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1416:, they may choose to label their wines as "Shiraz". Under American wine laws, either name may appear on the label. Syrah first appeared as a wine grape in California in the 1970s, where it was planted by a group of viticulturists who called themselves "Rhône rangers". Although most plantings of the grape are in California, there are increasing amounts of it being grown in Washington state. Syrah makes up a significant percentage of wine produced in several Washington AVAs such as the
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signify a stylistic difference in the wine they have made. "Syrah"-labelled wines are sometimes thought to be more similar to classic
Northern Rhône reds; presumably more elegant, tannic, smoke-flavoured and restrained with respect to their fruit component. "Shiraz"-labelled wines, on the other hand, would then be more similar to archetypical Australian or other New World examples, presumably made from
691:
794:" of the original word, a process of changing vowels as part of Australian slang. However, while the names "Shiraz" and "Hermitage" gradually replaced "Scyras" in Australia from the mid-19th century, the spelling "Shiraz" has also been documented in British sources back to at least the 1830s. So while the name or spelling "Shiraz" may be an effect of the
67:
1303:, an immigrant who brought vine clippings from Europe with him, and it is almost invariably called "Shiraz". Today it is Australia's most popular red grape, but has not always been in such favour; in the 1970s, white wine was so popular that growers were ripping out unprofitable Shiraz and Grenache vineyards, even those with
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awarded high scores, up to the "perfect" score of 100 points, to wines of some Rhône producers. The popularity of
Australian Shiraz on the export market may also have played a role. In 1988, total French plantings stood at 27,000 hectares (67,000 acres), and the 1999 viticultural survey found 50,700
1099:
Syrah is a variety that during the last few decades has been imported for cultivation in several countries. It is primarily grown in warmer regions. Worldwide plantations of Syrah have increased considerably in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and both "Syrah"-labelled and "Shiraz"-labelled wines are
1395:
plantations have expanded significantly, from 1% of the vineyard area in 1995 to 9.7% in 2007 making up a total area under cultivation of 9,856 hectares (24,350 acres). In South Africa, the variety is predominately known as "Shiraz", but the designation "Syrah" is used for "Rhône-style" wines. Some
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in 1951 and has a reputation for aging well. The
Penfolds Grange is predominantly Shiraz but often includes a small quantity of Cabernet Sauvignon. It is usually a multi-regional blend of quality South Australian Shiraz, with the Barossa Valley playing an important role, and matured in new American
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In 1968, there existed only 2,700 hectares (6,700 acres) of Syrah vineyards in France, primarily in the traditional appellations of northern Rhône, which at that time had not received much attention in the wine world for several decades, and the vineyards of which were not planted to full capacity.
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As a general rule, most
Australian and South African wines are labeled "Shiraz", and most European wines (from such regions where varietal labeling is practiced) are labeled "Syrah". In other countries, practices vary and winemakers (or wine marketers) sometimes choose either "Syrah" or "Shiraz" to
503:
Both varieties are somewhat obscure today, and have never achieved anything near Syrah's fame or popularity, and there is no record of them ever having been cultivated at long distances from their present homes. Thus, both of Syrah's parents come from a limited area in southeastern France, close to
1376:
to their Shiraz to add apricot tones to the wine's nose and palate. With such a small percentage added, the producer wasn't obliged to declare the blend on the label. In the past 5 years, however, it's becoming increasingly fashionable to label the wine "Shiraz
Viognier" as Viognier gains consumer
1060:
labeling of their wines. Indeed, such practices are generally disallowed under AOC rules, and only the AOC name (such as Cote-Rotie, Crozes-Hermitage or
Hermitage) appears on the label. Varietal labeling of Syrah/Shiraz wines is therefore a practice that has emerged in the New World, primarily in
1342:
In the 2005–2006 growing season, total Shiraz plantations in
Australia stood at 41,115 hectares (101,600 acres), of which 39,087 hectares (96,590 acres) were old enough to be productive. These vines yielded a total of 422,430 tonnes of Shiraz grapes for wine production. This made Shiraz the most
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The Rhône-Alpes region. Dureza is believed to have originated in the Ardèche (#1) in the southwest and moved east/northeast into Drôme (#2) and Isère (#3). Somewhere in this area, most likely in Isère, the vine crossed with
Mondeuse blanche, a variety native to the Savoie region (#4), to produce
1449:
that they inhabit. In exceptionally warm regions, such as parts of Napa, the wine is often blended with other Rhône varieties. Other appellations, primarily mountainous ones, tend to produce varietal-based wines that can stand on their own. Syrah was introduced into
Washington state in 1986 by
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practices chosen. Aroma characters can range from violets to berries (usually dark as opposed to red), chocolate, and black pepper. No one aroma can be called typical though blackberry, coffee and pepper are often noticed. With time in the bottle these primary notes are moderated and then
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in the US and UK, were responsible for a dramatic expansion of plantings during the 1980s and 1990s; a similar trajectory occurred in
California. However, the biggest factor in this expansion during the 1990s was a steady increase in exports due to the historically low value of the
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have achieved international regard for their Durif. This varietal is similar to Shiraz but is even more full-bodied and tannic because of the smaller, thicker-skinned grapes used. Petite Sirah is widely planted in California, where it is popular as a varietal (for example, by
926:
From the 1970s and even more from the 1990s, Syrah has enjoyed increased popularity, and plantings of the variety have expanded significantly in both old and new locations. In the early 2000s, it broke into the top 10 of varieties planted worldwide for the first time.
