Siege of Constantinople (717–718)

1648:. The Arab fleet and the second Arab army, which operated in the Asian suburbs of Constantinople, were able to bring in limited supplies to Maslama's army. As the siege drew into winter, negotiations opened between the two sides, extensively reported by Arab sources but ignored by Byzantine historians. According to the Arab accounts, Leo continued to play a double game with the Arabs. One version claims that he tricked Maslama into handing over most of his grain supplies, while another claims that the Arab general was persuaded to burn them altogether, so as to show the inhabitants of the city that they faced an imminent assault and induce them to surrender. The winter of 718 was extremely harsh; snow covered the ground for over three months. As the supplies in the Arab camp ran out, a terrible famine broke out: the soldiers ate their horses, camels, and other livestock, and the bark, leaves and roots of trees. They swept the snow of the fields they had sown to eat the green shoots, and reportedly resorted to 1380:, which the Arabs intended to use as a base the following winter. Amorium had been left defenceless in the turmoil of the civil war and would have easily fallen, but the Arabs chose to bolster Leo's position as a counterweight to Theodosius. They offered the city terms of surrender if its inhabitants would acknowledge Leo as emperor. The fortress capitulated, but still did not open its gates to the Arabs. Leo came to the vicinity with a handful of soldiers and executed a series of ruses and negotiations to garrison 800 men in the town. The Arab army, thwarted in its objective and with supplies running low, withdrew. Leo escaped to 1860: 1723:, however, and they began deserting to the Byzantines upon their arrival. Notified by the Egyptians of the advent and disposition of the Arab reinforcements, Leo launched his fleet in an attack against the new Arab fleets. Crippled by the defection of their crews, and helpless against Greek fire, the Arab ships were destroyed or captured along with the weapons and supplies they carried. Constantinople was now safe from a seaborne attack. On land too the Byzantines were victorious: their troops managed to ambush the advancing Arab army under a commander named Mardasan and destroy it in the hills around 63: 1664: 1388: 1537: 1155: 1341: 1765: 1628: 1872:

which both sides continued to launch regular raids and counter-raids. In this incessant border warfare, frontier towns and fortresses changed hands frequently, but the general outline of the border remained unaltered for over two centuries, until the Byzantine conquests of the 10th century. The eastern fleets of the Caliphate entered a century-long decline; only the Ifriqiyan fleets maintained regular raids on Byzantine Sicily, until they too subsided after 752. Indeed, with the exception of the

1856:

effort by the Caliphate to "cut off the head" of the Byzantine Empire, after which the remaining provinces, especially in Asia Minor, would be easy to capture. The reasons for the Arab failure were chiefly logistical, as they were operating too far from their Syrian bases, but the superiority of the Byzantine navy through the use of Greek fire, the strength of Constantinople's fortifications, and the skill of Leo III in deception and negotiations also played important roles.

1737:, it was the Arabs who strayed into Bulgar territory, seeking provisions. Michael the Syrian on the other hand mentions that the Bulgars participated in the siege from the beginning, with attacks against the Arabs as they marched through Thrace towards Constantinople, and subsequently on their encampment. According to some modern interpretations of the original sources, the first Bulgar victory may have been against a separate Arab army under Ukhaida that ranged as far as 1120:) which therefore contains a favourable depiction of the latter, while Theophanes apparently relies on an unknown biography of Leo (ignored by Nikephoros) for the events of 716. The 8th-century chronicler Theophilus of Edessa records the years leading up to the siege and the siege itself in some detail, paying particular attention to the diplomacy between Maslama and Leo III. The Arab sources, mainly the 11th-century 4470: 1420:, where he found and captured, among other officials, Theodosius's son, and then marched to Chrysopolis. In spring 717, after short negotiations, he secured Theodosius's resignation and his recognition as emperor, entering the capital on 25 March. Theodosius and his son were allowed to retire to a monastery as monks, while Artabasdos was promoted to the position of 2004:(located outside Constantinople proper in Galata) to Maslama, although it erroneously dated this to around 686, probably confusing Maslama's attack with the first Arab siege in the 670s. The passing of the Arab army also left traces at Abydos, where "Maslama's Well" and a mosque attributed to him were still known in the 10th century. 1799:, as well as a complete evacuation of Cilicia and other Byzantine territories that the Arabs had seized over the previous years. Although his advisors dissuaded him from such drastic actions, most Arab garrisons were withdrawn from the Byzantine frontier districts they had occupied in the lead-up to the siege. In Cilicia, only 1907:

the end of the Middle Ages by the Ottomans—the consequences for Christian Europe would have been incalculable", as the Mediterranean would have become an Arab lake, and the Germanic successor states in Western Europe would have been cut off from the Mediterranean roots of their culture. Military historian

2050: Theophanes the Confessor gives the date as 15 August, but modern scholars believe that this is probably meant to mirror the Arabs' departure date in the next year. Patriarch Nikephoros I on the other hand explicitly records the duration of the siege as 13 months, implying that it began on 15 July. 1906:

in 732, the successful defence of Constantinople has been seen as instrumental in stopping Muslim expansion into Europe. Historian Ekkehard Eickhoff writes that "had a victorious Caliph made Constantinople already at the beginning of the Middle Ages into the political capital of Islam, as happened at

1871:

The failure of the Arab siege led to a profound change in the nature of warfare between Byzantium and the Caliphate. The Muslim goal of conquest of Constantinople was effectively abandoned, and the frontier between the two empires stabilized along the line of the Taurus and Antitaurus Mountains, over

1730:

Constantinople could now be easily resupplied by sea and the city's fishermen went back to work, as the Arab fleet did not sail again. Still suffering from hunger and pestilence, the Arabs also lost a major battle against the Bulgars, who killed, according to Theophanes, 22,000 men. The sources are

1855:

The second Arab siege of Constantinople was far more dangerous for Byzantium than the first as, unlike the loose blockade of 674–678, the Arabs launched a direct, well-planned attack on the Byzantine capital, and tried to cut off the city completely from land and sea. The siege represented a final

1790:

commented, "Its failure brought a grave moment for Umayyad power. The financial strain of equipping and maintaining the expedition caused an aggravation of the fiscal and financial oppression which had already aroused such dangerous opposition. The destruction of the fleet and army of Syria at the

1940:

Among Arabs, the 717–718 siege became the most famous of their expeditions against Byzantium. Several accounts survive, but most were composed at later dates and are semi-fictional and contradictory. In legend, the defeat was transformed into a victory: Maslama departed only after symbolically

1020:

The siege's failure had wide-ranging repercussions. The rescue of Constantinople ensured the continued survival of Byzantium and marked the end of a century of constant war, territorial losses and internal strife, while the Caliphate's strategic outlook was altered: although regular attacks on

1791:

sea walls of Constantinople deprived the regime of the chief material basis of its power". The blow to the Caliphate's might was severe, and although the land army did not suffer losses in the same degree as the fleet, Umar is recorded as contemplating withdrawing from the recent conquests of

1834:

Besides this, the Byzantines failed to exploit their success in launching attacks of their own against the Arabs. In 720, after a hiatus of two years, Arab raids against Byzantium resumed, although now they were no longer directed at conquest, but rather seeking booty. The Arab attacks would

1264:), while food stores were brought into the city. In addition, those inhabitants who could not stockpile food for at least three years were evacuated. Anastasius strengthened his navy and in early 715 dispatched it against the Arab fleet that had come to Phoenix—usually identified with modern 1085:, "the Arab attacks would in any case have intensified after the end of their own civil war.” With far more men, land, and wealth than Byzantium, the Arabs had begun to concentrate all their strength against it. Now they threatened to extinguish the empire entirely by capturing its capital." 1072:

principalities and a gradual encroachment upon the Byzantine borderlands. Year by year, the Caliphate's generals, usually members of the Umayyad family, launched raids into Byzantine territory and captured fortresses and towns. After 712, the Byzantine defensive system began to show signs of

1403:

and was marching straight for the city. In addition, as the Arab general had not received news of Leo's double-dealing, he did not devastate the territories he marched through—the Armeniac and Anatolic themes, whose governors he still believed to be his allies. On meeting up with Sulayman's

