Conquistador - Knowledge

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The Portuguese in Ambon, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. Altogether, the Portuguese never had the resources or manpower to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the crucial Banda Islands, the nearby centre of most nutmeg and mace production. Following Portuguese missionary work, there have been large Christian communities in eastern Indonesia particularly among the Ambonese. By the 1560s there were 10,000 Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon, and by the 1590s there were 50,000 to 60,000, although most of the region surrounding Ambon remained Muslim.

4129: 4040: 703: 1029: 4760: 4696: 1102:; slave trading was the most profitable branch of Portuguese commerce until the Indian subcontinent was reached. Due to the importation of the slaves as early as 1441, the kingdom of Portugal was able to establish a number of population of slaves throughout the Iberia due to its slave markets' dominance within Europe. Before the Age of Conquest began, the continental Europe already associated darker skin color with slave-class, attributing to the slaves of African origins. This sentiment traveled with the conquistadors when they began their explorations into the Americas. The predisposition inspired a lot of the entradas to seek slaves as part of the conquest. 13514: 13484: 1612:

1540. After the conquests he settled in the city of Mérida in the newly formed colony of Yucatán with his family. In 1574, the Spanish crown ordered that all slaves and free blacks in the colony had to pay a tribute to the crown. However, Toral wrote in protest of the tax based on his services during his conquests. The Spanish king responded that Toral need not pay the tax because of his service. Toral died a veteran of three transatlantic voyages and two Conquest expeditions, a man who had successfully petitioned the great Spanish King, walked the streets of Lisbon, Seville, and Mexico City, and helped found a capital city in the Americas.

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that all earnings would come back to Alonso. He fought for many years in Chile and Peru. By 1540, he was a captain, horseman, and partner in Pedro de Valdivia's company in Chile. He was later awarded an estate in Santiago; a city he would help Valdivia found. Both Alonso and Valiente tried to contact the other to make an agreement about Valiente's manumission and send Alonso his awarded money. They were never able to reach each other and Valiente died in 1553 in the Battle of Tucapel.

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wine, dry fish, dried meat, toasted flour, leather, fur of tropical animals and seals, whaling ... but mainly ivory, black slaves, gold and hardwoods. They maintaining trade ports in Congo (M'banza), Angola, Natal (City of Cape Good Hope, in Portuguese "Cidade do Cabo da Boa Esperança"), Mozambique (Sofala), Tanzania (Kilwa Kisiwani), Kenya (Malindi) to Somalia. The Portuguese following the maritime trade routes of Muslims and Chinese traders, sailed the Indian Ocean. They were on

857: 1298: 2421: 1602: 5161: 2220: 3949: 3031: 1887: 1408: 1800: 6044: 1581: 482: 4391: 4631: 4419: 3551: 2045: 1652: 3147: 6030: 2410: 6058: 2879: 4290: 4573:. The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks, but have not hindered its success. Limited crew and cargo space was acceptable, initially, because as exploratory ships, their "cargo" was what was in the explorer's discoveries about a new territory, which only took up the space of one person. Among the famous caravels are 4547: 1370:, sent a larger force than had previously sailed, and appointed Cortés as Captain-General of the Armada. Cortés then applied all of his funds, mortgaged his estates and borrowed from merchants and friends to outfit his ships. Velásquez may have contributed to the effort, but the government of Spain offered no financial support. 7100:

Gomes was obligated to pledge a small percentage of his profits to the royal treasury. Starting from Sierra Leone in 1469, this monetarily motivated entrepreneurial explorer spent the next five years extending Portugal's claims even further than he had been required, reaching as far south as Cape St.

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to join him in Maluku, and sent the explorer information about the Spice Islands. Both Serrão and Magellan, however, perished before they could meet one another, with Magellan dying in battle in Macatan. In 1535 Sultan Tabariji was deposed and sent to Goa in chains, where he converted to Christianity

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In 1611, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of Japan and from the year of 1611 to 1614 he was ambassador of King Felipe III in Japan returning to Acapulco in the year of 1614. In 1608, he was sent to search for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro (island of gold) and Rico de Plata (island

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to participate in a series of discussions and debates among the Bishops of the Dominican and Franciscan orders. The two orders had very different approaches to the conversion of the Indians. The Franciscans used a method of mass conversion, sometimes baptizing many thousands of Indians in a day. This

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when Captain Ruy Lourenço Ravasco Marques landed and demanded and received tribute from the sultan in exchange for peace. Zanzibar remained a possession of Portugal for almost two centuries. It initially became part of the Portuguese province of Arabia and Ethiopia and was administered by a governor

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in 1453. The Ottomans barred European access. For decades the Spanish Netherlands ports produced more revenue than the colonies since all goods brought from Spain, Mediterranean possessions, and the colonies were sold directly there to neighbouring European countries: wheat, olive oil, wine, silver,

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The Spanish discovery of what they thought at that time was India, and the constant competition of Portugal and Spain led to a desire for secrecy about every trade route and every colony. As a consequence, many documents that could reach other European countries included fake dates and faked facts,

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in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-European state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Said.

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Sponsors included governments, the king, viceroys, and local governors backed by rich men. The contribution of each individual conditioned the subsequent division of the booty, receiving a portion the pawn (lancero, piquero, alabardero, rodelero) and twice a man on horseback (caballero) owner of a

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allowed the Crown to guide the Companies conquests to certain territories, depending on their interests. In addition, the leader of the expedition received clear instructions about their duties towards the army, the native population, the type of military action. A written report about the results

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destroyed nearly all of the library's records, but an extra copy available in Goa was transferred to Lisbon's Tower of Tombo, during the following 100 years. The Corpo Cronológico (Chronological Corpus), a collection of manuscripts on the Portuguese explorations and discoveries in Africa, Asia and

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living among the Guaranís heard tales of a "White King" who lived to the west, ruling cities of incomparable riches and splendour. Marching westward in 1524 to find the land of the "White King", he was the first European to cross South America from the East. He discovered a great waterfall and the

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in 1591, found that there was no Portuguese fort or garrison. The extent of their occupation was a trade depot where produce was purchased and collected for shipment to Mozambique. "In other respects, the affairs of the island were managed by the local 'king,' the predecessor of the Mwinyi Mkuu of

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to lead a small contingent to find it. With the guidance of Hopi Indians, Cárdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the Grand Canyon. However, Cárdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon, assuming the width of the Colorado River at six feet (1.8 m) and estimating 300-foot-tall

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was born in West Africa and purchased by Portuguese traders from African slavers. Around 1530 he was purchased by Alonso Valiente to be a slaved domestic servant in Puebla, Mexico. In 1533, Juan Valiente made a deal with his owner to allow him to be a conquistador for four years with the agreement

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Spanish and Portuguese forces were capable of quickly moving long distances in foreign land, allowing for speed of maneuver to catch outnumbering forces by surprise. Wars were mainly between clans, expelling intruders. On land, these wars combined some European methods with techniques from Muslim

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After the dissolution of the Iberian Union in 1640, Portugal re-established authority over its lost territories including remaining Dutch controlled areas. The other smaller, less developed areas were recovered in stages and relieved of Dutch piracy in the next two decades by local resistance and

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who helped with administrative duties, and soldiers with military training. These native forces often included African slaves and Native Americans, some of whom were also slaves. They were not only made to fight in the battlefield but also to serve as interpreters, informants, servants, teachers,

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Animals were another important factor for Spanish triumph. On the one hand, the introduction of the horse and other domesticated pack animals allowed them greater mobility unknown to the Indian cultures. However, in the mountains and jungles, the Spaniards were less able to use narrow Amerindian

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to study the problems related to the colonization process. Rodríguez de Fonseca effectively became minister for the Indies and laid the foundations for the creation of a colonial bureaucracy, combining legislative, executive and judicial functions. Rodríguez de Fonseca presided over the council,

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From their peaceful settlings in secured islands along Atlantic Ocean (archipelagos and islands such as Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde, São Tomé, Príncipe, and Annobón) they travelled to coastal enclaves trading almost every goods of African and Islander areas like spices (hemp, opium, garlic),

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As a seafaring people in the south-westernmost region of Europe, the Portuguese became natural leaders of exploration during the Middle Ages. Faced with the options of either accessing other European markets by sea, by exploiting its seafaring prowess, or by land, and facing the task of crossing

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Other black conquistadors include Pedro Fulupo, Juan Bardales, Antonio Pérez, and Juan Portugués. Pedro Fulupo was a black slave that fought in Costa Rica. Juan Bardales was an African slave that fought in Honduras and Panama. For his service he was granted manumission and a pension of 50 pesos.