1199:
While previously unused parts of the northern Rhône vineyards have been planted with Syrah as part of the expansion, the major part of the new French Syrah plantations are located in southern Rhône (which covers a much larger vineyard area than the northern part) and
687:. The grape would then later have spread to the northern Rhône, which was never colonized by the Phocaeans. No documentary evidence exists to back up this legend, and it also requires the variety to later vanish from the Marseilles region without leaving any trace.
1091:, more fruit-driven, higher in alcohol, less obviously tannic, peppery rather than smokey, usually more easily approached when young, and possibly slightly sweetish in impression. It must, however, be realized that this rule of thumb is unevenly applied.
1204:. While southern Rhône produces relatively few wines where Syrah is in the majority, the proportion of Syrah in the blended wines of this region has been on the rise. Languedoc-Roussillon uses Syrah to produce both Southern Rhône-like blends with
568:, and it has been speculated that it could be today's Syrah. However, the description of the wine would also fit, for example, Dureza, and Pliny's observation that vines of Allobrogica were resistant to cold is not entirely consistent with Syrah.
480:
846:, depending on the point of view) of Bordeaux wines. While Spanish and Algerian wines are also known to have been used for this purpose, top Bordeaux châteaux would use Hermitage to improve their wines, especially in weaker vintages.
659:. At least two significantly different versions of the myth are reported, giving different accounts of how the grape variety is supposed to have travelled, differing up to 1,800 years in dating the event. In one version, the
507:
The DNA typing leaves no room for doubt in this matter, and the numerous other hypotheses of the grape's origin which have been forwarded during the years all completely lack support in the form of documentary evidence or
534:
The parentage information, however, does not reveal how old the grape variety is, i.e., when the pollination of a Mondeuse blanche vine by Dureza took place, leading to the original Syrah seed plant. In the year AD 77,
2404:
786:, this naming practice caused a problem in some export markets and was dropped. The name "Scyras" was used to describe the grape in the earliest Australian documents, and "Shiraz" has been speculated (among others by
737:, meaning "black"). It refers to the origin of this grape, which comes from black grapes and shows connection between the city of Shiraz and this grape. Another legend of the grape variety's origin, based on the name
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traditionally have had some sweetness, a number of Australian winemakers also make a full-bodied sparkling dry Shiraz, which contains the complexity and sometimes earthy notes that are normally found in still wine.
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structure. Syrah has been widely used as a blending grape in the red wines of many countries due to its fleshy fruit mid-palate, balancing the weaknesses of other varieties and resulting in a "complete" wine.
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around the world, with concentrations in Australia, The Rhone Valley in France, and the US. It is often used as a blending grape in Spain and Italy as well. It is also planted in Portugal, which favor making
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increased from less than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) in 1990 to 9,500 hectares (23,000 acres) in 2002. Syrah has occasionally been used as a blending component with Argentina's signature dark-skinned grape
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after his crusades. Hermitage wines have for centuries had a reputation for being powerful and excellent. While Hermitage was quite famous in the 18th and 19th centuries, and attracted interest from foreign
2010:
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After the wines of northern Rhône were "rediscovered" by wine writers in the 1970s, plantings expanded considerably. This trend received an extra boost in the 1980s and 1990s, when influential wine writer
958:, was historically applied to a wine unrelated to contemporary Shiraz wines and was made from a grape or grapes entirely different from the Syrah that has been proven to originate in southeastern France.
1000:
Wines made from Syrah are often powerfully flavoured and full-bodied. The variety produces wines with a wide range of flavor notes, depending on the climate and soils where it is grown, as well as other
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supplemented with earthy or savory tertiary notes such as leather and truffle. Secondary flavor and aroma notes are those associated with several things, generally winemakers' practices (such as
798:
on a French name, there is no evidence that it actually originated in Australia, although it was definitely the Australian usage and the Australian wines that made the use of this name popular.
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as well as the changes in the slope of the terrain tend to produce different styles of wine. Ranging from the mineral and tannic nature of Hermitage, to fruity and perfumed in the case of
2234:
Günata, Ziya; Wirth, Jérémie L; Guo, Wenfei; Baumes, Raymond L (2001). "C13-Norisoprenoid Aglycon Composition of Leaves and Grape Berries from Muscat of Alexandria and Shiraz Cultivars".
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In the United States, wine produced from the grape is normally called by its French name, "Syrah". However, in cases where winemakers choose to follow a New World style, similar to
1246:
In Spain there was an increase in the area cultivated in Syrah grapes from 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) in 1990 to 19,045 hectares (47,060 acres) in 2009. It is grown primarily in
718:; "according to the tradition of the neighbourhood, the plant was originally brought from Shiraz in Persia, by one of the hermits of the mountain" called Gaspare de Stérimberg.
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866:) for introduction to Australia. One of the varieties collected by him was Syrah, although Busby used the two spellings "Scyras" and "Ciras". The cuttings were planted in the
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or as a blend. Following several years of strong planting, Syrah was estimated in 2004 to be the world's 7th most grown grape at 142,600 hectares (352,000 acres).
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Syrah vines in France often suffer from a form of dieback characterised by the leaves turning red in late summer, deep cracks developing in the stem above the
838:
In the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries, most Hermitage wine that left France did so as a blending component in Bordeaux wines. In an era when "
113:
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The Syrah grape was introduced into Switzerland in 1926 and in 2009 was the 6th most common red wine grape in Switzerland (181 hectares). Mostly grown in
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Synonyms for Syrah include Antourenein noir, Candive, Entournerein, Hermitage, Hignin noir, Marsanne noir, Shiraz, Sira, Sirac, Sirah, Syra, and Syrac.
