decided to come out to his colleagues and
1492:
146:
1835:
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Some units are considered more accommodating, such as Unit 8200, a branch that often drafts from the socio-economic elite and deals with
1162:
522:
under-reported in data of soldiers in service between 2004 and 2007, or some intersex individuals were ineligible for the draft due to
427:
351:
907:
1656:
821:
462:
239:
31:
1784:
1741:
1690:
1214:
1531:
1478:
1002:
655:
650:
314:. No official military policy prevents intersex individuals from serving, though they may be rejected based on medical concerns.
65:
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111:
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106:
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70:
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96:
55:
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comments did report the behavior to his commanders, leading to the punishment of one of the instigating soldiers.
1901:
1587:
1187:
1605:
928:
371:, participants who acknowledged the presence of gay peers did not differ from those who had no such knowledge.
116:
101:
1845:
1713:
1683:
1718:
1906:
458:
1789:
573:
423:
343:
1874:
1723:
518:, though intersex individuals may be found unfit or re-assigned due to related medical conditions.
311:
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1319:
1820:
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1705:
1600:
618:
602:
1266:
1855:
1850:
1830:
1733:
1519:
1281:
769:
733:
Marom, Tal; Itskoviz, David; Ostfeld, Ishay (2008). "Intersex
Patients in Military Service".
710:
640:
380:
267:
1840:
561:
407:
271:
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heard the case of two male privates sentenced to a year in prison for consensual sex. The
8:
912:
850:"Unit Social Cohesion in the Israeli Military as a Case Study of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell""
479:
977:
1825:
1140:
877:
799:
569:
396:
360:
1254:
1130:
1125:
Institute, National
Defense Research (2010), "The Experience of Foreign Militaries",
881:
869:
865:
750:
1144:
457:
to be a disqualifying condition for service. Furthermore, the IDF considers certain
1637:
1345:"Israel Police Rabbi Rebuked for Alleged anti-LGBT Stance, But Allowed to Stay Put"
1240:
861:
742:
546:
523:
454:
295:
770:"Military advocate general is first senior IDF official to come out of the closet"
478:. He graduated as a male officer, and continues his service in the department of
368:
335:
307:
417:
1779:
1769:
1632:
1375:
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527:
375:
1380:
1890:
873:
565:
483:
849:
822:"Israeli Army Bans Anti-gay Rabbi From Bases, Demands He Retract Statements"
754:
577:
489:
388:
229:
1799:
1794:
1215:"Shachar Erez Came Out As Transgender For Himself — And The Israeli Army"
339:
303:
908:"IDF's gays find friends at the top, lingering homophobia on the ground"
795:"Tel Aviv Journal; Once Taboo, a Gay Israeli Treads the Halls of Power"
475:
400:
347:
287:
1129:, An Update of RAND's 1993 Study, RAND Corporation, pp. 275–320,
576:
are allowed to choose to serve in the border police. As a part of the
363:
is also prohibited in the
Israeli military. In 2016, the IDF banned a
693:"Israeli military one of the world's most LGBT friendly, report says"
1076:"Israeli Army's Gay Soldiers Must Stop Persecuting Gay Palestinians"
1372:
President Rivlin Meets LGBT People Who Serve in Police and
Military
1003:"IDF bars soldiers from participating in "political" LGBT protests"
667:
511:
291:
279:
1774:
1668:
1306:"IDF move to accommodate recruits from LGBT homes enrages rabbis"
954:"For gay soldiers, IDF seen as "more progressive" than the state"
471:
672:
498:
individuals and raise awareness of those needs within the IDF.
275:
1163:"Open Service by Transgender Members of Israel Defense Forces"
327:
1028:"Israeli Army Backs Removal of LGBTQ Family Photos From Base"
549:
418:
History of non-heterosexual personnel in the Israeli military
364:
387:
As of 2003, soldiers are also allowed to participate in gay
331:
283:
646:
Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service
298:
men and women to participate openly, without policy-based
1102:"Two-thirds of Israelis back an army open to LGBT troops"
490:
History of transgender personnel in the Israeli military
350:. He came out in 2017, becoming the first member of the
1052:"IDF soldier: Gay people deserve a bullet in the head"
1127:
Sexual Orientation and U.S. Military Personnel Policy
441:
Civilian law decriminalized homosexual acts in 1988.