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Sebastian Toral was an African slave and one of the first black conquistadors in the New World. While a slave, he went with his Spanish owner on a campaign. He was able to earn his freedom during this service. He continued as a free conquistador with the Spaniards to fight the Maya in Yucatán in

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An expedition commanded by Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama, reaching Inca territory by 1526. After one more expedition in 1529, Pizarro received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy. The approval read: "In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a

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were so inexact that the line of demarcation could not in practice be determined, subjecting the treaty to diverse interpretations. Both the Portuguese claim to Brazil and the Spanish claim to the Moluccas depended on the treaty. It was particularly valuable to the Portuguese as a recognition of

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The marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile resulted in joint rule by the spouses of the two kingdoms, honoured as the "Catholic Monarchs" by Pope Alexander VI. Together, the Crown Kings saw about the fall of Granada, victory over the Muslim minority, and expulsion or forcibly

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The Age of Discovery was hallmarked in 1519, shortly after the European discovery of the Americas, when Hernán Cortés began his conquest of the Aztec Empire. As the Spaniards, motivated by gold and fame, established relations and war with the Aztecs, the slow progression of conquest, erection of

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European young men enlisted in the army because it was one way out of poverty. Catholic priests instructed the soldiers in mathematics, writing, theology, Latin, Greek, and history, and wrote letters and official documents for them. King's army officers taught military arts. An uneducated young

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Armed groups sought supplies and funds in various ways. Financing was requested from the King, delegates of the Crown, the nobility, rich merchants or the troops themselves. The more professional campaigns were funded by the Crown. Campaigns were sometimes initiated by inexperienced governors,

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The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity. By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazil's most important export and the Portuguese imported African slaves to produce it.

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Hernán Cortés, led an expedition (entrada) to Mexico, which included Pedro de Alvarado and Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia. The Spanish campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on 13 August 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Cortés and

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were clashes not only in English and Spanish ports or on the sea between them but also in and around the present-day territories of Florida, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Panama. War with the Dutch led to invasions of many countries in Asia, including Ceylon and commercial

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Africans were also conquistadors in the early conquest campaigns in the Caribbean and Mexico. In the 1500s there were enslaved black and free black sailors on Spanish ships crossing the Atlantic and developing new routes of conquest and trade in the Americas. After 1521, the wealth and credit

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The Iberian Peninsula was largely divided before the hallmark of this marriage. Five independent kingdoms: Portugal in the West, Aragon and Navarre in the East, Castile in the large center, and Granada in the south, all had independent sovereignty and competing interests. The conflict between

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towns, and cultural dominance over the natives brought more Spanish troops and support to modern-day Mexico. As trading routes over the seas were established by the works of Columbus, Magellan, and Elcano, land support system was established as the trails of Cortés' conquest to the capital.

3686:, or "Cibola", was rumoured to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest. As early as 1611, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of Japan and searched for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro ('Rich in Gold') and Rico de Plata ('Rich in Silver'). 3789:, a shipwreck survivor who had lived with the Native Americans of Florida for 17 years, published his memoir in which he locates the Fountain of Youth in Florida, and says that Ponce de León was supposed to have looked for them there. This land somehow also became confused with the 1122:

Christians and Muslims to control Iberia, which started with North Africa's Muslim invasion in 711, lasted from the years 718 to 1492. Christians, fighting for control, successfully pushed the Muslims back to Granada, which was the Muslims' last control of the Iberian Peninsula.

3538:. It became a natural defence site for the Iberian Union. The colony was designed to protect Spanish and Portuguese trade from interference by the Dutch base in the south of Taiwan. The Spanish colony was short-lived due to the unwillingness of Spanish colonial authorities in 1970:

and immediately saw the natural crossing of the Colorado River from Mexico to California by land as an ideal spot for a city, as the Colorado River narrows to slightly under 1000 feet wide in one small point. Later military expeditions that crossed the Colorado River at the

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The standard view of historians is that Cabral was blown off course as he was navigating the currents of the South Atlantic, sighted the coast of South America, and thereby accidentally discovered Brazil. However, for an alternative account of the discovery of Brazil, see

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in 1603 to trade spices and counter Dutch encroachment in the archipelago of Maluku. The Spanish presence lasted until 1663, when the settlers and military were moved back to the Philippines. Part of the Ternatean population chose to leave with the Spanish, settling near

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The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville and Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian conquistador in 1565 in St. Augustine (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States.

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Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. The

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The origin of many people in mixed expeditions was not always distinguished. Various occupations, such as sailors, fishermen, soldiers and nobles employed different languages (even from unrelated language groups), so that crew and settlers of Iberian empires recorded as

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Contrary to popular belief, many conquistadors were not trained warriors, but mostly artisans, lesser nobility or farmers seeking an opportunity to advance themselves in the new world since they had limited opportunities in Spain. A few also had crude firearms known as

5083: 1941:, intending to provide additional supplies to Coronado's expedition. Alarcón may have sailed the Colorado as far upstream as the present-day California–Arizona border. However, Coronado never reached the Gulf of California, and Alarcón eventually gave up and left. 8651:"He also from Majorca caused one Master James, a man skilfull (sic) in Navigation and in Cards and Sea Instruments, to be brought into Portugall, there at his charge as it were, to erect a Schoole of Marinership, and to instruct his Countreymen in that Mysterie." 3978:

Ferdinand II King of Aragon and Regent of Castile, incorporated the American territories into the Kingdom of Castile and then withdrew the authority granted to governor Christopher Columbus and the first conquistadors. He established direct royal control with the

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evidence shows that the illness which reduced the population in Aztec Mexico was aided by a great drought in the 16th century, and which continued through the arrival of the Spanish conquest. This has added to the body of epidemiological evidence indicating that

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Since the 1549 arrival to Kagoshima (Kyushu) of a group of Jesuits with St. Francis Xavier missionary and Portuguese traders, Spain was interested in Japan. In this first group of Jesuit missionaries were included Spaniards Cosme de Torres and Juan Fernandez.

3371:, March–May 1741, during this battle the Spanish Empire defeated a British fleet of over 30,000 professional soldiers, 51 warships and 135 transport ships counting the glorious Spanish army only less than 2400 professional soldiers, 600 natives and 6 ships. 4328:

they used in battle were effective as a psychological weapon against the natives, who, in many cases, had never seen domesticated dogs. Although some indigenous peoples did have domestic dogs during the conquest of the Americas, Spanish conquistadors used

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to this town at the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. As some years afterward the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars –

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general. Around 1571, Zanzibar became part of the western division of the Portuguese empire and was administered from Mozambique. It appears, however, that the Portuguese did not closely administer Zanzibar. The first English ship to visit Unguja, the

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Portugal established a route to China in the early 16th century, sending ships via the southern coast of Africa and founding numerous coastal enclaves along the route. Following the discovery in 1492 by Spaniards of the New World with Italian explorer

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horse. Sometimes part of the booty consisted of women and/or slaves. Even the dogs, important weapons of war in their own right, were in some cases rewarded. The division of the booty produced conflicts, such as the one between Pizarro and Almagro.

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to help finance the Venezuela expedition for gold. With numerous armed groups aiming to launch explorations well into the Age of Conquest, the Crown became indebted, allowing opportunity for foreign European creditors to finance the explorations.

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in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the Azores, using the winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of

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arrived to patrol the entire coast, ban the French, and to create the first colonial villages, like São Vicente, at the coast. As time passed, the Portuguese created the Viceroyalty of Brazil. Colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when

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reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in Texas, "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us". When the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Incan empire, a large portion of the population had already died in a

601:) would often specialize in forms of combat that required long periods of training that were too costly for informal groups. Their armies were mostly composed of Spanish troops, as well as soldiers from other parts of Europe and Africa. 4612:

at the stem. It was first used by the Portuguese, and later by the Spanish. They were also adapted to the increasing maritime trade. They grew from 200 tons capacity in the 15th century to 500. In the 16th century they usually had two

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asked him to help recover the Saadian throne. Abu Abdallah's uncle, Abd Al-Malik, had taken it from Abu Abdallah with Ottoman Empire support. The defeat of Abu Abdallah and the death of Portugal's king led to the end of the Portuguese

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The conquistador borrowed as little as possible, preferring to invest all their belongings. Sometimes, every soldier brought his own equipment and supplies, other times the soldiers received gear as an advance from the conquistador.