1512:. It was propagated by and named after Dr. Francois Durif. Durif is a cross breed between the lesser known Peloursin and Syrah. Regions such as
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content, many premium Syrah wines are at their best after some considerable bottle aging. In exceptional cases, this may be 15 years or longer.
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1258:. As of 2015 it was the seventh most grown red grape in Spain, with 20,155 hectares (49,800 acres) accounting for 4% of the red grape total.
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1384:"Shiraz" is also the S in "GSM" (Grenache-Shiraz-Mourvèdre), which is common Australian designation for a Châteneuf-du-Pape-like blend.
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in modern times, where it has long been established as the most grown dark-skinned variety. In Australia, it was also commonly called
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842:" were less powerful than today, and before appellation rules, red wines from warmer regions would be used for improvement (or
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Victorian regions include Heathcote, roughly 1.5 hours north of Melbourne. Cooler climate regions such as Western Australia's
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2125:"James Halliday: Syrah in Australia since 1800, pp. 10-14 in: The Syrah Producers' Club 19 April 2004 – Syrah Worldwide Roma"
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1469:. Expanding at a significant rate, it is used to produce single-varietial wines as well as being blended with grapes such as
1164:. The wines that are made from it vary greatly, even over small changes in the location of the vines. The differences in the
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region in France, has all but disappeared from the vineyards, and the preservation of such varieties is a speciality of
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Quote: "Our data strongly confirmed the 'Syrah' parentage ('Dureza' x 'Mondeuse blanche') established by Bowers et al."
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sometime after 280 CE. This legend also lacks documentary evidence and is inconsistent with ampelographic findings.
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for decades, less-extracted styles may be enjoyed young for their lively red and blueberry characters and smooth
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northern Rhône. Based on these findings, the researchers have concluded Syrah originated from northern Rhône.
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made famous and prized wine from a dark-skinned grape variety that had not existed some 50 years earlier, in
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Vouillamoz, J.F. and Grando, M.S. 2006. "Genealogy of wine grape cultivars: 'Pinot' is related to 'Syrah'",
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17:
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Instead, they seem to have been based primarily or solely on the name or synonyms of the variety. Varying
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planted variety in Australia and Australia the world's second largest Syrah/Shiraz grower, after France.
886:
Syrah continues to be the main grape of the northern Rhône and is associated with classic wines such as
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1660:. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Grapevine Genetics and Breeding. Archived from
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hectares (125,000 acres) of Syrah vineyards. France thus has the world's largest plantations of Syrah.
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1080:
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1311:, the world's oldest continually producing commercial vineyard is believed to be the Shiraz vines at
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produce Shiraz with marginally less alcohol content and often in a more traditional French style.
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with Syrah has actually been common for years in the Northern Rhône Valley region of Cote-Rotie.
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for grape names render dubious any name-based evidence of origins. Nevertheless, origins such as
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Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation: Areas of vines and grape production by variety – 2005-06
1056:(AOCs) of northern Rhône have, like most other French appellations and regions, no tradition of
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332:), Syrah is more consistently full-bodied with softer tannin, jammier fruit and spice notes of
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1646:"A Single Pair of Parents Proposed for a Group of Grapevine Varieties in Northeastern France"
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858:, often called "the Father of Australian viticulture", made a trip back to Europe to collect
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exists. The region though which has made one of the best uses of Syrah, by blending it with
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To confuse matters, in northern Rhône, different clones of genuine Syrah are referred to as
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Syrah is also a key component to many blends. It may be used to add structure and color to
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California Syrahs, much like those in France, vary a great deal based on the climate and
1408:
The first planting of Syrah in Washington state was done at Red Willow Vineyards in 1986.
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region of southeastern France, but it was not known if it had originated in that region.
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Smaller amounts of Syrah are also used in the production of other wine styles, such as
672:
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258:. In 1999, Syrah was found to be the offspring of two obscure grapes from southeastern
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Growth and Cycles in Australia's Wine Industry: A Statistical Compendium, 1843 to 2013
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The wines that made Syrah famous were those from Hermitage, the hill above the town
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1965:"NAMES - The Name Syrah : popularity, meaning and origin, popular baby names"
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The grape's many other synonyms are used in various parts of the world, including
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818:) was built on the top, and where De Stérimberg is supposed to have settled as a
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region, and is still found in small amounts in that region's vineyards today.
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1187:. Syrah is also the only red grape used in the wines of the northern Rhône.
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usually makes up the bulk of the blend. Although its best incarnations will
878:. By the 1860s, Syrah was established as an important variety in Australia.
281:
The style and flavor profile of wines made from Syrah are influenced by the
105:
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2414:(in Spanish). Vivai Cooperativi Rauscedo. 2013. p. 101. Archived from
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2405:"Catálogo general de las variedades y los clones de uva de vino y de mesa"
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A well-known example of the Shiraz grape in Australian viticulture is the
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to provide an "Argentinian take" on the Australian Cabernet-Shiraz blend.
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898:. In the southern Rhône, it is used as a blending grape in such wines as
855:
707:
520:
493:
468:, France to conclude that Syrah was the offspring of the grape varieties
344:
298:
3067:
1925:(New Illustrated ed.). Mitchell Beazley. pp. 58 & p. 131.
