Short Sunderland - Knowledge

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accuracy. Attempting to shoot down Allied aircraft did, however, prolong the U-boat's presence on the surface, which made sinking the vessel easier. Nonetheless, fitting of substantial arrays of anti-aircraft guns temporarily decreased U-boat losses while both Allied aircraft and shipping losses rose. As a countermeasure to the increased defensive armament of the U-boats, the Australians fitted their aircraft in the field with an additional four .303s (7.7 mm) in fixed mounts in the nose, allowing the pilot to add fire while diving on the submarine before bomb release. Most aircraft were similarly modified. The addition of single .50 inch (12.7 mm) flexibly mounted

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the hull. A standard stocked anchor was stowed in the forward compartment alongside the anchor winch. Depending on the operating area, a number of different kinds of anchor could be carried to cope with different anchorages. Another means of direction control on the water was by application of the rudder and aileron flight controls. The ailerons would cause asymmetric lift from the airflow and, ultimately, drop a float into the water to cause drag on that wing. The pilots could vary engine power to control the direction and speed of the aircraft on the water. In adverse combinations of tide, wind, and destination, this could be very difficult.

685: 1178: 881: 847: 821: 762: 951: 2405:. Serving with No. 5 Squadron 6 RNZAF March-11 April 1959, coded KN-D; it took part in a flypast to mark the opening of the Auckland Harbour Bridge on 30 May 1959. On 4 November 1959, it was badly damaged in an accident in the Chatham Islands when the Sunderland hit rocks in Te Whanga Lagoon while taxiing and sank in shallow water. It was stripped of usable parts and written off RNZAF books on 9 December 1959. This was the first of the RNZAF Mk.5 Sunderlands to be written off due to damage. The fuselage was broken into major components for use on a farm; the owners are now reassembling the hull and fuselage sections. 1131: 1512: 1810: 939:

craft lost airspeed after landing crew members would go out onto the opposite wing, to keep the remaining float in the water until the aircraft could reach its mooring. Marine growths on the hull were a problem; the resulting drag could be enough to prevent a fully loaded aircraft from gaining enough speed to become airborne. The aircraft could be taken to a freshwater mooring for sufficient time to kill off the fauna and flora growing on the bottom, which would then be washed away during takeoff runs. The alternative was to scrub it off, either in the water or on land.

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the hatches. Operation of the drogues could be a very dangerous exercise if the aircraft was travelling on the water at speed or in strong currents, because the approximately three-foot-diameter (one-metre) drogue would haul up on its five-tonne attachment cable end inside the galley very sharply and powerfully. Once deployed, it was normally impossible to recover a drogue unless the aircraft was stationary relative to the local tidal flow.

1953: 1842: 504:, as its response to the issuing of Specification R.2/33. Following an initial evaluation of the submissions, the Ministry decided to place orders for the production of prototypes for both the S.25 and A.33 proposals; this measure was originally made for the purpose of performing flight tests in support of a detailed evaluation, after which production order would be awarded to one of the competitors. 1718:. Six more Sunderland IIIs were obtained in 1943. Minor modifications to the engine angles and flight angle resulted in a significant increase in the cruise speed, which was a relatively unimportant issue for the combat Sunderlands. In late 1944, the RNZAF acquired four new Sunderland Mk IIIs already configured for transport duties. In the immediate postwar period, these were used by New Zealand's 378:; in this configuration, the type continued in airline operation until 1974 - despite being originally made for military use, the Sunderland had a far longer commercial lifespan than its civilian market Empire sibling and was one of the last large WWII-era flying boats in airline service. Several examples were preserved, including a single airworthy Sunderland which has been placed on display in 943:

of water to sink the aircraft. During the Second World War, a number of severely damaged aircraft were deliberately landed on grass airfields ashore. In at least one case, an aircraft that made a grass landing was repaired to fly again. On the Sunderland Mk V, fuel could be dumped from retractable pipes that extended from the hull and were attached to the bomb room side of the galley aft

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inboard and either lowered to stowages on the floor or prepared for use on the retracted racks above the stowed items. The doors were spring-loaded to pop inwards from their frames and would fall under gravity so that the racks could run out through the space left in the top of the compartment. The bombs could be released locally or remotely from the pilot's position during a bomb run.

970:) of the water on the hull. This was partly helped by the "step" in the hull just behind the craft's centre of buoyancy at planing speed. The pilot could rock the craft about this point to try to break the downward pull of the water on the surface of the hull. Somewhat rough water was a help in freeing the hull, but on calm days it was often necessary to have a high speed 758:, 2,430 U.S. gallons). In addition to the main fuel tanks, an arrangement of four smaller fuel tanks was installed behind the rear wing spar later on; with the extra tanks fitted, the Sunderland possessed a combined total fuel capacity of 11,602 litres (2,550 Imperial gallons, 3,037 U.S. gallons), which was enough to enable the type to conduct eight- to 14-hour patrols. 1299:, as their airframes were already protected against corrosion from seawater and their control cables were roof-mounted, as opposed to underfloor in most other aircraft. Transporting salt in standard aircraft risked rapid and severe structural corrosion in the event of a spillage. When the Havelsee did freeze over the Sunderland's role was taken by freight-converted 1561:

III's life there were a large number of almost continuous improvements made, including the ASV Mk IIIA and four more machine guns in a fixed position in the wall of the forward fuselage just behind the turret (developed on RAAF aircraft first) with a simple bead and ring sight for the pilot. Sunderlands with upgraded ASV Mk III equipment were designated Mk IIIA.

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later, being two Browning machine guns. The nose weapons were later augmented by four fixed guns, two each side, in the forward fuselage that were fired by the pilot. Much later, a twin-gun turret was to be dorsal-mounted on the upper fuselage, about level with the wing trailing edge, bringing the total defensive armament up to 16 machine guns.

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quality of the heat treatment process). The heads would pop off from stress corrosion, allowing seawater to leak into the bilges. The only option was to haul the aircraft out onto the "hard" and replace them, usually at the cost of many additional heads breaking off from the vibration of the riveting.

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propellers provided greater performance with no real penalty in range. In particular, a Twin Wasp Sunderland could stay airborne if two engines were knocked out on the same wing while, in similar circumstances, a standard Mark III would steadily lose altitude. Production was switched to the Twin Wasp

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passive receivers the ASV Mk II radar gave away the presence of aircraft and the number of sightings diminished drastically. The RAF response was to upgrade to the ASV Mk III, which operated in the 10 cm band, with antennas that could be faired into fewer more streamlined blisters. During the Mk

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The tail turret was changed to an FN.4A turret that retained the four .303 guns of its predecessor but provided twice the ammunition capacity with 1,000 rounds per gun. Late production Mark IIs also had an FN.7 dorsal turret, mounted offset to the right just behind the wings and fitted with twin .303

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radar was introduced in early 1943, which operated in the centimetric band and used antennas mounted in blisters under the wings outboard of the floats, instead of the cluttered stickleback aerials. Sunderland Mark IIIs fitted with ASV Mark III were called Sunderland Mark IIIAs. Centimetric radar was

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Aircraft with lower hull damage were patched or had the holes filled with any materials to hand before landing. The aircraft would then be immediately put onto a slipway with its wheeled beaching gear or beached on a sandy shore before it could sink. More than two fuselage compartments had to be full

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Despite the 14-hour-long patrols expected of their crews, early Sunderland gunners were provided with only 500 rounds of ammunition each. Later 1,000 round ammunition boxes were installed in the turrets. The beam hatch guns were removed from Mk II aircraft but Mk IIIs and then Mk Is gained much more

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The Mark III turned out to be the definitive Sunderland variant, with 461 built. Most were built by Shorts at Rochester and Belfast, a further 35 at a new (but temporary) Shorts plant at White Cross Bay, Windermere; while 170 were built by Blackburn Aircraft. The Sunderland Mark III proved to be one

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and several other crew members also received medals. They claimed three Ju 88s destroyed. (With the exception of Walker, the crew returned to operations in a new "N for Nuts", which was lost over the Bay of Biscay two months later, in an attack by six Ju 88s. On 2 June 2013, a memorial was dedicated

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The Short S.25 Sunderland was a large four-engined flying boat developed for military use. The design of the S.25 shared much in common with the civil-orientated S.23, principally differing in its use of a deeper hull profile. As with the S.23, the interior of the Sunderland's fuselage contained two

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During the early 1930s, there was intense international competition to develop suitable aircraft to operate new long-range intercontinental passenger service between the United Kingdom, the United States, France and Germany. It was recognised that the United Kingdom had no existing equivalent to the

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in Auckland, New Zealand. The interior and cockpit having been extensively restored and hull repairs some reskinning having taken place to airworthy standards and the exterior repainted in NZ4115's later RNZAF maritime scheme Q for Quebec is now displayed inside the MOTAT Aviation Display Hall with

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engines, better defensive armament and other enhancements. The new Sunderland was intended for service in the Pacific. Although initially developed and two prototypes built as the "Sunderland Mark IV" it was different enough from the Sunderland line to be given a different name, the S.45 "Seaford".

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During its service, the Sunderland Mark I received various improvements. The nose turret was upgraded with a second .303 (7.7 mm) gun. New propellers together with pneumatic rubber wing de-icing boots were also fitted. Although the .303 guns lacked range and hitting power, the Sunderland had a

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At the outbreak of the Second World War, on 3 September 1939, 39 Sunderlands were in service with the RAF. Although British anti-submarine efforts were disorganised and ineffectual at first, Sunderlands quickly proved useful in the rescue of the crews from torpedoed ships. On 21 September 1939, two

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A large float mounted under each wing maintained stability on water. With no wind, the float on the heavier side was always in the water; with some wind, the aircraft could be held using the ailerons with both floats out of the water. In the event of a float being broken off for some reason, as the

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that was used where there was a full passenger service mooring alongside a wharf or similar. This door could also be used to accept passengers or stretcher-bound patients when the aircraft was in the open water; this was because the engines had to be kept running to maintain the aircraft's position

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flight which affirmed the basic principles of the S.25's design while the crucial final design conference was held around the same time as the flight. The competitive fly-off was abandoned after the sole A.33 was destroyed due to a structural failure, resulting in the S.25 being the only candidate.

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The release of Specification R.2/33 had been in advance of the publication of the commercial Imperial Airways requirement; by the time that Short received Imperial Airways' priority request, the company had already started planning the design of the prospective military flying boat. After reviewing

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Flight Lieutenant Colin Walker and Pilot Officer W. J. Dowling, pilots; J. C. Amiss; Flying Officer (F/O) K. McD. Simpson, navigator; Sergeant E. C. E. Miles (RAF; killed in action) and Sergeant P. K. Turner, engineers; Flt Sgt E. A. Fuller (RAF) and Flt Sgt S. F. Miller wireless operators; Sgt A.

