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years. The South Korean
Constitutional Court reviewed Article 92 in 2002 and 2011 and found its content to be constitutional. The South Korean government supports Article 92 in that it maintains discipline among the predominantly male military. Article 92-6 does not explicitly reference transgender people. However, this policy has the potential to impact transgender individuals who have yet to have gender reassignment surgery (GRS). For example, a
1555:
275:
486:. The physical and psychological examination work together to determine how "suitable" an individual is for military service. Historically, the MMA has accused individuals of identifying as transgender in order to evade conscription. Some physicians suspected individuals were claiming to be transgender in order to be exempt from active duty. They reportedly asked these individuals to undergo surgical procedures, such as an
27:
1122:"South Korea: treatment of transgender people by society and authorities, including requirements and procedures to change one's gender on identity documents; requirements and procedures for exemption from obligatory military service for a male who is in the process of undergoing gender transformation; consequences for not completing military service (2014-March 2016)"
457:
soldiers. This included the use of
Article 92–6 to sentence two male soldiers who had sex while off-base and off-duty. However, in April 2022, the Supreme Court reversed their convictions on the grounds that criminalizing same-sex acts that occur off-base and off-duty would deny the soldiers their "rights to nondiscrimination, equality, dignity... and happiness."
448:
against LGBT+ individuals. Additionally, the South Korean military criminalizes same-sex relations. Section 6 of
Article 92 in the Korean Military Penal Code considers sex acts that occur between two individuals of the same gender to be molestation, even with consent, and is punishable for up to two
400:
The
Resident Registration System establishes three parts of a citizen's legal identification: their birthday, place of origin, and gender. Gender is a binary code of 1 and 3, indicating male, or 2 and 4, indicating female. Individuals who have transitioned can petition to have their number changed.
513:
Due to the high cost of surgeries, many trans women cannot be exempt by way of legal gender change. Another way to gain exemption from active duty is to be diagnosed with "severe gender identity disorder" by a military doctor. This "disorder" is classified as either mild or severe. Because the MMA
579:
Transgender men are not required to undergo a physical examination and are automatically exempt from active duty as the MMA considers them "disabled and impaired." Under
Article 136 of the Enforcement Decree of the Military Service Act, they are assigned to the second eligible conscription status
456:
In 2005, eight soldiers were discharged for being gay. In cases like these, sexuality is determined by doctor diagnosis and testimony from fellow soldiers. In 2017, 32 men were charged with sodomy after military authorities began an investigation to crack down on "homosexual activities" amongst
415:
had to provide proof they were unmarried, did not have minor children, and had parental consent, regardless of their age. However, on
November 24, 2022, the South Korean Supreme Court ruled that having minor children is no longer a valid reason to deny an individual a legal sex status change.
535:
is a woman who transitioned during her time in the South Korean military. On
January 22, 2020, she was discharged after undergoing gender reassignment surgery. In March 2021, the 23-year-old was found dead in her home. The South Korean court later found this discharge to be unlawful and
580:
which is reserved for individuals such as convicts and orphans. A transgender man who has not changed his legal gender will still be considered a "female," will not be conscripted, and is barred from volunteering to serve as a "man" in the military.
465:
Service in the South Korean military became mandatory for all male citizens in 1949. Because South Korea is technically still at war with North Korea, attempts to end mandatory military service continue to be denied. According to cultural
1337:
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Conscription into the military is determined by the gender code within an individual's
Resident Registration Number (RRN). Transgender women who have not legally changed their RRN will be conscripted into the military to serve as "men".
419:
Another step in legal gender change is a medical and psychological examination. Courts rely almost exclusively on this examination to proceed with the change. Medical examinations and treatment are not covered by
1603:
383:
publicly came out as a transgender woman. Although there was a dramatic emergence in the 2000s, transgender identity can be traced back to the 1950s. In earlier history, transgender identity was referred to as
424:, and few facilities offer specific treatment for transgender people. This creates barriers for transgender individuals who do not have enough money to pay for examinations or gender affirming surgery.
408:
to legally change their gender. During this time, requests by transgender individuals to change their Family
Register number to reflect their gender were filed. However, few were actually granted.