1202:) was the only member of the Umayyad family to bear such a name. According to Syriac sources, the new Caliph swore "to not stop fighting against Constantinople before having exhausted the country of the Arabs or to have taken the city". The Umayyad forces began assembling at the plain of 2007:

Eventually, following their repeated failures before Constantinople, and the continued resilience of the Byzantine state, the Muslims began to project the fall of Constantinople to the distant future. Thus the city's fall came to be regarded as one of the signs of the arrival of the

1012:

during the unusually hard winter that followed. In spring 718, two Arab fleets sent as reinforcements were destroyed by the Byzantines after their Christian crews defected, and an additional army sent overland through Asia Minor was ambushed and defeated. Coupled with attacks by the

1748:(Assumption of Mary), and it was to her that the Byzantines ascribed their victory. The retreating Arabs were not hindered or attacked on their return, but their fleet lost more ships in a storm in the Sea of Marmara, while other ships were set afire by ashes from the volcano of 1497:('People of Syria'), the main pillar of the Umayyad regime and veterans of the struggle against Byzantium. Alongside Maslama, Umar ibn Hubayra, Sulayman ibn Mu'ad, and Bakhtari ibn al-Hasan are mentioned as his lieutenants by Theophanes and Agapius of Hierapolis, while the later 1643:

to sow and harvest the next year. The failure of the Arab navy to blockade the city, however, meant that the Byzantines too could ferry in provisions. In addition, the Arab army had already devastated the Thracian countryside during its march and could not rely on it for

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ranged between 250,000 and 300,000 men, spread throughout the various provinces. It is unclear, however, what portion of this number could actually be fielded for any particular campaign, and does not account for surplus manpower that could be mobilized in exceptional

1880:

up to Chrysopolis in 782, no other Arab army would ever come within sight of the Byzantine capital again. Consequently, on the Muslim side the raids themselves eventually acquired an almost ritual character, and were valued mostly as a demonstration of the continuing

1510:

Although the siege consumed a large part of the Caliphate's manpower and resources, it was still capable of launching raids against the Byzantine frontier in eastern Asia Minor during the siege's duration: in 717, Caliph Sulayman's son Daud captured a fortress near

1560:. The Arabs began their march on Cοnstantinople, thoroughly devastating the countryside, gathering supplies, and sacking the towns they encountered. In mid-July or mid-August, the Arab army reached Constantinople and isolated it completely on land by building a 1316:

for several months, finally agreeing to resign and retire as a monk. The accession of Theodosius, who from the sources comes across as both unwilling and incapable, as a puppet emperor of the Opsicians provoked the reaction of the other themes, especially the

1752:, and some of the survivors were captured by the Byzantines, so that Theophanes claims that only five vessels made it back to Syria. Arab sources claim that altogether 150,000 Muslims perished during the campaign, a figure which, according to the Byzantinist 1476:). The Byzantines' strength is entirely unknown, but Constantinople's defenders likely did not number over 15,000 men, given both the exhaustion of the Byzantine Empire's manpower and the limitations imposed by the need to maintain and feed such a force. 1515:

and in 718 Amr ibn Qais raided the frontier. On the Byzantine side, the numbers are unknown. Aside from Anastasius II's preparations (which might have been neglected following his deposition), the Byzantines could count on the assistance of the

1612:. The victory encouraged the Byzantines and dejected the Arabs, who, according to Theophanes, had originally intended to sail to the sea walls during the night and try to scale them using the ships' steering paddles. The same night, Leo drew up the 1911:

summed up the siege's importance as follows: "By turning back the Moslem invasion, Europe remained in Christian hands, and no serious Moslem threat to Europe existed until the fifteenth century. This victory, coincident with the

1596:. But as the Arab fleet's rearguard, twenty heavy ships with 2,000 marines, was passing the city, the southerly wind stopped and then reversed, drifting them towards the city walls, where a Byzantine squadron attacked them with 1372:

of the Caliphate, although the Byzantine general intended to use the Arabs for his own purposes. In turn, Maslama supported Leo hoping to maximize confusion and weaken the Empire, easing his own task of taking Constantinople.

2016:. The siege became a motif in Byzantine apocalyptic literature as well, with decisive final battles against the Arabs before the walls of Constantinople being featured in the early 8th-century Greek translation of the Syriac 1583:

to the harbours of Eutropios and Anthemios to watch over the southern entrance of the Bosporus, while the rest of the fleet sailed into the strait, passed by Constantinople and began making landfall on the coasts between

1367:

The Arabs hoped that the disunity among the Byzantines would play to their advantage. Maslama had already established contact with Leo the Isaurian. French scholar Rodolphe Guilland theorized that Leo offered to become a

1945:. After Leo paid homage to Maslama and promised tribute, Maslama and his troops—30,000 out of the original 80,000 that set out for Constantinople—departed for Syria. The tales of the siege influenced similar episodes in 1731:

divided on the details of the Bulgar participation in the siege: Theophanes and al-Tabari report that the Bulgars attacked the Arab encampment (likely because of their treaty with Leo), while according to the Syriac

1021:

Byzantine territories continued, the goal of outright conquest was abandoned. Historians consider the siege to be one of history's most important battles, as its failure postponed the Muslim advance into

1109:(died 828), which shows small differences, mainly chronological, from Theophanes's version. For the events of the siege, both authors appear to have used a primary account composed during the reign of 1564:

of stone, one facing the city and one facing the Thracian countryside, with their camp positioned between them. According to Arab sources, at this point Leo offered to ransom the city by paying a

1093:

The information available on the siege comes from sources composed in later dates, which are often mutually contradictory. The main Byzantine source is the extensive and detailed account of the

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The siege had clearly failed, and Caliph Umar sent orders to Maslama to retreat. After thirteen months of siege, on 15 August 718, the Arabs departed. The date coincided with the feast of the

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Brandes, W. (2007). "Die Belagerung Konstantinopels 717/718 als apokalyptisches Ereignis. Zu einer Interpolation im griechischen Text der Pseudo-Methodios-Apokalypse". In Belke, K. (ed.).

1210:. The operation against Constantinople came at a time when the Umayyad empire was undergoing a period of continuous expansion to the east and west. Muslim armies advanced into 1077:, border fortresses were repeatedly attacked and sacked, and references to Byzantine reaction in the sources become more and more scarce. In this, the Arabs were aided by the 283: 1699:

under Izid, all laden with supplies and arms. At the same time, a fresh army began marching through Asia Minor to assist in the siege. When the new fleets arrived in the

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that followed the first deposition of Justinian II in 695, in which the Byzantine throne changed hands seven times in violent coups. In the words of the Byzantinist

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on their rear, the Arabs were forced to lift the siege on 15 August 718. On its return journey, the Arab fleet was almost completely destroyed by natural disasters.

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In these conditions of near-civil war, the Arabs began their carefully prepared advance. In September 715, the vanguard, under general Sulayman ibn Mu'ad, marched over

1454:

mentions 120,000 troops, and the account of Theophanes the Confessor 1,800 ships. Supplies for several years were hoarded, and siege engines and incendiary materials (

961:. The campaign marked the culmination of twenty years of attacks and progressive Arab occupation of the Byzantine borderlands, while Byzantine strength was sapped by 1568:

for every inhabitant, but Maslama replied that there could not be peace with the vanquished, and that the Arab garrison of Constantinople had already been selected.

1479:

Whatever the true numbers, the attackers were considerably more numerous than the defenders; according to Treadgold, the Arab host may have outnumbered the entire

1312:. From there, it launched attacks against Constantinople, until, in late summer, sympathizers within the capital opened its gates to them. Anastasius held out at 4517: 1807:. The Byzantines even recovered some territory in western Armenia for a time. In 719, the Byzantine fleet raided the Syrian coast and burned down the port of 4512: 1458:) were stockpiled. The supply train alone is said to have numbered 12,000 men, 6,000 camels and 6,000 donkeys, while according to the 13th-century historian 4537: 1894:

importance. The Byzantine capital's survival preserved the Empire as a bulwark against Islamic expansion into Europe until the 15th century, when it

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north of Aleppo, under the direct supervision of the Caliph. As Sulayman was too sick to campaign himself, however, he entrusted command to his brother

4129: 1819:, where news of the Arab siege of Constantinople and expectations of the city's fall had prompted the local governor to declare an emperor of his own, 996:. The Arab fleet, which accompanied the land army and was meant to complete the city's blockade by sea, was neutralized soon after its arrival by the 276: 1589: 1571:

The Arab fleet under Sulayman (often confused with the Caliph himself in the medieval sources) arrived on 1 September, anchoring at first near the

4532: 1252:, ostensibly in order to plea for peace, but in reality to spy on the Arabs. Anastasius, in turn, began to prepare for the inevitable siege: the 3922:

Stoyanov, Aleksandar (2019). "The Size of Bulgaria's Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages".