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until 1974. Currently it is the last four-engined passenger flying boat to have crossed a major ocean, although it is reported to be maintained in airworthy condition it has not been flown since 1996 and remained on display in the museum's main hangar for a majority of the 2000s occasionally being

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At the war's end BOAC obtained more Mark IIIs and gradually came up with better accommodation for its passengers, in three configurations. Bench seats were removed, and civil-standard seating installed: The H.1 configuration had 16 seats on one deck, while the H.2 had an additional promenade deck,

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meant that additional weapons could be carried on the floor of the bomb room in wooden restraints, along with ammunition boxes of 10 and 25 lb (5 and 11 kg) anti-personnel bombs that could be hand launched from various hatches to harass U-boat crews otherwise manning the twin 37 and dual

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Maintenance was performed on the engines by opening panels in the leading edge of the wing either side of the powerplant. A plank could be fitted across the front of the engine on the extensions of the open panels. A small manually started auxiliary petrol engine, which was fitted into the leading

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Normally, the weapons were either bombs or depth charges and the racks were limited to a maximum of 1,000 lb (450 kg) each. After the first salvo was dropped, the crew had to get the next eight weapons loaded before the pilot had the aircraft positioned on the next bombing run. The fixed

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Portable beaching gear could be attached by ground crew so that the aircraft could be pulled up on land. The gear consisted of a pair of two-wheeled struts that could be attached to either side of the fuselage, below the wing, with a two- or four-wheel trolley and towbar attached under the rear of

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that could be used to turn the aircraft or maintain its crosswind progress (by deploying the drogue on one side only), or to slow forward motion as much as possible (both deployed). When not in use, the drogues were hand hauled back inboard, folded, and stowed in wall-mounted containers just below

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Browning machine guns in the extreme tail and a pair of manually-operated .303 set on either side of the fuselage, firing from ports just below and behind the wings. These machine guns were later upgraded to 0.5-inch calibre Brownings. There were two different nose turret weapons, the most common,

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Testing showed that the aircraft could be fully refueled in 20 minutes, and that its most economical cruising speed was about 130 kn (150 mph; 240 km/h) at 2,000 ft (600 m). At this speed and altitude, a consumption rate of 110 imperial gallons per hour (500 L/h) gave

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The next Ju 88 that attacked was hit by fire from the dorsal and nose turrets, and appeared to have been shot down. By this time, one crew member on the Sunderland had been mortally wounded and most of the others were wounded to varying degrees, while the aircraft's radio gear had been destroyed,

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The Germans responded to Sunderland attacks by fitting some U-boats with one or two 37 mm and twin quad 20 mm flak guns to fire back at their attackers. While Sunderlands could suppress flak to an extent with their nose turret guns, the U-boats guns had superior range, hitting power and

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and with engine driven or hand powered pumps. At regular moorings, there would be specially designed refuelling barges to do the job, normally manned by trained marine crew. These vessels could refuel many aircraft during the course of the day. Handling of the fuel nozzles and opening/closing the

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Production quickly changed in December 1941 to the Sunderland Mark III, which featured a revised hull configuration which had been tested on a Mark I the previous June. This modification improved seaworthiness, which had suffered as the weight of the Sunderland increased with new marks and field

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The Sunderland had difficulty in landing and taking off from rough water, but, other than in the open sea, it could be handled onto and off a short chop, by a skilled pilot. Many rescues were made, early in the war, of crews that were in the Channel having abandoned or ditched their aircraft, or

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pump for clearing water and other fluids from the fuselage bilges and a fuel pump for refuelling. Generally, the aircraft were reasonably water tight, and two people manually operating a wobble pump could transfer fuel faster than the auxiliary pump. In sheltered moorings or at sea, fuelling was

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During April 1936, the Air Ministry was sufficiently confident in Shorts' submission that a development contract for an initial batch of 11 further S.25 boats was issued to the company. On 4 July 1936, the first of the Empire flying boats to be built, G-ADHL, named 'Canopus', conducted its first

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monoplane configuration, similar to the Short Empire that had been ordered at the same time. The military flying boat design received the internal designation of S.25. While the S.25 design bore a strong resemblance to the civil S.23, it featured an improved aerodynamic form, and sheetmetal with

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Airframe repairs were either effected from the inside or delayed until the aircraft was in a sheltered mooring or beached. One serious problem that beset the aircraft was that the heat-treated rivets in the hull plates were susceptible to corrosion after a period in salt water (depending on the

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Bombs were loaded in through the "bomb doors" that formed the upper half walls of the bomb room on both sides. The bomb racks were able to run in and out from the bomb room on tracks in the underside of the wing. In order to load them, weapons were hoisted up to the extended racks that were run

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A total of 155 Sunderland Mark Vs were built with another 33 Mark IIIs converted to Mark V specification. With the end of the war, large contracts for the Sunderland were cancelled and the last of these flying boats was delivered in June 1946, with a total production of 777 aircraft completed.

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As radar detection became more effective there were more night patrols to catch U-boats on the surface charging their batteries. Attacking in the dark was a problem that was solved by carrying one inch (25.4 mm), electrically initiated flares and dropping them out of the rear chute of the

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The next production version was the Sunderland Mark V, which evolved out of crew concerns over the lack of power of the Pegasus engines. The weight creep (partly due to the addition of radar) that afflicted the Sunderland had resulted in running the Pegasus engines at combat power as a normal

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winch, and a small machine shop for performing inflight repairs. The crew was originally intended to total seven members; this was subsequently increased for later versions of the Sunderland to around 11 crew members and sometimes greater, dependent upon the specific mission being undertaken.

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nose guns (introduced when in service with Australian units) were removed when the aircraft was on the water and stowed in the gun room just aft of the bow compartment. The toilet was in the right half of this same compartment and stairs from the cockpit to the bow area divided the two.

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for the approaching vessel and the front door was too close to the left inboard propeller. Normal access to the external upper parts of the aircraft was through the astrodome hatch at the front of the front spar of the wing centre section, just at the rear of the navigator's station.

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from both sides, scoring hits and disabling one engine, while the pilots fought fires and took the Sunderland through corkscrew manoeuvres. On a third pass, the dorsal turret gunner badly damaged or shot down a Ju 88, although the Sunderland's rear gunner was knocked unconscious.

777:. The ordnance was stored inside the fuselage in a purpose-built bomb room and was winched up to racks, under the wing centre section, that could be traversed out through doors on each side of the fuselage above the waterline to the release position. Defensive armament included a 794:

As with all water-based aircraft, there was a need to be able to navigate on water and to control the craft up to and at a mooring. In addition to the standard navigation lights, there was also a demountable mooring mast that was positioned on the upper fuselage just aft of the

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had been added to new hatches that were inserted into the upper sides of the fuselage just aft of the wing, with appropriate slipstream deflectors. A second gun was added to the nose turret. New constant speed propellers and deicing boots were installed as well during 1940.

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version and the first Mark V reached operational units in February 1945. Defensive armament fits were similar to those of the Mark III, but the Mark V was equipped with new centimetric ASV Mark VI C radar that had been used on some of the last production Mark IIIs as well.

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announced a competition to design and manufacture a fleet of 28 large flying boats, each weighing 18 long tons (18 tonnes) and having a range of 700 mi (1,100 km) with a capacity for 24 passengers. A corresponding contract was issued to Short Brothers of

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to get the crossing close enough but not too close. Because it was expected that some takeoffs would be protracted affairs, often the crews were not very careful to keep within maximum all-up weight limitations, and getting airborne just took a little longer.

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into a more reasonable position in relation to the new centre of gravity. This left the engines and wing floats canted out from the aircraft's centreline. Although the wing loading was much higher than that of any previous Royal Air Force flying boat, a new

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and Harold Piper, the initial flight lasted for around 45 minutes; later that day, a second flight of a similar duration was performed. Parker later declared his satisfaction with the basic design. Prior to the first flight, the type had received the name

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was attacked from behind, another Ju 88 was badly damaged and left the fight. The remaining Ju 88s continued to attack and the front gunner damaged one of these, setting its engines on fire. Two more Ju 88s were also damaged and the Germans disengaged.

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doors to keep them watertight to about two feet (610 mm) above normal water level; these doors were normally kept closed. There was another external door in the tail compartment on the right side. This door was intended for boarding from a Braby

362:, delivering supplies to the blockaded German city. The RAF continued to use the Sunderland in a military capacity up to 1959. In December 1960, the French Navy retired its aircraft, which were the last remaining examples in military use within the 1654:, and so logistics and maintenance were straightforward. Two Mark IIIs were taken off the production lines in early 1944 and fitted with the American engines. Trials were conducted in early 1944 and the conversion proved all that was expected. 1105:", and informally as the "Cross of Biscay" due to the appearance of its receiving antenna, that was tuned to the ASV frequency and gave the submarines early warning that an aircraft was in the area. Kills fell off drastically until 2667:

FN.11 nose turret, four in an FN.4a tail turret (which doubled the ammunition capacity of the earlier FN.13), and two in an optional FN.7 dorsal turret which replaced the flexible guns fired from open dorsal/beam hatches in the

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A mooring compartment was situated in the nose of the Sunderland, containing anchor, winch, boat-hook and ladder. The front turret was designed to slide back, enabling the crew to secure the aircraft to a buoy, as demonstrated

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On 21 April 1938, the first Sunderland Mark 1 of the development batch conducted its first flight. By this point, manufacturer testing of the prototype had already been completed and the prototype had been transferred to the

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The Sunderland was usually entered through the bow compartment door on the left forward side of the aircraft. The internal compartments—bow, gun room, ward room, galley, bomb room and the after compartments—were fitted with

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on top of the rear fuselage, two rows of four smaller aerials on either side of the fuselage beneath the stickleback antennas, and a single receiving aerial mounted under each wing outboard of the float and angled outward.

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fighters; during the engagement, it shot one down, damaged another enough to cause it to retreat and later perform a forced landing and drove off the rest. The Germans are reputed to have nicknamed the Sunderland the

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initially with No. 88 Squadron but shortly followed by Nos. 205 and 209 Squadrons. The three squadrons shared the operational task equally with rotational detachments of three or four aircraft and crews based at

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in the tail position was also adopted at the same time. The tail turret was also changed to a powered version; Gouge therefore had to devise a solution to account for the resulting movement aft of the aircraft's

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of 4° 15' was achieved via the addition of a spacer into the front spar attachments. This design change, which had been made to account for the changes in defensive armament, repositioned the flying boat's

947:. It was expected that dumping would be done while airborne, but it could also be performed while floating on the water, albeit with care to ensure that the floating fuel went downwind away from the aircraft. 432:

While the Empire flying boat has often been credited as a predecessor of the Sunderland, according to aviation author Geoffrey Norris, this impression "is not strictly true". During November 1933, the British

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hatch with a 360-degree white light to show that the aircraft was moored. The crewmembers were trained in common marine signals for watercraft to ensure safety in busy waters. The craft could be moored to a

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under the forward fuselage. When the craft was off the buoy, the forward end of the pendant was attached to the front of the hull just below the bomb aimer's window. For anchoring, there was a demountable

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changes. In earlier Sunderlands, the hull "step" that allows a flying boat to "unstick" from the surface of the sea was an abrupt one, but in the Mk III it was a curve upwards from the forward hull line.

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was badly damaged and the crew threw everything they could overboard, while nursing the aircraft over the 350-mile (560 km) journey to Britain. At 2248 hours, Walker managed to beach the aircraft at

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was conditional on its being dismantled when no longer needed. This agreement was kept and not a trace exists of the factory which had once boasted some of the largest aircraft hangars in the world.

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sent overseas was to travel by air, establishing a subsidy for the development of intercontinental air transport in a fashion similar to the U.S. domestic programme a decade earlier. In response,

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at the controls. The deeper hull and installation of nose and tail turrets gave the Sunderland a considerably different appearance from the Empire flying boats. The prototype was fitted with

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that slid backwards along curved tracks, moving rearwards and downwards to increase the wing area and generating 30% greater lift for landing. The thick wings, upon which the aircraft's four

1623:. Thirty production examples were ordered; the first delivered too late to see combat and only eight production Seafords were completed and never got beyond operational trials with the RAF. 1472:

Sunderlands transported as many as 82 armed men from place to place in one load. Steep ocean swells were never attempted, however a calm ocean could be suitable for landing and takeoff.

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Sunderland III of Aquila Airways at Hamble Beach in 1955. This aircraft was the first transport conversion that had served BOAC 1943–1948, it still carried the name given to it by BOAC

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As construction of the prototype S.25 proceeded, several design changes were performed for various reasons. In terms of its armament, in response to feedback from Air Ministry and

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doing no more damage than breaking its light bulbs; other bombs had reportedly bounced up and hit their launch aircraft. In early 1943, these ineffective weapons were replaced by

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flying boat. Sharing several similarities with the S.23, it featured a more advanced aerodynamic hull and was outfitted with various offensive and defensive armaments, including

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The specification to which the Sunderland was developed to conform with had called for an offensive armament of a 37 mm gun and up to 2,000 lb (910 kg) of bombs,

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Short Sunderland (AP1566). (Suffixes A through E for Mk I through V, -PN and Vols 1 through 4 for Pilots Notes, General Description, Maintenance, Overhaul and Parts Manuals).