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has previously charged women with identifying as transgender in order to evade conscription, several transgender women report feeling compelled to "undergo irreversible surgeries," such as an
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141:
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497:," to determine physical and mental disabilities. If trans people have already been examined by medical professionals, they have to provide either a court decision or their entire
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1323:
Rainbow Action
Against Sexual Minority discrimination."Human Rights Violations on the Basis of Sexual Orietation, Gender Identity and HIV Status in the Republic of Korea"
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1338:"The Normalization of Universal Male Conscription in South Korean Society and the State Regulation of Draft Evasion and Conscientious Objection"
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Those who are unable to change their legal gender and ID number can face problems, such as finding work and accessing services.
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598:"'I will continue to fight': South Korea's first transgender soldier vows to oppose dismissal | Reuters Video"
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89:
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518:, which is the removal of the testicles. Between 2012 and 2015, 104 transgender women were exempt based on "
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discriminatory. The court made no further remarks about transgender individuals serving in the military.
794:
1522:
1507:
1401:
1486:
1201:
1065:"South Korea: Landmark judgement on same-sex sexual acts in military a huge victory for LGBTI rights"
698:"The South Korean Gender System: LGBTI in the Contexts of Family, Legal Identity, and the Military"
494:
405:
40:
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Trans women serving as "men" are assigned to second eligible conscription status, also known as
522:
loss" and only 21 transgender women were exempt from service based on gender identity disorder.
1801:
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8:
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binary." As of 2019, men ages 18 to 35 must spend a minimum of 21 months in active duty.
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The Draft Physical Examination in 1978 introduced "sexual perversion," later called "
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Transgender self-identification visibly emerged in the 2000s after Korean singer
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331:. Currently, transgender women are excluded from the military of South Korea.
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1342:
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799:
1559:
1308:"Psychological Burdens are associated with young male transsexuals in Korea
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713:
765:"SOUTH KOREA: SERVING IN SILENCE: LGBTI PEOPLE IN SOUTH KOREA'S MILITARY"
532:
515:
487:
404:
In 2013, a court ruled that transgender individuals did not need to have
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1313:"Dozens arrested as South Korean military conducts 'gay witch-hunt'" CNN
721:
697:
548:
348:
650:"Harisu, As Beautiful As Any Woman: LGBT In The Entertainment Industry"
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Previously, transgender individuals who wished to legally change their
946:"Report: LGBTQ soldiers say they were abused in South Korean military"
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1439:
1434:
880:"Sex/Gender Insecurities Trans Bodies and the South Korean Military"
879:
849:"South Korea's supreme court rules on legal transgender recognition"
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Sexual orientation and gender identity in the South Korean military
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519:
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At age 19, male citizens have their bodies closely examined by the
471:
1027:"South Korea Military Is Accused of Cracking Down on Gay Soldiers"
339:
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report thus far that proves that they are, in fact, transgender.
444:, and there are no laws that prevent workplace discrimination or
26:
412:
380:
1254:"S Korean court: Discharge of late transgender soldier unjust"
944:
James Griffiths, Jake Kwon and Paula Hancocks (11 July 2019).
696:
Na, Tari Young-Jung; Han, Ju Hui Judy; Koo, Se-Woong (2014).
906:"What's Behind South Korea's Persistent LGBT Intolerance?"
460:
427:
904:
Diplomat, Timothy S. Rich and Isabel Eliassen , The.
795:"Landmark legal ruling for South Korean transgenders"
1226:"South Korea's first transgender soldier found dead"
971:"South Korea: Military 'Sodomy' Law Violates Rights"
624:"Transgender soldier to sue military over dismissal"
388:, which translates to "men in women's clothes", and
395:
1528:Transgender personnel in the South Korean military
1199:
1716:Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece
1333:Transgender Woman Finds Acceptance In South Korea
1091:"South Korean Court Limits Military 'Sodomy' Law"
1871:
1280:"Enforcement Decree of the Military Service Act"
1611:
340:Transgender Individuals in South Korean Society
1372:
1597:
1417:Recognition of same-sex unions in South Korea
1358:
297:
1000:"Gay Soldiers Booted From South Korean Army"
929:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1518:Suicide ideation in South Korean LGBT youth
827:"STONEWALL GLOBAL WORKPLACE BRIEFINGS 2018"
318:transgender people and military service in
1604:
1590:
1365:
1351:
1148:"국가법령정보센터 | 법령 > 본문 - 병역판정 신체검사 등 검사규칙"
304:
290:
1466:Solidarity for LGBT Human Rights of Korea
1318:Overview Of LGBTQ Activism In South Korea
994:
992:
1024:
695:
392:, which translates to "gender neutral".
