514:
493:. To remain buoyant, the hull of a vessel must prevent water entering the large air spaces of the vessel (known as downflooding). Clearly for the ship to float, the normally submerged parts of the hull will be watertight, but the upper parts of the hull must have openings to allow ventilation to compartments, including the engine room, for crew access, and to load and unload cargo. In a capsize, water can enter these openings if not watertight. If a ship sinks after capsizing, or as a consequence of a leak in the hull or other water ingress, it may be described as having
667:, "two large ships sink every week on average, but the cause is never studied to the same detail as an air crash. It simply gets put down to 'bad weather'." Once considered mythical and lacking hard evidence for their existence, rogue waves are now proven to exist and known to be a natural ocean phenomenon. Eyewitness accounts from mariners and damages inflicted on ships have long suggested they occurred; however, their scientific measurement was only positively confirmed following measurements of the "
531:
140:
36:
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in 1994. The stress of stormy seas on the hull and bow especially caused the bow visor to break off, in turn tearing the watertight bow door open and letting seawater flow onto the car deck. She capsized with tragic consequences. Failure of pumps can lead to the loss of a potentially salvageable ship
573:
for help during the hurricane after losing contact with the ship's master. He reported she was taking on water off the coast of North
Carolina, about 160 miles (260 km) from the storm, and the crew were preparing to abandon ship. There were sixteen people aboard, two of whom did not survive the
679:
on
January 1, 1995, with a maximum wave height of 25.6 metres (84 ft) (peak elevation of 18.5 metres (61 ft)). During that event, minor damage was also inflicted on the platform, far above sea level, confirming that the reading was valid. Their existence has also since been confirmed by
603:
which result in other difficulties. Waves make navigation difficult and dangerous near shallow water. Also, waves create buoyancy stresses on the structure of a hull. The weight of breaking waves on the fabric of the ship force the crew to reduce speed or even travel in the same direction as the
698:). The detonation of cargo or ammunition can cause the breach of a steel hull. An extreme temperature may compromise the durability properties of steel, causing the hull to break on its own weight. Often a large fire causes a ship to be abandoned and left to drift (e.g.
846:
were as revolutionary in the 19th century as GPS is today. However the cost of these instruments could be prohibitive, sometimes resulting in tragic consequences for ships that were still unable to determine their longitude, as in the case of the
578:
in
Portsmouth, Virginia from 12 to 21 February 2013; at which it was concluded that Captain Walbridge's decision to sail the ship into the path of Hurricane Sandy was the cause, and the inquiry found this to have been a "reckless decision".
1140:
775:, or other ships. Collision has been one of the major causes of shipwreck. Accurate navigation is made more difficult by poor visibility in bad weather. Also, many losses happened before modern navigation aids such as
611:
suffer most. Although powered ships are able to resist the force of the wind, sailing vessels have few defences against strong wind. When strong winds are imminent, sailing vessels typically have several choices:
1172:
465:, can lead to the loss of a ship. When the ship's movement is determined only by currents or the wind and particularly by storms, a common result is that the ship is unable to avoid natural hazards like
1150:
1246:
872:. It is also important for the navigator to appreciate that charts may be significantly in error, especially on less frequented coasts. For example, a recent revision of the map of
473:. Loss of propulsion or steering can inhibit a ship's ability to safely position itself in a storm, even far from land. Waves attacking a ship's side can overwhelm and sink it.
655:
and fail more easily. A build-up of ice can cause instability by accumulating high on the ship, or in severe cases, crush the hull if the ship becomes trapped in a freezing sea.
887:
823:- were sufficiently accurate for journeys across oceans, but these techniques (and in many cases also the charts) lacked the precision to avoid reefs close to shore.
692:
Fire can cause the loss of ships in many ways. The most obvious way would be the loss of a wooden ship which is burned until watertight integrity is compromised (e.g.