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A Short Sunderland GR Mark V of No. 205 Squadron RAF Detachment, moored off Direction Island, Cocos Islands, about to be refuelled from a petrol tanker embarked on board a

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In August 1941, production moved on to the Sunderland Mark II which used Pegasus XVIII engines with two-speed superchargers, producing 1,065 hp (794 kW) each.

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that fixed to the forward fuselage from where the front turret was retracted to allow an airman to man the position and pick up the buoy cage or to toss out the anchor.

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The FN13 rear turret of a Sunderland of No 210 Squadron at Oban, August 1940. The Sunderland was the first RAF flying boat to be fitted with power-operated gun turrets.

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the aircraft an endurance of 18 hours, during which it could cover 2,750 statute miles (4,430 km). The take-off distance was found to be 680 yd (620 m).

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and a longer fuselage with some changes in hull form for better performance in the water. The armament was heavier with .50 inch (12.7 mm) machine guns and

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The takeoff run of a flying boat was often dependent only on the length of water that was available. The first problem was to gain sufficient speed for the craft to

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Following early flight trials with the first prototype, the aircraft was returned to the workshop where it underwent further modifications; the adoption of a wing

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flying boat, along with various other requirements, including the need to be powered by a maximum of four engines and to be much more compact than the Sarafand.

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were simply taken out to sea and scuttled as there was nothing else to do with them. In Europe the type was removed from service relatively quickly but in the

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radar enabled the flying boats to attack U-boats on the surface. In response, the German submarines began to carry a radar warning system known formally as "

615:(MAEE); on 8 March 1938, it was joined by the second production aircraft. On 28 May 1938, this second aircraft, which had been cleared for operations under 354:, where large developed runways were less prevalent. Between mid-1950 and September 1954, several squadrons of RAF Sunderlands saw combat action during the 3355:

Empson, Group Captain Derek K. RAF (Ret'd). "Sunderland Over Far Eastern Seas: An RAF Flying Boat Navigator's Story." London: Pen & Sword Books, 2010.

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X engines, each providing 950 hp (709 kW ), as the planned Pegasus XXII engines of 1,010 hp (753 kW) were not available at the time.

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Friedrich Maeder. Walker ordered the dumping of the bombs and depth charges, and took the engines to full power. Two Ju 88s made simultaneous passes at

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Sunderland EK573/P of No. 10 Squadron RAAF 'unsticks' after picking up three survivors from a Wellington shot down in the Bay of Biscay, 27 August 1944.

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both sets of requirements, Short decided to prioritise the development of the civil S.23 design but also to work on a response to specification R.2/33.

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The 37 mm gun, originally intended as a primary anti-submarine weapon, was dropped from the plans during the prototype phase and replaced with a

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Two gunners in a Short Sunderland Mark I sit at their positions with .303 (7.7 mm) Vickers K-type machine guns, mounted in the upper fuselage hatches.

4320: 1867: 1346: 5796: 4966: 4901: 4776: 3675: 1515:

Mark II in flight, showing the abrupt, sharp-edged hull "step" that the first two marks possessed. Later marks used a smooth, curved step design.

5026: 4936: 4861: 4826: 6907: 6849: 6443: 5006: 4961: 4956: 4946: 4896: 4891: 4871: 4796: 4553: 224: 3565: 1703: 4284: 515:(RAF) experts reviewing the project, it was decided to change its intended defensive weapons, resulting in the switch to a single 0.303 6563: 3660: 1719: 612: 1479:. This was a primitive low frequency radar system operating at a wavelength of 1.5 m, that used a row of four prominent "stickleback" 1650:

engines. The 14-cylinder engines provided 1,200 hp (895 kW) each and were already in use on RAF Consolidated Catalinas and

3442: 3342: 350:

During the post-war era, use of the Sunderland throughout Europe rapidly declined, while greater numbers remained in service in the

2229: 1200:, Cornwall. The 10 surviving crew members were able to wade ashore, while the Sunderland broke up in the surf. Walker received the 4251: 1407:

After the first series of flights, the prototype was modified to have a wing that was swept 4.25° to the rear, thereby moving the

1026:

considerable number of them and it was a well-built machine that was hard to destroy. On 3 April 1940, a Sunderland operating off

2795: 2718: 2144: 1455:(1,000 lb or 450 kg) or other stores that were hung on traversing racks under the wing centre section (to and from the 1698:(BOAC) obtained six Sunderland Mark IIIs, which had been de-militarised on the production line, for service as mail carriers to 6897: 6887: 3794: 3764: 2351:

after final service with the French Navy. It made its last flight from Lanveoc Poulmic, near Brest to Pembroke on 24 Mar 1961.

754:

were carried, also accommodated a total of six drum-style fuel tanks, which possessed a total capacity of 9,200 litres (2,025

339:

of the island, several aircraft were used to transport troops. Numerous unarmed Sunderlands were also flown by civil operator

6912: 4313: 4146: 3527: 3391: 3372: 3360: 3094: 962:, otherwise, there would never be enough speed to become airborne. Once planing, the next problem was to break free from the 2208: 2805: 1695: 1408: 805: 577: 340: 974:

cross in front of the aircraft to cause a break in the water flow under the aircraft. It was a matter of judgement of the

5789: 1647: 438: 3468: 2319:

subsequently taken over by the major Australian airline Ansett and became Ansett Flying Boat Services and operated from

488:

During October 1934, Shorts settled upon the general configuration and geometry of the design, opting for a four-engine

3703: 2848: 2422: 1603:

was an outgrowth of the 1942 Air Ministry Specification R.8/42, for a generally improved Sunderland with more powerful

493:

curvature in more than one direction. This compound curve was more complex to manufacture but gave a more ideal shape.

2828:, is just over 2,200 statute miles (3,500 km), allowing the Sunderland to cross the Atlantic with ample reserves. 2347:

at Hendon, which acquired it in 1971. The interior of the aircraft is accessible to visitors. Originally preserved at

6723: 6568: 4228: 4213: 4176: 4161: 4106: 4084: 4060: 4036: 4021: 4006: 3991: 3976: 3961: 3939: 3924: 3909: 3269: 1932: 409: 441:, which called for the development of a next-generation long-range general purpose flying boat, intended to perform 6882: 6854: 6733: 6408: 4306: 3742: 3628: 3601: 2800: 1336: 1050:, carrying as many as 82 passengers. One flew the reconnaissance mission to observe the Italian fleet at anchor in 476:

installed in its tail. As with the S.23, he made efforts to produce a fuselage that generated the lowest amount of

2411:– Hulk used by Hobsonville Yacht Club until 1970, then scrapped. Cockpit and front of aircraft transported to the 1400:

used during mooring manoeuvres on the water. The change of armament in the nose to the much lighter gun moved the

1353:, continued to operate them until December 1960, the last unit to operate Sunderlands in the Northern Hemisphere. 6653: 6433: 6118: 918: 5782: 2307:

is the "last 4-engined passenger flying boat that can still fly." Formerly RNZAF NZ4108 – SH.974b MR.5 went to

2303:

in Florida, US. It was bought in 1993, and flown across the Atlantic from the UK. According to the FoF website

1572:

Offensive weapons loads increased too. The introduction of the hydrostatically fused 250 lb (110 kg)

1042:

Sunderlands also proved themselves in the Mediterranean theatre. They flew many evacuation missions during the

359: 2988: 1001:, a Type VIIC submarine, down by the stern and sinking, after being attacked by a Short Sunderland flying boat 331:

theatre, performing maritime reconnaissance flights and logistical support missions. During the evacuation of

6768: 2272: 2243: 1723: 1396:

machine gun. The turret could be winched back into the nose, revealing a small "deck" and demountable marine

850:

A crew member of a Short Sunderland Mark I of No. 10 Squadron RAAF, washing up in the galley during a flight.

600: 315:. During the conflict, the type was heavily involved in Allied efforts to counter the threat posed by German 6163: 5841: 5774: 2223: 1244:, where well developed runways were less common and large land based maritime patrol aircraft like the new 580:

enough to compensate for the altered centre of gravity; further alterations were necessary to maintain the

6658: 6573: 872: 6902: 6753: 6693: 6688: 6293: 6273: 2825: 2700: 2358: 2316: 2308: 2267: 1909: 1257: 1232:. This particular airframe became the last of its type to retire from active RAF service on 30 June 1959. 1201: 705: 366:. The type also remained in service with the RNZAF up to 1967, when they were replaced by the land-based 300: 109: 4273: 4183:

Warner, Guy (July–August 2002). "From Bombay to Bombardier: Aircraft Production at Sydenham, Part One".

2430:

ZK-AMO. Q for Quebec's turrets, armaments and radar and radar domes are being refitted while on display.

6263: 6078: 5876: 2767: 2660: 2219: 1779: 1015: 520: 370:. A number of Sunderlands were converted for use within the civil sector, where they were known as the 288: 101: 1746:

A more refined civilian conversion of the Sunderland was completed by the manufacturer as the postwar

1666: 896: 6708: 6673: 6353: 6313: 6028: 5753: 5468: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5041: 5031: 3299:

Southall 1976, p. ? (This was one of several stories of the type's operations related by author

2320: 2178: 1548: 684: 1177: 880: 846: 820: 761: 5805: 4609: 4599: 2571: 1820: 967: 950: 292: 187: 93: 2169: 1130: 287:. In addition to the RAF, the type was operated by other Allied military air wings, including the 6588: 6418: 6203: 6013: 5993: 5943: 5886: 5866: 4594: 4589: 2672: 2412: 2392: 2380: 2014: 1566: 1119: 1014:. As British anti-submarine measures improved, the Sunderland began to inflict losses as well. A 732: 496:

During late 1934, the S.25 proposal was submitted by the company to the Air Ministry. Rival firm

442: 327:) performed the type's first unassisted U-boat kill. Sunderlands also played a major role in the 296: 277: 105: 1511: 1248:

could not be used so easily, there was still a need for it, and it remained in service with the

532:

positioned in the forward area. By the end of September 1937, the prototype had been completed.

6788: 6668: 6598: 6521: 6466: 6278: 6213: 6168: 6138: 4221:

FLYING UNITS OF THE RAF – The ancestry, formation and disbandment of all flying units from 1912

3680: 1968: 1923: 1424:

The RAF received its first Sunderland Mark I in June 1938 when the second production aircraft (

1249: 996: 320: 54: 4050: 3562: 2885:

flying boats remain in or near flyable condition, but they are cargo and water-bombing planes.

1138:

The type's capacity to defend itself was demonstrated in particular by an air battle over the

6892: 6793: 6778: 6456: 6413: 6253: 6198: 6188: 6128: 6043: 4281: 3321: 2629: 1830: 1825: 1798: 1651: 1636: 1460: 1375: 1147: 560: 516: 2259:

G-BJHS (ML814) the last flying Short Sunderland moored near Tower Bridge before it moved to

1475:

Beginning in October 1941, Sunderlands were fitted with ASV Mark II "Air to Surface Vessel"

6758: 6718: 6698: 6623: 6476: 6378: 6328: 6323: 6248: 6243: 6233: 6218: 6208: 6183: 6068: 6053: 5678: 5327: 5172: 5167: 4761: 4756: 4384: 2558: 2276: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2023: 1918: 1863: 1793: 1788: 1735:

and the H.3 had 24 seats, or sleeping berths for 16. These conversions were given the name

1616: 1459:

in the fuselage). Later, depth charges (usually 250 lb) were added. By late 1940, two

1429: 1350: 1323: 1300: 1261: 1218: 1019: 944: 796: 480:

possible, while a much longer nose than had been used for the S.23 was ultimately adopted.

