196:) confine themselves to important decisions of the Talmud, with the omission of all discussions, and with the addition of short elucidations of words - as these works were intended for scholars rather than common people. Aḥai, in contrast, wrote for thoughtful laymen. Aḥai's treatises upon Biblical and rabbinical laws (numbering 190 or 191, with additions from later writers) were written with special reference to the practice of such moral duties as benevolence, love, respect for parents, and love of truth.
1055:
334:(now in the Antonin Collection at the National Library of Russia in St. Petersburg) and comparing them with the printed text, observed that the printed text lacks much that, according to older authorities, was formerly included. Various explanations have been given for these variants, some alleging that they are merely a later recension.
293:
was a book merely for the instruction of youth is also baseless. More likely, it is a collection of aggadic-halakhic sermons, which Aḥai delivered in
Palestine, where certainly he was held in high regard. According to Ginzberg, with the decline of rabbinical knowledge in Palestine, Aḥai would have
281:
many passages concerning the baseness and godlessness of such crimes. He follows this statement (preceded by the introductory formula, "It was, however, necessary " ) with casuistic inquiries; for example, whether it is proper to include in the designation of robbery, for which the Law requires a
394:
3a), where he wrote: "And when he reads , a translator must respond , and they are to adjust the tone of their voices together . But if the translator cannot raise his voice, let the reader lower his own voice." The translation commonly used by all is the Targum known as
100:(called "Babylonia"), although it is without question that he moved from Babylonia to Palestine around the time that Natroi (Natronai) Kahana, his subordinate, was made the Gaon of Babylonia in 748 CE. Some scholars conjecture that Aḥai must have written
499:, vols. 1-2 ), being a variorum edition with extensive notes and alternative manuscript readings, along with commentaries from medieval manuscripts, originally composed in five volumes, the final one posthumous, (New York & Jerusalem, 1960–1974).
276:
were punished solely on account of their violence, as it is said, "The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them." Aḥai elaborates on this moral condemnation, quoting from the Talmud and
458:
The first edition of the "Sheiltot" appeared in Venice, 1546, from which a facsimile edition was published by Makor
Publishing Ltd. in Jerusalem in 1971. The first printing in Venice was succeeded by the following:
318:
proper (which no doubt consisted of aggadic and halakhic quotations from Talmud and
Midrash) only the heading is mentioned. Considering them as portions of sermons, the frequent repetitions that occur in the
309:
were indeed derived from sermons, they may properly be considered, in the form in which they appear, as extracts or abstracts of such sermons, giving the introduction and the conclusion of the original
294:
found but few pupils for pure halakhic instruction; and he therefore added aggadic elements to his lectures, in obedience to the general disposition of the
Palestinians, who just then favored aggadah.
485:(Wilna, 1861, 1864, 1867). This edition contains the commentary of Isaiah Berlin, as well as a number of variant readings taken from a manuscript of the year 1460, and a short commentary by
549:, vol. 1, pp. 112–123. Manuscript is written in an Oriental semi-cursive hand of the 12th century, contains 256 pages, written on paper and defective in parts, beginning in Parashat
323:
are not strange, as this would happen to the best of preachers; while it would be difficult to explain to them if they were found in the strictly literary productions of one man.
285:
This illustration serves to show that the work is not intended for scholars alone, but also for popular instruction. However, the statement (often repeated since the time of
526:
559:
530:
486:
126:(the scientific investigation of a matter) only by the Jews of Israel. These argue that Sheilta is of Palestinian origin, as is shown by the words
224:= "it was, however, necessary "), by means of further elaborating on the topic. Because of the author's frequent use of this expression,
577:
272:; and the divine punishment for the transgression of this command is more severe than for other crimes. Thus, the generation of the
54:
is an
Aramaic word, meaning "Inquiries" or "Quæstiones" (in the sense of disquisitions) and is arranged in order of the biblical
1181:
Choueka, Aaron (2017). "She'iltot d'Rav Achai and the Early
Babylonian Homily / ספר שאילתות דרב אחאי והדרשה הבבלית הקדומה".
165:
who argues that all the alleged quotations from the
Jerusalem Talmud can in fact be traced to other sources. Aḥai, in his
115:
862:
674:
670:
593:
518:
446:, either as retribution for the Levites who did not return to the Land of Israel during the mass Jewish emigration from
1041:. Translated by Nosson Dovid Rabinowich. Jerusalem: Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press - Ahavath Torah Institute Moznaim.