4527: 4522: 1049:, and the consequent Byzantine ascendancy in the East enabled the emperors to extract huge amounts of tribute from the Umayyad government in 17: 1639:

The Arab army was well-provisioned, with Arab accounts reporting high mounds of supplies piled up in their camp, and had even brought along

4259: 269: 4350: 1741:, followed by an attack against the Arabs in Thrace. The Bulgars continued harassing the Arab encampments for the duration of the siege. 1138:(838–923), rely on primary accounts by early 9th-century Arab writers, but are more confused and contain several legendary elements. The 1652:

and eating the dung of each other and their animals. Consequently, the Arab army was ravaged by epidemics; with great exaggeration, the

3840: 3796:

Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd

1703:, they kept their distance from the Byzantines and anchored on the Asian shore, the Egyptians in the Gulf of Nicomedia near modern 1064:) resumed hostilities with the Caliphate. The result was a series of Arab victories that led to the loss of Byzantine control over 1194:) took up the project with increased vigour, according to Arab accounts because of a prophecy that a Caliph bearing the name of a 1941:

entering the Byzantine capital on his horse accompanied by thirty riders, where Leo received him with honour and led him to the

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Seekrieg und Seepolitik zwischen Islam und Abendland: das Mittelmeer unter byzantinischer und arabischer Hegemonie (650-1040)

3522: 3451: 3330: 1525: 1483:. Little is known on the detailed composition of the Arab force, but it appears that it mostly consisted of, and was led by, 1034: 525: 4027: 3963: 3906: 3800: 3724: 3651: 3594: 3497: 3457: 3558: 1873: 582: 567: 1384:

and, in summer, supported by Artabasdos, was proclaimed and crowned as Byzantine emperor, openly challenging Theodosius.

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Arab preparations, especially the construction of a large fleet, did not go unnoticed by the worried Byzantines. Emperor

3862: 4473: 4086: 3349: 899: 623: 1965:. The commander of Maslama's bodyguard, Abdallah al-Battal, became a celebrated figure in Arab and Turkish poetry as " 1399:

Leo's success at Amorium was fortunately timed, since Maslama with the main Arab army had in the meantime crossed the

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forests—to collect timber for their ships. At Rhodes, however, the Byzantine fleet, encouraged by the soldiers of the

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victory at Tours (732), limited Islam's western expansion to the southern Mediterranean world." Thus the historian

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cruised along the Cilician coast, while Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik awaited developments with the main army in Syria.

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For a detailed examination of Leo's negotiations with the Arabs before Amorium in Byzantine and Arab sources, cf.

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and the various squadrons began anchoring by the European and Asian suburbs of the city: one part sailed south of

993: 3365: 1932:. Consequently, military historians often include the siege in lists of the "decisive battles" of world history. 803: 731: 665: 630: 4567: 4547: 4269: 4254: 4059: 2748:

A Furious Storm fell upon them: The Arab Siege of Constantinople, 717–718', Medieval Warfare Magazine, VIII. 5"

2018: 1796: 1416:. The Arab fleet wintered in Cilicia. Leo, in the meantime, began his own march on Constantinople. He captured 1106: 879: 480: 364: 4552: 1488: 917: 874: 783: 773: 332: 468: 4324: 4264: 1985: 1756:, "while certainly inflated, is nevertheless indicative of the enormity of the disaster in medieval eyes". 813: 315: 1613: 680: 4274: 3799:(in German). Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München. 3637: 1745: 1440:

From the outset, the Arabs prepared for a major assault on Constantinople. The late 8th-century Syriac

798: 635: 339: 4289: 4455: 4403: 4183: 3989: 3849: 3473: 3360: 1908: 1429: 1184: 973:. The Arabs initially hoped to exploit Byzantine civil strife and made common cause with the general 753: 619: 458: 453: 424: 1600:. Theophanes reported that some went down with all hands, while others, burning, sailed down to the 4284: 3617:(in French). Paris: Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Paris: 109–133. 3580:

A Military History of the Western World, Volume 1: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto

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The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads

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in 740. Coupled with military defeats on the other fronts of the overextended Caliphate, and the

1632: 1253: 1230: 808: 758: 711: 695: 690: 655: 404: 374: 293: 137: 50: 1620:. The Arab fleet became reluctant to engage the Byzantines, and withdrew to the safe harbour of 4433: 4375: 4304: 3707:(2008). "Confronting Islam: Emperors versus Caliphs (641–c. 850)". In Shepard, Jonathan (ed.). 1946: 1895: 1517: 1014: 894: 839: 768: 597: 530: 344: 169: 54: 4294: 1561: 1146:(died 942), who likely drew from the same primary source as Theophanes, but are far briefer. 1143: 989: 931: 912: 721: 670: 660: 612: 602: 545: 419: 389: 1949:. A siege of Constantinople is found in the tale of Omar bin al-Nu'uman and his sons in the 1408:

and from there marched to the western coastlands to spend the winter. On his way, he sacked

1297: 4423: 4299: 4213: 3790: 2024: 1969:" for his exploits in the Arab raids of the next decades. Similarly, the 10th-century epic 1887:

and sponsored by the Caliph as a symbol of his role as the leader of the Muslim community.

1360:. In early 716, Sulayman's army continued into central Asia Minor. The Umayyad fleet under 1110: 1004:. This allowed Constantinople to be resupplied by sea, while the Arab army was crippled by 974: 869: 859: 788: 700: 572: 448: 429: 399: 209: 73: 1978:

Later Muslim and Byzantine tradition also ascribed the building of Constantinople's first

1975:, related to the cycle around Battal, gives a fictionalized version of the 717–718 siege. 8: 4385: 3892:

Battles That Changed History: Fifty Decisive Battles Spanning over 2,500 Years of Warfare

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retreating army and learning what had transpired, Maslama changed direction: he attacked

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on its way. They wintered at Afik, an unidentified location near the western exit of the

1215: 1022: 849: 743: 434: 310: 3668: 4319: 3390: 3382: 1925: 1844: 1836: 1504: 1447: 1309: 1219: 1065: 748: 607: 550: 354: 214: 68: 4138: 4082: 4017: 4007: 3993: 3953: 3943: 3931: 3896: 3872: 3824: 3821:

The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813

3776: 3750: 3714: 3690: 3641: 3618: 3610: 3584: 3548: 3518: 3487: 3447: 3416: 3411: 3407:"Les expéditions des Arabes contre Constantinople dans l'histoire et dans la légende" 3394: 3345: 3326: 1820: 1769: 1712: 1649: 1544:

In early summer, Maslama ordered his fleet to join him and with his army crossed the

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intensify again over the next two decades, until the major Byzantine victory at the

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reports that the Arabs were "innumerable", while the 12th-century Syriac chronicler

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After wintering in the western coastlands of Asia Minor, the Arab army crossed into

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mentions a much-inflated 200,000 men and 5,000 ships. The 10th-century Arab writer

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Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Revised Edition

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in the Opsician Theme to confront the rebellion, but the rebel fleet sailed on to

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was probably erected in about 860, as a result of an Arab embassy in that year.

