358:
30:
490:("those who love the people (or tribe)") as part of the new regime's disapproval of anything having to do with royalty, but the new term was not universally embraced and by 1992 it was no longer in use. According to the Socio-economic Census of Nomads of 1986, the Shahsevan had about 6,000 families, just as they had in the mid-1960s, indicating a moderate return to pastoral nomadism among them, which was also occurring among other tribes in Iran at the time.
1183:
52:
608:
extension of -sIn / -sUn (second person singular suffix). Being decentralized of
Shahsavans and having the minority of population in their area of living, lead their language to destruction, on the other hand the influence of other dialect on the Shahsavani's Turkish can be seen clearly. Thus, by taking these points into account, recording the specifications of Shahsavan's dialect is necessary.
333:(chieftains) descended from Yunsur Pasha. They make reference to the current royal appointment of leaders as well as an earlier royal grant of pastures in Ardabil and Mughan. These myths were most likely created by the chiefs in order to justify their power over ordinary citizens as well as their possession of the pastures, which are the most essential asset for all of their nomadic adherents.
405:. Later stories connect Badr Khan with Yunsur Pasha. The Sari-khanbeyli family was related to leading Shahsevan tribes such as the Qojabeyli, Isali, Balabeyli, Mast-Alibeyli, Ali-Babali, Polatli, and Damirchili. The names of many of the lower caste tribes, such Ajirli and Beydili, suggest a Shamlu origin. Badr Khan Shahsevan's son or brother
607:
According to gathered information, the main properties of phonetic and structural of
Shahsavani's Turkish have been determined. The most important features that distinguish Shahsavani's Turkish from other Turkish dialects in Iran, is the use of extension -Im/-Um (first-person singular suffix) and the
580:
The existence of rich pastures, as well as land suitable for breeding cattle and small ruminants, in conjunction with a climate suitable for animal husbandry, determined the main occupation of the
Shahsevens. Thus, the basis of the economic component of the tribes is the breeding of cows, buffaloes,
336:
It is not possible to fully substantiate either the first or second versions of
Shahsevan's origins. There are records of individuals and tribal groups in Mughan bearing the names of Shahsevan tribes in 16th-century sources. By the end of the 17th-century, Mughan and Ardabil was associated with the
280:
states that
Malcolm's story "is based on a misreading of chronicle sources." The Shahsevan are described as a personal militia and a royal guard in subsequent passages of Malcolm's book, and there is some proof that a military corps with the name Shahsevan existed in the middle of the 17th-century.
502:
The tribal structure of the
Shahsevens has a large number of different institutions, arranged in descending order. So the largest unit of the tribal structure will be the ethnic group, then the tribe, clan, gubak, ube and family. The gubak in the Shahseven tribes is the main tribal unit that forms
520:
The ethnographic group is managed by the Ilbeks. Ilbek is responsible for maintaining order and collecting taxes. In addition, a bek appointed by the Ilbeks is in charge of the local administration of the tribe. Aksakals (white-bearded) are the embodiment of the political, economic, religious and
385:
incursions in northwest Iran. Years of calm had left the tribal communities of this frontier area unprepared for the political role that was suddenly forced upon them. In 1732, the
Shahsevan were again under Iranian control due to the efforts of Nader Shah, who deported many tribes to his home
313:(appeal), ordered that all those of the Turkoman tribe who were servants and partisans of this hearth should rally round His Majesty." These spur-of-the-moment appeals catered to the religious values of the followers of the Safavid dynasty, whose shahs not only claimed descent from the
493:
Meanwhile, urbanization has continued progressing in Mughan as a result of the continuing expansion of numerous government-sponsored projects. According to Tapper; "By the end of the century, Shahsevan pastoral nomadism did not seem likely to survive much longer."
202:(in 1796) both selected Mughan as the location for their coronation. The Shahsevan differ from other nomadic tribal groups in Iran in a number of ways, including their history and location on the frontier, as well as their social and economic structure. Their
227:
Three distinctly different accounts of the
Shahsevan's history existed by the 20th-century. The most well-known was that they were a brand-new tribe created as a result of the Safavid shahs' tribal and military policies. This is based on a passage from
320:
Minorsky highlighted various publications by 19th-century
Russian officials who documented the customs of the Shahsevan of Mughan. These customs, which diverge from Malcolm's account without refuting it, differ in some aspects but all agree that
455:. This occurred as the new nationalist government was struggling to take control of the nation. The Shahsevan pillaged Ardabil, gaining extensive news coverage in Europe, but were quickly defeated by nationalist forces from Tehran led by
543:
Men's clothing - white or blue shirt, brown woolen trousers, Circassian coat, lamb hat, pistons . In winter, the
Shahsevens wear long-sleeved lamb coats. They shave their heads, leaving curls on their temples, grow beards.