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Though vastly outnumbered on foreign and unknown territory, Conquistadors had several military advantages over the native peoples they conquered, military strategies and tactics that were mostly learned from the 781 year war of the

2501:. By 1516, Afonso I sent various of his children and nobles to Europe to study, including his son Henrique Kinu a Mvemba, who was elevated to the status of bishop in 1518. Afonso I wrote a series of letters to the kings of Portugal 3524:, while Dutch privateers sacked Portuguese ships in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The large area of Bahia and its city, the strategically important Salvador, was recovered quickly by an Iberian military expedition in 1625. 3496:. He landed at Recife, the port of Pernambuco, in January 1637. In a series of expeditions, he gradually expanded from Sergipe on the south to São Luís de Maranhão in the north. He likewise conquered the Portuguese possessions of 3904:

error propagated on many maps during the 17th and 18th centuries, despite contradictory evidence from various explorers. The legend was initially infused with the idea that California was a terrestrial paradise, peopled by black

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In practice the Capitán had almost unlimited power. Besides the Crown and the conquistador, they were very important the backers who were charged with anticipating the money to the Capitán and guarantee payment of obligations.

4313:, the indigenous people learned horsemanship, cattle raising, and sheep herding. The use of the new techniques by indigenous groups later became a disputed factor in native resistance to the colonial and American governments. 3655:

killed an estimated 5 to 15 million people, or up to 80% of the native population. The cocoliztli epidemic from 1576 to 1578 killed an estimated, additional 2 to 2.5 million people, or about 50% of the remainder.

2339:, were sent traveling secretly overland to gather information on a possible sea route to India, but also to inquire about Prester John. Covilhã managed to reach Ethiopia. Although well received, he was forbidden to depart. 3562:

While technological superiority, military strategy and forging local alliances played an important role in the victories of the conquistadors in the Americas, their conquest was greatly facilitated by Old World diseases:

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and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to reassume his throne, but died en route at Malacca in 1545. He had however, already bequeathed the island of

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trade. Such an outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, and as such the feeble attempts at Christianization only strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler. Serrão urged

4067:, offices were bought or handed to relatives or cronies. Sometimes, an expedition of conquistadors were a group of influential men who had recruited and equipped their fighters, by promising a share of the booty. 2603:("A True Relation of the Lands of Prester John of the Indies") was the first direct account of Ethiopia, greatly increasing European knowledge at the time, as it was presented to the pope, published and quoted by 2513:, complaining of Portuguese complicity in purchasing illegally enslaved people and the connections between Afonso's men, Portuguese mercenaries in Kongo's service and the capture and sale of slaves by Portuguese. 2806:, after his countryman Pedro Mascarenhas, who had been there before. The Portuguese presence disrupted and reorganised the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia they introduced Christianity. After the 4561:. Iberians quickly adopted it for their merchant navy. It was a development based on African fishing boats. They were agile and easier to navigate, with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and one to three masts, with 3046:. Worried about the foreign incursions and hoping to find mineral riches, the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land and combat the French. In 1530, an expedition led by 3933:

in 2007 in recognition of its historical value "for acquiring knowledge of the political, diplomatic, military, economic and religious history of numerous countries at the time of the Portuguese Discoveries."

1714:, while in Iceland they appear to have only hunted the latter. The Spanish fishery in Terranova declined over conflicts between Spain and other European powers during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. 934:

in search of Inca gold further complicated the situation for De Almagro and Belalcázar. De Alvarado left South America in exchange for monetary compensation from Pizarro. De Almagro was executed in 1538, by

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in the Southern hemisphere in 1471, starting its use in celestial navigation. The results varied throughout the year, which required corrections. To address this the Portuguese used the astronomical tables

4588:. Due to the piracy that plagued the coasts, they began to be used in the navy and were provided with cannon windows, which led to the classification of "naus" according to the power of its artillery. The 3042:. The Portuguese encountered natives divided into several tribes. The first settlement was founded in 1532. Some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to Brazil to extract 2267:

stimulated the commercial energy of the Portuguese, and its European neighbours, especially Spain. Apart from their religious and scientific aspects, these voyages of discovery were highly profitable.

826:, who had taken holy orders in his native Spain, was captured by Maya lords too, and later was a soldier with Hernán Cortés. Francisco Pizarro had children with more than 40 women, many of whom were 5175: 2540:

in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas and inland. In a series of military conflicts, political manoeuvres and conquests, the Portuguese extended their control over the

2490:, in the pre-existing capital of the local dynasty ruling at that time (1483), in a city of the Luezi River valley. Portuguese were established supporting one Christian local dynasty ruling suitor. 6615: 1788:

with 242 men. They believed they were near other Spaniards in Mexico, but there was in fact 1500 miles of coast between them. They followed the coast westward, until they reached the mouth of the

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to move to Portugal in the 1420s to train Portuguese map-makers in Majorcan-style cartography. 'Jacome of Majorca' is even sometimes described as the head of Henry's observatory and "school" at

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Aside from the explorations predominated by Spain and Portugal, other parts of Europe also aided in colonization of the New World. King Charles I was documented to receive loans from the German

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to his Portuguese godfather Jordão de Freitas. Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Europeans, the Ternateans expelled the hated foreigners in 1575 after a five-year siege.

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The Crown reserved for itself important tools of intervention. The "capitulacion" clearly stated that the conquered territories belonged to the Crown, not to the individual. On the other hand,

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equipped three ships with at least 200 men at his own expense and set out from Puerto Rico on 4 March 1513 to Florida and surrounding coastal area. Another early motive was the search for the

3595:. The diseases were carried to distant tribes and villages. This typical path of disease transmission moved much faster than the conquistadors, so that as they advanced, resistance weakened. 2670:

had explored that part of the Indian Ocean, and discovered several islands new to Europeans. Mascarenhas served as Captain-Major of the Portuguese colony of Malacca from 1525 to 1526, and as

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island was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. Attracting settlers proved difficult; however, the Jewish settlement was a success and their descendants settled many parts of Brazil.

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in 1542–1543. Vázquez de Coronado's 1540–1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold, but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west, he sent

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generated by the acquisition of the Aztec Empire funded auxiliary forces of black conquistadors that could number as many as five hundred. Spaniards recognized the value of these fighters.

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long prevented Portuguese sailors from reaching India. Various places in Africa and the Americas have been named after the imagined cities made of gold, rivers of gold and precious stones.

1930:(91 m) rock formations to be the size of a person. After unsuccessfully attempting to descend to the river, they left the area, defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather. 3916:. Several historians have hypothesized that John II may have known of the existence of Brazil and North America as early as 1480, thus explaining his wish in 1494 at the signing of the 1462:, which brought about the discovery of Peru, but withdrew in 1526 for a small compensation, having lost confidence in the outcome. In 1526 Dávila was superseded as Governor of Panama by 573:

In the 16th century, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. By the late 16th century, gold and silver imports from the Americas provided one-fifth of Spain's total budget.

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also sought Portuguese assistance and the newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of

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was mandatory. The army had a royal official, the "veedor". The "veedor" or notary, ensured they complied with orders and instructions and preserved the King's share of the booty.

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The conquistadors found new animal species, but reports confused these with monsters such as giants, dragons, or ghosts. Stories about castaways on mysterious islands were common.

3920:, to push the line of influence further west. Many historians suspect that the real documents would have been placed in the Library of Lisbon. Unfortunately, a fire following the 6458:

p30-31 of J.H. Elliot, introductory essay to Anthony Pagdens translation of Cortés's letters "Hernán Cortés" letters from Mexico" 2001 (1971, 1986) Yale University NotaBene books

5050:(Goa ≈1520 – ≈1580), produced work of extraordinary quality and beauty, giving him a reputation as one of the best cartographers of the time. Many of his charts are large scale. 2779:

by the sea, and they settled on its port for a commercial monopoly of trade with other nations. They were later expelled from their settlements, but they were allowed the use of

4188:. Throughout the conquest, the indigenous people greatly outnumbered the conquistadors; the conquistador troops never exceeded 2% of the native population. The army with which 4176:

civilization by allying with natives who had been subjugated by more powerful neighbouring tribes and kingdoms. These tactics had been used by the Spanish, for example, in the

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and experts in naval technology appeared in Portugal. Portuguese and foreign experts made several breakthroughs in the fields of mathematics, cartography and naval technology.

699:, Marina Vélez de Ortega, Marina de la Caballería, Francisca de Valenzuela, Catalina de Salazar. Some conquistadors married Native American women or had illegitimate children. 8406: 3663:

said that 95% of the total population of the Americas died in the first 130 years, and that 90% of the population of the Inca Empire died in epidemics. Cook and Borah of the

1945:

reached the delta in the same year, intending to establish contact with Alarcón, but the latter was already gone by the time of Díaz's arrival. Díaz named the Colorado River

1340: 1118:. He later tried to incorporate the kingdom of Portugal by marriage. Notably, Isabella supported Columbus's first voyage that launched the Spanish conquistadors into action. 11107: 5427: 3454:), and South America. Even though the Portuguese were unable to capture the entire island of Ceylon, they were able to control its coastal regions for a considerable time. 13360: 11611: 11271: 2854:

sailings to the area following the 1511 conflict in Malacca. The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize nor disrupt this trade.