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of Anastasius II, who prepared Constantinople for the coming Arab assault

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in 732, the siege of Constantinople stopped the Muslim expansion into Europe

981:. Leo, however, deceived them and secured the Byzantine throne for himself. 949:

was a combined land and sea offensive in 717–718 by the Muslim Arabs of the

4497: 4492: 4249: 4107: 3704: 1942: 1917: 1738: 1459: 1423: 1203: 1154: 1054: 1053:. In 692, as the Umayyads emerged as victors from their civil war, Emperor 1046: 3746:

The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State

1823:. It was during this time, however, that effective Byzantine control over 1627: 1536: 4450: 4314: 4239: 4203: 3816: 3342:

Byzantina Mediterranea: Festschrift für Johannes Koder zum 65. Geburtstag

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The second Arab siege of Constantinople, as depicted in the 14th-century

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The Arab situation looked set to improve in spring when the new Caliph,

1609: 1376:

Sulayman's first objective was the strategically important fortress of

4393: 4178: 3547:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies. 1800: 1668: 1621: 1597: 1545: 1340: 1334: 1296:, rebelled, killed their commander John the Deacon and sailed north to 1173: 1074: 1001: 970: 3386: 261: 4218: 4208: 1955:, while both Maslama and the Caliph Sulayman appear in a tale of the 1929: 1749: 1593: 1580: 1576: 1421: 1417: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1281: 1241: 1135: 4051: 2745: 2028:, written either at about the time of the siege or a century later. 1344:

Map of Byzantine Asia Minor and Thrace in the early 8th century

4370: 4193: 4168: 3613:(1959). "L'Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717–718)". 3378: 1971: 1824: 1764: 1696: 1653: 1645: 1605: 1572: 1512: 1413: 1405: 1305: 1257: 1256:

of Constantinople were repaired and equipped with ample artillery (

1223: 1069: 1050: 907: 514: 114: 105: 1786:

The expedition's failure weakened the Umayyad state. As historian

4188: 4158: 2064:, based on the numbers found in the contemporary army registers ( 1962: 1828: 1808: 1804: 1724: 1681: 1455: 1381: 1377: 1349: 1285: 1273: 1199: 1195: 1009: 27:

Failed invasion of the Byzantine capital by the Umayyad Caliphate

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Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict

1979: 1913: 1816: 1812: 1716: 1660:

put the number of their dead of hunger and disease at 300,000.

1585: 1557: 1521: 1409: 1369: 1353: 1313: 1277: 1265: 1005: 985: 118: 101: 4380: 4360: 4355: 2066: 1720: 1640: 1471: 1269: 3686:

The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750

3373:. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies: 19–33. 3713:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–394. 2871: 1920:

called 718 "an ecumenical date", while the Greek historian

1168:

The Arab successes opened the way for a second assault on

4052:"Two Arabian sieges of Constantinople (674–678; 717/718)" 3710:

The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492

3059: 2070:), the total manpower available to the Umayyad Caliphate 1803:

remained in Arab hands as a defensive bulwark to protect

1691:), sent two fleets to the besiegers' aid: 400 ships from 1616:

between the city and Galata, closing the entrance to the

1592:, cutting the Byzantine capital's communication with the 1073:

collapse: Arab raids penetrated further and further into

992:

to blockade the city, which was protected by the massive

965:. In 716, after years of preparations, the Arabs, led by 3325:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2621: 2550: 1540:

Map of the environs of Constantinople in Byzantine times

3479:

100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present

2094: 2092: 1811:

and, in 720 or 721, the Byzantines attacked and sacked

3102: 1624:

further north on the European shore of the Bosporus.