1184:
1327:
1315:
1238:
1340:, providing context, thematic information and detail for more than 45,000 shipwrecks in the seas surrounding Britain and Ireland, including
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Over the centuries, many technological and organizational developments have been used to reduce accidents at sea including:
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Built-in devices to delay flooding long enough for rescue ships to retrieve survivors and/or tow the ship to the nearest
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Use of fireproof/nonflammable materials to prevent fires from spreading rapidly, and modern fire-fighting agents such as
72:
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awash in the
Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Sandy approximately 90 miles southeast of Hatteras, N.C., 29 Oct. 2012.
79:
367:
132:
This article is about the event resulting in a ship being wrecked. For the physical remains of a wrecked ship, see
57:
86:
1362:
1141:"Coast Guard finds ill-fated ship Bounty avoided tighter safety standards, repair warnings by Maine shipyard"
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were available. Until the 20th century, the most sophisticated navigational tools and techniques available -
513:
53:
740:. Such disasters may have catastrophic results, especially if the disaster occurs in a harbour, such as the
1324:
835:
411:
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is readily available and universally used, there is still scope for error. Using the incorrect horizontal
68:
1022:
410:
and her lower cannon deck had too low free-board for good seaworthiness. Poor design allowed the ferry
1312:
1056:. Helsinki: Joint Accident Investigation Commission. 1997. Archived from the original on 2 June 2001.
776:
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and the subsequent sinking of the vessel. Even the hulls of large modern ships have cracked in heavy
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to sink; the stranding of a ship on rocks, land or shoal; poor maintenance, resulting in a lack of
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46:
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Many shipwrecks have occurred when the crew of the ship allowed the ship to collide with rocks,
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of an area may mislead the navigator, especially as many charts have not been updated to use
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Many losses of sailing ships were caused by sailing, with a following wind, so far into a
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651:, mist and heavy rain increase the navigator's problems. Cold can cause metal to become
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that do not compromise the buoyancy and stability of the vessel as quickly as water.
838:, is attributed to the mariner's inability to find their longitude. This led to the
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The force of the wind pushes ships in the direction of the wind. Vessels with large
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painting (1850) shows a handful of survivors clinging to the mast of a sunken ship.
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In extreme cases, where the ship's cargo is either highly combustible (such as
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showed that previous maps were in some places in error by several kilometres.
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and better defences to protect the ship from acts of violence, war and piracy
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328:
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437:. Leaks between the hull planks of wooden vessels are a particular problem.
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waves to prevent damage. Also, wind stresses the rigging of sailing ships.
407:
347:
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176:; or the destruction of a ship either intentionally or by violent weather.
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to create an obstacle to close a harbour, river, etc. against enemy ships
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705:). Should it run aground beyond economic salvage, it becomes a wreck.
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overloading - either cargo or icing, and displacement exceeding the
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try to position themselves so that they cannot be blown into danger
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807:(which recorded the vessel's heading and the speed measured by
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bow doors, with tragic consequences. Failure or leaking of the
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Shipwreck with
Spectator: Paradigm of a Metaphor for Existence
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quality and maintenance of seaworthiness of the ship such as "
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434:
222:
1053:
Final report on the MV ESTONIA disaster of 28 September 1994
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to destroy a derelict ship that poses a menace to navigation
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to prevent a ship from falling into an enemy's hands (e.g.
301:
263:
169:
1308:
Maritimequest
Shipwreck Database (Downloadable Excel file)
888:
International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
266:
winds: This often leads to capsizing, also referred to as
1112:
869:
709:
648:
640:
1334:- a learning resource from the British Library archives
1239:"Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites"
935:
Advanced navigation tools such as radio communication,
392:
The hallmark of a shipwreck due to poor design is the
574:
sinking. An inquiry into the sinking was held by the
221:instability, due to poor design, improperly stowed
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
425:is a serious problem that can lead to the loss of
1173:"US Coast Guard Media Advisory, January 10, 2013"
561:, initially going on an easterly course to avoid
406:harbour 1628. She was too narrow, had too little
1349:
387:
842:to improve the aids available for navigation.
