568:
Spanish, devised a successful plan to assault the fortress. Fifty horsemen, led by Juan
Pizarro, and accompanied by Indian auxiliaries, broke through the Inca army files and burst off at a gallop toward Chinchaysuyo. The Spaniards continued northwest, feigning retreat toward Lima, which drew Inca warriors out from the fortress. Then Pizarro and his men turned around and attacked Sacsayhuamán from outside the city. During the frontal assault against the building's large walls, a stone struck Juan Pizarro in the head; he died days later from the injury. The following day, the Spaniards resisted several Inca counterattacks and mounted a renewed assault at night using scaling ladders. In this way, they captured the terrace walls of Sacsayhuamán while the Inca army held on to the two tall towers of the complex. The Inca commanders, Paucar Huaman and the high priest or
548:
significant battles or coordinated Inca attacks. Juan quickly understood why he faced limited Inca resistance in the valley when a horseman dispatched by
Hernando Pizarro informed Juan that Inca warriors had amassed on the hills surrounding Cusco. The Inca emperor did not attack Cusco at once; instead, he waited to assemble his full army estimated at between 100,000 and 200,000 men around the city (some sources suggest numbers as low as 40,000). Against them there were 190 Spaniards, 80 of them horsemen, and several thousand Indian auxiliaries. The Incas made their first move on May 5, 1536, by seizing the unoccupied
558:
buildings near the main plaza, barricading themselves inside the hall of Suntur Huasi and Hatun Cancha, two buildings facing each other on the eastern side of the square. The conquistadors fended off Inca attacks from these constructions and mounted frequent raids against their besiegers. The raids, with moderate but short-term success, included small waves of cavalry and foot-soldier elements sent out to break the Inca ranks. The Incas recognized the significant battlefield effectives of horses, so the native warriors planted elevated peltasts, around the city, that launched
527:, two of Francisco's younger brothers, controlled the city. Juan Pizarro imprisoned Manco after he attempted an escape in November 1535. Hernando Pizarro assumed control of Cusco after returning from Spain and hoping to improve relations with Manco, for both personal and Spanish interests, released the Inca leader from confinement in January 1536. Manco remained under Spanish supervision but achieved greater freedom of movement. Manco Inca left Cusco on April 18, 1536 after securing Hernando Pizarro's approval to conduct religious ceremonial activities in the
144:
107:
421:
572:, decided to leave the confinement of the towers and fight their way towards Calca, the site of Manco Inca's headquarters, to bring back reinforcements. The attempt was successful and the towers were left under the command of Titu Cusi Gualpa, an Inca nobleman. Despite Titu's fierce resistance, the Spaniards and their auxiliaries stormed the towers so that when the Inca commanders returned, Sacsayhuamán was firmly under Spanish control.
37:
553:
inhibited the use of cavalry, effectively neutralizing one of the
Spaniards' primary tactical advantages and potential options for counter-assault. The siege started on May 6, 1536, with a full-scale attack towards the main square of the city; Inca warriors descended from Sacsyhuamán into the city and immediately secured the areas around
589:
on his success at
Ollantaytambo with a renewed assault on Cusco, but a Spanish cavalry party had a chance encounter with the Inca army thus ruining any hope of surprise. That same night the Spaniards mounted a full-scale attack which achieved complete surprise and inflicted severe casualties on Manco Inca's troops.
580:. During this period, the Spaniards successfully implemented terror tactics to demoralize the Inca army, which included an order to kill any woman caught and cutting off the hands of captured men. Encouraged by their successes, Hernando Pizarro led an attack against Manco Inca's headquarters which were now at
588:
by taking advantage of the fortifications and the difficult terrain around the site. The
Spanish garrison had more success with several raids to gather food from regions near Cusco; these incursions allowed them to replenish their almost exhausted provisions. Meanwhile, Manco Inca tried to capitalize
494:
of the Incas. The
Spaniards later killed Atahualpa in July 1533, after deceptively acquiring a ransom of over 18 t (39,000 lb) of gold and silver for his release. Atahualpa's death exacerbated pre-existing dynastic rivalries for the Inca throne and plunged the Incas into a state of disorder
514:
Manco decided to join the
Spanish side in hopes of strengthening his position in the dynastic struggle against survivors of the Atahualpa loyalist faction. A Spanish expedition led by Francisco Pizarro had captured the Inca capital of Cusco on November 15, 1533 after defeating an Inca army headed by
557:
and Cora Cora and eventually succeeded in capturing most of the city. The Inca warriors barraged the city with slings projecting hot stones wrapped in cotton and incendiary arrows that ignited thatched roofs and quickly spread fire throughout Cusco. Meanwhile, the
Spaniards took refuge in two large
547:
from Cusco on a mission to disperse the Incas gathered in the nearby Yucay Valley. Juan
Pizarro's expedition located a mass of Inca troops in the valley and cleared them out after a brief skirmish. The Spaniards secured the valley and remained in position for three or four days without facing any
567:
Realizing the direness of the situation, after about a week of being pinned down, the
Spanish decided their survival depended on recapturing the walled complex of Sacsayhuamán which served as the main base of operations for the Inca army. Pasac, a rival and relative of Manco who sided with the
552:
fortress above Cusco, which the Spaniards had vacated to fortify themselves in the city. Sacsayhuamán provided the Incas with high-ground above the city and a favorable fortified position to launch offensive attacks. Additionally, the steep elevation encountered while approaching the fortress
519:. The following month, the conquistadors supported the official coronation of Manco Inca as Inca emperor to facilitate Spanish control over the Inca empire. Real power rested with the Spaniards and they frequently humiliated Manco when
617:. Recognizing the opportunity of expanding his own reign into Peru, Almagro seized the city once having achieved victory for Spain and had Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro imprisoned. Gonzalo then escaped, to later defeat Almagro at the
575:
The capture of Sacsayhuamán eased the pressure on the Spanish garrison at Cusco; the fighting now turned into a series of daily skirmishes interrupted only by the Inca religious tradition of halting attacks during the
511:. Pizarro first met Manco Inca on the initial Spanish march to secure Cusco, and Pizarro's decision to emplace Manco Inca as king stemmed from the Spaniard's desire to continue and perpetuate Inca internal discord.