4058:. Athens, Greece: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 3476:(2001). "Constantinople: August 717–15 August 718". 2089: 1882: 1498: 1492: 1469: 1463: 1121: 3775:(Sixth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3689:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 1850: 1719:). Most of the Arab fleets' crews were composed of 1528:that possibly included alliance against the Arabs. 1300:. There, they acclaimed a reluctant tax collector, 1101:(760–817) and secondarily the brief account in the 4056:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople 3839: 3768: 3673:Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, Volume 2 3669:"LVII. The Mosques of the Arabs in Constantinople" 1695:under a commander named Sufyan and 360 ships from 1575:. Two days later, Sulayman led his fleet into the 1352:into Asia Minor, taking the strategic fortress of 1183:). Following his death, his brother and successor 88:15 July/August 717 – 15 August 718 4078:Constantinople AD 717–18: The Crucible of History 1149: 4484: 1172:, an undertaking already initiated under Caliph 3517:. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing. 1990:, to Maslama. In reality, the mosque near the 1041:experienced a period of peace. After 680, the 4518:Naval battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate 4123: 3361:"The Campaign of 716–718 from Arabic Sources" 3344:(in German). Vienna: Böhlau. pp. 65–91. 1890:The outcome of the siege was of considerable 277: 4513:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire 4137: 3985:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 3675:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 717–735. 2000:tradition also ascribed the building of the 1847:, the age of Arab expansion came to an end. 1635:protecting Constantinople from its land side 4538:Sieges involving the First Bulgarian Empire 3315: 3041: 3017: 2981: 2949: 2929: 2599: 2597: 2185: 2171: 2135: 1991: 1983: 4130: 4116: 3863:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3815: 3284: 2889: 2861: 2833: 2809: 2785: 2691: 2667: 2643: 2516: 2492: 2472: 2435: 2403: 2367: 2343: 2315: 2295: 2215: 284: 270: 3978: 3949:Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World 3871:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 532–534. 3837: 3540: 3446:. San Mateo, California: Bluewood Books. 3256: 3240: 3212: 3176: 3092: 3080: 3049: 3029: 2969: 2957: 2937: 2893: 2841: 2817: 2793: 2715: 2699: 2675: 2651: 2627: 2556: 2544: 2524: 2500: 2443: 2387: 2371: 2351: 2303: 2259: 2247: 2191: 2179: 1815:in Egypt. Leo also restored control over 1462:, the troops included 30,000 volunteers ( 1428:and received the hand of Leo's daughter, 3921: 3609: 3531: 3439: 3288: 3216: 3196: 3180: 3144: 3132: 3108: 3065: 2877: 2857: 2829: 2805: 2781: 2687: 2663: 2594: 2588: 2568: 2536: 2488: 2468: 2456: 2419: 2399: 2271: 2251: 2231: 2111: 1858: 1763: 1707:and the Africans south of Chalcedon (at 1662: 1626: 1535: 1386: 1339: 1240:) sent an embassy to Damascus under the 1198:would capture Constantinople; Sulayman ( 1153: 1079:prolonged period of internal instability 4016:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 3942: 3739: 3679: 3666: 3339: 3300: 3272: 3260: 3236: 3220: 3096: 3053: 2743: 2572: 2283: 291: 14: 4533:Sieges involving the Umayyad Caliphate 4485: 4006: 3629: 3573: 3512: 3401: 3358: 3252: 3232: 3208: 3192: 3172: 3160: 3152: 3076: 3074: 3045: 2985: 2905: 2853: 2777: 2727: 2639: 2584: 2512: 2363: 2339: 2243: 2227: 2203: 2155: 2139: 2098: 1304:, as emperor. Anastasius crossed into 1128:and the more concise narrative in the 4528:Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire 4111: 4062:from the original on 27 November 2018 3885: 3803:from the original on 25 December 2019 3789: 3763: 3703: 3472: 3443:100 Battles That Shaped World History 3156: 3148: 3120: 3025: 3021: 3005: 2993: 2989: 2953: 2933: 2917: 2865: 2837: 2813: 2789: 2731: 2711: 2695: 2671: 2647: 2615: 2603: 2540: 2520: 2496: 2476: 2439: 2423: 2407: 2383: 2347: 2327: 2299: 2255: 2175: 2159: 2143: 2123: 988:in the early summer of 717 and built 265: 3654:from the original on 28 January 2019 4095:from the original on 15 August 2021 3952:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3909:from the original on 10 August 2020 3823:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3561:from the original on 13 August 2014 3071: 2110:Estimate based on primary sources, 1631:Photo of a restored section of the 977:, who had risen up against Emperor 947:second Arab siege of Constantinople 44:Second Arab siege of Constantinople 24: 4043: 4030:from the original on 2 August 2020 3749:. London and New York: Routledge. 3597:from the original on 16 April 2019 3500:from the original on 29 March 2019 3427:from the original on 17 April 2019 1935: 1435: 1333:('generals') Leo the Isaurian and 1035:first Arab siege of Constantinople 30:For other sieges of the city, see 25: 4579: 4523:Sieges of the Arab–Byzantine wars 4050:Radic, Radivoj (18 August 2008). 3966:from the original on 26 June 2020 3460:from the original on 30 July 2020 3440:Crompton, Samuel Willard (1997). 2060: According to the historian 1131:History of the Prophets and Kings 4468: 3727:from the original on 23 May 2020 1851:Historical assessment and impact 953:against the capital city of the 61: 32:list of sieges of Constantinople 3541:El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). 3366:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 3294: 3278: 3266: 3246: 3226: 3202: 3186: 3166: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3086: 3035: 3011: 2999: 2975: 2963: 2943: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2883: 2847: 2823: 2799: 2771: 2737: 2721: 2705: 2681: 2657: 2633: 2609: 2578: 2562: 2530: 2506: 2482: 2462: 2449: 2429: 2413: 2393: 2377: 2357: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2237: 2221: 1686: 1235: 1189: 1178: 1115: 1059: 4295:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab 4280:Second siege of Constantinople 4270:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 4255:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 2209: 2197: 2165: 2149: 2129: 2117: 2104: 2019:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius 1150:Opening stages of the campaign 1107:Nikephoros I of Constantinople 13: 1: 4558:710s in the Umayyad Caliphate 4245:First siege of Constantinople 4081:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 3544:Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2071: 2031: 1777: 1028: 250: 242: 18:Siege of Constantinople (718) 4508:710s in the Byzantine Empire 4325:Umayyad rule in North Africa 4265:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 3309: 2744:Stewart, Michael E. (2018). 2459:, pp. 112–113, 124–126. 2218:, pp. lxxxviil–xxxviii. 2162:, pp. 120–122, 139–140. 2083: 2052: 2042: 2036: 1759: 1422: 1327: 1062: 685–695, 705–711 7: 3924:Journal of Military History 3583:. New York: Da Capo Press. 3532:Eickhoff, Ekkehard (1966). 3513:Decker, Michael J. (2013). 3415:(in French) (208): 61–121. 2984:, pp. 34–35, 117–236; 2952:, p. 287 (Note #133); 1883: 1499: 1493: 1470: 1464: 1122: 681:Nikephoros Phokas the Elder 10: 4584: 4300:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj 4275:Umayyad campaigns in India 3638:Cambridge University Press 3287:, p. 548 (Note #16); 1876:of the Abbasid army under 1746:Dormition of the Theotokos 1088: 963:prolonged internal turmoil 29: 4466: 4456:Painting of the Six Kings 4414: 4333: 4227: 4146: 3990:Stanford University Press 3895:. London: André Deutsch. 3838:Mordtmann, J. H. (1986). 3317:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya 2330:, p. 123 (Note #62). 2126:, pp. 81–82, 97–106. 1924:likened the siege to the 1045:was in the throes of the 1037:(674–678), the Arabs and 975:Leo III the Isaurian 727:George Maniakes in Sicily 303: 223: 178: 150: 80: 60: 48: 43: 4563:Incidents of cannibalism 4543:Sieges of Constantinople 4439:Great Mosque of Damascus 4285:Umayyad invasion of Gaul 4260:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath 3988:. Stanford, California: 3630:Haldon, John F. (1990). 3536:(in German). De Gruyter. 3515:The Byzantine Art of War 2547:, p. 938 (Note #1). 2318:, p. 537 (Note #5). 1843:which culminated in the 1667:Depiction of the use of 1531: 1272:, it may also be modern 1208:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik 1099:Theophanes the Confessor 967:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik 188:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik 133:Byzantine–Bulgar victory 3819:; Scott, Roger (1997). 