324: 261:

and was outfitted with various detection equipment to aid combat operations, including the

3334: 1739:

and BOAC operated 29 of them by the end of the war. In February 1946, the first of these,

8: 6783: 6728: 6678: 6643: 6618: 6511: 6506: 6423: 6348: 6193: 6083: 6003: 5948: 5473: 5332: 5322: 5292: 5267: 5262: 5162: 4746: 4579: 4399: 4394: 4379: 4374: 4349: 2502:

9–11 (two pilots, radio operator, navigator, engineer, bomb-aimer, three to five gunners)

2388: 2066: 2061: 1963: 1441: 363: 308: 283:

The Sunderland was one of the most powerful and widely used flying boats throughout the

6823: 6603: 6593: 6558: 6491: 6283: 6073: 6048: 5963: 5958: 5918: 5871: 5693: 5574: 5307: 5212: 5107: 4766: 4696: 4686: 4344: 2762: 2730: 2664: 1682: 1542:

A Mark IIIA with Mk III engines and bomb windows, but Mk V radar blisters and nose guns

1496: 1386: 1161: 923: 778: 736: 367: 203: 2457:

as originally thought. This wreck site is awkward to dive due to its proximity to the

1750:. The Sandringham Mk. I used Pegasus engines while the Mk. II used Twin Wasp engines. 1631: 1487:

A total of 75 Sunderland Mark Is were built: 60 at Shorts' factories at Rochester and

1213: 1143: 1068:

New weapons made the flying boats more deadly in combat. In 1939 during an accidental

588:

conducted its first post-modification flight, having been outfitted with the intended

220:, the Sunderland was developed specifically to conform to the requirements of British 6748: 6526: 6338: 6288: 5748: 5723: 5718: 5683: 5453: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5277: 5247: 5242: 5192: 5046: 4986: 4224: 4209: 4190: 4172: 4157: 4142: 4120: 4102: 4080: 4056: 4032: 4017: 4002: 3987: 3972: 3957: 3935: 3920: 3905: 3654: 3356: 3265: 3090: 2740: 2439: 2344: 2312: 2300: 2260: 1747: 1401: 1319: 1310: 1073: 1062: 1043: 959: 383: 375: 336: 270: 198:(RAF). The aircraft took its service name from the town (latterly, city) and port of 167: 3834: 1031: 6803: 6743: 6738: 6683: 6633: 6583: 6578: 6516: 6471: 6388: 6308: 6228: 6223: 6123: 5953: 5443: 5147: 2255: 2186: 2174: 1604: 1581:

aircraft as it got close to the surface vessel. Sunderlands were never fitted with

1492: 1134:

Two airmen demonstrate the dorsal .303in (7.7 mm) Vickers 'K' guns of a Sunderland.

1089:

Sunderland Mark II, showing ASV Mark II "stickleback" antennas in front of the tail

1072:

attack, one 100 lb (45 kg) anti-submarine bomb hit the British submarine

698: 477: 417: 284: 266: 217: 4264: 4241: 3388: 2477: 6808: 6763: 6553: 6481: 6428: 6383: 6368: 6113: 6088: 6033: 5988: 5968: 5933: 5891: 5856: 5569: 5549: 5297: 5272: 5202: 5112: 4751: 4716: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4288: 3608: 3569: 3531: 3472: 3449: 3395: 2554: 2458: 2442:

in Wales in 2000. The site is protected and recovery of the aircraft is ongoing.

2402: 2047: 1992: 1523:

machine guns. The hand held guns behind the wing were removed in these versions.

1469: 1413: 1379: 1245: 1229: 1155: 992: 755: 748: 589: 555:

capable of generating 950 hp (710 kW) of power each. The more powerful

549: 512: 422: 312: 255: 228: 195: 89: 4584: 3264:

Cacutt, Len. "The World's Greatest Aircraft," Exeter Books, New York, NY, 1988.

1122:

in the beam hatches behind and above the wing trailing edge also became common.

239: 6608: 6496: 6486: 6451: 6343: 6318: 6258: 5983: 5938: 5763: 5758: 5708: 5620: 5579: 5564: 5559: 5521: 5438: 5422: 5417: 5312: 5302: 5252: 5197: 5127: 5122: 5011: 4981: 4931: 4926: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4811: 4801: 4721: 4666: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4604: 4563: 4329: 4185: 4115: 2838:

Lane and Sgt L. S. Watson, dorsal gunners, and; Flt Sgt R. Goode (rear gunner).

2778: 2750: 2663:– two fixed on each side of the nose firing forwards (often removed), two in a 2198: 2040: 1661:

A Sunderland Mk V. The bulges under the outer wings are the ASV6 radar antennae

1547:

of the RAF Coastal Command's major weapons against the U-boats, along with the

1271:(June 1948 – August 1949) 10 Sunderlands and two transport variants (known as " 1268: 865: 664: 581: 525: 454: 247: 232: 191: 59: 4293: 4256: 3524: 2687:

internally, winched out under the wings through hatches in the fuselage sides.

2295:

a Mark III, converted to Mark V and then for passenger work, is on display in

1646:

Australian Sunderland crews suggested that the Pegasus engines be replaced by

1111: 900:

WAAF engine mechanics servicing a Bristol Pegasus engine of a Short Sunderland

489: 6876: 6813: 6461: 6363: 6173: 6158: 6153: 6133: 6018: 5728: 5703: 5653: 5589: 5554: 5489: 5412: 5342: 5287: 5227: 5222: 5187: 5152: 5092: 5036: 5001: 4976: 4951: 4941: 4881: 4876: 4866: 4726: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4194: 4124: 3465: 3317: 3300: 2865: 2783: 2772: 2745: 2384: 2368: 2348: 1620: 1619:. The changes were so substantial that the new aircraft was redesignated the 1594: 1139: 1069: 1058: 971: 751: 592: 552: 545: 469: 401: 344: 328: 258: 171: 30: 5804: 4260: 6663: 6613: 6501: 6398: 6393: 6333: 6298: 6148: 6143: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6063: 6058: 6008: 5998: 5978: 5973: 5713: 5698: 5658: 5625: 5539: 5505: 5402: 5397: 5337: 5282: 5232: 5217: 5182: 5177: 5137: 5132: 5117: 5102: 5097: 5021: 4996: 4906: 4886: 4821: 4806: 4771: 4741: 4691: 4661: 4389: 4203: 2735: 2684: 2657: 2568: 2427: 2372: 2296: 2182: 2007: 1573: 1480: 1390: 1367: 1276: 1106: 782: 774: 716: 497: 465: 434: 426: 405: 251: 221: 210: 70: 4298: 4257:

Newsreel footage of Sunderland G-AGJM being towed into a Southampton berth

4246: 2336:

In addition a few aircraft have been preserved as static museum exhibits.

2177:

Flying Boat Services flew the Sunderland and its Sandringham variant from

1538: 1295:

until it iced over. The Sunderlands were frequently used for transporting

6358: 6268: 6023: 5923: 5913: 5851: 5688: 5407: 5257: 5237: 5207: 4731: 4548: 2882: 2847:

A former RNZAF Sunderland that is yet to be restored is exhibited at the

2595:

178 mph (286 km/h, 155 kn) at 5,000 ft (1,500 m)

2589:

210 mph (340 km/h, 180 kn) at 6,500 ft (2,000 m)

1902: 1854: 1582: 1433: 1343: 1272: 1236:

At the end of the Second World War, a number of new Sunderlands built at

1098: 1094: 371: 304: 262: 236: 184: 97: 3734: 2981:"Event Venue and Aircraft Museum in Central Florida – Fantasy of Flight" 1657: 1006:

Sunderlands rescued the entire 34-man crew of the torpedoed merchantman

6648: 6108: 5928: 5881: 5861: 5836: 5673: 5663: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5544: 5463: 5458: 5448: 5157: 5142: 5051: 5016: 4991: 4971: 4816: 4791: 4786: 4736: 4558: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4369: 2869: 1665:

The new engines with new Hamilton Standard's Hydromatic constant-speed

1452: 1393: 1371: 1331: 1197: 1055: 770: 740: 640: 636: 604: 453:, which would have to have performance equal to the recently delivered 413: 355: 199: 4113:

Prins, François (Spring 1994). "Pioneering Spirit: The QANTAS Story".

2415:

for the Ferrymead Aeronautical Society Inc. Christchurch, New Zealand.

2283: 829:

For taxiing after landing, the galley hatches were used to extend sea

735:, which used a fabric-covered metal frame construction. Of these, the 6773: 6638: 6403: 6303: 6238: 5648: 5643: 5076: 5071: 4364: 3710:, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, 2713: 2421:

SH.1552b MR.5. Previously SZ584 and BOAC G-AHJR is on display at the

2328: 1772: 1643:

procedure and the overburdened engines had to be replaced regularly.

1612: 1500: 1437: 1292: 1253: 1186:

among other damage. However, the rear gunner had recovered, and when

1022:) made the type's first unassisted kill of a U-boat on 17 July 1940. 1011: 713: 628: 624: 572: 559:

model was unavailable at the time. Flown by Shorts' chief test pilot

501: 473: 446: 227:

for a long-range patrol/reconnaissance flying boat to serve with the

3735:"T9044: Flight from Oban – A3 Print – Pembroke Dock Heritage Centre" 5846: 2852: 1985: 1715: 1241: 1158:. At 1900 hours, the rear gunner saw the Ju 88s, which belonged to 975: 702: 694: 656: 616: 351: 2375:

3 by Short Bros Belfast. 1949 BOAC G-AKNP "City of Cardiff". 1951

1611:

Relative to the Mark III, the Mark IV had a stronger wing, larger

500:

had also designed and submitted its own flying boat, known as the

6178: 4268: 2980: 2530: 2446: 1699: 1488: 1447:

The main offensive load was up to 2,000 lb (910 kg) of

1397: 1304: 1284: 1237: 1051: 814: 744: 660: 652: 648: 644: 620: 608: 529: 450: 379: 4001:. Pembroke Dock, Pembrokeshire: Paterchurch Publications, 2004. 3986:. Pembroke Dock, Pembrokeshire: Paterchurch Publications, 1993. 3971:. Pembroke Dock, Pembrokeshire: Paterchurch Publications, 1987. 3313: 2462: 2324: 2234: 1958: 1847: 1815: 1366:

The first S.25, now named the Sunderland Mark I, flew from the

1079: 1027: 830: 720: 316: 2488:

Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II, The Short Sunderland

595:, each one capable of generating 1,010 hp (750 kW). 472:

to be mounted in the bow of the craft to accompany the single

1711: 1707: 1577:

quadruple 20 mm cannons with which U-boats were fitted.

1556: 1476: 1288: 1110:

invisible to Metox and baffled the Germans at first. Admiral

1102: 1047: 915:

aircraft fuel tanks would normally be an aircraftman's task.

911: 906: 728: 709: 632: 445:

missions. The specification envisioned an aircraft, either a

332: 273: 3316:

the day before and had subsequently been shot down over the

3089:(Paperback). London: Victoria University Press. p. 61. 231:(RAF). As designed, it served as a successor to the earlier 4077:

U-Boats: The Illustrated History of The Raiders of The Deep

2466: 2203: 1448: 1349:, which received Sunderlands when it was formed in 1943 as 1330:

From mid-1950, RAF Sunderlands also saw service during the

1296: 1280: 809: 801: 243: 1722:

to link South Pacific Islands in the "Coral Route" before

1307:

fitted under the fuselage to avoid the corrosion problem.

693:

individual decks; the lower deck contained a total of six

3389:"RNZAF Sunderlands: Short S.25 Sunderland / Sandringham." 2237:(orig. Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services) 1526:

Only 43 Mark IIs were built, five of these by Blackburn.