499:, one of Atahualpa's brothers and rivals, in September 1533, as the leading Inca in an attempt to legalistically recognize indigenous lineage and subordinate the Incas under Spanish authority.
3731:
287:
2861:
396:
1870:
2881:
1796:
3799:
3346:
2841:
785:
736:
687:
597:
After 10 months of vicious fighting in Cusco, with low morale playing a factor, Manco Inca decided to raise the siege at Cusco and withdraw to
3804:
2891:
507:. Francisco Pizarro replaced Tupac Hualpa with Manco Inca, another one of Atahualpa's brothers, and son of the last truly unified Inca King,
2496:
1854:
3885:
280:
3843:
3711:
2815:
1493:
531:
and return with gold. Instead, Manco went to Lares and conducted a meeting with Inca military chiefs and warriors, over ceremonial
2795:
3920:
3910:
1933:
609:. It is suggested by some that by this action he threw away his only real chance to expel the Spaniards from the lands of the
3569:
1680:
1407:
761:
712:
663:
273:
2531:
2400:
2027:
2023:
3664:
3659:
3027:
2433:
2076:
1529:
613:, but it was probably the only realistic choice he had considering the arrival of Spanish reinforcements from Chile led by
3930:
3925:
3726:
2846:
297:
1715:
3493:
2810:
2746:
2468:
2448:
1923:
1655:
1618:
1462:
3858:
2962:
3559:
3468:
2866:
2410:
1963:
1593:
1446:
1294:
1259:
1224:
1176:
1126:
1060:
1020:
985:
3895:
3759:
2443:
1927:
1705:
3135:
3070:
3890:
3696:
3488:
3275:
3075:
2624:
2559:
2145:
2047:
3614:
3130:
2574:
2458:
3716:
3654:
3453:
2871:
2584:
2564:
2536:
2453:
2428:
2288:
2096:
2003:
1943:
1910:
3679:
3508:
3265:
3915:
3831:
3809:
3764:
3706:
3684:
3498:
3270:
2952:
2741:
2726:
1811:
1675:
1628:
471:
3060:
3701:
3669:
3200:
3065:
2501:
1881:
1690:
1486:
3689:
3022:
3674:
3574:
3205:
2657:
2589:
1558:
520:
3125:
3032:
3905:
3900:
3609:
2972:
2619:
2506:
2418:
2390:
2017:
1987:
1792:
1623:
467:
344:
110:
2992:
2947:
3528:
3478:
3336:
3235:
2731:
2604:
2569:
2521:
2423:
2035:
1919:
1608:
1578:
1573:
147:
2153:
3473:
3356:
3316:
3255:
3250:
3190:
2609:
2599:
2385:
2088:
1999:
1700:
28:
3853:
2932:
2165:
1685:
3523:
3381:
3225:
3165:
3115:
3017:
2614:
2579:
2526:
2161:
2031:
1995:
1725:
1598:
1583:
1479:
585:
354:
314:
2716:
3814:
3386:
3321:
2825:
2711:
2594:
2554:
2198:
1991:
1650:
1640:
391:
2957:
408:
3260:
2670:
2491:
2380:
2319:
2247:
2157:
1858:
1538:
618:
479:
371:
3794:
3195:
2982:
2942:
2901:
1875:
381:
3769:
3438:
3401:
3391:
3331:
3230:
3210:
3105:
2917:
2736:
1613:
1603:
1438:
339:
329:
203:
3295:
3085:
3007:
439:
started on 6 May 1536 and ended in March 1537. The city was held by a garrison of Spanish
8:
3838:
3594:
3579:
3463:
3443:
3396:
3376:
3180:
3175:
3120:
3090:
2856:
2481:
2438:
2395:
2324:
2293:
2064:
2043:
2009:
1915:
1885:
1816:
1660:
1633:
1533:
436:
324:
208:
3584:
3285:
466:, Hernando's older brother, received chief rights of discovery and conquest in Peru, or
3599:
3589:
3564:
3518:
3483:
3341:
3050:
2927:
2800:
2298:
2278:
1938:
1826:
1553:
867:
823:
779:
730:
681:
444:
130:
2922:
2851:
265:
3779:
3721:
3554:
3326:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3215:
3170:
3100:
3080:
3055:
3002:
2977:
2242:
1769:
1710:
1665:
1524:
1458:
1442:
1413:
1403:
1300:
1290:
1265:
1255:
1230:
1220:
1182:
1172:
1132:
1122:
1066:
1056:
1026:
1016:
991:
981:
953:
767:
757:
718:
708:
669:
659:
463:
386:
366:
194:
1800:
319:
3411:
3406:
3371:
3351:
3110:
2987:
2886:
2790:
2252:
2092:
943:
859:
815:
614:
602:
448:
376:
215:
199:
190:
165:
3789:
1821:
496:
3854:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