3667:Hasluck, F. W. (1929). 3484:Oxford University Press 1952:Thousand and One Nights 1633:triple Theodosian Walls 1503:replaces Bakhtari with 1325:under their respective 1047:Second Muslim Civil War 4434:Great Mosque of Aleppo 4290:Second Arab–Khazar War 3359:Brooks, E. W. (1899). 3285:Mango & Scott 1997 2890:Mango & Scott 1997 2862:Mango & Scott 1997 2834:Mango & Scott 1997 2810:Mango & Scott 1997 2786:Mango & Scott 1997 2730:, pp. 24–28, 30; 2692:Mango & Scott 1997 2668:Mango & Scott 1997 2644:Mango & Scott 1997 2517:Mango & Scott 1997 2493:Mango & Scott 1997 2473:Mango & Scott 1997 2436:Mango & Scott 1997 2404:Mango & Scott 1997 2368:Mango & Scott 1997 2344:Mango & Scott 1997 2316:Mango & Scott 1997 2296:Mango & Scott 1997 2216:Mango & Scott 1997 1992: 1984: 1958:Hundred and One Nights 1947:Arabic epic literature 1868: 1783: 1727:, south of Nicomedia. 1677: 1636: 1541: 1396: 1345: 1165: 1142:accounts are based on 179:Commanders and leaders 55:early Muslim conquests 4568:Cannibalism in Europe 4548:Amphibious operations 4404:Arab–Sasanian coinage 4305:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali 4075:Sheppard, Si (2020). 3791:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes 2860:, pp. 122, 123; 2812:, pp. 546, 548; 2519:, pp. 540, 545; 1862: 1767: 1671:, miniature from the 1666: 1630: 1539: 1390: 1343: 1157: 1144:Agapius of Hierapolis 248:Byzantines (estimate) 200:Bakhtari ibn al-Hasan 4553:Leo III the Isaurian 4424:Umayyad architecture 3841:"(al-)Ḳusṭanṭīniyya" 3771:The Arabs in History 3255:, pp. 104–112; 3239:, pp. 718–720; 3219:, pp. 132–133; 3195:, pp. 112–121; 3044:, pp. 104–106; 2992:, pp. 385–386; 2972:, pp. 347, 348. 2936:, pp. 132–133; 2840:, pp. 130–131; 2792:, pp. 129–130; 2784:, pp. 122–123; 2694:, pp. 545–546; 2690:, pp. 119–120; 2674:, pp. 128–129; 2543:, pp. 384–385; 2523:, pp. 127–128; 2495:, pp. 540–541; 2491:, pp. 113–114; 2475:, pp. 539–540; 2442:, pp. 125–126; 2438:, pp. 538–539; 2422:, pp. 118–119; 2350:, pp. 123–124; 2346:, pp. 535–536; 2302:, pp. 122–123; 2025:Apocalypse of Daniel 1928:and Leo III to 1841:internal instability 1468:) for the Holy War ( 1111:Leo III the Isaurian 969:, invaded Byzantine 820:Byzantine reconquest 210:Leo III the Isaurian 4386:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 3486:. pp. 99–102. 3291:, pp. 116–118. 3199:, pp. 131–132. 3183:, pp. 130–131. 3175:, pp. 99–102; 3155:, pp. 335ff.; 3151:, pp. 99–102; 3099:, pp. 105–106. 3056:, pp. 107–109. 3008:, pp. 140–141. 2996:, pp. 143–144. 2880:, pp. 723–724. 2820:, pp. 347–348. 2479:, pp. 126–127. 2410:, pp. 123–125. 2374:, pp. 344–345. 2366:, pp. 80, 82; 2306:, pp. 343–344. 2274:, pp. 110–111. 2182:, pp. 345–346. 2146:, pp. 107–120. 2114:, pp. 723–724. 2014:Islamic eschatology 1721:Christian Egyptians 1023:Southeastern Europe 1000:through the use of 979:Theodosius III 295:Arab–Byzantine wars 138:Arab–Byzantine wars 71:translation of the 51:Arab–Byzantine wars 4376:Qays–Yaman rivalry 4320:Abbasid Revolution 4008:Tucker, Spencer C. 3944:Toynbee, Arnold J. 3681:Hawting, Gerald R. 3611:Guilland, Rodolphe 3259:, pp. 65–70; 3211:, pp. 94–99; 3179:, pp. 63–64; 3159:, pp. 44–45; 3147:, pp. 27–28; 3095:, pp. 83–84; 3052:, pp. 83–84; 3048:, pp. 83–84; 2932:, pp. 33–34; 2856:, pp. 90–91; 2780:, pp. 28–29; 2587:, pp. 91–92; 2515:, pp. 82–83; 2246:, pp. 20–21; 2234:, pp. 115–116 2230:, pp. 19–20, 1982:, near the city's 1926:Battle of Marathon 1869: 1845:Abbasid Revolution 1837:Battle of Akroinon 1784: 1678: 1637: 1542: 1526:concluded a treaty 1505:Abdallah al-Battal 1448:Michael the Syrian 1397: 1346: 1220:Visigothic Kingdom 1166: 722:Straits of Messina 541:2nd Constantinople 526:1st Constantinople 215:Tervel of Bulgaria 197:Sulayman ibn Mu'ad 74:Manasses Chronicle 4480: 4479: 4139:Umayyad Caliphate 4023:978-1-59884-429-0 3980:Treadgold, Warren 3902:978-0-233-05051-5 3878:978-90-04-07819-2 3720:978-0-521-83231-1 3647:978-0-521-31917-1 3615:Études byzantines 3590:978-0-306-80304-8 3524:978-1-59416-271-8 3453:978-0-912517-27-8 3412:Journal Asiatique 3332:978-0-7914-1827-7 3275:, pp. 65–91. 3163:, pp. 94–97. 3068:, pp. 35–39. 2206:, pp. 19–20. 1902:. Along with the 1821:Basil Onomagoulos 1770:Umayyad Caliphate 1562:double siege wall 1288:), famed for its 1055:Justinian II 1043:Umayyad Caliphate 951:Umayyad Caliphate 940: 939: 260: 259: 157:Umayyad Caliphate 146: 145: 16:(Redirected from 4575: 4472: 4444:Dome of the Rock 4390:Umayyad coinage 4132: 4125: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4003: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3939: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3882: 3843: 3834: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3786: 3774: 3760: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3705:Kaegi, Walter E. 3700: 3676: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3626: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3575:Fuller, J. F. C. 3570: 3568: 3566: 3537: 3528: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3398: 3355: 3336: 3304: 3303:, pp. 19–21 3298: 3292: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3250: 3244: 3230: 3224: 3206: 3200: 3190: 3184: 3170: 3164: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3042:Blankinship 1994 3039: 3033: 3018:Blankinship 1994 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2982:Blankinship 1994 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2950:Blankinship 1994 2947: 2941: 2930:Blankinship 1994 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2851: 2845: 2827: 2821: 2803: 2797: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2741: 2735: 2725: 2719: 2709: 2703: 2685: 2679: 2661: 2655: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2592: 2582: 2576: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2534: 2528: 2510: 2504: 2486: 2480: 2466: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2433: 2427: 2417: 2411: 2397: 2391: 2381: 2375: 2361: 2355: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2241: 2235: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2172:Blankinship 1994 2169: 2163: 2153: 2147: 2136:Blankinship 1994 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2076: 2073: 2055: 2045: 1995: 1989: 1922:Spyridon Lambros 1886: 1782: 1779: 1774:Byzantine Empire 1734:Chronicle of 846 1690: 1688: 1674:Madrid Skylitzes 1602:Princes' Islands 1524:, with whom Leo 1502: 1496: 1475: 1467: 1443:Zuqnin Chronicle 1427: 1401:Taurus Mountains 1362:Umar ibn Hubayra 1332: 1239: 1237: 1193: 1191: 1182: 1180: 1127: 1119: 1117: 1083:Warren Treadgold 1063: 1061: 994:Theodosian Walls 955:Byzantine Empire 707:Marianos Argyros 583:Asia Minor (806) 568:Asia Minor (782) 557:Border conflicts 454:Babylon Fortress 298: 296: 286: 279: 272: 263: 262: 255: 252: 247: 244: 193:Umar ibn Hubayra 165:Byzantine Empire 82: 81: 65: 41: 40: 21: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4462: 4410: 4346:Umayyad dynasty 4329: 4223: 4142: 4136: 4098: 4096: 4089: 4074: 4065: 4063: 4049: 4046: 4044:Further reading 4033: 4031: 4024: 4000: 3969: 3967: 3960: 3912: 3910: 3903: 3887:Regan, Geoffrey 3879: 3846:Bosworth, C. E. 3831: 3806: 3804: 3783: 3757: 3730: 3728: 3721: 3697: 3657: 3655: 3648: 3600: 3598: 3591: 3564: 3562: 3555: 3525: 3503: 3501: 3494: 3463: 3461: 3454: 3430: 3428: 3352: 3333: 3312: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3251: 3247: 3231: 3227: 3207: 3203: 3191: 3187: 3171: 3167: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3040: 3036: 3028:, p. 141; 3024:, p. 385; 3020:, p. 105; 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956:, p. 133; 2948: 2944: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892:, p. 550; 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864:, p. 546; 2852: 2848: 2836:, p. 546; 2828: 2824: 2816:, p. 130; 2808:, p. 121; 2804: 2800: 2788:, p. 546; 2776: 2772: 2759: 2757: 2742: 2738: 2726: 2722: 2714:, p. 129; 2710: 2706: 2698:, p. 128; 2686: 2682: 2670:, p. 545; 2666:, p. 119; 2662: 2658: 2650:, p. 128; 2646:, p. 545; 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2595: 2583: 2579: 2571:, p. 110; 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2539:, p. 110; 2535: 2531: 2511: 2507: 2499:, p. 127; 2487: 2483: 2471:, p. 125; 2467: 2463: 2454: 2450: 2434: 2430: 2418: 2414: 2406:, p. 538; 2402:, p. 111; 2398: 2394: 2386:, p. 124; 2382: 2378: 2370:, p. 536; 2362: 2358: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2298:, p. 534; 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258:, p. 122; 2254:, p. 110; 2242: 2238: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178:, p. 140; 2170: 2166: 2154: 2150: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2062:Hugh N. Kennedy 2051: 2039: 2034: 1938: 1936:Cultural impact 1904:Battle of Tours 1892:macrohistorical 1878:Harun al-Rashid 1865:Battle of Tours 1863:Along with the 1853: 1780: 1762: 1685: 1658:Paul the Deacon 1534: 1438: 1436:Opposing forces 1395:of Leo III 1234: 1188: 1177: 1174:al-Walid I 1152: 1140:Syriac language 1114: 1091: 1058: 1031: 1025:for centuries. 