4031:. London: BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 1978. 3373:"Image of four Sunderlands over RAF Seletar, Singapore." 3162:

RAF AP1566 (A thru E)-PN paragraphs 36–38, 49–51, 61–63.

4169:

Brassey's D-Day Encyclopedia: The Normandy Invasion A-Z

3189:

RAF AP1566E-PN. Pilots Notes, March 1945, paragraph 78.

2287:

Sunderland in the MOTAT Aviation Display Hall, Auckland

1440:. By the outbreak of war in Europe, in September 1939, 519:

for the nose turret while an arrangement of four 0.303

358:. Around a dozen aircraft had also participated in the 4092:

The Short Sunderland (Aircraft in Profile number 189).

3956:. Leicester, UK: Silverdale Books/Bookmart Ltd, 2004. 2683:

up to 2,000 lb (910 kg) of bombs, mines and

2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2675:

machine guns replaced the fixed forward firing .303s.

1039:("Flying Porcupine") due to its defensive firepower. 3930:

Bridgman, Leonard, ed. "The Short S-25 Sunderland."

1416:

system kept the takeoff run to a reasonable length.

789: 4141:Lavenham, Suffolk, UK: Creekside Publishing, 1998. 3549: 3547: 2757:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

528:, which was initially achieved via the presence of 4252:Sunderland Flying Boat 228 Squadron Malta (Photos) 3668: 3087:Flying Boats: My Father's War in the Mediterranean 2917: 2472: 1468:abandoned their ship. During May 1941, during the 4156:. Woomera: Australia: Angus and Robertson, 1976. 4099:Flying Boats & Seaplanes: A History from 1905 3866: 3864: 2383:as N9946F "Isle of Tahiti". Last flew 1958. 1958 2222:(DNL) – Norwegian Aviation Company (continued as 6874: 6865: Prior to adoption of Tri-Service prefixes. 4071:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co. 3949:. Milton Keynes, UK: Hall Park Books Ltd., 2000. 3919:. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1976. 3676:"Reassembling Chatham Island's aviation history" 3544: 3335:"Crew of Praa Sands WWII crash plane remembered" 3199:Taylor, John W. R.; Allward, Maurice F. (1951). 727:The Sunderland featured all-metal, mainly flush- 540:On 16 October 1937, the initial S.25 prototype ( 4204:Iron Coffins: A U-boat Commander's War, 1939–45 343:(BOAC), traversing routes as far afield as the 3882: 3861: 3592:magazine, Key Publishing Ltd, May 2009, p. 77. 3455:, 28 November 2002. Retrieved: 2 January 2010. 3207: 2972: 2938: 2936: 2574:, 12 ft 9 in (3.89 m) diameter 5790: 4314: 3852: 3198: 3122: 3120: 2601:1,780 mi (2,860 km, 1,550 nmi) 2379:of Australia as VH-TOB "Star of Papua". 1953 2332:towed to the outdoor ramp for certain events. 1125: 619:conditions, flew a record-breaking flight to 4094:London: Profile Publications, 1967. No ISBN. 3999:The Sunderland Flying-boat Queen, Volume III 3481: 3426: 3248: 3246: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2311:as VH-BRF "Islander" and was converted to a 4328: 3984:The Sunderland Flying-boat Queen, Volume II 3110: 3108: 3106: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2933: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2391:. Since 1990 it has been on display at the 2215:Compañía Argentina de Aeronavegación Dodero 5797: 5783: 5668: 4321: 4307: 3969:The Sunderland Flying-boat Queen, Volume I 3303:, who flew in Sunderlands during the war.) 3171:RAF AP1566 (A thru E)-PN paragraphs 37–38. 3117: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 2149:Air Headquarters Iraq Communication Flight 613:Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment 3947:Short Sunderland (Warpaint Series No. 25) 3260: 3258: 3243: 3216: 3045: 3003: 1726:Short Sandringhams took over after 1947. 323:. On 17 July 1940, a RAAF Sunderland (of 4066: 4042:Kightly, James. "Sunderland Survivors." 4016:. Marrickville, NSW: Topmill P/L, 1996. 3932:Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II 3103: 3054: 2945: 2903: 2476: 2282: 2266: 2254: 2246:(Tasman Empire Airways Ltd, New Zealand) 2230:New Zealand National Airways Corporation 1729: 1681: 1656: 1630: 1537: 1510: 1309: 1212: 1176: 1129: 1084: 991: 949: 917: 895: 879: 871: 845: 819: 760: 683: 209:Developed in parallel with the civilian 3835:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage" 3466:"The Way We Were: Lakeland Industries." 3019: 2796:List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force 2719:Short Sunderland in New Zealand service 2520:32 ft 10.5 in (10.020 m) 2514:112 ft 9.5 in (34.379 m) 2445:The wreck located by Calshot Divers at 2163: 2145:No. 235 Operational Conversion Unit RAF 1146:attacked a single Sunderland Mk III of 910:accomplished by a powered or unpowered 841: 6875: 4242:Fighting the U-boats: Short Sunderland 4182: 3873: 3659:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3525:"Short S.25 Sunderland / Sandringham." 3255: 3144:RAF AP1566(A thru E)-PN, paragraph 32. 2864:The agreement with the Friends of the 1529: 1370:on 16 October 1937 with Shorts' chief 982: 5778: 4302: 4247:Short Sunderlands of 205/209 Squadron 4112: 4055:Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2000. 3954:The Encyclopedia of Aircraft of WW II 3826: 3084: 2868:for the factory to be constructed on 2701:ASV Mk.II or Mk.III centimetric radar 2625:39 lb/sq ft (190 kg/m) 2449:in 2010 is very likely to be that of 2250: 1758: 1677: 1588: 1506: 1287:to the isolated city, landing on the 1275:") were used to transport goods from 254:. The Sunderland was powered by four 6908:World War II British patrol aircraft 4134:London: RAF (Air Publication), 1945. 4052:Sunderland Squadrons of World War 2. 3832: 3817: 3517: 3345:from the original on 11 August 2016. 3320:, killing 17, among them, the actor 2806:List of flying boats and floatplanes 2526:1,487 sq ft (138.1 m) 2271:Sunderland V ML824 displayed at the 2204:British Overseas Airways Corporation 2053: 1696:British Overseas Airways Corporation 1648:Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp 1626: 1451:(usually 250 or 500 lb ), 1419: 1389:FN-11 nose turret mounting a single 341:British Overseas Airways Corporation 3641:from the original on 3 October 2012 2673:Browning 0.5 in (12.7 mm) 2634:0.073 hp/lb (0.120 kW/kg) 2561:, 1,065 hp (794 kW) each 2508:85 ft 4 in (26.01 m) 987: 611:for its official evaluation by the 425:for their design, which became the 13: 4101:. New York: Zenith Imprint, 1998. 3708:National Monuments Record of Wales 2991:from the original on 20 April 2018 2849:Museum of Transport and Technology 2423:Museum of Transport and Technology 1097:was rarely fitted to Sunderlands, 1063:torpedo attack on 11 November 1940 905:edge of the right wing, powered a 627:, stopping off along the route at 16:WWII era flying boat patrol bomber 14: 6924: 4235: 3805:from the original on 5 March 2016 3775:from the original on 5 March 2016 3714:from the original on 1 March 2014 3453:The Westmoreland Gazette archives 2438:was discovered on the seabed off 2343:is on display in Hangar 1 at the 1933:New Zealand Territorial Air Force 933: 790:Equipment and on-water management 535: 4189:. No. 100. pp. 13–24. 4079:. London: Brassey's Inc., 2002. 4069:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes 4014:Australian Airpower 1914 to 1945 3900:Barnes C.H. and Derek N. James. 3795:"Sunderland Flying Boat – PP118" 3765:"Sunderland Flying Boat – ML883" 3745:from the original on 18 May 2016 2801:List of aircraft of World War II 2371:I S-45 NJ203. 1947 Converted to 2033: 2000: 1978: 1951: 1895: 1840: 1808: 1765: 1635:A Sunderland Mark V operated by 29: 6855:Aircraft of the Australian Army 5808:aircraft serial-number prefixes 4294:ITV Meridian's PP118 News Story 4119:. No. 53. pp. 24–32. 3894: 3787: 3757: 3727: 3718: 3696: 3621: 3595: 3582: 3556: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3458: 3435: 3417: 3408: 3381: 3366: 3349: 3327: 3306: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3234: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3078: 2978: 2875: 2858: 2841: 2831: 2818: 2547:58,000 lb (26,308 kg) 2541:34,500 lb (15,649 kg) 2473:Specifications (Sunderland III) 2275:at Hendon wearing the codes of 781:FN-13 powered turret with four 190:, developed and constructed by 35:Short Sunderland Mk V in flight 3505:Barnes and James 1989, p. 359. 3414:Barnes and James 1989, p. 559. 2619:720 ft/min (3.7 m/s) 2613:17,200 ft (5,200 m) 2481:Sunderland I/II 3-view drawing 1444:was operating 40 Sunderlands. 468:had originally intended for a 412:declared that all first-class 389: 1: 6898:Four-engined tractor aircraft 6888:1930s British patrol aircraft 2892: 2824:The distance from Bristol to 2273:Royal Air Force Museum London 2209:Compañía Aeronáutica Uruguaya 1205:on the green at Praa Sands.) 731:construction, except for the 601:Seaplane Experimental Station 584:properties. On 7 March 1938, 216:flying boat, the flagship of 6913:Four-engined piston aircraft 4223:. England: Alan Lake, 1999, 3478:. Retrieved: 2 January 2010. 3443:"Mystery Surrounds reports." 3405:. Retrieved: 2 January 2010. 3378:. Retrieved: 2 January 2010. 2897: 2703:(the latter from early 1943) 2469:station and public slipway. 1753: 1720:National Airways Corporation 1554:As the U-boats began to use 1361: 876:View of a deployed bomb rack 483: 408:. Accordingly, in 1934, the 7: 5818:indicate prefixes not used. 4171:. London: Brassey's, 2004. 4139:River Medway and the Swale. 2707: 2658:0.303 in (7.7 mm) 2359:Imperial War Museum Duxford 2317:Airlines of New South Wales 2309:Airlines of New South Wales 1910:Royal New Zealand Air Force 1356: 1303:with salt being carried in 1258:Royal New Zealand Air Force 1202:Distinguished Service Order 1142:on 2 June 1943, when eight 1030:was attacked by six German 679: 404:flying boats or the German 301:Royal New Zealand Air Force 110:Royal New Zealand Air Force 49:Military flying boat bomber 10: 6929: 4282:Calshot's Sunderland Wreck 3902:Shorts Aircraft since 1900 3213:Norris 1967, pp. 7, 10–11. 2768:Consolidated PB2Y Coronado 2279:. Now indoors in Hangar 1. 2220:Det Norske Luftfartselskap 1780:Royal Australian Air Force 1592: 1208: 1126:1943 encounter with Ju 88s 1016:Royal Australian Air Force 410:British Postmaster General 394: 289:Royal Australian Air Force 102:Royal Australian Air Force 6863: 6837: 6535: 6442: 5900: 5823: 5813: 5754:English Electric Canberra 5741: 5634: 5598: 5530: 5514: 5498: 5482: 5431: 5390: 5358: 5351: 5085: 4915: 4652: 4572: 4541: 4408: 4337: 4067:Lawrence, Joseph (1945). 3618:. Retrieved: 3 July 2010. 3541:. Retrieved: 3 July 2010. 