732:) a fire onboard may result in a catastrophic
489:resulting in the ship tipping on its side or
476:
453:Failure of the means of propulsion, such as
203:Factors for the loss of a ship may include:
1297:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1997)
1105:
262:bad weather and powerful or large waves or
1108:"Sandy claims 'Bounty' off North Carolina"
440:Equipment failure caused the shipwreck of
234:errors and other human errors, leading to
643:that the ship became trapped upwind of a
582:Poor weather can cause several problems:
505:to help preserve the necessary buoyancy.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
751:
529:
512:
225:, cargo that shifts its position or the
183:
138:
663:According to one scientist who studies
553:) sank in a hurricane. The vessel left
14:
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1138:
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211:or failure of the ship's equipment or
1313:NOAA Wrecks and Obstructions Database
1106:Morgenstein, Mark (29 October 2012).
1212:National Transportation Safety Board
1181:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
747:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1249:from the original on July 24, 2014.
763:on Point Arguello, California, 1931
24:
1287:
541:On 25 October 2012, the tall ship
25:
1374:
1301:
1215:. 6 February 2014. Archived from
856:Even today, when highly accurate
1261:"Freak waves spotted from space"
1083:Jane's Dictionary of Naval Terms
501:. Large ships are designed with
450:with only a minor leak or fire.
34:
1267:. July 22, 2004. Archived from
1085:. London: Mcdonald and Jane's.
547:(a replica of the original HMS
356:for training or testing weapons
45:needs additional citations for
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1199:
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1132:
1099:
1074:
1040:
658:
569:, the ship's owner called the
565:. On 29 October 2012 at 03:54
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238:(with another ship, rocks, an
13:
1:
1207:"Sinking of Tall Ship Bounty"
1139:Koenig, Seth (13 June 2014).
1033:
828:Scilly naval disaster of 1707
485:of the ship rising above the
481:Instability is caused by the
27:Event causing a ship to wreck
836:history of the British Isles
388:Design and equipment failure
7:
1001:
10:
1379:
1023:List of maritime disasters
477:Instability and foundering
316:, such as accumulation of
160:is an event that causes a
131:
1066:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
576:United States Coast Guard
571:United States Coast Guard
414:Herald of Free Enterprise
179:
1325:Shipwrecks and Smuggling
417:to put to sea with open
1081:Joseph, Palmer (1975).
991:watertight compartments
687:
671:", a rogue wave at the
559:St. Petersburg, Florida
555:New London, Connecticut
166:ship striking something
1177:US Coast Guard Newsrom
858:navigational equipment
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684:of the ocean surface.
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200:
154:
1243:European Space Agency
989:for repairs, such as
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333:intentional sinking (
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142:
1363:Nautical terminology
953:satellite navigation
813:celestial navigation
628:, preferably on the
195:, which sank in the
54:improve this article
18:Shipwreck (accident)
1219:on 21 February 2014
1028:Beaching (nautical)
844:Marine chronometers
469:, shallow water or
431:free surface effect
396:of Swedish warship
227:free surface effect
143:The sinking of the
1330:2011-05-03 at the
1318:2021-07-23 at the
1120:on 29 October 2012
1013:List of shipwrecks
1008:Flotsam and jetsam
919:marine chronometer
909:tools such as the
832:maritime disasters
817:marine chronometer
797:marine chronometer
765:
539:
528:
201:
155:
1293:Hans Blumenberg,
1245:. July 21, 2004.