342:
Aḥai's work very soon won great esteem, following in the footsteps of his predecessor Simeon
Kayyara, who compiled the
908:
1234:
1009:
Saldarini, Anthony J. (2020). "Historical
Conclusions: A Literary Study of the Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan".
886:
1244:
1103:
450:, or else because the priests of Aaron's lineage who did return did not have enough food to sustain themselves.
525:, Oxford, Nos. 539, 540, 1317. In the latter library may be found also the hitherto unprinted commentaries by
978:
Moscovitz, Leib (2003). ""Designation Is
Significant": An Analysis of the Conceptual Sugya in bSan 47b-48b".
88:
243:
topic in a special order and style, divided into four parts: an opening with a particular biblical command (
1229:
161:, all of which were thought to be unknown at this time in Babylonia, although this rationale is refuted by
1208:
517:
but with essential divergences from the printed text, are to be found among the Hebrew manuscripts in the
1224:
1264:
1254:
482:
373:
One of the old Jewish practices still in vogue at the time of Rabbi Aḥai Gaon's compilation of his
1239:
1073:
273:
1068:
1259:
589:
Oxford Ms., Bodleian Library, MS. Huntington 343 (Neubauer's Catalogue no. 540), 15th-century
542:
569:
in Rome. Parchment, 14th century. Description of Ms. given by S.K. Mirsky in his edition of
1249:
677:(in Hebrew). According to Abraham ibn Daud, Simeon Kayyara compiled his Halakot Gedolot in
641:
447:
253:
teachings generally related to the topic, and finally an answer to the halakhic question.
8:
171:
154:
1190:
1153:
1022:
997:
966:
935:
225:
179:
141:
Others seek to prove a Palestinian influence in Aḥai's work by his frequent use of the
93:
83:
1169:
1042:
914:
844:
807:
506:
489:, who probably lived in the first half of the 14th century (reprint Jerusalem, 1955).
426:
417:
355:
135:
97:
1113:
1014:
989:
958:
904:
819:
666:
583:
522:
192:
150:
142:
75:
566:
555:. Sassoon points out differences between this Ms. and the Ms. used by Dyhrenfurt.
443:
400:
347:
282:
double restitution, the case of a theft committed in the interest of the victim.
31:
1122:
1064:
836:
421:
396:
187:
162:
105:
43:
1026:
993:
962:
778:
216:(= "inquiry). Frequently, sections are followed by the intermediate phrase of
1218:
1134:
1109:
1059:
1046:
918:
874:
848:
464:
410:
47:
1173:
109:
1168:(in Hebrew). New York and Jerusalem: American Academy for Jewish Research.
1148:
Brody, Robert (1995), "No. VII, The Textual History of the She'iltot," in:
1034:
1018:
682:
365:
to determine the original textual variants found in the Babylonian Talmud.
331:
1128:
475:
431:
158:
1194:
1058: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
939:
1157:
1097:
1091:
1001:
980:
970:
949:
690:
686:
269:
305:
in connection with the citation of passages from the Talmud. If the
146:
910:
Seder ʿolam raba ṿe-seder ʿolam zota ṿe-sefer ha-Ḳabalah le-ha-Rabad
1085:
379:
350:
mention the book by title, and it was likewise freely consulted by
55:
551:
405:
384:
278:
250:
245:
240:
205:
39:
947:
Morell, Samuel (1995). "Review: Le-Toldot Nusaḥ ha-She'iltot ".
228:, when writing his own commentary on the Mishnah, refers to the
853:, a facsimile, printed from the first Venice edition (MS. 1546)
439:
63:
438:(the first Jewish High Priest), rather than to give it unto a
82:
between the years 741 and 763 CE, a timeframe corroborated by
723:
586:, MS. Oppenheim 70 (Neubauer's Catologue no. 539), dated 1492
435:
351:
286:
416:
Another ancient custom mentioned by Rabbi Aḥai concerns the
1106:, Dorot ha-Rishonim, pp. 193, 211–214, Presburg, 1897;
1082:
Reifmann, in Bet Talmud, iii. 26–29, 52–59, 71–79, 108–117;
705:
Sherira Gaon (1988), p. 127 (Chapter 12: The Geonic Period)
261:
62:
is one of the earliest rabbinic works composed after the
403:
for readings from the Prophets, or what is known as the
1150:
Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research
1100:, Studien und Mittheilungen, iv. xxvi. and p. 373;
368:
46:(variants: Aḥa of Shabha; Acha of Shabcha), during the
268:. Stealing or robbery was explicitly forbidden to the
212:
is unique in that it opens each section with the word
138:
wrote extensively about the explanation of this term.