1900:
Journal of a recent visit to the principal vineyards of Spain and France
1644:
Bowers, J.E; Siret, R; Meredith, C.P; This, P; Boursiquot, J.-M (2000).
712:
Journal of a recent visit to the principal vineyards of Spain and France
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where the grapes are grown. In moderate climates (such as the northern
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Many factors, including the success of brands like Lindemans (part of
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and tannin levels of Syrah allow the wines produced to have favorable
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The origins of shiraz – revealed! - By Jeni Port, Winestate Magazine
2381:(in French). Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin. Archived from
2355:(in French). Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin. Archived from
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It can also be found in several Australian wine regions such as the
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Recently, Australian Shiraz producers have started to add up to 4%
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Around 2005, there were 2,500 hectares (6,200 acres) of Syrah in
1445:
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378:
282:
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655:, and legends claim the original grape was later brought to the
576:
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had been proposed while the genomic studies had yet to be done.
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pp. 17-38, 61-75, 107-109, University of California Press 2007
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see this variety as the "great hope" for South African wines.
1079:
being considered the superior version, giving wines higher in
496:. Mondeuse blanche is a white grape variety cultivated in the
232:
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3135:
3105:
2295:
2293:
2198:"RED FIZZ Australian-style red bubbly is a grown-up pleasure"
1505:
1494:
863:
690:
683:, east of the Rhône, which was founded around 600 BCE by the
635:
Legends of Syrah's origins often connect it with the city of
497:
337:
317:
238:
50:
1876:, Third Edition, pp. 512–513, Oxford University Press 2006,
1796:, Third Edition, pp. 572-573, Oxford University Press 2006,
1756:, Third Edition, pp. 676-677, Oxford University Press 2006,
2732:
2688:
2673:
Syrah Wine Grape History, Character and Growing Areas (USA)
1238:
and scion rather than an infection by a fungus or a virus.
1220:
1075:(large Syrah) depending on the size of their berries, with
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1702:
1365:
Oak. Other well-known Australian Shiraz wines include the
782:
up to the late 1980s, but since that name became a French
1299:
The Syrah grape was introduced into Australia in 1832 by
1160:
Syrah, as it is known in France, is grown throughout the
254:
grown throughout the world and used primarily to produce
2081:, Third Edition, pp. 4-5, Oxford University Press 2006,
1377:
acceptance in the marketplace. The practise of blending
66:
2701:
2151:, Third Edition, p. 676, Oxford University Press 2006,
2106:, Third Edition, p. 116, Oxford University Press 2006,
2056:, Third Edition, p. 344, Oxford University Press 2006,
1848:, Third Edition, p. 627, Oxford University Press 2006,
1643:
1156:
Vineyards on the Hermitage hill are dominated by Syrah.
698:
The legend connecting Syrah's origins with the city of
187:
High tannins, high acidity, blackberry, dark chocolate
1626:
Third Edition, p. 746, Oxford University Press 2006,
1128:), Lazio (Pontine Agro), and Apulia (Syrah Tarantino
229:
2625:"Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide"
2238:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 802. p. 255.
2233:
1614:
1612:
1424:. Syrah is increasingly being grown and produced in
1112:
Syrah wine, and not only blending with other types.
361:
It can be found throughout the globe from France to
235:
226:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
203:Liquorice, cloves, espresso, mocha, dark chocolate
2469:p. 20, Clarkson Potter Publishing, New York 2005
2379:"Brochures techniques: Dépérissement de la Syrah"
2117:
1609:
1525:, which results in a rich, bold and fruity wine.
3752:
2444:Jancis Robinson, Julia Harding, José Vouillamoz
1598:pp. 6-9, Second Revised Edition (2012), London,
1508:, or Petite Sirah, is a descendant of Syrah and
973:style, and sparkling red wine. While Australian
935:For the no-longer-produced historical wine, see
663:could have brought Syrah to their colony around
466:the viticultural research station in Montpellier
2539:
2324:
2299:
1554:
1439:A Washington Syrah from the Columbia Valley AVA
1094:
767:', presumably because the billhook was used in
2440:
2438:
2436:
2175:. Workman Publishing Company. pp. g 786.
1596:"Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality"
512:investigations, be it by methods of classical
488:Dureza, a dark-skinned grape variety from the
3480:
2717:
2567:"South African Wine Industry Statistics 2008"
2486:
2195:
2168:
2042:
1864:
1862:
1836:
1834:
774:The name "Shiraz" has been used primarily in
755:Another proposed etymology links it with the
571:
92:Shiraz, Hermitage, Antourenein noir, Candive
2493:. University of Adelaide Press. p. 20.
2220:Bonné, Jon, msnbc.com (September 21, 2005).
1892:
1890:
1744:
1036:
981:Due to their concentrated flavours and high
464:and extensive grape reference material from
71:The Shiraz grape cluster, illustration from
2433:
2331:. Oxford University Press. pp. g 572.
2267:
2265:
2263:
2002:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
441:Syrah has a long documented history in the
195:Mint, eucalyptus, smoked meat, black pepper
3487:
3473:
2724:
2710:
2459:
1859:
1831:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1428:. Syrah is also found in small regions in
65:
2092:
2035:A history and description of modern wines
1981:
1887:
988:Syrah has one of the highest recommended
301:wines with medium-plus to high levels of
2687:
2583:
2260:
1812:
1810:
1767:
1721:
1434:
1403:
1369:"Hill of Grace" and the Penfolds "RWT".