3604:
3544:
3458:
3366:
3240:
3220:
3185:
2967:
2937:
2876:
2486:
2476:
2372:
2257:
2149:
2106:
1866:
1774:
1645:
543:
Hernando, realizing the grave mistake, sent his brother Juan Pizarro and seventy
524:
334:
187:
180:
176:
169:
3513:
549:
500:
3361:
3245:
2997:
2820:
2805:
2706:
2680:
2665:
2546:
2141:
2135:
2039:
1806:
1720:
1670:
1548:
1502:
606:
528:
475:
1953:
1417:
948:
931:
771:
722:
673:
584:, further away from Cusco. Manco Inca defeated the Spanish expedition at the
482:
of July 1529. Pizarro and his Spanish conquistadors invaded Peru and captured
16:
1536–37 attempt by the Inca Empire to retake Cuzco from Spanish conquistadores
3879:
3012:
1862:
1779:
1588:
957:
598:
581:
233:
135:
120:
143:
106:
3784:
3774:
3503:
3042:
2896:
2721:
2237:
2013:
1695:
1543:
1397:
751:
702:
653:
508:
440:
3095:
1304:
1269:
1234:
1186:
1136:
1070:
1030:
995:
2685:
2511:
2080:
1958:
610:
503:, a leader of Atahualpa's remnant loyalist troops killed Tupac Hualpa at
452:
153:
42:
2675:
3549:
2283:
1563:
1284:
1249:
1214:
1166:
1116:
1050:
1010:
975:
871:
847:
827:
803:
569:
554:
420:
2516:
2273:
2173:
1948:
1850:
1784:
487:
483:
433:
863:
819:
125:
2690:
1568:
577:
516:
491:
455:(1438–1533) with this action, but it was ultimately unsuccessful.
3848:
3819:
2329:
2314:
1471:
544:
212:
2785:
2339:
2334:
2111:
532:
3826:
2100:
1764:
560:
504:
65:
36:
2169:
2084:
69:
2062:
1289:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 197–198.
295:
1455:
Cuzco 1536–37: Battle for the Heart of the Inca Empire
1817:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
707:(Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. pp. 300–301.
535:, to discuss and finalize siege and rebellion plans.
1254:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 197.
1219:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 195.
1171:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 193.
1121:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 192.
1055:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 190.
1015:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 189.
980:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 188.
932:"A Peruvian Chief of State: Manco Inca (1515–1545)"
848:"A Peruvian Chief of State: Manco Inca (1515–1545)"
804:"A Peruvian Chief of State: Manco Inca (1515–1545)"
3877:
756:(Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. p. 298.
658:(Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. p. 299.
490:. The events at Cajamarca initiated the Spanish
2361:
1150:Flickema, Thomas (1981). "The Siege of Cuzco".
1100:Flickema, Thomas (1981). "The Siege of Cuzco".
361:Conflicts between conquistadors and rebellions
2006:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
1487:
641:. The New American Library. pp. 188–189.
470:, and the Governorship of the territory from
281:
1681:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
1452:
1494:
1480:
784:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
735:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
686:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
495:and disunity. Francisco Pizarro installed
486:, the Sapa Inca, on November 16, 1532, at
288:
274:
238:700 Spaniards (as for early 1537), 50,000
3800:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
947:
424:Almagro's forces took possession of Cusco
3805:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1395:
1149:
1099:
636:
564:to entangle and disable the cavalrymen.