3471:30 September 2007 at the 3448:27 September 2007 at the 3312:BOAC Flight 777 had left 2572:constant-speed propellers 1256:until 1959, and with the 1037:Fliegendes Stachelschwein 884:Bomb rack from the inside 674: 163: 153: 145: 137: 129: 124: 116: 85: 77: 65: 53: 45: 40: 28: 23: 5806:Australian Defence Force 4208:London: Cassells, 1999. 3934:. London: Studio, 1946. 3904:. London: Putnam, 1989. 3704:"Short Sunderland T9044" 3573:Fantasy of Flight Museum 3553:Buttler 2000, pp. 26–27. 3394:21 February 2007 at the 3203:. Ian Allan. p. 48. 2969:Norris 1967, pp. 14, 16. 2826:St. John's, Newfoundland 2811: 2367:RAF Short Sunderland IV/ 1821:Royal Canadian Air Force 1221:Short Sunderland Mark V 1120:M2 Browning machine guns 293:Royal Canadian Air Force 94:Royal Canadian Air Force 6883:Short Brothers aircraft 3945:Buttler, Tony, AMRAeS. 3579:Retrieved: 3 July 2010. 3568:26 October 2009 at the 3487:Norris 1967, pp. 13–14. 3432:Norris 1967, pp. 10–11. 3423:Eden 2004, pp. 444–445. 3153:Eden 2004, pp. 443–444. 2942:Norris 1967, pp. 11–12. 2493:General characteristics 2465:shipping lane, Calshot 2426:Short Bros sister TEAL 2413:Ferrymead Heritage Park 2393:Oakland Aviation Museum 2381:South Pacific Air Lines 2189:until 10 September 1974 2015:South African Air Force 733:flight control surfaces 544:) performed the type's 297:South African Air Force 106:South African Air Force 3839:UIUC Airfoil Data Site 3823:Bridgman 1946, p. 137. 3681:The New Zealand Herald 3539:kiwiaircraftimages.com 3403:kiwiaircraftimages.com 3290:Miller 2002, p. ? 3180:Nicolaou 1998, p. 124. 2557:9-cylinder air-cooled 2482: 2288: 2280: 2264: 1969:No. 330 Squadron RNoAF 1924:No. 490 Squadron RNZAF 1691: 1662: 1639: 1543: 1516: 1461:Vickers K machine guns 1327: 1301:Handley Page Halifaxes 1250:RAF Far East Air Force 1233: 1182: 1135: 1090: 1018:(RAAF) Sunderland (of 1002: 955: 926: 901: 885: 877: 851: 826: 766: 741:Gouge-patented devices 701:outfitted with a twin 689: 321:Battle of the Atlantic 5531:Maritime patrol & 3799:www.calshotdivers.com 3769:www.calshotdivers.com 3577:www.myflorida.org.uk. 3530:13 March 2006 at the 3514:Lake, Alan 1999 p.18. 3281:Johnson 1978, p. 229. 3126:Norris 1967, pp. 6–7. 3051:Norris 1967, pp. 3–5. 2661:Browning machine guns 2559:radial piston engines 2555:Bristol Pegasus XVIII 2480: 2377:Trans Oceanic Airways 2286: 2270: 2258: 2240:Trans Oceanic Airways 2170:Aerolíneas Argentinas 1831:No. 423 Squadron RCAF 1826:No. 422 Squadron RCAF 1799:No. 461 Squadron RAAF 1730:Post-war civilian use 1685: 1660: 1637:No. 461 Squadron RAAF 1634: 1549:Consolidated Catalina 1541: 1514: 1376:John Lankester Parker 1313: 1216: 1180: 1148:No. 461 Squadron RAAF 1133: 1088: 995: 968:Bernoulli's principle 953: 921: 899: 883: 875: 849: 823: 808:that attached to the 764: 687: 561:John Lankester Parker 521:Browning machine guns 517:Vickers K machine gun 256:Bristol Pegasus XVIII 181:Short S.25 Sunderland 6845:Aircraft of the RAAF 5679:Short-Mayo Composite 4360:Short-Wright biplane 4097:Nicolaou, Stephane. 3724:Kightly 2009, p. 73. 3607:15 June 2010 at the 3563:"Fantasy of Flight." 3535:Kiwi Aircraft Images 3399:Kiwi Aircraft Images 3240:Werner 1999, p. 105. 3085:Frame, Alex (2007). 3016:Tillman 2004, p. 17. 2277:No. 201 Squadron RAF 2164:Commercial operators 2140:No. 270 Squadron RAF 2135:No. 259 Squadron RAF 2130:No. 246 Squadron RAF 2125:No. 240 Squadron RAF 2120:No. 230 Squadron RAF 2115:No. 228 Squadron RAF 2110:No. 210 Squadron RAF 2097:No. 209 Squadron RAF 2092:No. 205 Squadron RAF 2087:No. 204 Squadron RAF 2082:No. 202 Squadron RAF 2077:No. 201 Squadron RAF 2072:No. 119 Squadron RAF 2024:No. 35 Squadron SAAF 1919:No. 5 Squadron RNZAF 1864:No. 343 Squadron RAF 1794:No. 40 Squadron RAAF 1789:No. 10 Squadron RAAF 1617:20 mm Hispano cannon 1351:No. 343 Squadron RAF 1324:Lockheed P-2 Neptune 1262:No. 5 Squadron RNZAF 842:Access and servicing 749:Bristol Pegasus XXII 590:Bristol Pegasus XXII 443:ocean reconnaissance 439:Specification R.2/33 335:, shortly after the 225:Specification R.2/33 6850:Aircraft of the RAN 4287:30 May 2018 at the 3888:Buttler, 2000, p.16 3870:Buttler, 2000, p.34 3739:sunderlandtrust.com 3602:"Short Sunderland." 3252:Norris 1967, p. 13. 3231:Norris 1967, p. 10. 2960:Norris 1967, p. 14. 2914:Norris 1967, p. 16. 2725:Related development 2665:Nash & Thompson 2389:Hughes Tool Company 2195:(US Virgin Islands) 2067:No. 95 Squadron RAF 2062:No. 88 Squadron RAF 1964:Norwegian Air Force 1530:Sunderland Mark III 1442:RAF Coastal Command 1387:Nash & Thompson 983:Operational history 779:Nash & Thompson 364:Northern Hemisphere 309:Norwegian Air Force 41:General information 6903:High-wing aircraft 6541:Tri-Service series 4167:Tillman, Barrett. 4090:Norris, Geoffrey. 3858:Buttler, 2000, p.8 3684:. 30 November 2010 3665:accessed 20 Aug 13 3523:Treeweek, Philip. 3496:Evans 1993, p. 63. 3387:Treeweek, Philip. 3201:Wings for Tomorrow 3135:Eden 2004, p. 443. 3114:Norris 1967, p. 6. 3075:Norris 1967, p. 5. 3042:Norris 1967, p. 3. 2930:Eden 2004, p. 442. 2763:Chyetverikov MDR-3 2731:Short Scion Senior 2483: 2395:, California, USA. 2361:in Cambridgeshire. 2289: 2281: 2265: 2251:Surviving aircraft 1942:No. 6 Squadron TAF 1759:Military operators 1694:In late 1942, the 1692: 1678:Transport variants 1663: 1640: 1601:Sunderland Mark IV 1589:Sunderland Mark IV 1567:.50 (12.7 mm) guns 1544: 1517: 1507:Sunderland Mark II 1497:Blackburn Aircraft 1409:centre of pressure 1391:.303-inch (7.7 mm) 1328: 1234: 1183: 1162:Kampfgeschwader 40 1136: 1091: 1054:before the famous 1003: 956: 927: 924:Tank Landing Craft 902: 886: 878: 852: 827: 767: 690: 368:Lockheed P-3 Orion 204:North East England 6870: 6869: 6537:RAAF Series Three 5772: 5771: 5749:Bristol Britannia 5737: 5736: 5439:M4 scale Stirling 4648: 4647: 4147:978-0-9519927-7-7 3917:Sunderland at War 3833:Lednicer, David. 3361:978-1-84884-163-5 3096:978-0-86473-562-1 2985:Fantasy of Flight 2741:Short Sandringham 2671:On some aircraft 2535:Göttingen 436 mod 2357:is on display at 2345:RAF Museum London 2301:Fantasy of Flight 2261:Fantasy of Flight 2193:Antilles Airboats 2160: 2159: 1748:Short Sandringham 1627:Sunderland Mark V 1569:, one each side. 1420:Sunderland Mark I 1402:centre of gravity 1320:Martin P5M Marlin 1095:Leigh searchlight 1093:While the bright 739:employed unusual 550:Bristol Pegasus X 526:centre of gravity 384:Fantasy of Flight 263:Leigh searchlight 177: 176: 168:Short Sandringham 138:Introduction date 6920: 6547: 6546: 5906: 5829: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5637:& airliners: 5540:Empire/'C-Class' 5444:Gnosspelius Gull 5356: 5355: 5148:Gnosspelius Gull 4573:Admiralty Types: 4406: 4405: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4198: 4152:Southall, Ivan. 4137:Simper, Robert. 4128: 4072: 4046:, February 2009. 4027:Johnson, Brian. 3952:Eden, Paul, ed. 3889: 3886: 3880: 3879:Lake, 2000, p.27 3877: 3871: 3868: 3859: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3658: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3619: 3616:rafmuseum.org.uk 3599: 3593: 3588:"Kiwi 'boats'." 3586: 3580: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3542: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3462: 3456: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3385: 3379: 3370: 3364: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3331: 3325: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3262: 3253: 3250: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3115: 3112: 3101: 3100: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3017: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2943: 2940: 2931: 2928: 2915: 2912: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2862: 2856: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2822: 2695: 2642: 2611:Service ceiling: 2582: 2495: 2187:Lord Howe Island 2054: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1667:fully feathering 1605:Bristol Hercules 1493:Northern Ireland 1165:and were led by 1008:Kensington Court 988:Second World War 773:or (eventually) 756:Imperial gallons 418:Imperial Airways 285:Second World War 218:Imperial Airways 33: 21: 20: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6859: 6833: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6531: 6438: 5904: 5903: 5902:RAAF Series Two 5896: 5827: 5826: 5825:RAAF Series One 5819: 5809: 5803: 5773: 5768: 5733: 5636: 5630: 5594: 5533:reconnaissance: 5532: 5526: 5510: 5494: 5478: 5427: 5386: 5347: 5081: 4919: 4911: 4654: 4644: 4568: 4537: 4410: 4404: 4333: 4327: 4289:Wayback Machine 4277:article of 1939 4265:Record No:46668 4238: 4075:Miller, David. 3897: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3652: 3651: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3629:"Archived copy" 3627: 3626: 3622: 3609:Wayback Machine 3600: 3596: 3587: 3583: 3570:Wayback Machine 3561: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3532:Wayback Machine 3522: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3473:Wayback Machine 3463: 3459: 3450:Wayback Machine 3441:Barden, Karen. 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3396:Wayback Machine 3386: 3382: 3371: 3367: 3354: 3350: 3341:. 2 June 2013. 