1146:Bangor Daily News
1018:List of disasters
748:Navigation errors
742:Halifax Explosion
682:satellite imagery
673:Draupner platform
369:Admiral Graf Spee
149:, illustrated by
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16:(Redirected from
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1271:on July 24, 2004
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1187:on 12 April 2015
1183:. Archived from
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1149:. Archived from
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1116:. Archived from
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1071:
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1048:"21 Conclusions"
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949:Radio navigation
937:radar navigation
911:magnetic compass
793:magnetic compass
720:) or explosive (
419:roll-on/roll-off
168:that causes the
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30:
21:
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1332:Wayback Machine
1320:Wayback Machine
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1288:Further reading
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1153:on 16 June 2014
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895:aids including
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563:Hurricane Sandy
518:Ivan Aivazovsky
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342:artificial reef
256:Costa Concordia
251:running aground
188:Life raft from
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1342:revealing maps
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1302:External links
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799:(to calculate
789:dead reckoning
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523:The Ninth Wave
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1294:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1264:
1255:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:the original
1210:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1185:the original
1176:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:the original
1144:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:the original
1111:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1052:
1042:
969:Intelligence
959:shipbuilding
882:
855:
848:
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803:) and ships
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599:Wind causes
598:
592:cold weather
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503:compartments
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348:wreck diving
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249:), etc.) or
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191:
164:, such as a
158:Shipwrecking
157:
156:
151:Willy Stöwer
144:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1223:11 February
941:gyrocompass
897:lighthouses
870:modern data
726:fertilizers
714:natural gas
665:rogue waves
659:Rogue waves
509:Bad weather
471:tidal races
442:cruiseferry
354:target ship
340:to form an
284:including:
110:August 2017
1358:Shipwrecks
1352:Categories
1191:31 January
1124:29 October
1034:References
907:navigation
791:using the
730:ammunition
695:Cospatrick
632:side of a
595:high waves
586:high winds
499:foundering
487:metacenter
322:tube worms
320:and other
318:polychaete
314:biofouling
268:foundering
236:collisions
232:navigation
197:Baltic Sea
80:newspapers
1062:cite book
901:sea marks
801:longitude
738:explosion
677:North Sea
645:lee shore
495:foundered
491:capsizing
404:Stockholm
361:blockship
352:use as a
335:scuttling
290:torpedoes
272:warfare,
244:RMS
162:shipwreck
134:Shipwreck
1328:Archived
1316:Archived
1265:BBC News
1247:Archived
1002:See also
987:shipyard
893:Pilotage
864:for the
850:Arniston
773:icebergs
758:SS
722:nitrates
718:gasoline
634:landform
427:buoyancy
306:missiles
282:sabotage
199:in 1994.
153:in 1912.
1275:May 22,
923:sextant
876:in the
834:in the
821:sextant
805:logbook
760:Harvard
675:in the
653:brittle
630:leeward
621:harbour
609:windage
463:rigging
455:engines
446:Estonia
429:or the
408:ballast
394:capsize
246:Titanic
240:iceberg
192:Estonia
146:Titanic
94:scholar
1157:9 June
1089:
905:Basic
815:using
626:anchor
550:Bounty
544:Bounty
535:Bounty
435:storms
278:mutiny
274:piracy
209:design
180:Causes
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
995:pumps
980:foams
976:gases
945:sonar
866:chart
862:datum
811:) or
785:sonar
781:radar
769:reefs
601:waves
467:rocks
459:sails
359:as a
302:bombs
298:mines
280:, or
223:cargo
207:poor
101:JSTOR
87:books
1277:2010
1225:2014
1193:2015
1159:2015
1126:2012
1087:ISBN
1068:link
993:and
978:and
951:and
929:and
899:and
826:The
819:and
783:and
688:Fire
423:hull
399:Wasa
346:for
310:fire
304:and
286:guns
264:gale
213:hull
170:ship
73:news
1113:CNN
927:log
809:log
777:GPS
736:or
716:or
710:oil
700:MS
649:fog
641:bay
567:EDT
520:'s
497:or
461:or
412:MS
402:in
190:MS
56:by
1354::
1263:.
1241:.
1209:.
1179:.
1175:.
1143:.
1110:.
1064:}}
1060:{{
1050:.
943:,
939:,
925:,
921:,
917:,
913:,
853:.
795:,
779:,
771:,
744:.
728:,
724:,
712:,
457:,
337:)
300:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
276:,
215:-
1344:.
1279:.
1227:.
1195:.
1161:.
1128:.
1095:.
1070:)
997:.
965:"
372:)
259:)
253:(
242:(
136:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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