1183:
Sidra: A Journal for the Study of Rabbinic Literature
1094:, iv. 23–26, and the passages mentioned in the index;
928:
Sidra: A Journal for the Study of Rabbinic Literature
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
326:
Recent scholars, when reviewing the fragments of the
903:
1152:, Vol. 61 (1995), pp. i-xvi (ed. Nahum M. Sarna) (
907:; Ben-Ḥalaftâ, Yôsê (1955). M.D. Yerushalmi (ed.).
616:
301:(lecture), which occurs about thirty times in the
1216:
865:, online digital access of catalogue description
430:, section # 132, the old custom was to give the
383:, section # 161, and which is a carry-over from
346:in the year 741. Sherira ben Hanina and his son
92:. It is unclear whether he compiled his work in
178:The contemporary synopses of Babylonian rabbis
1131:, ḳunṭres ha-Maggid, p. 20, Vienna, 1878;
988:(2). Association for Jewish Studies: 227–252.
957:(1). Association for Jewish Studies: 205–207.
835:
926:Mescheloff, David (2017). "English Summary".
701:
699:
1033:
1119:Fürst, Literaturblatt d. Orients, xii. 313;
1063:
599:Paris Ms., no. 309 (Bibliothèque Nationale)
260:, which is based upon the weekly lesson on
925:
696:
578:The Jewish Theological Seminary of America
481:An edition with an extended commentary by
249:), a halakhic question related to it, the
1008:
977:
662:
660:
573:(Jerusalem 1960), Introduction, pp. 31–33
913:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Gil Publishers.
1180:
413:have preserved this ancient practice.
361:Today, scholars closely examine Aḥai's
69:
1217:
1189:. Bar Ilan University Press: 145–202.
946:
657:
463:An edition with a short commentary by
377:is the practice mentioned in Parashat
1163:
934:. Bar Ilan University Press: V–VIII.
562:(Ms. said to be a thousand years old)
751:(New York, 1968) 1:86-89 (She'iltot)
369:Reminisces of ancient Jewish customs
119:
42:work composed in the 8th century by
1137:, in Rev. Ét. Juives, xxxii. 56–62.
887:Bodleian Library MS. Huntington 343
565:Vatican Ms. (Vat. ebr. 51), at the
521:, Paris, Nos. 308, 309, and in the
453:
424:, and where, according to Parashat
399:, for the five books of Moses, and
35:
13:
1142:
798:Moscovitz (2003), p. 233 (note 26)
14:
1276:
1202:
1067:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1013:. Brown Judaic Studies: 135–142.
685:, a year corresponding with 4501
297:This view best explains the word
264:, may serve as a specimen of the
1209:Full text of the Sheiltot online
1077:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1053:
714:Ibn-Da'ud, Abraham (1955), p. 27
474:, with the commentary of
470:Another edition under the title
58:, or weekly Torah readings. The
1039:The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon
896:
880:
868:
856:
829:
801:
792:
789:Mescheloff (2017), pp. VII–VIII
783:
772:
763:
122:) was employed in the sense of
78:, Aḥai of Shabha completed his
754:
741:
729:
717:
708:
648:
536:
1:
1166:Le-Toldot Nusaḥ ha-She'iltot
609:
442:. This enactment was made by
545:Ms., described in Catalogue
495:(Samuel Kalman Mirsky, ed.,
256:The beginning of the fourth
239:Each inquiry deals with one
110:
7:
689:. That year was 741 of the
645:, s.v. Aḥa (Aḥai) of Shabḥa
497:She'iltot de-R. Achai Ga'on
390:4:4 and Babylonian Talmud (
20:She'iltot of Rav Achai Gaon
10:
1281:
863:Ohel Dawid, vol. 1, p. 112
503:She'iltot de-Rav Ahai Gaon
401:Targum Yonathan ben Uzziel
116:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
994:10.1017/S0364009403000084
963:10.1017/S0364009400006528
841:Sheiltot of Rab Aḥai Gaon
483:Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin
471:
337:
217:
843:. Jerusalem: Makor Ltd.
760:Saldarini (2020), p. 138
605:Mertzbacher Ms., no. 113
199:
1235:Jewish texts in Aramaic
1074:The Jewish Encyclopedia
889:, online digital access
877:, online digital access
769:see Mendelsohn, l.c. 59
169:, also made use of the
108:, for the Aramaic word
1245:Jewish law and rituals
1164:Brody, Robert (1991).