2632:

of the city on 24 August 1511, it became a strategic base for Portuguese expansion in the East Indies; consequently the Portuguese were obliged to build a fort they named

604:

Native allied troops were largely infantry equipped with armament and armour that varied geographically. Some groups consisted of young men without military experience,

5004:

were cartographers at the service of Prince Henry. Majorca had many skilled Jewish cartographers. However, the oldest signed Portuguese sea chart is a Portolan made by

4168:

One factor was the ability of the conquistadors to manipulate the political situation between indigenous peoples and make alliances against larger empires. To beat the

1623:

Antonio Pérez was from North Africa, and a free black. He joined the conquest in Venezuela and was made a captain. Juan Portugués fought in the conquests in Venezuela.

695:

Castilian law banned Spanish women from travelling to America unless they were married and accompanied by a husband. Women who travelled thus include María de Escobar,

5437: 3153:, a bandeirante, led in 1648–1652 the largest continental expedition made in the Americas until then, from São Paulo to the east, near the Andes (via Mato Grosso, the 1435: 1998: 1557:, literally river of the silver, after the Incan conquest. He sought a way to transport the Potosi's silver to Europe. For a long time due to the Incan silver mines, 1290:, to Yucatán and the Hernán Cortés expedition of 1519. He initially backed Cortés's expedition to Mexico, but because of his personal enmity for Cortés later ordered 890: 13420: 11948: 11314: 6814: 3808:

and some Italian, Spanish, Dutch, French and Portuguese expeditions were looking for the wonderful Guiana empire that gave its name to the present day countries of

3092: 11304: 417:, and the discovery and exploration of the Pacific Ocean. Conquistadors founded numerous cities, some of them in locations with pre-existing settlements, such as 13585: 6770: 722:

with some studies but without economic resources. Even some rich nobility families' members became soldiers or missionaries, but mostly not the firstborn heirs.

2818:'– giving a sense of the competition then taking place between Islamic and European influences in the region. Afonso de Albuquerque learned of the route to the 1667:

During the 1500s, the Spanish began to travel through and colonize North America. They were looking for gold in foreign kingdoms. By 1511 there were rumours of

13570: 6619: 10237: 8432: 3631:. Further epidemics of smallpox broke out in 1533, 1535, 1558 and 1565, as well as typhus in 1546, influenza in 1558, diphtheria in 1614 and measles in 1618. 13355: 11572: 11567: 11344: 8115: 5071: 4310: 4114: 13600: 4257:

becoming widespread only from the 1570s. A scarcity of firearms did not prevent conquistadors to pioneer the use of mounted arquebusiers, an early form of

2297:) and Tangier were captured from the Moors. Portuguese explored the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans before the Iberian Union period (1580–1640). Under 1438:, executed there in 1526 by Dávila, by then aged over 85. Dávila's daughters married Rodrigo de Contreras and conquistador of Florida and Mississippi, the 906:

The division of the booty produced bloody conflicts, such as the one between Pizarro and De Almagro. After present-day Peruvian territories fell to Spain,

9246: 4285:

Basque Countrymen near the France–Spain border in 1898, with characteristic horse, donkey and dogs. These were the type of animals introduced to America.

3998:, created in 1512–1513, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of settlers in Spanish colonial America, particularly with regards to 1388:, then in 1524 he founded Panama City and moved his capital there laying the basis for the exploration of South America's west coast and the subsequent 10257: 9172: 8182: 1142:

of the Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exploration. Thus dividing the world into two areas of exploration and colonization. This was settled by the

11175: 620:

Castilian law prohibited foreigners and non-Catholics from settling in the New World. However, not all conquistadors were Castilian. Many foreigners

2071:, to explore the Maluku Islands where Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. The expedition was ordered by 13580: 11264: 3815:

Several expeditions went in search of these fabulous places, but returned empty-handed, or brought less gold than they had hoped. They found other

1211:. The capital was in an unhealthy location and consequently moved around 1534 to the place they called "Villa de Santiago de la Vega", later named 7044:

in 1475 when his contract expired Rui de Sequeira had reached Cabo Santa Caterina (Cape Saint Catherine) south of the equator and the Gabon River.

2838:) in 1512. There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of 10722: 2198: 10217: 3987:, both in the Americas and in Asia. After unifying Castile, Ferdinand introduced to Castile many laws, regulations and institutions such as the 3256:

and the chief stronghold of the Dutch, in January 1637. By a series of successful expeditions, he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from

13335: 11981: 8256: 7072:

and about the same time Lopo Gonçalves crossed the Equator, while Ruy de Sequeira went on to Cape St. Catherine, two degrees south of the line.

7533: 1768:, on 15 April 1528, they marched through Florida. Traveling mostly on foot, they crossed Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, and Mexican states of 13595: 13413: 13320: 11835: 11180: 10267: 9872: 9230: 3299:

and controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe, without, however, penetrating the interior. But the colonists of the

1687:, the first documented European to reach the Colorado River, sailed up the Gulf of California and a short distance into the river's delta. 1463: 4516:), a precious tool for oceanic navigation, which spread widely in the fifteenth century. These tables revolutionized navigation, enabling 12297: 11920: 11879: 11724: 11257: 7239: 7193: 6853: 6396: 6358: 3434: 2595:

and to the Pope, in search of a coalition. Mateus reached Portugal via Goa, having returned with a Portuguese embassy, along with priest

8730:

Hinz, Felix (2014): "Spanish-Indian encounters: the conquest and creation of new empires". In: Robert Aldrich, Kirsten McKenzie (eds.):

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established many trade posts or colonies. The Spanish silver fleet, which carried silver from Spanish colonies to Spain, were seized by

3058:

divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies, a model that had previously been used successfully in the colonization of the

11584: 11579: 6557:

The numbers for Grijalva's expedition are as given by Bernal Díaz, who participated in the voyage. See Díaz del Castillo (1963, p. 27).

4349:. These specially trained dogs were feared because of their strength and ferocity. The strongest big breeds of broad-mouthed dogs were 3488:

In the 17th century, taking advantage of this period of Portuguese weakness, the Dutch occupied many Portuguese territories in Brazil.

442: 8091: 4866:, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese to venture farther from shore, a manoeuvre that became known as the 4405:

The successive expeditions and experience of the Spanish and Portuguese pilots led to a rapid evolution of European nautical science.

13488: 13325: 11886: 11637: 11362: 11219: 8332: 5012:. Reinel was also author of the first nautical chart known with an indication of latitudes in 1504 and the first representation of a 4155:

A group of 16th century conquistadors that participated in the Spanish conquest of Peru (second expedition) along with their leader,

3770: 838: 714:

recruit could become a military leader, elected by their fellow professional soldiers, perhaps based on merit. Others were born into

8810:

Other Council Fires Were Here Before Ours: A Classic Native American Creation Story as Retold by a Contemporary Seneca/Oneida Writer

4094:

participated in Columbus's undertaking. They also supported the project economically, supplying money from their personal fortunes.

1083: 13406: 12329: 11087: 10191: 8869: 5031:", in 1519. They were considered the best cartographers of their time. Emperor Charles V wanted them to work for him. In 1517 King 3314:

and conquered British and Dutch strongholds, founding villages and forts from 1669. In 1680 they reached the far south and founded

2270:

They had benefited from Guinea's connections with neighbouring Iberians and north African Muslim states. Due to these connections,

1875:. When the others were struck ill, Estevanico continued alone, opening up what is now New Mexico and Arizona. He was killed at the 1647:, Spain). He was the first European to arrive at the current U.S. and led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named. 8410: 7214: 3682:

An early motive for exploration was the search for Cipango, the place where gold was born. Cathay and Cibao were later goals. The

2908:

was visited by the Portuguese between 1507 (by Diogo Fernandes Pereira) and 1513. The Portuguese took no interest in the isolated

1274:

and was appointed governor of the island. As governor he authorized expeditions to explore lands further west, including the 1517

10171: 7351: 6306: 4541: 2933: 1516:, Fernández de Lugo sent an expedition to the interior of the territory, initially looking for a land path to Peru following the 4792: 11645: 9309: 2350: 1987: 539:

in 1521, expeditions led by conquistadors in the 16th century established trading routes linking Europe with all these areas.