503:
the basis of the clan. Typically, gubaks consist of 20-30 families, which are engaged in driving a common herd from pasture to pasture. The gubaks themselves can be collectively referred to as a small separate tribe.
219:
Despite having a very extensively reported history since the early 18th-century, it is still unknown where the Shahsevan originated. Even though the ancestors of several of the tribes were of other origins such as
443:'s ascent, they took part in a number of significant events. A small number of Shahsevans joined the royalist forces occupying Tabriz during the winter of 1908–1909. The majority of the Shahsevan chiefs joined
462:
The Shahsevan were among the first of the major tribal groups to be subdued and disarmed by Reza's army in the winter and spring of 1922–1923. The tribes were incorporated into the new nation-state by the
273:
stated that "the known facts somewhat complicate Malcolm's story" and that "it may be doubted if a single regularly constituted tribe was ever founded by Shah Abbas under the name Shah-sewan." British
474:. The Shahsevan nomads themselves did not have much involvement, but established tribal members took part in protests at the Agro-Industry Company in Mughan and events in places like Meshkinshahr,
420:, Shahsevan territory constantly served as a battlefield. The conclusion of the wars led to the loss of the majority of their winter quarters, and many of them moving further south.
529:
The traditional occupation of the Shahsevens was nomadic cattle breeding (breeding of sheep, cattle as a draft force, camels and horses). In the summer they roamed in the
325:
was the original homeland of the Shahsevan, who left the place under the leadership of a certain Yunsur Pasha. They depict the Shahsevan tribes as being divided between
390:, including the Shaqaqi, Inallu, and Afshar. Nader Shah appears to have united and consolidated the tribes that remained in Mughan and Ardabil under the leadership of
224:, Turkic identity and culture are predominate among them. Between the 16th and the 18th century, several tribal confederacies merged together to become the Shahsevan.
447:
and Amir Ashayer Shatranlu in an alliance of tribes in eastern Azerbaijan during late 1909, declaring opposition to the Constitution and their intention to march to
369:
For few a years in the 1720s, Mughan and Ardabil served as one of the main places of confrontation as a result of the swift collapse of the Safavid dynasty to the
793:
Iskandari-Niya, Ebrahim. In the same place. P. 326; Compilation on information and statistics of nomadic tribes and tribal groups of Iran. Tehran, 1982.P. 4-8
766:
Iskandari-Niya, Ebrahim. The organizational structure of the tribes and the way of life of the nomadic tribes of Western Azerbaijan. Anzali, 1987. P.33
1021:
117:) are a number of Azerbaijani-speaking or Shahsevani dialect (sometimes considered to be Its own dialect distinct from others like Azerbaijani)
349:
and Mughanlu were other notable tribes in the area. Until the 18th century, there is no conclusive proof of a Shahsevan tribe or confederacy.
182:
and spoke Azerbaijani. The Shahsevan lived in a frontier region that was easily accessible and frequently traversed, unlike tribes like the
600:
The Shahsevani dialect is either considered to be a dialect of the Azerbaijani language, or Its own distinct Turkic dialect. According to
509:
Some sources say that the Shahsevens have 11 tribes and 90 Ube. According to another division, this tribal union can be considered as 32
423:
The Shahsevan were allowed by Russia to have restricted access to their former pasturelands in Mughan for a number of decades after the
589:
357:
401:
Badr Khan was possibly a son of Aliqoli Khan, and belonged to the Sari-khanbeyli family, which was most likely descended from the
811:
Iskandari-Niya, Ebrahim. Ibid, p. 114; Sheil, Marie. Memories of Mrs. Sheil. Translated by Hasan Abutorabian. Tehran, 1983, p. 48
820:
Afshar-Sistani, Iraj. To the knowledge of the tribes, nomadic tribes and tribal unions of Iranian nomads. Tehran, 1987 p.104-105
486:. During these incidents, some former chieftains were killed, while others fled into exile. The Shahsevan were formally renamed
154:. In the past, the Shahsevan had a tribal and pastoral nomadic lifestyle, moving during summer 100–200 km to the south on the
947:
905:
1014:
435:
In the early half of the 20th-century, the Shahsevan achieved the height of their authority and prestige. Throughout the
881:
990:
436:
417:
413:
845:
700:
309:) had already employed similar expressions; "Shah Mohammad", according to Iskandar Beg Munshi, "having launched the
506:
Ube also consists of several families with a joint household, but it is a smaller unit in relation to the gubak.