419:
2796:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1282:
1247:
1212:
1164:
1114:
1048:
1008:
973:
852:The Hispanic American Historical Review
808:The Hispanic American Historical Review
749:
700:
651:
181:
170:
3878:
3749:
929:
845:
801:
432:by the Inca army under the command of
3748:
3644:
3643:
2767:
2645:
2360:
2219:
2187:
2124:
2061:
1976:
1899:
1839:
1753:
1742:
1514:
1513:
1475:
1095:
1093:
1044:
1042:
1040:
969:
967:
925:
923:
269:
2077:Captaincy General of the Philippines
1569:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
909:
907:
841:
839:
837:
797:
795:
3780:Indochristian painting in New Spain
1900:
1402:. Digireads.Com. pp. 246–260.
1399:The History Of The Conquest Of Peru
936:Hispanic American Historical Review
451:. The Incas hoped to restore their
299:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
13:
2747:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
2220:
1501:
1090:
1037:
964:
920:
14:
3942:
3886:Battles involving the Inca Empire
1977:
1840:
1721:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
904:
834:
792:
605:, where he established the small
88:Almagristas seizes power in Cuzco
3832:Criollos in the colonial society
3760:Spanish missions in the Americas
2882:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
142:
105:
41:The siege of Cusco according to
35:
3859:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
1743:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1276:
1241:
1206:
1193:
1158:
1143:
1108:
1077:
1002:
244:40,000 to 100,000 Inca warriors
2188:
1911:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1619:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1152:Revista de Historia de América
1102:Revista de Historia de América
891:
878:
743:
694:
645:
630:
56:May 6, 1536 – early March 1537
1:
3921:1537 in the Inca civilization
3911:1536 in the Inca civilization
3810:General Archive of the Indies
3071:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
2742:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2727:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
1676:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
1629:War of the Spanish Succession
1594:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
1457:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1427:
1396:Prescott, William H. (2011).
930:Kubler, George (1944-05-01).
458:
2768:
1882:Captaincy General of Yucatan
1812:Union with Holy Roman Empire
1791:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
1706:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
592:
7:
2646:
2362:Administrative subdivisions
1559:War of the League of Cognac
43:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
10:
3947:
3931:1537 in the Spanish Empire
3926:1536 in the Spanish Empire
3076:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
3061:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2963:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
2125:
1861:), Western United States (
1754:
1624:Portuguese Restoration War
637:Prescott, William (1961).
3844:Slavery in Spanish Empire
3755:
3744:
3650:
3639:
3537:
3431:
3424:
3309:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3131:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
3041:
2910:
2872:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
2834:
2778:
2774:
2763:
2732:Barcelona Trading Company
2699:
2656:
2652:
2641:
2545:
2497:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
2467:
2409:
2371:
2367:
2356:
2307:
2266:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2194:
2131:
2072:
2004:Venezuela, part of Guyana
1983:
1906:
1857:, Central United States (
1846:
1760:
1749:
1738:
1589:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
1574:Expulsion of the Moriscos
1520:
1509:
1435:The Conquest of the Incas
1286:The conquest of the Incas
1251:The conquest of the Incas
1216:The conquest of the Incas
1168:The conquest of the Incas
1118:The conquest of the Incas
1052:The conquest of the Incas
1012:The conquest of the Incas
977:The conquest of the Incas
949:10.1215/00182168-24.2.253
753:The ancient central Andes
750:Quilter, Jeffrey (2022).
704:The ancient central Andes
701:Quilter, Jeffrey (2022).
655:The ancient central Andes
652:Quilter, Jeffrey (2022).
403:End of the Neo-Inca state
307:
248:
221:
159:
98:
48:
34:
26:
21:
3785:Quito painting tradition
3775:Cusco painting tradition
3136:García López de Cárdenas
3126:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
3033:Felipe González de Ahedo
2953:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1530:Conquest of the Americas
624:
538:
29:Spanish conquest of Peru
3896:History of Cusco Region
3570:Comuneros (New Granada)
3347:Balearic Islands (1558)
3066:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
2993:Ruy López de Villalobos
2948:Miguel López de Legazpi
2862:García de Toledo Osorio
1726:Western Sahara conflict
1716:Independence of Morocco
1656:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
1599:Piracy in the Caribbean
1584:French Wars of Religion
846:Kubler, George (1944).
802:Kubler, George (1944).
586:Battle of Ollantaytambo
85:Retreat of Incan forces
3891:Sieges involving Spain
3815:Colonial Spanish Horse
3489:Colonia del Sacramento
2712:Spanish treasure fleet
2289:Royal Decree of Graces
1433:Hemming, John (1993).
1283:Hemming, John (1973).
1248:Hemming, John (1973).
1213:Hemming, John (1973).
1165:Hemming, John (1973).
1115:Hemming, John (1973).
1049:Hemming, John (1973).
1009:Hemming, John (1973).