1151:
1040:
941:
689:
575:
478:
3665:Clarification and stabilization of wine
2617:
2603:. Hardcourt, inc. pp. gs 252–253.
2589:Platter's South African Wines 2009, p66
2487:Anderson, Kym; Aryal, Nanda R. (2015).
2031:
2008:
1985:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic
1691:
849:
721:There is a connection between the name
14:
3753:
2025:
1982:Matasović, Ranko (February 11, 2009).
1590:
1588:
1319:that were originally planted in 1847.
862:from vines (primarily from France and
3468:
2705:
2686:
2542:"Viognier – it's everywhere nowadays"
1896:
1807:
1360:. This wine was created by winemaker
1270:, along the upper Rhône valley above
995:
874:, and in 1839 brought from Sydney to
454:Department of Viticulture and Enology
1920:
1179:in southern Rhône blends, including
564:Pliny called the vines of this wine
270:. Syrah should not be confused with
2645:Oz Clark&Margaret Rand (2001).
2599:Oz Clark&Margaret Rand (2001).
2304:. Abbeville Press. pp. g 152.
2272:Oz Clark&Margaret Rand (2001).
1703:Oz Clark&Margaret Rand (2001).
1594:Wine & Spirits Education Trust
1585:
706:may, however, be of French origin.
24:
2647:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes
2601:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes
2276:. Hardcourt, inc. pp. g 250.
2274:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes
2236:Carotenoid-Derived Aroma Compounds
1707:. Hardcourt, inc. pp. g 247.
1705:Oz Clarke's Encyclopedia of Grapes
790:) to have come about through the "
25:
3772:
2749:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2666:
2649:. Hardcourt, inc. p. g 253.
2038:. Whittaker & co. p. 20.
881:
3728:
3436:
2579:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2222:The perfect temperature for wine
1399:
222:
2638:
2592:
2559:
2533:
2514:
2480:
2397:
2371:
2345:
2318:
2227:
2214:
2189:
2162:
2141:
1975:
1957:
1939:
1914:
1820:p. 90, Octopus Publishing 1986
1658:10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.528.15
1521:), and especially blended with
1454:through their partnership with
1387:
1208:, Australian-style blends with
930:
801:
784:Protected Designation of Origin
458:University of California, Davis
3494:
2540:Jancis Robinson (2005-10-15).
2149:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2104:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2079:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2054:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1794:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1754:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1675:
1637:
1261:
1033:, are found in Shiraz leaves.
946:A Shiraz from Washington State
741:, is that it was brought from
714:an excerpt from the 1826 book
527:or the famous Iranian city of
13:
1:
3691:Glossary of viticulture terms
2530:, accessed on March 17, 2008.
2325:Jancis Robinson, ed. (2005).
2302:Jancis Robinson's Wine Course
1846:"The Oxford Companion to Wine
1548:
549:(which today would be called
93:
3696:Glossary of winemaking terms
2448:p. 1029, Penguin Group 2012
2196:W. Blake Gray (2005-05-26).
2009:Redding, Cyrus (July 1834).
1874:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1624:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1294:
1277:
1120:In Italy, Syrah is grown in
1095:Syrah in different countries
1045:A New World wine labeled as
992:at 18 °C (65 °F).
810:in northern Rhône, where an
643:. The former capital of the
7:
2353:"Dépérissement de la Syrah"
1536:
1528:
10:
3777:
3616:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
2244:10.1021/bk-2002-0802.ch018
934:
572:The names Syrah and Shiraz
448:A 1998 study conducted by
431:
354:Syrah is used as a single
211:Leather, wet leaves, earth
29:
27:Dark-skinned grape variety
3724:
3706:History of the wine press
3673:
3657:
3629:
3596:Sparkling wine production
3581:
3563:
3530:
3502:
3430:
3369:
3331:
3226:
3203:
3086:
2973:
2961:
2854:
2782:
2739:
2699:
1998:– via Google Books.
1250:, with lesser amounts in
1147:
1037:Syrah or Shiraz on labels
1031:3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionol
990:wine serving temperatures
452:'s research group in the
436:
316:In hot climates (such as
305:and notes of blackberry,
207:
199:
191:
183:
178:
165:
157:
143:
99:
88:
80:
75:(Viala et Vermorel, 1902)
64:
48:
43:
3761:Red wine grape varieties
3701:Wine tasting descriptors
3422:Wine tasting descriptors
3351:Phenolic content in wine
3243:Alternative wine closure
2827:Great French Wine Blight
2731:
2328:Oxford Companion to Wine
2300:Jancis Robinson (2003).
2075:"Adulteration and fraud"
1903:. Smith, Elder. p.
1818:Vines, Grapes & Wine
1500:
1488:
1241:
1115:
950:The name "Shiraz", from
729:word "سیاه" (pronounced
651:produced the well-known
580:Clusters of Syrah grapes
297:), they tend to produce
274:, a cross of Syrah with
30:Not to be confused with
3591:Malolactic fermentation
2202:San Francisco Chronicle
2032:Redding, Cyrus (1836).
1456:Woodinville, Washington
2169:Karen MacNeil (2001).
1921:Hugh, Johnson (2004).
1569:"Syrah WORLDWIDE ROMA"
1440:
1409:
1330:in the UK, as well as
1212:, and varietal Syrah.
1157:
1105:wine producing regions
1049:
947:
854:In 1831, the Scotsman
695:
581:
485:
3392:Wine and food pairing
2102:in J. Robinson (ed),
2077:in J. Robinson (ed),
2052:in J. Robinson (ed),
1969:Popular-BabyNames.com
1897:Busby, James (1834).