3333: 3332: 3328: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3104: 3097: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3020: 3015: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2929: 2918: 2913: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2880: 2876: 2863: 2859: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2710: 2696: 2691: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2607:around 13 hours 2578: 2491: 2475: 2459:Fawley Refinery 2403:Chatham Islands 2401:located at the 2253: 2166: 2161: 2048:Royal Air Force 2034: 2032: 2001: 1999: 1993:Portuguese Navy 1979: 1977: 1952: 1950: 1896: 1894: 1887:Escadrilles 53S 1884:Escadrilles 50S 1881:Escadrilles 12S 1841: 1839: 1809: 1807: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1732: 1680: 1652:Douglas Dakotas 1629: 1597: 1591: 1532: 1509: 1470:Battle of Crete 1428:) was flown to 1422: 1380:Bristol Pegasus 1364: 1359: 1316:Sunderland MR.5 1246:Avro Shackleton 1228:at the ramp of 1211: 1156:BOAC Flight 777 1144:Junkers Ju 88Cs 1128: 1020:No. 10 Squadron 990: 985: 936: 844: 792: 697:, along with a 682: 677: 538: 513:Royal Air Force 486: 464:Chief designer 397: 392: 337:German invasion 325:No. 10 Squadron 313:Portuguese Navy 229:Royal Air Force 196:Royal Air Force 170: 158: 149:16 October 1937 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 90:Royal Air Force 73: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6926: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5833: 5831: 5821: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5802: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5764:Felixstowe F.5 5761: 5759:Felixstowe F.3 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5360: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5328:Triple-Tractor 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4923: 4921: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4385:Triple-Tractor 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4330:Short Brothers 4326: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4279: 4271: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4236:External links 4234: 4233: 4232: 4217: 4201:Werner, H. A. 4199: 4186:Air Enthusiast 4180: 4165: 4150: 4135: 4129: 4116:Air Enthusiast 4110: 4095: 4088: 4073: 4064: 4047: 4040: 4029:The Secret War 4025: 4010: 3995: 3980: 3965: 3950: 3943: 3928: 3915:Bowyer, Chaz. 3913: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3860: 3851: 3825: 3816: 3786: 3756: 3726: 3717: 3695: 3667: 3620: 3594: 3581: 3555: 3543: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3464:Renouf, Jane. 3457: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3380: 3365: 3348: 3326: 3305: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3254: 3242: 3233: 3215: 3206: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3116: 3102: 3095: 3077: 3053: 3044: 3018: 3002: 2971: 2962: 2944: 2932: 2916: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2881:Two 4-engined 2874: 2857: 2840: 2830: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2779:Sikorsky VS-44 2776: 2770: 2765: 2754: 2753: 2751:Short Stirling 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2689: 2688: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2636: 2635: 2626: 2620: 2617:Rate of climb: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2587:Maximum speed: 2576: 2575: 2562: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2474: 2471: 2432: 2431: 2416: 2406: 2396: 2362: 2352: 2334: 2333: 2315:in Australia. 2263:in Florida, US 2252: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2227: 2217: 2212: 2206: 2201: 2199:Aquila Airways 2196: 2190: 2183:Sydney Harbour 2172: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041:United Kingdom 2029: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2010: 1996: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1961: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1936: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1868:Escadrille 7FE 1858: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1818: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1731: 1728: 1679: 1676: 1628: 1625: 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1531: 1528: 1508: 1505: 1421: 1418: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1347:Escadrille 7FE 1269:Berlin Airlift 1210: 1207: 1127: 1124: 1044:German seizure 1032:Junkers Ju 88C 989: 986: 984: 981: 935: 934:Damage control 932: 843: 840: 791: 788: 752:radial engines 706:pressure stove 681: 678: 676: 673: 593:radial engines 578:centre of lift 553:radial engines 548:, fitted with 537: 536:Flight testing 534: 485: 482: 455:Short Sarafand 396: 393: 391: 388: 360:Berlin airlift 276:units, and an 259:radial engines 233:Short Sarafand 192:Short Brothers 175: 174: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 92: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 69: 67: 63: 62: 60:Short Brothers 57: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6925: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6862: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742:Under licence 5740: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611:Improved S.27 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5580:Sturgeon (II) 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5474:Silver Streak 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432:Experimental: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5313:Sturgeon (II) 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5293:Sporting Type 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5268:Silver Streak 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248:Sherpa (C-23) 5246: 5244: 5243:Sherpa (SB.4) 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5163:Knuckleduster 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542:'N' sequence: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4400:Silver Streak 4398: 4396: 4395:Sporting Type 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370:Improved S.27 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261:British Pathé 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4230: 4229:1-84037-086-6 4226: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4214:0-304-35330-2 4211: 4207: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4177:1-57488-760-2 4174: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4162:0-207-13002-7 4159: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4107:0-7603-0621-4 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4085:1-57488-246-5 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4061:1-84176-024-2 4058: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4037:0-563-17769-1 4034: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4022:1-876043-28-8 4019: 4015: 4012:Grant, Mark. 4011: 4008: 4007:1-870745-13-2 4004: 4000: 3997:Evans, John. 3996: 3993: 3992:1-870745-03-5 3989: 3985: 3982:Evans, John. 3981: 3978: 3977:1-870745-00-0 3974: 3970: 3967:Evans, John. 3966: 3963: 3962:1-84509-013-6 3959: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3940:1-85170-493-0 3937: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3925:0-7110-0665-2 3922: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3910:0-85177-819-4 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3865: 3855: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3820: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3662: 3656: 3637: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3376:geocities.com 3374: 3369: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3323: 3322:Leslie Howard 3319: 3318:Bay of Biscay 3315: 3309: 3302: 3301:Ivan Southall 3296: 3287: 3278: 3271: 3270:0-7917-0011-9 3267: 3261: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3210: 3202: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3048: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2867: 2866:Lake District 2861: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2790:Related lists 2785: 2784:Tupolev MTB-2 2782: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2773:Kawanishi H8K 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2746:Short Seaford 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2686: 2685:depth charges 2682: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2623:Wing loading: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2593:Cruise speed: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2545:Gross weight: 2543: 2540: 2539:Empty weight: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2440:Pembroke Dock 2437: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385:Howard Hughes 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2349:Pembroke Dock 2346: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2156: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2009: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1878:Flottille 27F 1877: 1874: 1872:Flottille 1FE 1871: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1763: 1762: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1638: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1621:Short Seaford 1618: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1595:Short Seaford 1586: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1481:Yagi antennas 1478: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140:Bay of Biscay 1132: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1059:Fleet Air Arm 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1000: 999: 994: 980: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 952: 948: 946: 940: 931: 925: 920: 916: 913: 908: 898: 894: 890: 882: 874: 870: 867: 863: 858: 848: 839: 835: 832: 822: 818: 816: 811: 807: 803: 798: 787: 784: 780: 776: 775:depth charges 772: 763: 759: 757: 753: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 722: 718: 715: 711: 707: 704: 700: 696: 686: 672: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 596: 594: 591: 587: 583: 582:hydrodynamics 579: 574: 569: 567: 562: 558: 554: 551: 547: 546:maiden flight 543: 533: 531: 527: 522: 518: 514: 509: 505: 503: 499: 494: 491: 490:shoulder-wing 481: 479: 475: 471: 470:COW 37 mm gun 467: 462: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 430: 428: 424: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 402:Sikorsky S-42 400:new American 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 345:Pacific Ocean 342: 338: 334: 330: 329:Mediterranean 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 272: 268: 264: 260: 257: 253: 252:depth charges 249: 245: 241: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223: 219: 215: 214: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 188:patrol bomber 186: 183:is a British 182: 173: 172:Short Seaford 169: 166: 162: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 86:Primary users 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61: 58: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6893:Flying boats 6818: 6798: 6713: 6703: 6628: 6038: 5815: 5694:Scion Senior 5659:Short Empire 5584: 5575:Sturgeon (I) 5380: 5373: 5366: 5317: 5308:Sturgeon (I) 5213:Scion Senior 4781: 4355:Biplane No.3 4350:Biplane No.2 4345:Biplane No.1 4274: 4259:(1948) from 4220: 4219:Lake, Alan. 4202: 4184: 4168: 4153: 4138: 4131: 4114: 4098: 4091: 4076: 4068: 4051: 4043: 4028: 4013: 3998: 3983: 3968: 3953: 3946: 3931: 3916: 3901: 3895:Bibliography 3884: 3875: 3854: 3842:. Retrieved 3838: 3828: 3819: 3807:. Retrieved 3798: 3789: 3777:. Retrieved 3768: 3759: 3747:. Retrieved 3738: 3729: 3720: 3707: 3698: 3686:. Retrieved 3679: 3670: 3643:. Retrieved 3623: 3615: 3611: 3597: 3589: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3558: 3538: 3534: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3475: 3460: 3452: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3351: 3338: 3329: 3308: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3236: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3086: 3080: 3047: 2993:. Retrieved 2984: 2974: 2965: 2877: 2860: 2843: 2833: 2820: 2789: 2788: 2756: 2755: 2736:Short Empire 2724: 2723: 2692: 2690: 2680: 2653: 2647: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2569:de Havilland 2564: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2484: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2428:Short Solent 2418: 2408: 2398: 2373:Short Solent 2364: 2354: 2340: 2335: 2304: 2297:Kermit Weeks 2292: 2211:S.A. (CAUSA) 2154: 2008:South Africa 1875:Flottille 7F 1745: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1693: 1687: 1672: 1664: 1645: 1641: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1583:Leigh lights 1579: 1574:depth charge 1571: 1563: 1555: 1553: 1545: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1495:, and 15 by 1486: 1474: 1466: 1456: 1446: 1430:230 Squadron 1425: 1423: 1406: 1384: 1368:River Medway 1365: 1341: 1329: 1315: 1277:Finkenwerder 1266: 1264:until 1967. 