12317: 11710: 11606: 10945: 9056: 8825: 8755: 8739: 8707: 8686: 8552: 8444: 7857: 7663: 7636: 7607: 7580: 7517: 7490: 7463: 7436: 7409: 7293: 7037: 7012: 6987: 6979:

The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific With an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565–1815

6960: 6707: 6652: 6233: 6071: 3489: 3461:

in Brazil focused on slave hunting, then from 1670 to 1750 they focused on mineral wealth. Through these expeditions and the

551: 9907: 9776: 9403: 9399: 1574: 13231: 12346: 11845: 11840: 11040: 11035: 10403: 9809: 9452: 8905: 4064: 2622:. The retreat of the Mamluks and Arabs enabled the Portuguese to implement their strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean. 2398:, in Cape Verde islands, who received the land as a grant from the crown, established a colony with Jews forced to stay on 1972: 1474:

charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Inca. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in New Castile." The

1310: 1275: 514: 288: 47: 6822: 6332: 2970:, which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period. Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502 the 13518: 13290: 12341: 12219: 11865: 11720: 11544: 11102: 10222: 8463: 8346: 7252: 6670: 5555: 4266: 4185: 4005:

The evolving structure of colonial government was not fully formed until the third quarter of the 16th century; however,

3169: 2765: 2178: 1909:, commissioned several expeditions to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in 1540–1542. 1702:) in 1520, and in Iceland by at least the early 17th century. They established whaling stations at the former, mainly in 967:

Jew) were at the side of Peru's first viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela, who had arrived from Spain with orders to implement the

336: 61: 9091: 8154: 6533:

Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2005). "Letter by Christopher Columbus concerning recently discovered islands".

5309: 1087: 13345: 12324: 11963: 11705: 11534: 11280: 10869: 10186: 10122: 9844: 9824: 9299: 9031: 8994: 8467: 6843:

Between 1550 and the early 17th century, Red Bay, known as Balea Baya (Whale Bay), was a centre for whaling operations.

6774: 3999: 3863:, the first European to do so, eight years before Francisco Pizarro. Garcia looted a booty of silver. When the army of 3766: 3753:, naming it after a tribe of warlike women he claimed to have fought there. Others claimed that the similarity between 3664: 2686: 1836: 1703: 801: 605: 546:

Human infections gained worldwide transmission vectors for the first time: from Africa and Eurasia to the Americas and

272: 11234: 10338: 6507: 6481: 5359: 2982:. Whether or not the Corte-Reals expeditions were also inspired by or continuing the alleged voyages of their father, 13284: 12353: 11562: 10935: 10844: 10242: 9786: 9339: 8969: 8131: 7808: 7778: 7688: 7541: 7093: 7065: 6593: 6574: 6542: 6158: 5607: 4678: 4466: 3446: 2392:. Several writers have also suggested the Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover Australia and New Zealand. 4660: 4448: 3831:, crops, spices and other products. In the sail era knowledge of winds and currents was essential, for example, the 3614:

Valley in 1540, in modern New Mexico, some of the chieftains complained of new diseases that affected their tribes.

2857:

Allying himself with Ternate's ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on that tiny island and served as the head of a

2628:

set sail in April 1511 from Goa to Malacca with a force of 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships. Following his

13105: 12794: 11655: 11135: 9819: 9303: 9081: 8439:, vol. III (facsimile ed.), Diputación Provincial de Huelva. Servicio de Publicaciones, pp. 37–100, 7719:"Missing Links in the Development of the Ancient Portuguese Cartography of the Netherlands East Indian Archipelago" 7028:

Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007). "Part II, Chapter 12: The arrival of Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa".

6918: 6175: 5160: 3867:

arrived to challenge him, Garcia then retreated with the spoils, only to be assassinated by his Indian allies near

3652: 2091:. After obtaining peace with various indigenous tribes, López de Legazpi made the Philippines the capital in 1571. 1404:. At the age of nearly seventy years he was made commander in 1514 by Ferdinand of the largest Spanish expedition. 748:

Catholic religious orders that participated and supported the exploration, evangelizing and pacifying, were mostly

280: 10511: 10446: 7480: 7312:, Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., published by Edward Arnold, London, 1905, digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 5288: 3292:. In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil the Dutch were supported by the Jews. 1926: 1910: 1872: 1804: 383:, conquistadors from Peru combined parties with other conquistadors arriving more directly from the Caribbean and 13175: 12805: 12487: 12302: 11913: 11788: 11733: 11695: 11675: 11350: 11072: 10864: 10651: 10451: 10000: 9935: 9521: 9423: 6379: 5395: 5304: 5056: 4911: 4584:

Long oceanic voyages led to larger ships. "Nau" was the Portuguese archaic synonym for any large ship, primarily

4209:. These tactics consisted of small groups who attempted to catch their opponents by surprise, through an ambush. 3786: 3761:, the Spanish-language word for 'Jew' around 1500, revealed the indigenous peoples' origin. Portuguese traveller 2994:), remains controversial, as the 16th century accounts of the 1473 expedition differ considerably. In 1520–1521, 1565:

in Bolivia and it was the location of the Spanish colonial mint. The first settlement in the way was the fort of

1283: 1252: 887:

were mentioned in Cortés' fourth letter to the King in which he describes himself as the victim of a conspiracy.

876: 10990: 10506: 9950: 9834: 7167: 4695: 4302: 4301:

roads and bridges made for pedestrian traffic, which were sometimes no wider than a few feet. In places such as

4039: 1028: 702: 13513: 13483: 13473: 13267: 13110: 11958: 11850: 11778: 11768: 11753: 11680: 11521: 11092: 11030: 10829: 10247: 9960: 9940: 9912: 9829: 9804: 9664: 9472: 9379: 9319: 9286: 6079:, leaders of the Hispanic American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal (contrast to the Conquistadors) 5698: 5166: 4656: 4444: 4220:

resorted to attacking Arab merchant ships, which were generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannons.

4181: 4139:

indigenous people. In 1599, the Jívaro destroyed Spanish settlements in eastern Ecuador and killed all the men.

3778: 3395: 2861:

band of Portuguese seamen under the service of one of the two local feuding sultans who controlled most of the

2498: 2021:(known as Spice Islands, now part of Indonesia), thus crossing first the Atlantic and then the Pacific oceans. 1016:, and others that if he were unsuccessful, a royal fleet of 40 ships and 15,000 men was preparing to sail from 13246: 12522: 11055: 10884: 10641: 3348:

Before the Iberian Union period (1580–1640), Spain tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into Brazil with the

3077:

and European adventurers who lived together with the aborigines and knew their languages and culture, such as

2674:

of Goa, capital of the Portuguese possessions in Asia, from 1554 until his death in 1555. He was succeeded by

1840: 1605: 1594:

One of the black conquistadors who fought against the Aztecs and survived the destruction of their empire was

1532:, which almost two centuries would be a viceroyalty. Jiménez de Quesada also founded the capital of Colombia, 13503: 13256: 12497: 12001: 11783: 11758: 11738: 11685: 11207: 11185: 11140: 11082: 11060: 10874: 10646: 10328: 10117: 10102: 9187: 9051: 9004: 5589: 5238: 4652: 4440: 4029: 3368: 1844: 1431: 1199: 895: 339:

in a manner similar to Cortés. Subsequently, other conquistadores used Peru as a base for conquering much of

31: 17: 13272: 10436: 8023:

relating about the events in Brazil in the 17th century that led to a Dutch influence and their final defeat

5783: 5258: 3671:

declined from 25.2 million in 1518 to 700,000 people in 1623, less than 3% of the original population.

3394:, a devout Christian who believed in the crusade to defeat Islam. Portugal had landed in North Africa after 2462:

around 1635 in response to the Sultan of Mombasa's slaughter of Portuguese residents several years earlier.

1823:, Mexico, over a period of roughly eight years. They spent years enslaved by the Ananarivo of the Louisiana 1543: 1521: 356: 13458: 13350: 13278: 13242: 12312: 11763: 11743: 11700: 11690: 11650: 11077: 11045: 10576: 10441: 9877: 9257: 9066: 8862: 8354: 8336: 8186: 5583: 5371: 5365: 4557:

The ship that truly launched the first phase of the discoveries along the African coast was the Portuguese

4128: 3930: 3441:

As a result of the Iberian Union, Phillip II's enemies became Portugal's enemies, such as the Dutch in the

2243:

One important reason was the need for alternatives to the expensive eastern trade routes that followed the

2223:

Two brass plates depicting a bearded Portuguese soldier before 1500 on top and Benin warriors at the bottom

1734: 1513: 944: 923: 11065: 10398: 7624: 6191: 5565: 5383: 4012: 3261: 3188:. Through wars against the French the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking 2753: 2560:(1594,) but the aim of unifying the entire island under Portuguese control failed. The Portuguese, led by 1683:, or "Cibola", rumoured to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest. In 1536 1181:

Later, when Spain established a route to the Indies from the west, Portugal arranged a second treaty, the

872: 30:

This article is about Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period. For other uses, see

12944: 12816: 12402: 12144: 11953: 11808: 11748: 11497: 11441: 11309: 11050: 10950: 10581: 10033: 9965: 8934: 5421: 3356:

were settled by Portugal. This was disputed in vain, and in 1777 Spain confirmed Portuguese sovereignty.