399:". However, in one instance, a soldier who overheard
732:
929:"IDF Recognizes Gay Reservists' Rights as Parents"
282:is one of the most accommodating in the world for
1515:Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece
1888:
1188:"Israel to Allow Sex-change Surgery From Age 18"
1410:
847:
414:"religious-traditional" support such openness.
1282:"IDF refuses to recruit intersexed Haredi man"
728:
726:
724:
1684:
1396:
617:Some soldiers on horseback watching over the
453:The Israeli Defense Forces does not consider
322:
247:
1897:LGBTQ people and military service by country
721:
1691:
1677:
1403:
1389:
254:
240:
1124:
792:
711:"IDF in top-ten most gay friendly armies"
601:Some Israeli soldiers in uniform seen at
1785:Tel Aviv Municipal LGBT Community Center
1279:
905:
539:
448:
326:
278:to further the nation's goals. Israel's
1426:LGBT military and veteran organizations
1342:
1241:"Transgender in the IDF - AWiderBridge"
1025:
848:Kaplan, Danny; Rosenmann, Amir (2012).
767:
656:Transgender people and military service
651:Sexual orientation and military service
555:
66:Transgender people and military service
61:LGBT military and veteran organizations
1889:
1719:2015 Jerusalem gay pride parade murder
1239:Dekel, Author: Yanir (7 August 2013).
1185:
1672:
1384:
1238:
1209:
1207:
1157:
1155:
1153:
926:
819:
568:, but is a combat-ready organ of the
505:
346:of the Israel Defense Forces, and is
266:The Israeli military consists of the
1836:The Aguda – Israel's LGBT Task Force
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
843:
841:
661:Intersex people and military service
510:Officially, IDF policy does not bar
306:men and women can serve under their
71:Intersex people and military service
1431:Same-sex unions and military policy
793:Greenberg, Joel (16 October 2002).
56:Same-sex unions and military policy
13:
1698:
1365:
1204:
1150:
636:Women in the Israel Defense Forces
465:and gender-affirming surgery) and
317:
14:
1918:
1714:2009 Tel Aviv gay centre shooting
1099:
1000:
951:
888:
838:
1869:
1868:
1651:
1650:
906:Ginsburg, Mitch (29 July 2013).
866:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00914.x
610:
594:
286:individuals. The country allows
223:
21:
1336:
1312:
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1273:
1232:
1179:
1118:
1093:
1068:
1044:
1019:
994:
978:"Manpower Directorate Homepage"
970:
945:
572:. Israelis who are drafted for
344:Chief Military Advocate General
1280:Glickman, Aviad (2010-02-08).
1056:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
920:
813:
786:
761:
703:
685:
461:-specific medical treatments (
1:
678:
1846:The Pride House in Beersheba
1343:Breiner, Josh (2018-08-28).
768:Tzimuki, Tova (2017-10-05).
534:
7:
1412:LGBT people in the military
629:
463:hormone replacement therapy
198:Intersex service by country
10:
1923:
1790:Jerusalem gay pride parade
1186:Efrati, Ido (2014-05-14).
927:Cohen, Gili (2015-05-19).
820:Cohen, Gili (2016-07-19).
747:10.7205/MILMED.173.11.1132
584:
574:mandatory military service
352:supreme command of the IDF
323:Non-heterosexual personnel
274:, both of which engage in
1864:
1808:
1762:
1747:unregistered cohabitation
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1704:
1646:
1625:
1586:
1558:
1530:
1477:
1470:
1439:
1418:
424:Military Court of Appeals
1724:2018 Israeli LGBT strike
312:gender affirming surgery
172:Trans service by country
526:. In 2010, an intersex
1902:LGBTQ rights in Israel
1601:Wartime cross-dressing
1026:Haaretz (2019-02-12).