1125:, Cat. Bodl. No. 4330;
1069:"Aha (Ahai) of Shabha"
1019:10.2307/j.ctvzgb987.14
594:Bibliothèque Nationale
527:Solomon ben Shabbethai
519:Bibliothèque Nationale
134:, which accompany it.
654:Morell (1995), p. 205
1011:Scholastic Rabbinism
642:Jewish Encyclopaedia
592:Paris Ms., no. 308 (
560:Hebrew Union College
478:, Salonica, 1800–01;
467:(Dyhernfurth, 1786);
70:Place of composition
24:Sheiltot de-Rav Ahai
16:Geonic halakhic work
1230:Rabbinic literature
513:Manuscripts of the
436:descendant of Aaron
172:Avot of Rabbi Natan
155:Ecclesiastes Rabbah
145:and of Palestinian
905:Ibn-Daʾud, Avraham
667:Ibn-Daʾud, Abraham
531:Johanan ben Reuben
420:of produce in the
409:. Today, only the
330:discovered in the
226:Nathan ben Abraham
180:Yehudai ben Nahman
84:Sherira ben Hanina
1225:8th-century books
1114:Bikkure ha-'Ittim
1079:Its bibliography:
808:Babylonian Talmud
507:Mossad Harav Kook
356:Nathan ben Jehiel
136:Samuel Mendelsohn
98:Lower Mesopotamia
38:), is a rabbinic
1272:
1265:Rabbinic Judaism
1255:Orthodox Judaism
1198:
1177:
1116:, x. 20 et seq.;
1088:, ibid. 209–215;
1078:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1030:
1005:
974:
943:
922:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
852:
833:
827:
820:Jerusalem Talmud
805:
799:
796:
790:
787:
781:
776:
770:
767:
761:
758:
752:
747:Louis Ginzberg,
745:
739:
736:Rev. Ét. Juives,
733:
727:
721:
715:
712:
706:
703:
694:
664:
655:
652:
646:
639:Louis Ginzberg,
637:
584:Bodleian Library
558:Cincinnati Ms.,
523:Bodleian Library
473:
454:Printed editions
219:
193:Halakhot Gedolot
184:Halakhot Pesukot
151:Leviticus Rabbah
143:Jerusalem Talmud
121:
113:
76:Abraham ibn Daud
37:
22:, also known as
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1145:
1143:Further reading
1140:
1065:Singer, Isidore
1054:
899:
894:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
857:
834:
830:
806:
802:
797:
793:
788:
784:
777:
773:
768:
764:
759:
755:
746:
742:
734:
730:
722:
718:
713:
709:
704:
697:
665:
658:
653:
649:
638:
617:
612:
567:Vatican Library
539:
487:Saul ben Joseph
456:
444:Ezra the Scribe
371:
344:Halakot Gedolot
340:
314:; while of the
202:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:Judaic studies
1237:
1232:
1227:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1203:External links
1201:
1200:
1199:
1178:
1161:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1123:Steinschneider
1120:
1117:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1051:
1031:
1027:j.ctvzgb987.14
1006:
975:
944:
923:
900:
898:
895:
892:
891:
879:
867:
855:
837:Ahai of Shabha
828:
800:
791:
782:
771:
762:
753:
740:
728:
716:
707:
695:
656:
647:
614:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
590:
587:
580:
574:
563:
556:
538:
535:
511:
510:
500:
490:
479:
468:
455:
452:
422:Land of Israel
397:Targum Onkelos
370:
367:
339:
336:
201:
198:
188:Simeon Kayyara
163:Louis Ginzberg
106:Land of Israel
71:
68:
44:Ahai of Shabha
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Religious law
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:(in Hebrew).