943: 942: 941: 936: 784:Gulf of Corinth 306:Early conflicts 299: 294: 292: 290: 253: 249: 245: 234: 219: 203: 174: 142: 122: 112: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4581: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4503:710s conflicts 4500: 4495: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4429:Desert castles 4420: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4088:978-1472836922 4087: 4072: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4022: 4004: 3998: 3976: 3958: 3940: 3930:(3): 719–746. 3919: 3901: 3883: 3877: 3850:van Donzel, E. 3835: 3829: 3813: 3787: 3781: 3765:Lewis, Bernard 3761: 3755: 3737: 3719: 3701: 3695: 3677: 3664: 3646: 3627: 3607: 3589: 3571: 3553: 3538: 3529: 3523: 3510: 3492: 3474:Davis, Paul K. 3470: 3452: 3437: 3403:Canard, Marius 3399: 3379:10.2307/623841 3356: 3351:978-3205776086 3350: 3337: 3331: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3293: 3277: 3265: 3257:El-Cheikh 2004 3245: 3243:, p. 533. 3241:Mordtmann 1986 3235:, p. 99; 3225: 3223:, p. 720. 3215:, p. 64; 3213:El-Cheikh 2004 3201: 3185: 3177:El-Cheikh 2004 3165: 3137: 3135:, p. 129. 3125: 3113: 3101: 3093:El-Cheikh 2004 3085: 3083:, p. 533. 3081:Mordtmann 1986 3070: 3058: 3050:El-Cheikh 2004 3034: 3032:, p. 349. 3030:Treadgold 1997 3010: 2998: 2988:, p. 84; 2974: 2970:Treadgold 1997 2962: 2960:, p. 349. 2958:Treadgold 1997 2942: 2940:, p. 349. 2938:Treadgold 1997 2922: 2910: 2898: 2896:, p. 349. 2894:Treadgold 1997 2882: 2870: 2868:, p. 131. 2846: 2844:, p. 348. 2842:Treadgold 1997 2832:, p. 122; 2822: 2818:Treadgold 1997 2798: 2796:, p. 347. 2794:Treadgold 1997 2770: 2736: 2734:, p. 129. 2720: 2718:, p. 347. 2716:Treadgold 1997 2704: 2702:, p. 347. 2700:Treadgold 1997 2680: 2678:, p. 347. 2676:Treadgold 1997 2656: 2654:, p. 347. 2652:Treadgold 1997 2642:, p. 23; 2632: 2630:, p. 347. 2628:Treadgold 1997 2620: 2618:, p. 125. 2608: 2606:, p. 132. 2593: 2591:, p. 111. 2577: 2561: 2559:, p. 346. 2557:Treadgold 1997 2549: 2545:Treadgold 1997 2529: 2527:, p. 345. 2525:Treadgold 1997 2505: 2503:, p. 345. 2501:Treadgold 1997 2481: 2461: 2448: 2446:, p. 345. 2444:Treadgold 1997 2428: 2426:, p. 125. 2412: 2392: 2390:, p. 345. 2388:Treadgold 1997 2376: 2372:Treadgold 1997 2356: 2354:, p. 344. 2352:Treadgold 1997 2342:, p. 80; 2332: 2320: 2308: 2304:Treadgold 1997 2288: 2276: 2264: 2262:, p. 344. 2260:Treadgold 1997 2250:, p. 65; 2248:El-Cheikh 2004 2236: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2194:, p. 345. 2192:Treadgold 1997 2184: 2180:Treadgold 1997 2174:, p. 31; 2164: 2158:, p. 80; 2148: 2142:, p. 72; 2138:, p. 31; 2128: 2116: 2103: 2101:, p. 207. 2087: 2085: 2082: 2078:circumstances. 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 1937: 1934: 1852: 1849: 1761: 1758: 1701:Sea of Marmara 1689: 717–720 1533: 1530: 1500:Kitab al-'Uyun 1481:Byzantine army 1437: 1434: 1358:Cilician Gates 1294:Opsician Theme 1254:fortifications 1238: 713–715 1192: 715–717 1181: 705–715 1170:Constantinople 1151: 1148: 1124:Kitab al-'Uyun 1118: 717–741 1090: 1087: 1033:Following the 1030: 1027: 998:Byzantine navy 959:Constantinople 938: 937: 935: 934: 928: 927: 926: 925: 920: 915: 904: 903: 902: 897: 885: 884: 883: 882: 877: 872: 867: 855: 854: 853: 852: 847: 842: 830: 829: 827:John Kourkouas 817: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 735: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 677:Leo Apostyppes 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 624:Southern Italy 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 554: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 519:Constantinople 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 477: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 438: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 380:Maraj-al-Debaj 377: 372: 370:Sanita-al-Uqab 367: 365:Marj al-Saffar 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 329: 328: 323: 318: 313: 304: 301: 300: 289: 288: 281: 274: 266: 258: 257: 240: 226: 225: 221: 220: 218: 217: 212: 206: 204: 202: 201: 198: 195: 190: 184: 181: 180: 176: 175: 173: 172: 167: 161: 159: 153: 152: 148: 147: 144: 143: 141: 140: 136:Climax of the 134: 130: 128: 124: 123: 110:Sea of Marmara 98:Constantinople 96: 94: 90: 89: 86: 78: 77: 58: 57: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4580: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4310:Berber Revolt 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4073: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3999:0-8047-2630-2 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3965: 3961: 3959:0-19-215253-X 3955: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3830:0-19-822568-7 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3782:0-19-280310-7 3778: 3773: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3756:0-415-25093-5 3752: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3741:Kennedy, Hugh 3738: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3696:0-415-24072-7 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3636:. Cambridge: 3635: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3560: 3556: 3554:0-932885-30-6 3550: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3499: 3495: 3493:0-19-514366-3 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3289:Guilland 1959 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3263:, p. 73. 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3218: 3217:Guilland 1959 3214: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3197:Guilland 1959 3194: 3189: 3182: 3181:Guilland 1959 3178: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145:Crompton 1997 3141: 3134: 3133:Guilland 1959 3129: 3123:, p. 99. 3122: 3117: 3111:, p. 35. 3110: 3109:Eickhoff 1966 3105: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3066:Eickhoff 1966 3062: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2920:, p. 79. 2919: 2914: 2908:, p. 83. 2907: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2878:Stoyanov 2019 2874: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858:Guilland 1959 2855: 2850: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830:Guilland 1959 2826: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806:Guilland 1959 2802: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2782:Guilland 1959 2779: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2740: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688:Guilland 1959 2684: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2664:Guilland 1959 2660: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2590: 2589:Guilland 1959 2586: 2581: 2575:, p. 47. 2574: 2570: 2569:Guilland 1959 2565: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:Guilland 1959 2533: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489:Guilland 1959 2485: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469:Guilland 1959 2465: 2458: 2457:Guilland 1959 2452: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2420:Guilland 1959 2416: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400:Guilland 1959 2396: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2286:, p. 73. 