3097: 2971: 2014: 1442: 426: 10501: 10408: 5465: 5377: 5210: 4787:

where the Portuguese were defeated by native people in 1535, Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde, Sao Tome,

4306: 987:

and most of his Spanish army in the battle in 1546, and Gonzalo attempted to have himself crowned king.

13575: 13534: 13171: 13055: 12898: 11906: 11773: 10985: 10348: 9995: 9882: 9794: 9766: 9393: 9363: 9168: 8999: 5879: 5663: 5453: 5343: 4379: 2995: 1566: 1226: 653: 10368: 10323: 8563: 7142: 5884: 5829: 5641: 5511: 5264: 3193: 3181: 2959: 2760:, ushering in a period of almost eighty years of Portuguese rule of the Persian Gulf. In the Red Sea, 2142: 2064: 2049: 2022: 1918: 1501: 13565: 11357: 10904: 10854: 10712: 10611: 10107: 9980: 9945: 9897: 9799: 9411: 9295: 8984: 8954: 8949: 6952: 5914: 5889: 5298: 4963: 3706: 2975: 2629: 2604: 2572:

of 1594. The invasion was a disaster for the Portuguese, with their entire army wiped out by Kandyan

777: 276: 9529: 8459: 5713: 4002:. They forbade the maltreatment of indigenous people, and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism. 3534:

was established in Taiwan, first by Portugal in 1544 and later renamed and repositioned by Spain in

3150: 2822:

and other "Spice Islands", and sent an exploratory expedition of three vessels under the command of

2583:

was taken by the Portuguese. As a result of this mission, and facing Muslim expansion, Queen Regent

769: 13498: 13468: 12878: 12482: 12407: 12284: 12259: 11973: 11436: 10849: 10732: 10692: 10631: 10626: 10566: 9985: 9975: 9761: 9464: 9375: 9076: 8597: 7428:

Portuguese Encounters with Sri Lanka and the Maldives: Translated Texts from the Age of Discoveries

5098: 4874:). In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the 4641: 4429: 3714: 3493: 3462: 3442: 3416: 3300: 3289: 3245: 3211: 2475: 1423: 1389: 466: 11229: 10308: 9541: 9061: 8660: 8171: 5864: 5625: 5571: 3689: 3082: 3038:

Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by

2638:

to defend it. That same year, the Portuguese, desiring a commercial alliance, sent an ambassador,

13590: 13453: 12954: 12627: 12124: 11855: 11451: 11383: 10899: 10757: 10601: 10541: 10491: 10393: 9990: 9955: 9902: 9537: 9407: 9371: 9101: 8974: 8959: 8855: 7329: 6604:

William Prescott – Mexico and the Life of the Conqueror – Volume I, Book 2, Chapter 2, circa 1843

5758: 5693: 5495: 5008:

in 1485 representing the Western Europe and parts of Africa, reflecting the explorations made by

4859: 4788: 4645: 4433: 4357:

were used against barely clothed troops. They were armoured dogs trained to kill and disembowel.

3839: 3648: 3599:

is commonly cited as the primary reason for the population collapse. The American natives lacked

3387: 3215: 2153:, lost from the expedition led by Sebastián Vizcaíno, explored the Pacific coast as far north as 2146: 1550: 1317: 1291: 13179: 10092: 6009: 5969: 5944: 5595: 5543: 5459: 4529: 3039: 2506: 2365: 1481: 1154:

issued on 4 May 1493. The treaty gave to Portugal all lands which might be discovered east of a

13560: 13398: 11190: 10762: 10697: 10201: 10087: 9970: 9930: 9574: 9367: 9026: 9016: 8619: 7557: 7231: 6402: 5929: 5708: 5094: 5046:'s representation of the East and more accuracy in the representation of lands and continents. 4986: 4767: 4325: 3921: 3912:

The tendency to secrecy and falsification of dates casts doubts about the authenticity of many

3420: 3315: 3304: 3285: 3280: 3237: 3047: 3006:. Accompanied by colonists from mainland Portugal and the Azores, he explored Newfoundland and 2659: 2444:

Da Gama in 1498 marked the beginning of Portuguese influence in Indian Ocean. In 1503 or 1504,

2186: 1868: 1644: 1533: 1529: 1325: 1255:

founded the island's first Spanish settlement at Baracoa; other towns soon followed, including

1241:, Columbus found the island which he called "Isla Juana", later named Cuba. In 1511, the first 1216: 1178:

their new-found, particularly when, in 1497–1499, Vasco da Gama completed the voyage to India.

1111: 1000:

and providing him with unlimited authority to punish and pardon the rebels. Gasca repealed the

984: 669: 629: 12597: 10333: 8639: 7847: 7507: 7453: 7426: 6857: 6697: 6416:

Stern, Steve J. (March 1992). "Paradigms of Conquest: History, Historiography, and Politics".

6362: 5899: 5788: 5728: 5683: 3504:

and Angola. The Dutch intrusion into Brazil was long lasting and troublesome to Portugal. The

3136: 2983: 2529: 1934: 1640: 834: 823: 13100: 13015: 12949: 12582: 12336: 12307: 12106: 12081: 12046: 11860: 11539: 11446: 10636: 10046: 9867: 9756: 9695: 9623: 9533: 9234: 8914: 8544: 8538: 8074: 7597: 7570: 6082: 5688: 5678: 5527: 4504: 4488: 4262: 4033: 3980: 3943: 3917: 3762: 3746: 3391: 3349: 3226:

were established. In 1630 the West India Company conquered part of Brazil, and the colony of

2951: 2851: 2725: 2667: 2625: 2509:

concerning to the behavior of the Portuguese in his country and their role in the developing

2369: 1976: 1699: 1631: 1584: 1411: 1143: 1139: 446: 65: 12234: 11170: 10571: 10358: 10318: 10277: 9251: 8306: 7874: 7401: 6136: 5924: 5349: 5047: 4907: 4361: 3709:

fuelled rumours of mythical places. Stories included the half-fabulous Christian Empire of "

3185: 2388:. The Portuguese sailors sailed eastward to such places as Taiwan, Japan, and the island of 1761: 1745: 1676: 1636: 1373: 1072: 13384: 13251: 13115: 13080: 13000: 12689: 12397: 12292: 12274: 12174: 11898: 11818: 11813: 11529: 11319: 11145: 10814: 10777: 10767: 10707: 10606: 10586: 10481: 10293: 10112: 8989: 8979: 8088: 7730: 5964: 5834: 5768: 5718: 5561: 5477: 5032: 4480: 4193: 4106: 3959: 3897: 3888: 3683: 3640: 3055: 3003: 2592: 2561: 2533: 2502: 2399: 2278: 1990:

explored New Mexico in 1581–1582. They explored a part of the route visited by Coronado in

1680: 1155: 926:, who had gone forth without Pizarro's approval, had already reached Quito. The arrival of 790: 528: 503: 252: 12577: 10671: 10461: 10383: 8067:" (America) struck Europe shortly after Columbus's voyage is also debated among scholars. 7653: 6115: 5839: 5517: 5483: 4087: 3968: 3128: 2596: 2150: 1960: 1562: 1279: 1267: 8: 13217: 12979: 12011: 11991: 11214: 10970: 10955: 10839: 10819: 10772: 10752: 10556: 10551: 10496: 10466: 10232: 9857: 9814: 9771: 9700: 9669: 9440: 9419: 9385: 9291: 9261: 9192: 9036: 9009: 8909: 7308: 5999: 5844: 5657: 5619: 5329: 5200: 4982: 4931: 4796: 3868: 3730: 3505: 3430: 2764:

was the most northerly point frequented by the Portuguese until 1541, when a fleet under

2569: 2553: 2298: 2088: 1509: 1475: 1068: 846: 360: 316: 200: 12209: 10960: 10661: 8627: 8278:. Albuquerque, New Mexico: United States Coronado Exposition Commission. pp. 1–82. 8228:

Their number become thined: Native American population dynamics in Eastern North America

7734: 7455:

Religion, Conflict and Peace in Sri Lanka: The Politics of Interpretation of Nationhoods

6616:"Relación de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro, 1526" 6004: 5808: 5738: 3140: 3132: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2232:

and Aragon territory, it is not surprising that goods were sent via the sea to England,

1956: 1811:

Later they were enslaved for a few years by various Native American tribes of the upper

1270:, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar led the conquest of Cuba in 1511 under orders from Viceroy 943:

assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. In 1546, De Belalcázar ordered the execution of

13429: 13340: 13330: 13236: 13060: 12969: 12748: 12492: 12437: 12412: 12076: 12071: 12041: 12036: 11823: 11616: 10975: 10965: 10940: 10894: 10859: 10717: 10426: 10303: 10176: 9674: 9654: 9314: 9202: 8929: 8697: 8519: 7824: 7746: 7218: 6441: 6283: 6258: 5823: 5489: 5220: 4189: 4122: 4043: 4017: 3718: 3607: 3600: 3408: 3307:

as governor. After several years of open warfare, the Dutch formally withdrew in 1661.