1872:in J. Robinson (ed),
1844:in J. Robinson (ed),
1792:in J. Robinson (ed),
1752:in J. Robinson (ed),
1543:International variety
1438:
1407:
1324:Treasury Wine Estates
1282:Syrah plantations in
1155:
1044:
1027:megastigmane-3,9-diol
1025:derivatives, such as
945:
693:
579:
482:
299:medium to full-bodied
3043:Muscat of Alexandria
2015:Gentleman's Magazine
1622:in J. Robinson (ed)
1202:Languedoc-Roussillon
1193:Robert M. Parker Jr.
1132:). Also a DOC Sirah
1103:It is grown in many
1052:The Syrah-dominated
868:Royal Botanic Garden
850:Arrival in Australia
673:ancient Greek colony
343:In many regions the
340:and earthy leather.
250:, is a dark-skinned
179:Wine characteristics
3621:Yeast in winemaking
3573:Carbonic maceration
2467:"A Wine Miscellany"
1951:www.old-north.co.uk
1909:1826 scyras shiraz.
1452:Red Willow Vineyard
1185:Châteauneuf-du-Pape
900:Châteauneuf-du-Pape
681:Mediterranean coast
545:about the wines of
81:Color of berry skin
3611:Traditional method
3412:Wine personalities
3116:Cabernet Sauvignon
2526:2008-07-22 at the
2147:J. Robinson (ed),
2011:"History of Wines"
1650:Acta Horticulturae
1441:
1418:Naches Heights AVA
1410:
1248:Castilla-La Mancha
1232:Southern of France
1210:Cabernet Sauvignon
1158:
1050:
996:Taste and flavours
948:
745:by the legions of
716:Œnologie Française
696:
649:Achaemenid dynasty
582:
542:Naturalis Historia
486:
278:dating from 1880.
3748:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3512:Late harvest wine
3462:
3461:
3199:
3198:
3096:Alicante Bouschet
2844:Judgment of Paris
2656:978-0-15-100714-1
2610:978-0-15-100714-1
2454:978-1-846-14446-2
2338:978-0-19-860990-2
2311:978-0-7892-0883-5
2283:978-0-15-100714-1
2253:978-0-8412-3729-2
2182:978-1-56305-434-1
1923:The Story of Wine
1826:978-1-85732-999-5
1714:978-0-15-100714-1
1337:Australian dollar
1100:on the increase.
1071:(small Syrah) or
1023:7,8-dihydroionone
365:regions such as:
289:and parts of the
246:), also known as
215:
214:
16:(Redirected from
3768:
3733:
3732:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3441:
3440:
3356:Proteins in wine
3023:Grüner Veltliner
2971:
2970:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2683:
2661:
2660:
2642:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2544:. Archived from
2537:
2531:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2484:
2478:
2463:
2457:
2442:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2421:on 24 April 2016
2420:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2385:on 23 April 2009
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2359:on 8 August 2014
2349:
2343:
2342:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2269:
2258:
2257:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2160:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2137:on May 12, 2006.
2136:
2130:. Archived from
2129:
2121:
2115:
2096:
2090:
2071:
2065:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1894:
1885:
1866:
1857:
1838:
1829:
1816:Jancis Robinson
1814:
1805:
1786:
1765:
1746:
1719:
1718:
1700:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1652:(528): 129–132.
1641:
1635:
1620:"Vine varieties"
1616:
1607:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1574:. Archived from
1573:
1565:
975:sparkling Shiraz
833:Thomas Jefferson
808:Tain-l'Hermitage
796:English language
667:, then known as
586:Antourenein noir
474:Mondeuse blanche
295:Washington State
268:Mondeuse Blanche
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
69:
58:
53:
41:
40:
21:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3735:Wine portal
3727:
3720:
3711:History of wine
3669:
3653:
3625:
3577:
3559:
3540:Deacidification
3526:
3498:
3493:
3463:
3458:
3443:Wine portal
3435:
3426:
3365:
3327:
3232:
3222:
3195:
3082:
3063:Sauvignon blanc
2998:Cayetana blanca
2966:
2964:grape varieties
2957:
2850:
2778:
2735:
2730:
2695:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2643:
2639:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2538:
2534:
2528:Wayback Machine
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2485:
2481:
2464:
2460:
2443:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2270:
2261:
2254:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2097:
2093:
2072:
2068:
2047:
2043:
2030:
2026:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1947:"The Old North"
1945:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1919:
1915:
1895:
1888:
1867:
1860:
1839:
1832:
1815:
1808:
1787:
1768:
1747:
1722:
1715:
1701:
1692:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1642:
1638:
1617:
1610:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1551:
1539:
1531:
1519:Bogle Vineyards
1503:
1491:
1460:Columbia Winery
1422:Walla Walla AVA
1414:Penfolds Grange
1402:
1390:
1297:
1280:
1264:
1244:
1150:
1118:
1097:
1039:
998:
940:
933:
884:
876:South Australia
852:
804:
788:Jancis Robinson
574:
537:Pliny the Elder
450:Carole Meredith
439:
434:
349:aging potential
291:Walla Walla AVA
225:
221:
118:Columbia Valley
101:Notable regions
76:
56:
49:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Sugars in wine
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3550:Chaptalization
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:Classification
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3361:Sugars in wine
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3333:Wine chemistry
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Wine dispenser
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:Cabernet Franc
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3078:Welschriesling
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Müller-Thurgau
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2800:Ancient Greece
2797:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2667:External links
2665:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2637:
2616:
2609:
2591:
2582:
2558:
2532:
2513:
2499:
2479:
2458:
2432:
2396:
2370:
2344:
2337:
2317:
2310:
2289:
2282:
2259:
2252:
2226:
2213:
2188:
2181:
2172:The Wine Bible
2161:
2140:
2116:
2100:"Busby, James"
2091:
2066:
2041:
2024:
2001:
1994:
1974:
1956:
1938:
1931:
1913:
1886:
1858:
1830:
1806:
1766:
1720:
1713:
1690:
1674:
1636:
1608:
1584:
1581:on 2012-01-08.