974:Hemming, John (1973).
425:
160:Commanders and leaders
2973:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
2933:Juan Sebastián Elcano
2248:Council of the Indies
1609:Spanish–Moro conflict
1579:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
1539:Treaty of Tordesillas
1453:Sheppard, Si (2021).
619:Battle of Las Salinas
423:
249:Casualties and losses
81:Nueva Toledo victory
3916:16th century in Peru
3770:Mesoamerican Codices
3494:Comuneros (Paraguay)
3332:Siege of Castelnuovo
2918:Christopher Columbus
2737:Consulate of the Sea
2717:Casa de Contratación
2308:Titles and positions
1701:Spanish–American War
1691:Liberal constitution
1534:Asia and the Pacific
639:The Conquest of Peru
3499:Cartagena de Indias
3121:Diego de Mazariegos
3091:Pere Fages i Beleta
2958:Sebastián de Ocampo
2439:Provincias Internas
2411:Captaincies General
2325:Municipal president
2294:School of Salamanca
2065:Spanish East Indies
2044:Misiones Orientales
1916:Spanish West Indies
1880:, Central America (
1827:Pyrénées-Orientales
1780:Union with Portugal
1671:Napoleonic invasion
1651:War of Jenkins' Ear
437:Manco Inca Yupanqui
209:Manco Inca Yupanqui
3795:Academia Antártica
3750:Other civil topics
3116:Pánfilo de Narváez
3018:Sebastián Vizcaíno
2983:Andrés de Urdaneta
2943:Juan Ponce de León
2928:Ferdinand Magellan
2902:Bernardo de Gálvez
2801:Indian auxiliaries
2299:Trial of residence
2279:Laws of the Indies
2063:Asia and Oceania (
1924:Dominican Republic
445:Indian auxiliaries
426:
3906:Conflicts in 1537
3901:Conflicts in 1536
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3740:
3739:
3645:Spanish conquests
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3420:
3419:
3101:Pedro de Alvarado
3086:Gaspar de Portolà
3081:Pedro de Valdivia
3056:Francisco Pizarro
3008:Nicolás de Ovando
3003:Alonso de Ercilla
2978:Alonso de Salazar
2811:Ships of the line
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2183:
2182:
2140:Northern Africa (
2136:Equatorial Guinea
2120:
2119:
2057:
2056:
1972:
1971:
1895:
1894:
1886:Spanish Caribbean
1859:Spanish Louisiana
1835:
1834:
1770:Crown of Castille
1734:
1733:
1711:Spanish Civil War
1686:Adams–Onís Treaty
1666:Nootka Convention
1614:Thirty Years' War
1604:Eighty Years' War
1525:Catholic Monarchs
1515:Timeline–immersed
1409:978-1-59674-641-1
763:978-0-367-48154-4
714:978-0-367-48154-4
665:978-0-367-48154-4
464:Francisco Pizarro
417:
416:
310:Major engagements
264:
263:
240:Indios auxiliares
229:Indios auxiliares
94:
93:
3938:
3746:
3745:
3712:Chibchan Nations
3641:
3640:
3610:Santiago de Cuba
3469:Guadalupe Island
3429:
3428:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3111:Diego de Almagro
2988:Antonio de Ulloa
2892:Ambrosio Spinola
2887:Pedro de Zubiaur
2857:Alfonso d'Avalos
2847:Antonio de Leyva
2791:Army of Flanders
2776:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2185:
2184:
2158:Peñón of Algiers
2122:
2121:
2059:
2058:
1974:
1973:
1897:
1896:
1879:
1837:
1836:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1739:
1661:Seven Years' War
1634:Queen Anne's War
1511:
1510:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1422:
1421:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1006:
1000:
999:
971:
962:
961:
951:
927:
918:
911:
902:
895:
889:
882:
876:
875:
843:
832:
831:
799:
790:
789:
783:
775:
747:
741:
740:
734:
726:
698:
692:
691:
685:
677:
649:
643:
642:
634:
615:Diego de Almagro
449:Hernando Pizarro
302:
300:
290:
283:
276:
267:
266:
257:Unknown, but low
200:Diego de Almagro
183:
172:
166:Hernando Pizarro
152:Remnants of the
146:
109:
50:
49:
39:
19:
18:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3863:
3839:Old inquisition
3751:
3736:
3646:
3619:
3575:Trinidad (1797)
3545:La Noche Triste
3533:
3529:San Juan (1797)
3479:San Juan (1595)
3416:
3305:
3145:Notable battles
3140:
3106:Martín de Ursúa
3037:
2968:Alonso de Ojeda
2938:Juan de la Cosa
2923:Pinzón brothers
2906:
2877:John of Austria
2852:Martín de Goiti
2830:
2770:
2751:
2695:
2648:
2629:
2541:
2537:Terra Australis
2532:Río de la Plata
2477:Castilla de Oro
2463:
2405:
2401:Río de la Plata
2363:
2344:
2303:
2262:
2258:Santa Hermandad
2222:
2203:
2199:Terra Australis
2190:
2179:
2146:Spanish Morocco
2127:
2116:
2107:Northern Taiwan
2068:
2053:
2024:Río de la Plata
1979:
1968:
1902:
1901:Central America
1891:
1873:
1842:
1831:
1775:Crown of Aragon
1756:
1745:
1730:
1646:Bourbon Reforms
1516:
1505:
1500:
1465:
1430:
1425:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1227:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1179:
1163:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1063:
1047:
1038:
1023:
1007:
1003:
988:
972:
965:
928:
921:
912:
905:
896:
892:
883:
879:
864:10.2307/2507835
844:
835:
820:10.2307/2507835
800:
793:
777:
776:
764:
748:
744:
728:
727:
715:
699:
695:
679:
678:
666:
650:
646:
635:
631:
627:
595:
541:
525:Gonzalo Pizarro
461:
418:
413:
303:
298:
296:
294:
231:
211:
204:Rodrigo Orgóñez
202:
193:
188:Juan Pizarro II
186:
177:Gonzalo Pizarro
175:
113:
72:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3944:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:Canary Islands
3651:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:Túpac Amaru II
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Bogotá savanna
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Spanish Armada
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:White Mountain
3253:
3251:Cape Celidonia
3248:
3246:English Armada
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Juan Fernández
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Diego Columbus
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2826:Army of Africa