619:Jerusalem Pride Parade
355:
140:LGB service by country
1520:Sacred Band of Thebes
1508:In the United Kingdom
1106:www.timesofisrael.com
1007:www.timesofisrael.com
958:www.timesofisrael.com
641:LGBT rights in Israel
564:is a unit within the
540:Israel Defense Forces
531:intersex individual.
449:Transgender personnel
330:
268:Israel Defense Forces
1841:Jerusalem Open House
1596:In the United States
1568:In the United States
1540:In the United States
1503:In the United States
1145:10.7249/mg1056osd.18
854:Political Psychology
562:Israel Border Police
556:Israel Border Police
408:signals intelligence
272:Israel Border Police
1320:"The Israel Police"
913:The Times of Israel
717:. 22 February 2014.
480:Behavioral Sciences
310:gender and receive
1907:Military of Israel
1532:Transgender people
1498:In the Netherlands
1479:Sexual orientation
1265:has generic name (
952:Gross, Judah Ari.
800:The New York Times
570:Israeli government
506:Intersex personnel
397:IDF Code of Ethics
361:sexual orientation
356:
1884:
1883:
1666:
1665:
1621:
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1136:978-0-8330-5129-5
735:Military Medicine
264:
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1914:
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1638:Pink certificate
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765:
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758:
730:
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707:
701:
700:
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614:
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524:gender dysphoria
455:gender dysphoria
296:non-heterosexual
294:, and any other
256:
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242:
230:LGBTQ portal
228:
227:
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50:General articles
42:military service
25:
18:
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1887:
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1742:Same-sex unions
1728:
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1560:Intersex people
1554:
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1366:Further reading
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603:Jerusalem Pride
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376:maternity leave
369:social cohesion
336:General officer
325:
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318:By demographics
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41:
40:LGBT people and
12:
11:
5:
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1780:Lethal Lesbian
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1770:Tel Aviv Pride
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1699:LGBT in Israel
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1588:Cross-dressing
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1545:In South Korea
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1376:A Wider Bridge
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1221:. 3 April 2017
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741:(11): 1132–5.
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389:pride parades.
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1462:South Korea
1219:The Forward
1167:Palm Center
340:Sharon Afek
304:Transgender
183:South Korea
152:Netherlands
129:South Korea
107:Coast Guard
1891:Categories
1626:Discharges
1484:by country
1440:By country
1354:2019-02-21
1329:2020-05-10
1291:2020-05-10
1246:2020-05-10
1225:2020-05-10
1197:2020-05-10
1172:2020-05-10
1111:2020-05-10
1086:2020-05-10
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987:2020-05-10
982:www.idf.il
963:2020-05-10
938:2020-05-10
831:2020-05-10
806:2010-05-07
779:2020-05-10
679:References
476:commanders
467:counseling
459:transition
401:homophobic
348:openly gay
308:identified
288:homosexual
81:By country
1493:In Canada
1447:Australia
882:146273155
874:1467-9221
535:By branch
354:to do so.
214:Australia
97:Air Force
87:Australia
1875:Category
1657:Category
1471:By topic
1286:Ynetnews
1255:cite web
774:Ynetnews
755:19055190
715:Ynetnews
668:Shin Bet
630:See also
621:in 2012.
605:in 2012.
547:Orthodox
512:intersex
342:was the
292:bisexual
280:military
270:and the
32:a series
30:Part of
1821:Havruta
1816:Bat Kol
1775:TLVFest
1763:Culture
1706:History
1419:General
1349:Haaretz
1192:Haaretz
1080:Haaretz
1032:Haaretz
933:Haaretz
826:Haaretz
697:Haaretz
585:Gallery
516:service
482:of the
472:officer
1856:Tehila
1851:Shoval
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1734:Rights
1578:Israel
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1457:Israel
1324:GOV.IL
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550:rabbis
528:Haredi
276:combat
209:Israel
188:Israel
147:Canada
124:Israel
1141:JSTOR
878:S2CID
365:rabbi
1606:list
1267:help
1131:ISBN
870:ISSN
751:PMID
560:The
332:Aluf
284:LGBT
117:Navy
102:Army
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