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1464:Master of Wine
1401:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1348:Margaret River
1309:Barossa Valley
1296:
1293:
1279:
1276:
1263:
1260:
1243:
1240:
1181:Côtes-du-Rhône
1149:
1146:
1117:
1114:
1096:
1093:
1038:
1035:
1019:Norisoprenoids
997:
994:
967:fortified wine
932:
929:
908:Côtes du Rhône
883:
882:Modern history
880:
851:
848:
803:
800:
685:ancient Greeks
645:Persian Empire
573:
570:
438:
435:
433:
430:
418:Adelaide Hills
414:Margaret River
363:New World wine
322:Barossa Valley
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
192:Medium climate
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
159:
155:
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145:
141:
140:
126:Barossa Valley
103:
97:
96:
94:other synonyms
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
70:
62:
61:
46:
45:
44:Shiraz (Syrah)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3773:
3762:
3759:
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3756:
3737:
3736:
3731:
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3400:
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3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Acids in wine
3344:
3342:
3341:Aroma of wine
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
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3291:
3289:
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3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
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3261:
3259:
3256:
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3240:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3205:Major regions
3202:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Montepulciano
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
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3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
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3099:
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3089:
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3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2952:
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2900:
2897:
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2859:
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2825:
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2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
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2775:
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2770:
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2747:
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2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2633:0-520-24869-4
2630:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2548:on 2006-04-07
2547:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2502:
2500:9781925261097
2496:
2492:
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2417:
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2329:
2321:
2313:
2307:
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2296:
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2285:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2158:
2157:0-19-860990-6
2154:
2150:
2144:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2112:0-19-860990-6
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2087:0-19-860990-6
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2062:0-19-860990-6
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1995:9789004173361
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1932:1-84000-972-1
1928:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:0-19-860990-6
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1854:0-19-860990-6
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1802:0-19-860990-6
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1762:0-19-860990-6
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1678:
1664:on 2018-06-01
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1632:0-19-860990-6
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1604:9781905819157
1601:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
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1526:
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1520:
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1480:
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1468:
1465:
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1453:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1400:United States
1397:
1394:
1393:South African
1385:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1328:Jacob's Creek
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1089:riper berries
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
993:
991:
986:
984:
979:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
944:
938:
928:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
879:
877:
873:
872:Hunter Valley
869:
865:
861:
857:
847:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
748:
747:Roman Emperor
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
710:wrote in his
709:
705:
701:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:Marsanne noir
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
578:
569:
567:
562:
560:
556:
553:), where the
552:
548:
544:
543:
539:wrote in his
538:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
510:ampelographic
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
481:
477:
475:
472:(father) and
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Hunter Valley
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
352:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:grape variety
249:
243:
219:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
174:
171:
168:
164:
161:Stony granite
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
144:Notable wines
142:
139:
135:
131:
130:Hunter Valley
127:
124:, Australia (
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
73:Ampélographie
68:
63:
59:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3726:
3583:Fermentation
3434:
3417:Wine tasting
3180:
3038:Muscat blanc
3008:Chenin blanc
2805:Ancient Rome
2646:
2640:
2624:
2619:
2600:
2594:
2585:
2561:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:the original
2535:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2489:
2482:
2466:
2461:
2445:
2423:. Retrieved
2416:the original
2411:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:the original
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2357:the original
2347:
2327:
2320:
2301:
2273:
2235:
2229:
2216:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:
2191:
2171:
2164:
2148:
2143:
2132:the original
2119:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2034:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1899:
1873:
1869:
1845:
1841:
1817:
1793:
1789:
1753:
1749:
1704:
1683:
1677:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:the original
1649:
1639:
1623:
1619:
1595:
1576:the original
1532:
1504:
1492:
1444:
1442:
1411:
1391:
1388:South Africa
1383:
1371:
1362:Max Schubert
1352:
1345:
1341:
1321:
1298:
1281:
1265:
1245:
1214:
1198:
1189:
1174:
1166:soil quality
1162:Rhône valley
1159:
1138:Nero d'Avola
1119:
1102:
1098:
1085:
1077:Petite Syrah
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1054:appellations
1051:
1046:
1016:
1014:treatment).