3177: 3019: 2917: 2867: 2795: 2701: 2549: 2510: 2290: 2248: 2098: 2072: 2010: 1902: 1765: 1733:

and eventually reached Florida in August 1525. As a result of his expedition, the 1529

1722: 1718: 1684: 1668: 1367: 1182: 1033: 1009: 726: 715: 641: 637: 624:

their names and/or converted to Catholicism to serve the Castilian Crown. For example,

536: 284: 260: 43: 39: 12959: 10298: 10227: 7355: 6310: 5989: 5763: 5431: 5027:, they participated in the making of the atlas known as "Lopo Homem-Reinés Atlas" or " 4316:

The Spaniards were also skilled at breeding dogs for war, hunting and protection. The

4083: 3319: 3022:, that would last some years or until at least 1570s, based on contemporary accounts. 2332: 2207:

Bronze figure of a Portuguese soldier made by Benin culture in West Africa around 1600

2203: 2068: 1554: 1539: 1467: 1348: 384: 13365: 13295: 13261: 12984: 12974: 12684: 12652: 12532: 12462: 12194: 12169: 12101: 12091: 11929: 11670: 11554: 11329: 11299: 11249: 11155: 11097: 10930: 10702: 10676: 10666: 10656: 10591: 10546: 10476: 10456: 10431: 10378: 10353: 9618: 9145: 9086: 9041: 8900: 8821: 8751: 8735: 8703: 8682: 8548: 8523: 8440: 8314: 8287: 7853: 7804: 7774: 7684: 7659: 7632: 7603: 7576: 7537: 7513: 7486: 7459: 7432: 7405: 7289: 7129: 7089: 7061: 7033: 7008: 6983: 6956: 6703: 6648: 6589: 6570: 6538: 6445: 6433: 6288: 6239: 6229: 6154: 5934: 5849: 5818: 5798: 5748: 5723: 5577: 5252: 5234: 5185: 4935: 4156: 4118: 4007: 3964: 3953: 3790: 3722: 3596: 3412: 3311: 2979: 2909: 2807: 2803: 2675: 2651: 2643: 2588: 2584: 2573: 2494: 2449: 2344: 2252: 2211: 1966:

In 1540, expeditions under Hernando de Alarcon and Melchior Diaz visited the area of

1789: 1452: 1427: 1147: 1051: 1005: 991: 927: 907: 860: 734: 493: 406: 332: 324: 217: 209: 69: 12562: 12427: 12393: 9176: 8631: 6257:

Martinez VP, Bellomo C, San Juan J, Pinna D, Forlenza R, Elder M, Padula PJ (2005).

5733: 5703: 4775:

Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese ships also made trips further out to gather

4281: 2395: 1448: 1385: 948: 13065: 13005: 12989: 12872: 12836: 12743: 12647: 12447: 12264: 12239: 12056: 12051: 11828: 11502: 10787: 10782: 10747: 10727: 10486: 10363: 10262: 10166: 9628: 9468: 8509: 8283: 8279: 7738: 6425: 6278: 6270: 6087: 5984: 5979: 5753: 5743: 5613: 5601: 5549: 5537: 5505: 5471: 5447: 5319: 5147: 5120: 5001: 4923: 4891: 4835: 4823: 4815: 4784: 4136: 4110: 3798: 3651:) were indigenous fevers transmitted by rodents and aggravated by the drought. The 3555: 3470: 3451: 3303:

in Brazil were in a constant state of siege, in spite of the presence in Recife of

3204: 3116: 3112: 3074: 3063: 2639: 2565: 2557: 2517: 2482: 2471: 2237: 2229: 2190: 2182: 2133: 1891: 1793: 1764:

of 600 men that between 1527 and 1535 explored the mainland of North America. From

1485: 1459: 1439: 1363: 1355: 1287: 1222: 1115: 980: 940: 936: 915: 815: 757: 689: 673: 665: 657: 633: 585: 532: 392: 372: 213: 191: 147: 141: 85: 11165: 9197: 8514: 8498:"El uso táctico de las armas de fuego en las guerras civiles peruanas (1538–1547)" 8497: 7534:"The European outthrust and encounter: the first phase c. 1400–c. 1700", pp. 85–86 7395: 6097:, a Renaissance-era military formation sometimes referred to as the Spanish Square 5909: 5904: 5859: 5294: 4886: 4321: 3244:, was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1636 by the 3067: 2001:

sent another expedition in 1648 to explore, conquer and colonize the Californias.

1942: 1740: 696: 485: 13188: 12867: 12826: 12811: 12774: 12738: 12632: 12527: 12442: 12417: 12378: 12363: 12184: 12021: 11507: 11230:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

10980: 10920: 10834: 10742: 10616: 10596: 10561: 10343: 10313: 10252: 9862: 9852: 9748: 9633: 9525: 9482: 9242: 9150: 9021: 8271: 8223: 8183:"Naked Science | What Killed the Aztecs? | National Geographic Channel" 8111: 8095: 7896: 7881: 7369: 7283: 6977: 6946: 6674: 6642: 6585: 6566: 6383: 6120: 6049: 5773: 5651: 5499: 5389: 5270: 5228: 4993: 4902: 4863: 4546: 4370:, the first European dog known to reach North America; another famous dog called 4354: 4330: 4293: 3913: 3883: 3832: 3816: 3738: 3660: 3531: 3466: 3379: 3052: 2847: 2814:

in August 1511, one Portuguese diary noted 'it is thirty years since they became

2787: 2610:

In 1509, the Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida won a critical victory in the

2541: 2340: 2336: 2119: 2094: 2084: 1922: 1726: 1517: 976: 952: 884: 749: 685: 621: 368: 364: 300: 264: 10889: 7827:. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage). 2000 6336: 5959: 5894: 5869: 5042:

The third phase of nautical cartography was characterized by the abandonment of

4172:

civilization, they supported one side of a civil war. The Spanish overthrew the

3864: 3492:

was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1637 by the

3158: 3078: 2938: 1706:, and probably established some in the latter as well. In Terranova they hunted 1570: 1561:

was the most important site in Colonial Spanish America, located in the current

1333: 1193: 1047: 13119: 13085: 12929: 12904: 12861: 12851: 12841: 12831: 12789: 12572: 12383: 12373: 12066: 12026: 12016: 11477: 11467: 11398: 10824: 10737: 10621: 10373: 10196: 10181: 10082: 10056: 10041: 9922: 9517: 9511: 9415: 9182: 9096: 9046: 8924: 8878: 8725:

The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico

8652: 6511: 6485: 6063: 5974: 5939: 5411: 5214: 4997: 4927: 4875: 4776: 4593: 4570: 4524:, published in Leiria in 1496, were used along with its improved astrolabe, by 4521: 4500: 4398: 3995: 3984: 3872: 3805: 3615: 3476: 3424: 3353: 3276: 3189: 3173: 3154: 3059: 2647: 2545: 2381: 2282: 2256: 2026: 2018: 1938: 1864: 1757: 1749: 1656: 1497: 1351:. The expedition returned to Cuba to report on the discovery of this new land. 1266:, where the native Indians had revolted against the administration of governor 1126:

converted Jews and non-Christians to turn Iberia into a religious homogeneity.

996: 880: 781: 765: 610: 581: 402: 205: 51: 13221: 13205: 13025: 9329: 8789:

The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization

7260: 6667: 6429: 6243: 5558:, Peru,(1536–40), Bolivia,(1538–39) Chile, (1540–1553) and Argentina (1562–64) 5184:

were crucial in Portuguese exploration, colonization, and pacification of the

5035:

handed Lopo Homem a charter giving him the privilege to certify and amend all

4151: 2599:

in 1520. Francisco Álvares book, which included the testimony of Covilhã, the

1835:

and others. In 1534 they escaped into the American interior, contacting other

1725:'s fleet, explored Nova Scotia, sailing South through Maine, where he entered 1377: 1271: 1075:, became the main sponsor of exploration travels. In 1415, Portugal conquered 850: 842: 429:

led numerous conquests and visits in the name of the Portuguese Empire across

13554: 13075: 12919: 12888: 12856: 12800: 12768: 12607: 12567: 12557: 12552: 12542: 12537: 12472: 12467: 12422: 11986: 11943: 11472: 11413: 11294: 10388: 9238: 9155: 8964: 8407:"Corpo Cronológico (Collection of Manuscripts on the Portuguese Discoveries)" 7655:

Sacred Space and Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'Ite Islam

6437: 6014: 5954: 5949: 5405: 5062: 4951: 4846: 4804: 4780: 4585: 4525: 4508: 4378:, and the first European dog known to see the Pacific Ocean, was a mascot of 4246: 4217: 4132: 4071: 3843: 3824: 3794: 3497: 3481: 3404: 3400: 3364: 3241: 3162: 2819: 2745: 2717: 2690: 2681: 2615: 2611: 2434: 2430: 2361: 2354: 2325: 2271: 1967: 1906: 1852: 1816: 1785: 1780:. After several months of fighting native inhabitants through wilderness and 1691: 1615: 1478:

was established in 1542, encompassing all Spanish holdings in South America.