51:of all important aspects of the article.
1890:Transgender people and military service
1627:LGBT military and veteran organizations
1200:Human Rights Watch (16 December 2020),
1126:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
461:Transgender Individuals in the Military
116:Transgender people and military service
111:LGBT military and veteran organizations
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1195:
1193:
1116:
1114:
1112:
989:
877:
484:Military Manpower Administration (MMA)
453:transgender women who hasn't had GRS.
428:Discriminatory Policies (Article 92-6)
47:Please consider expanding the lead to
16:Sexuality in the South Korean military
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1445:Representation in film and television
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1284:Korea Legislation Research Institute
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121:Intersex people and military service
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106:Same-sex unions and military policy
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847:Kuhn, Anthony (25 November 2022).
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470:Timothy Gitzen, this is called a "
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1025:Sang-Hun, Choe (26 April 2017).
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396:The Resident Registration System
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71:
25:
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1218:
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39:may be too short to adequately
1407:Intersex rights in South Korea
1173:"2014 - 2014 area 6. Military"
840:
642:
616:
590:
323:is a complex topic, regarding
49:provide an accessible overview
1:
1202:"South Korea: Events of 2020"
884:Transgender Studies Quarterly
702:The Journal of Korean Studies
583:
1492:Seoul Queer Culture Festival
1482:Daegu Queer Culture Festival
529:exemption, in the military.
7:
1880:LGBTQ rights in South Korea
1613:LGBT people in the military
1386:LGBT history in South Korea
432:South Korea does not allow
248:Intersex service by country
10:
1906:
1523:Transgender in South Korea
1508:LGBT health in South Korea
1402:LGBT rights in South Korea
1373:LGBT topics in South Korea
1328:LGBT Rights in South Korea
406:sex reassignment surgeries
334:
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1826:
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1487:Korea Queer Film Festival
1474:
1453:
1425:
1394:
1378:
878:Gitzen, Timothy (2018).
495:gender identity disorder
222:Trans service by country
1885:Military of South Korea
1802:Wartime cross-dressing
1548:South Korea portal
190:LGB service by country
1721:Sacred Band of Thebes
1709:In the United Kingdom
1069:Amnesty International
714:10.1353/jks.2014.0018
1797:In the United States
1769:In the United States
1741:In the United States
1704:In the United States
499:physical examination
1733:Transgender people
1699:In the Netherlands
1680:Sexual orientation
1177:annual.sogilaw.org
1095:Human Rights Watch
1032:The New York Times
1006:. 18 February 2006
975:Human Rights Watch
732:– via JSTOR.
559:. You can help by
359:. You can help by
1867:
1866:
1822:
1821:
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630:. 22 January 2020
604:. 22 January 2020
577:
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505:Transgender women
478:Body examinations
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1854:
1839:Pink certificate
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1560:LGBTQ portal
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1260:. 7 October 2021
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434:same sex couples
422:health insurance
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100:General articles
92:military service
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1128:. 24 March 2016
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1097:. 25 April 2022
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1071:. 21 April 2022
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357:needs expansion
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325:gender identity
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1234:. 3 March 2021
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977:. 7 March 2019
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708:(2): 357–377.
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656:. 12 July 2012
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516:orchiectomy
488:orchiectomy
446:hate crimes
320:South Korea
233:South Korea
202:Netherlands
179:South Korea
157:Coast Guard
1874:Categories
1827:Discharges
1685:by country
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584:References
131:By country
1694:In Canada
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1435:Homo Hill
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730:143736307
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264:Australia
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137:Australia
41:summarize
1858:Category
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1238:8 August
1231:BBC News
1004:Advocate
925:cite web
722:43923275
527:de facto
520:testicle
472:Cold War
82:a series
80:Part of
1620:General
1427:Culture
1379:History
1258:AP NEWS
1206:English
955:25 July
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853:NPR.org
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602:Reuters
335:History
1779:Israel
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718:JSTOR
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