1235: 1225: 1222: 1219:205 Squadron 1192: 1187: 1184: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1151: 1137: 1116: 1107:ASV Mark III 1092: 1074: 1067: 1041: 1036: 1024: 1007: 1004: 997: 963: 957: 941: 937: 928: 903: 891: 887: 861: 856: 853: 836: 828: 793: 783:.303 British 768: 726: 717:flush toilet 691: 669: 597: 585: 570: 565: 557:Pegasus XXII 556: 541: 539: 510: 506: 498:Saunders-Roe 495: 487: 466:Arthur Gouge 463: 459: 435:Air Ministry 431: 406:Dornier Do X 398: 349: 282: 271:ASV Mark III 248:aerial mines 222:Air Ministry 212: 208: 180: 178: 146:First flight 130:Manufactured 117:Number built 71:Arthur Gouge 55:Manufacturer 18: 5684:Sandringham 5454:SB.4 Sherpa 5333:Triple-Twin 5323:Tandem-Twin 5193:Sandringham 5077:SD.3-60/360 5072:SD.3-30/330 4380:Tandem-Twin 4375:Triple-Twin 4049:Lake, Jon. 3476:aohg.org.uk 2883:Martin Mars 2580:Performance 2565:Propellers: 2551:Powerplant: 2434:Sunderland 2313:Sandringham 1903:New Zealand 1855:French Navy 1434:RAF Seletar 1404:rearwards. 1344:French Navy 1322:and a RAAF 1318:with a USN 1291:river near 1267:During the 1230:RAF Seletar 1112:Karl Dönitz 1099:ASV Mark II 1070:fratricidal 427:S.23 Empire 390:Development 376:Sandringham 305:French Navy 267:ASV Mark II 237:machine gun 185:flying boat 159:RNZAF: 1967 98:French Navy 6877:Categories 6444:RAN Series 5635:Transports 5585:Sunderland 5318:Sunderland 5238:'Shamrock' 3688:9 November 3612:RAF Museum 2893:References 2870:Windermere 2630:Power/mass 2605:Endurance: 2524:Wing area: 1613:tailplanes 1394:Vickers GO 1372:test pilot 1332:Korean War 1198:Praa Sands 1056:Royal Navy 641:Habbaniyah 637:Alexandria 605:Felixstowe 566:Sunderland 414:Royal Mail 356:Korean War 311:, and the 200:Sunderland 24:Sunderland 5599:Trainers: 5570:Springbok 5550:Singapore 5545:'G-Class' 5483:Fighters: 5359:Airships: 5298:Springbok 5273:Singapore 5203:Satellite 5143:'G-Class' 5103:'C-Class' 4887:S.45 (II) 4653:Post-1921 4411:sequence: 4409:Early 'S' 4365:Dunne D.5 4195:0143-5450 4125:0143-5450 4044:Aeroplane 3645:20 August 2898:Citations 2714:Saro A.33 2567:3-bladed 2512:Wingspan: 2486:Data from 2329:Australia 1773:Australia 1754:Operators 1501:Dumbarton 1457:bomb room 1438:Singapore 1362:Prototype 1293:RAF Gatow 1254:Singapore 1012:North Sea 1010:from the 864:-shaped) 797:astrodome 747:-mounted 721:anchoring 714:porcelain 688:Bunk area 629:Gibraltar 625:Singapore 573:sweepback 502:Saro A.33 484:Selection 474:Lewis gun 447:monoplane 437:released 423:Rochester 303:(RNZAF), 278:astrodome 157:RAF: 1959 133:1938–1946 6274:A68 (II) 5709:Shetland 5621:Sturgeon 5565:Shetland 5560:Sarafand 5522:Crusader 5499:Gliders: 5423:Sturgeon 5418:Stirling 5391:Bombers: 5303:Stirling 5263:'Shrimp' 5253:Shetland 5198:Sarafand 5138:'Folder' 5128:Crusader 5123:Cromarty 5108:Calcutta 4920:sequence 4882:S.45 (I) 4655:sequence 4338:Pre-1921 4332:aircraft 4285:Archived 4154:Fly West 3803:Archived 3773:Archived 3743:Archived 3712:archived 3655:cite web 3636:Archived 3605:Archived 3566:Archived 3528:Archived 3469:Archived 3446:Archived 3392:Archived 3343:Archived 3339:BBC News 2989:Archived 2853:Auckland 2708:See also 2693:Avionics 2640:Armament 2453:and not 2321:Rose Bay 2179:Rose Bay 1986:Portugal 1866:, later 1716:Calcutta 1688:Hadfield 1565:capable 1357:Variants 1326:in 1963. 1314:A RNZAF 1305:panniers 1242:Far East 1167:Leutnant 976:coxswain 945:bulkhead 703:kerosene 680:Overview 657:Calcutta 617:tropical 374:and the 352:Far East 299:(SAAF), 295:(RCAF), 291:(RAAF), 194:for the 164:Variants 66:Designer 6749:A40/N40 6659:A22/N22 6634:A17/N17 6545:present 6269:A68 (I) 5905:1935–63 5828:1921–34 5816:Italics 5729:Valetta 5704:Sealand 5664:G-Class 5654:Belfast 5590:Seaford 5555:Rangoon 5515:Racers: 5490:Gurnard 5413:Sperrin 5352:By type 5343:Valetta 5288:Sperrin 5228:Sealand 5223:Seaford 5188:Rangoon 5168:Mercury 5153:Gurnard 5113:Chamois 5093:Belfast 4917:S.B.A.C 4269:YouTube 3844:2 April 3590:Flypast 2775:"Emily" 2531:Airfoil 2518:Height: 2506:Length: 2447:Calshot 2369:Seaford 1700:Nigeria 1489:Belfast 1398:bollard 1337:Iwakuni 1285:Hamburg 1279:on the 1238:Belfast 1209:Postwar 1075:Snapper 1052:Taranto 964:suction 866:pontoon 831:drogues 815:bollard 806:pendant 745:nacelle 729:riveted 712:-style 661:Rangoon 653:Gwalior 649:Karachi 645:Bahrain 621:Seletar 609:Suffolk 530:ballast 451:biplane 395:Origins 380:Florida 319:in the 317:U-boats 240:turrets 154:Retired 125:History 81:Retired 5724:Skyvan 5719:Sherpa 5714:Solent 5699:Scylla 5626:Tucano 5506:Nimbus 5403:Seamew 5398:Bomber 5338:Tucano 5283:Solent 5278:Skyvan 5233:Seamew 5218:Scylla 5183:Nimbus 5178:Mussel 5133:Empire 5118:Cockle 5098:Bomber 4390:Bomber 4275:Flight 4227: 4212: 4193: 4175: 4160: 4145: 4123: 4105: 4083: 4059: 4035: 4020: 4005: 3990: 3975: 3960: 3938: 3923: 3908: 3359: 3314:Lisbon 3268: 3093: 2681:Bombs: 2668:Mk.Is. 2599:Range: 2463:Solent 2419:NZ4115 2409:NZ4112 2399:NZ4111 2325:Sydney 2235:Qantas 2175:Ansett 2155: 2038: 2005: 1983: 1959:Norway 1956: 1900: 1848:France 1845: 1816:Canada 1813: 1770: 1741:G-AGJM 1273:Hythes 1080:Torpex 1028:Norway 972:launch 966:(from 699:galley 675:Design 665:Mergui 663:, and 265:, the 250:, and 213:Empire 78:Status 6838:Lists 6543:1964– 5689:Scion 5669:Hythe 5408:Shirl 5258:Shirl 5208:Scion 5086:Names 4907:S.312 4702:S.8/8 4267:) at 3809:1 May 3779:1 May 3749:1 May 3639:(PDF) 3632:(PDF) 2995:1 May 2979:cnp. 2812:Notes 2656:12 × 2654:up to 2648:Guns: 2500:Crew: 2455:PP118 2451:ML883 2436:T9044 2365:NJ203 2355:ML796 2341:ML824 2305:ML814 2293:ML814 1737:Hythe 1712:Lagos 1708:Poole 1704:India 1557:Metox 1477:radar 1453:mines 1449:bombs 1426:L2159 1289:Havel 1283:near 1223:ML797 1193:EJ134 1188:EJ134 1171:EJ134 1152:EJ134 1103:Metox 1048:Crete 998:U-426 960:plane 912:barge 907:bilge 857:swash 825:here. 804:by a 771:mines 737:flaps 719:, an 710:yacht 695:bunks 633:Malta 586:K4774 542:K4774 372:Hythe 333:Crete 274:radar 244:bombs 211:S.23 6434:A100 5674:Kent 5616:S.38 5606:S.27 5469:SC.9 5464:SC.1 5459:SB.5 5449:SB.1 5173:Maia 5158:Kent 5067:SD.2 5062:SD.1 5057:SC.9 5052:SC.8 5047:SC.7 5042:SC.6 5037:SC.5 5032:SC.4 5027:SC.3 5022:SC.2 5017:SC.1 5012:SB.9 5007:SB.8 5002:SB.7 4997:SB.6 4992:SB.5 4987:SB.4 4982:SB.3 4977:SB.2 4972:SB.1 4967:SA.9 4962:SA.8 4957:SA.7 4952:SA.6 4947:SA.5 4942:SA.4 4937:SA.3 4932:SA.2 4927:SA.1 4902:S.48 4897:S.47 4892:S.46 4877:S.44 4872:S.43 4867:S.42 4862:S.41 4857:S.40 4852:S.39 4847:S.38 4842:S.37 4837:S.36 4832:S.35 4827:S.34 4822:S.33 4817:S.32 4812:S.31 4807:S.30 4802:S.29 4797:S.28 4792:S.27 4787:S.26 4782:S.25 4777:S.24 4772:S.23 4767:S.22 4762:S.21 4757:S.20 4752:S.19 4747:S.18 4742:L.17 4737:S.17 4732:S.16 4727:S.15 4722:S.14 4717:S.12 4712:S.11 4707:S.10 4559:N.2B 4554:N.2A 4549:N.1B 4533:S.81 4528:S.80 4523:S.62 4518:S.53 4513:S.52 4508:S.51 4503:S.50 4498:S.49 4493:S.48 4488:S.45 4483:S.44 4478:S.43 4473:S.41 4468:S.39 4463:S.38 4458:S.36 4453:S.35 4448:S.34 4443:S.33 4438:S.32 4433:S.29 4428:S.28 4423:S.27 4418:S.26 4225:ISBN 4210:ISBN 4191:ISSN 4173:ISBN 4158:ISBN 4143:ISBN 4121:ISSN 4103:ISBN 4081:ISBN 4057:ISBN 4033:ISBN 4018:ISBN 4003:ISBN 3988:ISBN 3973:ISBN 3958:ISBN 3936:ISBN 3921:ISBN 3906:ISBN 3846:2020 3811:2018 3781:2018 3751:2018 3690:2011 3661:link 3647:2013 3614:via 3575:via 3537:via 3401:via 3357:ISBN 3266:ISBN 3091:ISBN 2997:2018 2553:4 × 2467:RNLI 2244:TEAL 1724:TEAL 1714:and 1702:and 1599:The 1414:flap 1342:The 1297:salt 1281:Elbe 810:keel 802:buoy 708:, a 478:drag 269:and 179:The 141:1938 46:Type 6829:A69 6824:A56 6819:A55 6814:A54 6809:A53 6804:N52 6799:A51 6794:N49 6789:N48 6784:A47 6779:A46 6774:A45 6769:A44 6764:A43 6759:N42 6754:A41 6744:A39 6739:A38 6734:A37 6729:A36 6724:A35 6719:A34 6714:A33 6709:A32 6704:A31 6699:A30 6694:N29 6689:N28 6684:A27 6679:A26 6674:A25 6669:N24 6664:A23 6654:A21 6649:A20 6644:A19 6639:A18 6629:A16 6624:A15 6619:A14 6614:A13 6609:A12 6604:A11 6599:A10 6527:N16 6522:N15 6517:N14 6512:N13 6507:N12 6502:N11 6497:N10 6429:A99 6424:A98 6419:A97 6414:A96 6409:A95 6404:A94 6399:A93 6394:A92 6389:A91 6384:A90 6379:A89 6374:A88 6369:A87 6364:A86 6359:A85 6354:A84 6349:A83 6344:A82 6339:A81 6334:A80 6329:A79 6324:A78 6319:A77 6314:A76 6309:A75 6304:A74 6299:A73 6294:A72 6289:A71 6284:A70 6279:A69 6264:A67 6259:A66 6254:A65 6249:A64 6244:A63 6239:A62 6234:A61 6229:A60 6224:A59 6219:A58 6214:A57 6209:A56 6204:A55 6199:A54 6194:A53 6189:A52 6184:A51 6179:A50 6174:A49 6169:A48 6164:A47 6159:A46 6154:A45 6149:A44 6144:A44 6139:A43 6134:A42 6129:A41 6124:A40 6119:A39 6114:A38 6109:A37 6104:A37 6099:A37 6094:A36 6089:A35 6084:A34 6079:A33 6074:A32 6069:A31 6064:A30 6059:A30 6054:A29 6049:A28 6044:A27 6039:A26 6034:A25 6029:A24 6024:A23 6019:A22 6014:A21 6009:A20 6004:A19 5999:A18 5994:A17 5989:A16 5984:A15 5979:A14 5974:A13 5969:A12 5964:A11 5959:A10 5892:A12 5887:A11 5882:A10 5649:360 5644:330 5381:R38 5374:R32 5367:R31 4697:S.8 4692:S.7 4687:S.6 4682:S.5 4677:S.4 4672:S.3 4667:S.2 4662:S.1 4640:830 4635:827 4630:320 4625:310 4620:301 4615:184 4610:166 4605:136 4600:135 4564:N.3 2224:SAS 2185:to 2181:on 1710:to 1499:at 1432:at 1260:'s 1252:at 1226:"P" 1061:'s 1046:of 603:at 449:or 382:at 202:in 120:749 6879:: 6594:A9 6589:A8 6584:A7 6579:A6 6574:A5 6569:A4 6564:A3 6559:A2 6554:A1 6492:N9 6487:N8 6482:N7 6477:N6 6472:N5 6467:N4 6462:N3 6457:N2 6452:N1 5954:A9 5949:A8 5944:A7 5939:A6 5934:A5 5929:A4 5924:A3 5919:A2 5914:A1 5877:A9 5872:A8 5867:A7 5862:A6 5857:A5 5852:A4 5847:A3 5842:A2 5837:A1 4595:81 4590:74 4585:42 3863:^ 3837:. 3801:. 3797:. 3771:. 3767:. 3741:. 3737:. 3706:, 3678:. 3657:}} 3653:{{ 3634:. 3546:^ 3337:. 3257:^ 3245:^ 3218:^ 3119:^ 3105:^ 3056:^ 3021:^ 3005:^ 2987:. 2983:. 2947:^ 2935:^ 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Index