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1135:S. Mendelsohn
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:J.L. Rapoport
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1060:public domain
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:
906:
902:
901:
888:
883:
876:
871:
864:
859:
850:
846:
842:
838:
832:
825:
824:Ma'aser Sheni
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
795:
786:
780:
775:
766:
757:
750:
744:
737:
732:
725:
720:
711:
702:
700:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
651:
644:
643:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
615:
604:
601:
598:
595:
591:
588:
585:
581:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
553:
548:
544:
541:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:
505:, 3 volumes (
504:
501:
498:
494:
491:
488:
484:
480:
477:
469:
466:
465:Isaiah Berlin
462:
461:
460:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
414:
412:
411:Yemenite Jews
408:
407:
402:
398:
393:
389:
386:
382:
381:
376:
366:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
335:
333:
329:
324:
322:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
295:
292:
288:
283:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
247:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
211:
207:
197:
195:
194:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
117:
112:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
77:
74:According to
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:geonic period
45:
41:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1186:
1182:
1165:
1149:
1104:Isaac Halevy
1072:
1038:
1035:Sherira Gaon
1010:
985:
979:
954:
948:
931:
927:
909:
897:Bibliography
882:
875:Vat. ebr. 51
870:
858:
840:
831:
823:
815:
811:
803:
794:
785:
779:Genesis 6:13
774:
765:
756:
748:
743:
735:
731:
719:
710:
683:Seleucid era
681:1052 of the
678:
669:(1955), pp.
650:
640:
602:Budapest Ms.
582:Oxford Ms.,
576:Netziv Ms.,
570:
550:
546:
514:
512:
509:, Jerusalem)
502:
496:
492:
457:
425:
415:
404:
391:
387:
378:
374:
372:
362:
360:
343:
341:
332:Cairo Geniza
327:
325:
320:
315:
311:
306:
302:
298:
296:
290:
284:
265:
257:
255:
244:
238:
233:
232:by the name
229:
222:beram ṣarikh
221:
213:
209:
203:
191:
183:
177:
170:
166:
140:
131:
127:
123:
101:
87:
79:
73:
59:
51:
27:
26:, or simply
23:
19:
18:
1250:Legal codes
1129:A. Jellinek
537:Manuscripts
529:(541), and
476:Isaac Pardo
432:First tithe
289:) that the
190:(author of
182:(author of
120:שְאֵילְתָא
1219:Categories
1098:A. Harkavy
1092:Weiss, Dor
981:AJS Review
950:AJS Review
691:Common Era
687:anno mundi
610:References
547:Ohel Dawid
472:תועפות ראם
270:Israelites
1047:923562173
919:754774918
849:762430858
738:xxxii. 56
571:She'iltot
515:Sheiltot,
493:She'iltot
448:Babylonia
375:She'iltot
363:She'iltot
328:She'iltot
303:Sheiltot,
230:She'iltot
220: (
210:She'iltot
167:She'iltot
147:Midrashim
102:She'iltot
94:Palestine
80:She'iltot
60:She'iltot
56:pericopes
52:She'iltot
28:She'iltot
1211:(Hebrew)
1195:26377690
1174:26200192
1086:S. Buber
1037:(1988).
940:26377693
839:(1971).
816:Ketubbot
406:Haftarah
392:Megillah
388:Megillah
380:Nitzavim
321:Sheiltot
316:derashah
312:derashah
307:Sheiltot
299:derashah
291:Sheiltot
266:Sheiltot
241:halakhic
218:ברם צריך
214:she'ilta
206:halakhic
40:halakhic
1158:4618846
1062::
1002:4131606
971:1486496
812:Yebamot
749:Geonica
724:Shabbat
552:Vayetze
543:Sassoon
533:(542).
434:unto a
418:tithing
385:Mishnah
279:Midrash
258:Sheilta
251:aggadic
246:mitzvah
234:Beramot
208:works,
159:Tanḥuma
124:quæstio
104:in the
89:Iggeret
86:in his
1193:
1172:
1156:
1045:
1025:
1000:
969:
938:
917:
847:
818:26a);
440:Levite
427:Korach
338:Impact
204:Among
186:) and
157:, and
128:buṣina
111:šˀelṯā
96:or in
64:Talmud
36:שאלתות
32:Hebrew
1191:JSTOR
1154:JSTOR
1023:JSTOR
998:JSTOR
967:JSTOR
936:JSTOR
814:86b,
352:Rashi
287:Meiri
274:Flood
200:Style
132:bisha
1170:OCLC
1043:OCLC
915:OCLC
845:OCLC
826:5:3)
679:anno
354:and
262:Noah
130:and
1015:doi
990:doi
959:doi
726:30a
348:Hai
1221::
1187:32
1112:,
1071:.
1021:.
996:.
986:27
984:.
965:.
955:20
953:.
932:32
930:.
698:^
675:27
671:26
659:^
618:^
358:.
236:.
175:.
153:,
149:,
118::
66:.
50:.
34::
1197:.
1176:.
1160:)
1049:.
1029:.
1017::
1004:.
992::
973:.
961::
942:.
921:.
851:.
822:(
810:(
693:.
673:–
596:)
114:(
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.