2285: 2280: 2273: 2272:Guilland 1959 2268: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:Guilland 1959 2249: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2232:Guilland 1959 2229: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2112:Stoyanov 2019 2107: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2080: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1909:Paul K. Davis 1905: 1901: 1900:Ottoman Turks 1897: 1893: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1788:Bernard Lewis 1775: 1771: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1683: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1491:of the elite 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280:, or perhaps 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:siege weapons 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246:urban prefect 1243: 1232: 1231:Anastasius II 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1186: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1112: 1108: 1105:of Patriarch 1104: 1100: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 933: 930: 929: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 909: 906:Campaigns of 905: 901: 898: 896: 893: 892: 891: 888:Campaigns of 887: 886: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 861: 860:Nikephoros II 858:Campaigns of 857: 856: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 837: 836: 835:Sayf al-Dawla 833:Campaigns of 832: 831: 828: 825:Campaigns of 824: 823: 822: 821: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 740: 739: 738:Naval warfare 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705:Campaigns of 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 678: 675:Campaigns of 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 628: 627: 626: 625: 621: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 559: 558: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 522: 521: 520: 516: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 484: 483: 482: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 445: 444: 443: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 334: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 307: 302: 297: 287: 282: 280: 275: 273: 268: 267: 264: 254: 12,000 246: 15,000 241: 238: 235:1,800 ships ( 232: 228: 227: 222: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 205: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 183: 182: 177: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 160: 158: 155: 154: 149: 139: 135: 132: 131: 129: 126: 125: 120: 116: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 91: 87: 84: 83: 79: 76: 75: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 4279: 4250:Second Fitna 4174:Abd al-Malik 4097:. Retrieved 4077: 4064:. Retrieved 4055: 4032:. Retrieved 4012: 3984: 3968:. Retrieved 3948: 3927: 3923: 3911:. Retrieved 3891: 3868: 3861: 3820: 3817:Mango, Cyril 3805:. Retrieved 3795: 3770: 3745: 3729:. Retrieved 3709: 3685: 3672: 3656:. Retrieved 3632: 3614: 3599:. Retrieved 3579: 3563:. Retrieved 3543: 3533: 3514: 3502:. Retrieved 3478: 3462:. Retrieved 3442: 3429:. Retrieved 3410: 3370: 3364: 3341: 3321: 3301:Kennedy 2001 3296: 3280: 3273:Brandes 2007 3268: 3261:Hawting 2000 3248: 3237:Hasluck 1929 3228: 3221:Hasluck 1929 3204: 3188: 3168: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3097:Kennedy 2001 3088: 3061: 3054:Toynbee 1973 3037: 3013: 3001: 2977: 2965: 2945: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2885: 2873: 2849: 2825: 2801: 2773: 2767: 2758:. 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Bury 1889: 1870: 1854: 1833: 1785: 1743: 1732: 1729: 1682:Umar II 1679: 1672: 1638: 1570: 1543: 1509: 1478: 1460:Bar Hebraeus 1441: 1439: 1424:kouropalates 1398: 1392: 1375: 1366: 1347: 1248:, Daniel of 1228: 1167: 1159: 1129: 1102: 1094: 1092: 1032: 1019: 983: 946: 944: 895:Alexandretta 819: 818: 799:Thessalonica 737: 736: 712:2nd Taormina 696:1st Taormina 666:3rd Syracuse 656:2nd Syracuse 631:1st Syracuse 618: 617: 598:Mauropotamos 556: 555: 540: 531:Sebastopolis 513: 512: 481:North Africa 479: 478: 440: 439: 345:al-Qaryatayn 331: 330: 305: 151:Belligerents 113:(modern-day 72: 49:Part of the 36: 4451:Umayyad art 4315:Third Fitna 4240:First Fitna 4204:Al-Walid II 4164:Mu'awiya II 3858:Pellat, Ch. 3253:Canard 1926 3233:Canard 1926 3209:Canard 1926 3193:Canard 1926 3173:Canard 1926 3161:Tucker 2010 3153:Fuller 1987 3046:Haldon 1990 2986:Haldon 1990 2906:Haldon 1990 2854:Canard 1926 2778:Brooks 1899 2760:13 December 2728:Brooks 1899 2640:Brooks 1899 2585:Canard 1926 2513:Haldon 1990 2364:Haldon 1990 2340:Haldon 1990 2244:Brooks 1899 2228:Brooks 1899 2204:Brooks 1899 2156:Haldon 1990 2140:Haldon 1990 2099:Decker 2013 2002:Arap Mosque 1967:Battal Gazi 1797:Transoxiana 1754:John Haldon 1650:cannibalism 1618:Golden Horn 1550:Dardanelles 1494:ahl al-Sham 1310:Chrysopolis 1298:Adramyttium 1212:Transoxiana 990:siege lines 691:2nd Milazzo 686:1st Milazzo 671:Caltavuturo 613:Bathys Ryax 425:Iron Bridge 390:Marj ar-Rum 4487:Categories 4394:Gold dinar 4334:Government 4179:Al-Walid I 4154:Mu'awiya I 4099:7 November 3482:. Oxford: 3157:Regan 2002 3149:Davis 2001 3121:Davis 2001 3026:Lilie 1976 3022:Kaegi 2008 3006:Lilie 1976 2994:Lilie 1976 2990:Kaegi 2008 2954:Lilie 1976 2934:Lilie 1976 2918:Lewis 2002 2866:Lilie 1976 2838:Lilie 1976 2814:Lilie 1976 2790:Lilie 1976 2732:Lilie 1976 2712:Lilie 1976 2696:Lilie 1976 2672:Lilie 1976 2648:Lilie 1976 2616:Lilie 1976 2604:Lilie 1976 2541:Kaegi 2008 2521:Lilie 1976 2497:Lilie 1976 2477:Lilie 1976 2440:Lilie 1976 2424:Lilie 1976 2408:Lilie 1976 2384:Lilie 1976 2348:Lilie 1976 2328:Lilie 1976 2300:Lilie 1976 2256:Lilie 1976 2176:Lilie 1976 2160:Lilie 1976 2144:Lilie 1976 2124:Lilie 1976 2075: 700 2032:References 1993:praetorium 1986:praetorium 1801:Mopsuestia 1781: 740 1717:Kartalimen 1669:Greek fire 1656:historian 1622:Sosthenion 1598:Greek fire 1546:Hellespont 1452:al-Mas'udi 1335:Artabasdos 1302:Theodosius 1260:and other 1218:, and the 1103:Breviarium 1075:Asia Minor 1039:Byzantines 1029:Background 1002:Greek fire 971:Asia Minor 918:2nd Aleppo 789:Cephalonia 701:Garigliano 603:Faruriyyah 573:Kopidnadon 459:Alexandria 449:Heliopolis 435:Germanicia 420:1st Aleppo 340:Marj Rahit 333:The Levant 237:Theophanes 231:al-Mas'udi 4351:Governors 4219:Marwan II 4209:Yazid III 3936:0899-3718 3867:Volume V: 3854:Lewis, B. 3623:603552986 3421:0021-762X 3395:163360931 2084:Citations 2037:Footnotes 2010:end times 1961:from the 1930:Miltiades 1760:Aftermath 1594:Black Sea 1581:Chalcedon 1577:Bosphorus 1566:gold coin 1418:Nicomedia 1329:strategoi 1323:Armeniacs 1319:Anatolics 1282:Phoenicia 1258:catapults 1242:patrician 1136:al-Tabari 1095:Chronicle 1070:Caucasian 865:5th Crete 850:Andrassos 809:4th Crete 804:3rd Crete 759:2nd Crete 754:1st Crete 732:2nd Malta 661:1st Malta 469:Darishkur 430:2nd Emesa 410:Jerusalem 229:120,000 ( 69:Bulgarian 4371:al-Haras 4194:Yazid II 4184:Sulayman 4169:Marwan I 4093:Archived 4060:Archived 4028:Archived 4010:(2010). 3982:(1997). 3964:Archived 3946:(1973). 3907:Archived 3889:(2002). 3869:Khe–Mahi 3860:(eds.). 3801:Archived 3793:(1976). 3767:(2002). 3743:(2001). 3725:Archived 3683:(2000). 3652:Archived 3595:Archived 3577:(1987). 3559:Archived 3498:Archived 3458:Archived 3425:Archived 3405:(1926). 3319:(1994). 2754:Academia 2022:and the 1972:Delhemma 1914:Frankish 1831:ceased. 1825:Sardinia 1809:Laodicea 1793:Hispania 1772:and the 1646:foraging 1590:Kleidion 1573:Hebdomon 1513:Melitene 1489:Jazirans 1414:Pergamon 1406:Akroinon 1321:and the 1306:Bithynia 1284:(modern 1224:Hispania 1185:Sulayman 1068:and the 1051:Damascus 908:Basil II 769:Damietta 749:Keramaia 608:Lalakaon 551:Akroinon 515:Anatolia 503:Carthage 488:Sufetula 405:Laodicea 375:Damascus 355:Ajnadayn 224:Strength 170:Bulgaria 115:Istanbul 106:Bithynia 93:Location 53:and the 4416:Culture 4228:History 4214:Ibrahim 4189:Umar II 4159:Yazid I 4147:Caliphs 4066:14 July 4034:15 July 3970:15 July 3913:15 July 3807:15 July 3731:15 July 3658:15 July 3601:15 July 3565:15 July 3504:15 July 3464:15 July 3431:12 July 3310:Sources 1998:Ottoman 1963:Maghreb 1898:to the 1874:advance 1829:Corsica 1805:Antioch 1709:Satyros 1654:Lombard 1610:Plateia 1485:Syrians 1456:naphtha 1393:solidus 1382:Pisidia 1378:Amorium 1350:Cilicia 1286:Lebanon 1276:across 1274:Fenaket 1200:Solomon 1196:prophet 1161:solidus 1089:Sources 1066:Armenia 1015:Bulgars 1010:disease 913:Orontes 880:Antioch 875:Cilicia 794:Euripos 744:Phoenix 717:Rometta 646:Lentini 636:Messina 593:Amorium 563:Kamacha 508:Tabarka 493:Vescera 474:Bahnasa 400:Yarmouk 256:Bulgars 4399:Dirham 4381:Mawali 4366:Shurta 4341:Caliph 4235:Uthman 4199:Hisham 4141:topics 4085: 4020: 3996: 3956: 3934: 3899: 3875: 3856:& 3827: 3779: 3753: 3717: 3693: 3644: 3621: 3587: 3551: 3521: 3490: 3450: 3419: 3393: 3387:623841 3385: 3348: 3329: 2067:diwans 2056: 2046: 1980:mosque 1817:Sicily 1813:Tinnis 1739:Beroia 1725:Sophon 1697:Africa 1586:Galata 1558:Thrace 1554:Abydos 1522:Tervel 1520:ruler 1518:Bulgar 1465:mutawa 1410:Sardis 1370:vassal 1354:Loulon 1314:Nicaea 1278:Rhodes 1266:Finike 1250:Sinope 1006:famine 986:Thrace 923:Apamea 890:John I 870:Aleppo 840:Marash 779:Kardia 774:Ragusa 764:Thasos 679:& 641:Butera 620:Sicily 578:Krasos 546:Nicaea 517:& 464:Nikiou 360:Yaqusa 326:Dathin 311:Mu'tah 127:Result 119:Turkey 102:Thrace 4474:Media 4361:Barid 4356:Diwan 3844:. 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Siege of Constantinople (717–718)

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