266:. However, neither contemporary European travellers nor Safavid records make mention of this story. The Russian
1203:
1007:
982:
409:
presided over Ardabil and its district during the chaotic decades that followed after Nader Shah's death.
601:
290:
1173:
1218:
337:
name Shahsevan, which was frequently used as a military title alongside Qizilbash tribal titles like
299:
1213:
1208:
406:
199:
174:
region. They were a minority in this area, but like the settled majority (whom the Shahsevan call "
577:
The Shahsevens preserve the tribal division and some pre-Muslim customs (including funeral ones).
537:. From the end of the 19th century, the Shahsevens began the transition to sedentary agriculture.
452:
444:
167:
559:, woolen stockings, chuvyaki, gold and silver jewelry. The woman's head is tied with a scarf.
1083:
1030:
424:
1047:
918:(1936). "S̲h̲āh-sewan". In Houtsma, M. Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.).
510:
216:
in the 11th-century, they left behind this type of settlement and other cultural remnants.
102:
73:
8:
1137:
391:
295:
471:
1130:
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Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia
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29:
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to mean "to make appeal to the faithful." During the 1581 and 1584 uprisings,
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Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan
835:. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
831:
195:
89:
440:
395:
248:
1041:
977:
Tehrani, Jamshid J.; Collard, Mark (2009). Shennan, Stephen (ed.).
552:
475:
322:
329:(descendants of the first immigrants) and commoners, and ruled by
567:
530:
374:
159:
155:
394:, one of his generals who took part in the wars in Khorasan and
1059:
556:
548:
448:
342:
171:
126:
592:, which also plays the role of economic support for the tribe
208:
is what makes them most recognizable. When Turkic tribes from
585:
563:
483:
221:
584:
Women of the Shahseven tribes are engaged in weaving kilim,
1071:
204:
147:
122:
57:
35:
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as equal groups led by acknowledged and obedient chiefs.
517:
tribes, which, in turn, are divided into smaller units.
34:
Shahsevan girls from a rich family. Late 19th-century,
981:. Origins of Human Behavior and Culture. Vol. 2.
873:
Islam in Tribal Societies: From the Atlas to the Indus
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The traditional dwelling of the Shahsevens is tents.
732:
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802:Tapper, Richard. Frontier nomads of Iran, P. 14-15
920:Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936)
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1195:
427:in 1828, but they disregarded the restrictions.
976:
595:
437:Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911
317:, but also that they were their incarnations.
247:) to quell the chaos caused by the rebellious
1015:
236:that says that the Shahsevan were created by
251:chiefs, who a century earlier had assisted
1022:
1008:
28:
1029:
979:Pattern and Process in Cultural Evolution
361:Political map of the eastern part of the
914:
687:
356:
352:
288:are often used in the Safavid chronicle
890:
664:
345:. The Qizilbash Tekeli and the Kurdish
158:and nearby ranges, in the districts of
1196:
956:
934:
754:
652:
146:"Shahsevan" means "those who love the
48:
1003:
866:
451:in order to reinstate the overthrown
125:, mainly inhabiting the districts of
547:Women's costume - blue shirt, harem
43:Regions with significant populations
114:
13:
970:
14:
1230:
412:During the Russo-Iranian wars of
121:groups that live in northwestern
16:Turkic tribe in northwestern Iran
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106:
50:
838:
823:
814:
805:
796:
787:
472:Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979
430:
304:
257:
242:
170:, and during the winter to the
983:University of California Press
942:. Cambridge University Press.
928:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_5282
784:Iskandari-Niya, ibid. S. 30-31
778:
769:
760:
693:
618:
497:
439:and the years preceding up to
1:
846:"On The Dialect of Shahsavan"
701:"On The Dialect of Shahsavan"
639:
141:
7:
596:Language of the Shahsevanis
291:Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi
10:
1235:
860:
524:
470:Urban areas dominated the
136:
1037:
300:Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh
88:
83:
72:
67:
47:
42:
27:
957:Tapper, Richard (2010).
611:
581:sheep, camels and goats
407:Nazar Ali Khan Shahsevan
200:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
133:, Kharaqan and Khamsa.
533:, in the winter in the
453:Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
829:"Azerbaijani, South".