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Spanish Armada
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Manila galleon
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2221:Administration
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2142:Western Sahara
2138:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2040:Banda Oriental
2021:
2007:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1855:Coastal Alaska
1847:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1503:Spanish Empire
1499:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1464:978-1472843807
1463:
1450:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1408:
1388:
1386:, pp. 211–212.
1375:
1373:, pp. 210–211.
1362:
1360:, pp. 207–209.
1349:
1347:, pp. 198–199.
1336:
1323:
1321:, pp. 192–196.
1310:
1295:
1275:
1260:
1240:
1225:
1205:
1203:, pp. 189–190.
1192:
1177:
1157:
1142:
1127:
1107:
1089:
1087:, pp. 185–186.
1076:
1061:
1036:
1021:
1001:
986:
963:
919:
917:, pp. 178–180.
903:
901:, pp. 123–125.
890:
877:
833:
814:(2): 253–276.
791:
762:
742:
713:
693:
664:
644:
628:
626:
623:
607:Neo-Inca State
594:
591:
540:
537:
472:King Charles I
460:
457:
430:siege of Cusco
415:
414:
412:
411:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
308:
305:
304:
293:
292:
285:
278:
270:
262:
261:
258:
255:
251:
250:
246:
245:
242:
236:
224:
223:
219:
218:
206:
197:
162:
161:
157:
156:
150:
140:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
111:Nueva Castilla
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:
86:
78:
74:
73:
64:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
32:
31:
24:
23:
22:Siege of Cusco
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3943:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3874:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Tapada limeña
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3642:
3638:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Montes Claros
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Vienna (1529)
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Hernán Cortés
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3043:Conquistadors
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Juan de Ayala
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Duke of Savoy
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Dollar (Peso)
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2626:
2625:Santo Domingo
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:New Andalusia
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Santo Domingo
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2373:Viceroyalties
2370:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2214:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2123:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1978:South America
1975:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:Spanish Texas
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1841:North America
1838:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:Franche-Comté
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1447:0-333-10683-0
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:0-15-122560-5
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1261:0-15-122560-5
1257:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:0-15-122560-5
1222:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1178:0-15-122560-5
1174:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:0-15-122560-5
1124:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:0-15-122560-5
1058:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:0-15-122560-5
1018:
1014:
1013:
1005:
997:
993:
989:
987:0-15-122560-5
983:
979:
978:
970:
968:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
924:
916:
910:
908:
900:
894:
887:
881:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
840:
838:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
798:
796:
787:
781:
773:
769:
765:
759:
755:
754:
746:
738:
732:
724:
720:
716:
710:
706:
705:
697:
689:
683:
675:
671:
667:
661:
657:
656:
648:
640:
633:
629:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:Ollantaytambo
590:
587:
583:
582:Ollantaytambo
579:
573:
571:
565:
563:
562:
556:
551:
546:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:conquistadors
438:
435:
431:
428:The 10-month
422:
410:
407:
406:
405:
404:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:
356:
355:Ollantaytambo
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:Punta Quemada
313:
312:
311:
306:
301:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
271:
268:
259:
256:
253:
252:
247:
243:
241:
237:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
217:
214:
210:
207:
205:
201:
198:
196:
192:
189:
184:
178:
173:
167:
164:
163:
158:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:Native allies
112:
108:
103:
102:
97:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
76:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
52:
51:
47:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3873:
3765:Architecture
3660:The Americas
3524:Newfoundland
3514:Túpac Katari
3504:Cuerno Verde
3448:
3439:Tenochtitlan
3271:Valenciennes
3028:Luis Fajardo
2897:Blas de Lezo
2842:Duke of Alba
2722:Spanish Road
2560:Buenos Aires
2469:Governorates
2238:Ayuntamiento
2231:Organization
1696:Carlist Wars
1544:Italian Wars
1454:
1434:
1398:
1391:
1384:The conquest
1383:
1378:
1371:The conquest
1370:
1365:
1358:The conquest
1357:
1352:
1345:The conquest
1344:
1339:
1332:The conquest
1331:
1326:
1319:The conquest
1318:
1313:
1285:
1278:
1250:
1243:
1215:
1208:
1201:The conquest
1200:
1195:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1117:
1110:
1104:(92): 21–22.