1003:viticultural
999:
987:
980:
960:
949:
931:Shiraz wines
925:
885:
853:
844:adulteration
837:
805:
802:Rise to fame
792:strinization
773:
760:
757:Proto-Celtic
754:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
715:
711:
704:ancient Iran
697:
676:
653:Shirazi wine
641:ancient Iran
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:Entournerein
597:
593:
589:
585:
583:
565:
563:
540:
533:
518:
506:
502:
487:
447:
440:
426:McLaren Vale
422:Clare Valley
395:
371:South Africa
360:
353:
342:
326:McLaren Vale
315:
311:black pepper
287:Rhone Valley
280:
272:Petite Sirah
247:
217:
216:
134:McLaren Vale
122:Grand Valley
106:Rhône Valley
55:
36:Shiraz, Iran
32:Petite Sirah
18:Shiraz grape
3686:Wine bottle
3658:Other steps
3649:Wine cellar
3606:Süssreserve
3298:Wine cellar
3288:Wine bottle
3229:accessories
3227:Packaging,
3186:Tempranillo
2815:Noah's wine
2795:Phoenicians
2741:Viticulture
2623:P. Gregutt
2465:G. Harding
2446:Wine Grapes
2412:Agromillora
2050:"Hermitage"
1313:Turkey Flat
1301:James Busby
1272:Lake Geneva
1262:Switzerland
1228:departments
1140:grapes, is
1126:Cortona DOC
1061:Australia.
937:Shiraz wine
856:James Busby
831:enthusiast
708:James Busby
602:Hignin noir
566:Allobrogica
521:orthography
494:Montpellier
383:New Zealand
375:Hawke's Bay
328:regions of
200:Hot climate
138:New Zealand
89:Also called
3565:Maceration
3555:Wine press
3545:Destemming
3496:Winemaking
3402:Wine fraud
3397:Wine fault
3382:Oenophilia
3318:Wine label
3313:Wine glass
3278:Port tongs
3176:Sangiovese
3171:Pinot noir
3131:Douce noir
3058:Rkatsiteli
3003:Chardonnay
2993:Catarratto
2967:by acreage
2941:Biodynamic
2904:Aromatized
2693:winemaking
2552:2006-12-20
2475:0307346358
2207:2006-10-14
1686:97:102–110
1668:2008-02-15
1549:References
1514:Rutherglen
1467:David Lake
1170:Côte-Rôtie
1073:Gros Syrah
1008:oak barrel
896:Côte-Rôtie
827:, such as
825:oenophiles
694:Syrah leaf
665:Marseilles
647:under the
555:Allobroges
551:Côte-Rôtie
476:(mother).
462:DNA typing
406:Coonawarra
391:Washington
387:California
320:, and the
158:Ideal soil
148:Côte-Rôtie
110:California
3517:Noble rot
3407:Winemaker
3387:Sommelier
3323:Wine rack
3303:Wine cork
3293:Wine cave
3283:Screw cap
3253:Corkscrew
3218:New World
3213:Old World
3191:Zinfandel
3166:Mourvèdre
3073:Trebbiano
3013:Colombard
2914:Noble rot
2894:Fortified
2872:Sparkling
2839:New World
2098:Entry on
2073:Entry on
2048:Entry on
1988:. Brill.
1868:Entry on
1840:Entry on
1788:Entry on
1748:Entry on
1618:Entry on
1523:Zinfandel
1510:Peloursin
1475:Mourvèdre
1332:Rosemount
1307:. In the
1305:old vines
1295:Australia
1284:Argentina
1278:Argentina
1256:Catalonia
1236:rootstock
1081:phenolics
971:Port wine
963:rosé wine
888:Hermitage
870:, and in
812:hermitage
780:Hermitage
776:Australia
679:) on the
661:Phocaeans
590:Balsamina
402:Heathcote
330:Australia
276:Peloursin
152:Hermitage
3755:Category
3532:Pressing
3454:Glossary
3370:Industry
3263:Jug wine
3258:Decanter
3248:Box wine
3146:Isabella
3141:Grenache
3121:Carignan
3068:Sémillon
3053:Riesling
3048:Palomino
2791:Ancient
2774:Vineyard
2769:Veraison
2754:Oenology
2574:Archived
2524:Archived
2389:4 August
2363:4 August
1870:"Persia"
1842:"Shiraz"
1684:Heredity
1537:See also
1529:Synonyms
1483:Viognier
1479:Cinsault
1471:Grenache
1420:and the
1379:Viognier
1374:Viognier
1367:Henschke
1358:"Grange"
1355:Penfolds
1206:Grenache
1177:Grenache
1134:Piedmont
1110:varietal
1058:varietal
1021:such as
912:Grenache
910:, where
904:Gigondas
860:cuttings
829:Bordeaux
765:billhook
743:Syracuse
725:and the
669:Massilia
561:'s age.
525:Syracuse
516:or DNA.
356:varietal
334:licorice
256:red wine
208:With age
3716:Terroir
3674:Related
3522:Vintage
3504:Harvest
3449:Outline
3273:Muselet
3235:storage
3126:Cinsaut
3101:Barbera
3028:Macabeo
2988:Aligoté
2946:Organic
2936:Natural
2889:Dessert
2834:Georgia
2784:History
2764:Terroir
2759:Species
2021:: 7–11.
1790:"Rhône"
1750:"Syrah"
1458:-based
1446:terroir
1317:Tanunda
1225:Hérault
1122:Tuscany
1066:Petite
840:clarets
769:pruning
727:Persian
677:apoikia
630:Sereine
610:Schiras
594:Candive
490:Ardèche
432:History
398:Barossa
379:Waiheke
345:acidity
303:tannins
283:climate
184:General
3681:Winery
3644:Solera
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3156:Merlot
3151:Malbec
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920:tannin
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628:, and
626:Serine
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529:Shiraz
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470:Dureza
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264:Dureza
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3136:Gamay
3106:Bobal
3018:Glera
2983:Airén
2975:White
2931:Table
2919:Straw
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2867:White
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2577:(PDF)
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