775:Taper, Richard, p. 288
445:Rahimkhan Chalabianloo
366:
262:) in establishing the
1204:Ethnic groups in Iran
1031:Ethnic groups in Iran
963:Encyclopaedia Iranica
588:, horse blankets and
425:Treaty of Turkmenchay
365:between 1795 and 1801
360:
353:18th and 19th century
985:. pp. 99–111.
562:Traditional food -
392:Badr Khan Shahsevan
296:Iskandar Beg Munshi
284:Statements such as
24:
916:Minorsky, Vladimir
574:, dairy products.
367:
286:shāhī-sēvan kardan
22:
1169:
1168:
949:978-0-52158-336-7
907:978-0-7556-3737-9
531:Sabalan mountains
363:Southern Caucasus
271:Vladimir Minorsky
234:History of Persia
95:
94:
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1219:Ardabil province
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307: 1578–1588
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260: 1501–1524
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245: 1588–1629
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192:Zagros Mountains
190:who live in the
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32:
25:
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971:Further reading
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936:Tapper, Richard
908:
900:. I.B. Tauris.
892:Behrooz, Maziar
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868:Ahmed, Akbar S.
863:
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264:Safavid dynasty
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655:, p. 300.
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521:social elite.
513:tribes and 13
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278:Richard Tapper
275:anthropologist
198:(in 1736) and
178:"), they were
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876:. Routledge.
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667:, p. 63.
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63:40,000 (1966)
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1066:Mazandaranis
1048:Azerbaijanis
978:
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665:Behrooz 2023
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386:province of
368:
335:
331:elbey/ilbegi
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315:Twelve Imams
310:
289:
285:
283:
268:orientialist
238:Shah Abbas I
233:
230:John Malcolm
226:
218:
214:Western Asia
210:Central Asia
203:
180:Shia Muslims
164:Meshginshahr
145:
98:
96:
19:Ethnic group
1139:Circassians
959:"Shahsevan"
755:Tapper 2010
653:Tapper 1997
511:Mesginshahr
498:Ethnography
480:Bileh Savar
457:Yeprem Khan
377:as well as
311:shāhī-sēvan
103:Azerbaijani
74:Azerbaijani
1198:Categories
1099:Others 1%
1092:and other
832:Ethnologue
640:References
630:Shah-sewan
196:Nader Shah
142:Background
90:Shia Islam
1132:Assyrians
1125:Georgians
1118:Armenians
626:Shahsavan
441:Reza Khan
418:1826–1828
414:1804–1813
396:Turkestan
249:Qizilbash
184:Bakhtiari
99:Shahsevan
68:Languages
23:Shahsevan
1090:Turkmens
1042:Persians
938:(1997).
894:(2023).
870:(2013).
590:khurjibs
553:arkhalig
476:Parsabad
388:Khorasan
323:Anatolia
212:entered
186:and the
107:شاهسِوَن
84:Religion
1084:Balochs
861:Sources
568:chowder
555:, blue
525:Culture
515:Ardabil
488:Elsevan
383:Russian
379:Ottoman
375:Isfahan
371:Afghans
347:Shaqaqi
327:beyzadä
222:Kurdish
205:alachiq
188:Qashqai
160:Ardabil
156:Sabalan
137:History
131:Ardabil
111:Persian
78:Persian
1174:Portal
1158:Zagari
1104:Talysh
1060:Gilaks
989:
946:
904:
880:
572:mutton
557:chador
549:sirwal
482:, and
449:Tehran
343:Shamlu
339:Afshar
172:Mughan
166:, and
152:Turkic
127:Mughan
119:Turkic
115:شاهسون
55:
1078:Arabs
1054:Kurds
612:Notes
586:jajim
564:pilaf
484:Germi
168:Sarab
150:" in
1188:Iran
1146:Jews
1111:Tats
1072:Lurs
987:ISBN
944:ISBN
902:ISBN
878:ISBN
628:and
416:and
381:and
341:and
148:shah
123:Iran
97:The
58:Iran
36:Iran
1056:10%
1050:16%
1044:53%
924:doi
373:at
294:of
232:'s
176:Tat
1200::
1096:2%
1086:2%
1080:2%
1074:6%
1068:4%
1062:4%
961:.
922:.
848:.
713:^
703:.
672:^
604::
570:,
566:,
551:,
478:,
459:.
398:.
305:r.
258:r.
243:r.
194:.
162:,
129:,
113::
109:;
105::
76:,
1176::
1023:e
1016:t
1009:v
995:.
965:.
952:.
930:.
926::
910:.
886:.
852:.
757:.
707:.
690:.
632:.
302:(
255:(
240:(
101:(
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