1101:
1085:The conquest
1084:
1079:
1051:
1011:
1004:
976:
939:
935:
915:The conquest
914:
899:The conquest
898:
893:
886:The conquest
885:
880:
855:
851:
811:
807:
752:
745:
703:
696:
654:
647:
638:
632:
596:
574:
566:
559:
550:Sacsayhuamán
542:
529:Yucay Valley
521:Juan Pizarro
513:
509:Huayna Capac
497:Tupac Hualpa
480:Capitulation
462:
429:
427:
402:
401:
392:Jaquijahuana
360:
359:
349:
309:
239:
228:
148:Nueva Toledo
114:
104:
99:Belligerents
80:
27:Part of the
3732:Philippines
3697:El Salvador
3317:Capo d'Orso
3201:St. Quentin
3176:Rome (1527)
2835:Strategists
2585:Guadalajara
2512:New Navarre
2507:New Castile
2492:La Luisiana
2444:Puerto Rico
2434:Philippines
2391:New Granada
2081:Philippines
2042:(Uruguay),
2038:(Bolivia),
1988:New Granada
1928:Puerto Rico
1874: [
1744:Territories
1564:Encomiendas
611:Inca Empire
501:Chalcuchima
468:New Castile
372:Las Salinas
154:Inca Empire
131:Chachapoyas
3880:Categories
3402:Somosierra
3392:Manila Bay
3266:Nördlingen
3206:Gravelines
2686:Columnario
2658:Currencies
2575:Concepción
2547:Audiencias
2522:New Toledo
2487:La Florida
2320:Corregidor
2284:Papal bull
2189:Antarctica
2097:Micronesia
1554:Golden Age
1437:. London:
1428:References
1418:1124491051
942:(2): 256.
858:(2): 254.
772:1285870442
723:1285870442
674:1285870442
603:Vilcabamba
570:Willaq Umu
555:Colcampata
545:cavalrymen
459:Background
409:Vilcabamba
345:Chimborazo
340:Maraycalla
330:Vilcaconga
3707:Nicaragua
3685:Guatemala
3595:Pichincha
3580:Chacabuco
3519:Pensacola
3464:Mataquito
3444:Cajamarca
3425:New World
3397:Trafalgar
3301:Alhucemas
3181:Landriano
3166:Comuneros
3152:Old World
3096:Joan Orpí
2816:Royalists
2590:Guatemala
2517:New Spain
2454:Venezuela
2429:Guatemala
2386:New Spain
2381:Columbian
2274:Exequatur
2174:Cape Juby
2028:Argentina
1851:New Spain
1785:Gibraltar
1549:Habsburgs
1439:Macmillan
1382:Hemming,
1369:Hemming,
1356:Hemming,
1343:Hemming,
1334:, p. 197.
1330:Hemming,
1317:Hemming,
1199:Hemming,
1154:(92): 22.
1083:Hemming,
958:0018-2168
913:Hemming,
897:Hemming,
888:, p. 115.
884:Hemming,
780:cite book
731:cite book
682:cite book
601:and then
593:Aftermath
488:Cajamarca
484:Atahualpa
434:Sapa Inca
397:Chuquinga
350:2nd Cusco
335:1st Cusco
325:Cajamarca
234:Spaniards
3717:Colombia
3702:Honduras
3615:Asomante
3600:Ayacucho
3590:Carabobo
3565:Curalaba
3342:Ceresole
3236:Gembloux
3196:Mühlberg
2911:Mariners
2769:Military
2691:Doubloon
2676:Maravedí
2620:Santiago
2527:Paraguay
2253:Germania
2093:Caroline
2048:Malvinas
2032:Paraguay
1992:Colombia
1934:Trinidad
1801:Sardinia
1641:Bourbons
578:new moon
517:Quisquis
515:general
492:conquest
382:Iñaquito
222:Strength
61:Location
3849:Asiento
3820:Mustang
3680:Yucatán
3675:Chiapas
3555:Tucapel
3387:Passaro
3337:Algiers
3327:Preveza
3296:Tetouan
3291:Vitoria
3281:Bitonto
3221:Antwerp
3216:Lepanto
3171:Bicocca
2647:Economy
2570:Charcas
2565:Caracas
2459:Yucatán
2330:Regidor
2315:Alcalde
2243:Cabildo
2150:Tripoli
2089:Mariana
2036:Charcas
2012:(Peru,
1996:Ecuador
1959:Bonaire
1954:Curazao
1939:Jamaica
1867:Florida
872:2507835
828:2507835
478:in the
447:led by
387:Huarina
367:Abancay
260:Unknown
254:Unknown
227:30,000
213:Cahuide
195:Chilche
179: (
168: (
136:Chankas
121:Huancas
3827:Castas
3585:Boyacá
3560:Guiana
3550:Iguape
3474:Recife
3412:Mactan
3407:Annual
3372:Rocroi
3367:Leiden
3352:Djerba
3286:Bailén
3241:Ostend
3226:Azores
2821:Legión
2786:Tercio
2779:Armies
2681:Escudo
2610:Panamá
2605:Mexico
2600:Manila
2555:Bogotá
2340:Vecino
2335:Syndic
2166:Béjaïa
2126:Africa
2112:Tidore
2000:Panama
1964:Belize
1871:Mexico
1797:Sicily
1793:Naples
1755:Europe
1461:
1445:
1416:
1406:
1305:601144
1303:
1293:
1270:601144
1268:
1258:
1235:601144
1233:
1223:
1187:601144
1185:
1175:
1137:601144
1135:
1125:
1071:601144
1069:
1059:
1031:601144
1029:
1019:
996:601144
994:
984:
956:
870:
826:
770:
760:
721:
711:
672:
662:
561:ayllos
533:chicha
453:empire
377:Chupas
126:Cañari
77:Result
3722:Chile
3690:Petén
3665:Aztec
3484:Bahia
3459:Penco
3449:Cusco
3377:Downs
3357:Tunis
3276:Ceuta
3261:Breda
3211:Malta
3191:Tunis
3186:Pavia
2700:Trade
2615:Quito
2580:Cusco
2419:Chile
2154:Tunis
2101:Palau
2018:Chile
1949:Aruba
1944:Haiti
1878:]
1807:Milan
1765:Spain
868:JSTOR
824:JSTOR
625:Notes
539:Siege
505:Jauja
476:Spain
66:Cuzco
3727:Inca
3670:Maya
3605:Guam
3538:Lost
3310:Lost
3231:Mons
2671:Real
2595:Lima
2482:Cuba
2424:Cuba
2396:Perú
2172:and
2170:Ifni
2162:Oran
2085:Guam
2014:Acre
2010:Peru
1920:Cuba
1799:and
1459:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1414:OCLC
1404:ISBN
1301:OCLC
1291:ISBN
1266:OCLC
1256:ISBN
1231:OCLC
1221:ISBN
1183:OCLC
1173:ISBN
1133:OCLC
1123:ISBN
1067:OCLC
1057:ISBN
1027:OCLC
1017:ISBN
992:OCLC
982:ISBN
954:ISSN
786:link
768:OCLC
758:ISBN
737:link
719:OCLC
709:ISBN
688:link
670:OCLC
660:ISBN
523:and
443:and
320:Puná
232:190
70:Peru
53:Date
3432:Won
3159:Won
2267:Law
2164:,
1884:),
1865:),
944:doi
860:doi
816:doi
474:of
182:POW
171:POW
3882::
2168:,
2160:,
2156:,
2152:,
2148:,
2144:,
2099:,
2095:,
2091:,
2087:,
2083:,
2046:,
2034:,
2030:,
2016:,
2002:,
1998:,
1994:,
1926:,
1922:,
1876:es
1869:,
1795:,
1532:,
1441:.
1412:.
1299:.
1264:.
1229:.
1181:.
1131:.
1092:^
1065:.
1039:^
1025:.
990:.
966:^
952:.
940:24
938:.
934:.
922:^
906:^
866:.
856:24
854:.
850:.
836:^
822:.
812:24
810:.
806:.
794:^
782:}}
778:{{
766:.
733:}}
729:{{
717:.
684:}}
680:{{
668:.
621:.
68:,
2176:)
2103:)
2079:(
2067:)
2050:)
2026:(
2020:)
1990:(
1930:)
1918:(
1888:)
1853:(
1803:)
1495:e
1488:t
1481:v
1467:.
1449:.
1420:.
1307:.
1272:.
1237:.
1189:.
1139:.
1073:.
1033:.
998:.
960:.
946::
874:.
862::
830:.
818::
788:)
774:.
739:)
725:.
690:)
676:.
289:e
282:t
275:v
216:†
191:†
185:)
174:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