1397: 1329: 1302: 677: 617:

were Native American women slaves who were forced to work for the Spaniards.

519: 430: 414: 396: 312: 304: 212:

soldiers and explorers who carried out the conquests and explorations of the

13166: 13162: 12154: 12149: 8834: 8388: 5919: 5874: 4233: 3991:, that were typical in Aragon. These laws were later used in the new lands. 1773: 660:

Hispanicised as Jorge de la Espira, Eusebio Francesco Chini Hispanicised as

13158: 13134: 13090: 13040: 13035: 12924: 12909: 12893: 12758: 12709: 12704: 12679: 12657: 12622: 12502: 12204: 12139: 12096: 11665: 11403: 11393: 11388: 11160: 11150: 10879: 10272: 10097: 9613: 9389: 9071: 8919: 8318: 8291: 6292: 6274: 6076: 6035: 5631: 5531: 5181: 5151: 5028: 5020: 5005: 4959: 4854: 4839: 4831: 4819: 4808: 4346: 3750: 3710: 3635: 3624: 3592: 3508:

captured a large portion of the Brazilian coast including the provinces of

3458: 3334: 3330: 3227: 3101: 3011: 2898: 2872: 2835: 2721: 2713: 2459: 2194: 2145:

traversed the coast of California and named many of its features. In 1601,

2030: 1824: 1730: 1595: 1415: 1212: 1041: 1004:, the issue around which the rebellion had been organized. Gasca convinced 856: 773: 761: 730: 707: 661: 628:(known as Juan de Fuca) was a Castilian of Greek origin who discovered the 625: 454: 296: 292: 73: 12642: 10471: 8139: 7875:

Marshlands: Records of Life on the Tantramar: European Contact and Mapping

5793: 5009: 4962:), although Dulcert also included some imaginary islands himself, notably 3108: 3062:, but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a 2999: 2465: 2458:

Dunga." This hands-off approach ended when Portugal established a fort on

2324:, finding Kongo villages and becoming the first European to encounter the 2306: 1414:

and his men became the first Europeans to travel the entire length of the

1297: 588:

and Spanish conquistadors seeing the Mississippi River for the first time.

499: 13154: 13144: 12763: 12694: 12547: 12517: 12224: 12116: 11996: 10061: 9887: 9456: 9334: 7115:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

6588:; Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570. (p. 12) 6569:; Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570. (p. 11) 5803: 5645: 5353: 5204: 5090: 4850: 4614: 4492: 4270: 4196:

was composed of 200,000 soldiers, of which fewer than 1% were Spaniards.

4177: 4145: 3988: 3901: 3852: 3828: 3809: 3623:

epidemic. The first epidemic was recorded in 1529 and killed the emperor

3568: 3383: 3338: 3015: 3007: 2619: 2525: 2420: 2321: 2310: 2305:, the modern Elmina, was founded for the protection of the Guinea trade. 2076: 2057: 2004: 1994:

and other parts in the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542.

1876: 1860: 1711: 1601: 1505: 1238: 1203:, established in 1509, was the first Spanish settlement on the island of 1065: 1037: 899: 811: 796:

The conquistadors took many different roles, including religious leader,

742: 738: 614: 462: 458: 441:, as well as commercial colonies in Asia, founding the origins of modern 422: 320: 256: 241: 10051: 6924: 4827: 3948: 3085:, who lived among the Tupinamba natives near today's Salvador de Bahia. 2958:

in 1497 and 1498. To that end, in 1499 and 1500, the Portuguese mariner

2403: 2219: 688:

from Spain were actually using Portuguese, Basque, Catalan, Italian and

13192: 13030: 13010: 12452: 12244: 12006: 11408: 11378: 10925: 9659: 8939: 8020: 7897:"Tratado das ilhas novas e descombrimento dellas e outras couzas, 1570" 7750: 5813: 5635: 5313: 5024: 4981:

Mestre Jacome was a Majorcan cartographer induced by Portuguese prince

4605: 4366: 4350: 4206: 3848: 3611: 3572: 3268: 3253: 3043: 2955: 2913: 2882: 2663: 2314: 2080: 1991: 1886: 1856: 1812: 1769: 1672: 1294:

to arrest him. Grijalva was sent out with four ships and some 240 men.

1263: 1243: 1229:

and spanish conquistadors claiming the Pacific Ocean for Spain in 1513.

1167: 1151: 972: 831: 753: 12637: 8766:

The Faces of Honor: Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America

8313:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The Bruce Publishing Company. pp. 1–225. 6376: 4811: 3694: 3513: 2974:

brothers explored and charted Greenland and the coasts of present-day

2791: 2775:

In 1511, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the city of

1799: 1580: 1407: 13437: 13213: 13209: 13184: 12934: 12269: 12159: 9892: 9649: 9549: 9324: 9226: 9160: 8782:

Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil

8064: 7482:

Kandy fights the Portuguese: a military history of Kandyan resistance

5994: 5854: 5778: 5441: 5415: 5013: 4939: 4895: 4601: 4513: 4484: 4394: 4334: 4237:

Spanish conquistador in the Pavilion of Navigation in Seville, Spain.

3734: 3628: 3580: 3030: 2963: 2905: 2858: 2799: 2776: 2729: 2438: 2244: 2053: 1899: 1737:

world map outlined the East coast of North America almost perfectly.

1234: 1174: 1163: 1135: 1114:

married Isabella of Castile, unifying both kingdoms and creating the

957: 864: 819: 649: 567: 559: 507: 481: 410: 380: 268: 245: 12718: 12388: 7742: 7718: 6699:

The Black Middle: Africans, Mayas, and Spaniards in Colonial Yucatan

5337: 4630: 4479:

In the thirteenth century they were guided by the sun position. For

4418: 4390: 3820: 3550: 2149:

mapped the coastline in detail and gave new names to many features.

1558: 437:, going "anticlockwise" along the continent's coast right up to the 13200: 13050: 12592: 12587: 12477: 12457: 11660: 10066: 8944: 8409:. UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 16 May 2008. Archived from 5521: 5333: 5278: 5128: 4609: 4517: 4254: 4250: 3620: 3564: 3219: 2705: 2634: 2487: 2445: 2347:

in 1488, thus proving that the Indian Ocean was accessible by sea.

2233: 2154: 2127: 2044: 1777: 1695: 1512:

in modern-day Colombia, as governor. After some expeditions to the

1381: 1001: 968: 963: 918:, before they became enemies to the Inca Empire's northern city of 894:

A figure of a Moor being trampled by a conquistador's horse at the

806: 719: 594: 555: 388: 348: 221: 55: 12612: 8071:"Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World" 7629:

A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels (Complete)

5826:

also known as Ferdinand Magellan and Magallanes, served Spain too.

4520:

calculations. The tables of the Almanach Perpetuum, by astronomer

4499:, for measuring at sea the height of the sun and other stars. The 4338: 3517: 3342: 3123:

when France founded several colonies. Mem de Sá was supporting of

2728:

in 1507, and in 1507 and 1515, respectively. He also entered into

2650:. In 1526, a large force of Portuguese ships under the command of 1953:("Red River") was first applied to a tributary of the Gila River. 1651: 827: 13196: 12733: 12617: 12358: 12254: 12229: 12214: 12134: 12129: 12086: 12061: 12031: 11224: 11195: 9705: 9690: 8847: 7235: 7141:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

7056:

Arthur Percival, Newton (1970) . "Vasco da Gama and The Indies".

5282: 5132: 5043: 5036: 4800: 4589: 4566: 4558: 4551: 4317: 4258: 4213: 3906: 3896:

to mislead any other nation's possible efforts. For example, the

3860: 3742: 3726: 3644: 3588: 3584: 3535: 3521: 3323: 3257: 3146: 3081:, who lived among the Guaianaz tribe near today's São Paulo, and 2921: 2886: 2839: 2811: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2671: 2580: 2537: 2414: 2385: 2123: 2038: 2034: 1914: 1880: 1848: 1820: 1707: 1660: 1393: 1359: 1321: 1204: 1091: 1062: 1017: 489: 470: 438: 376: 340: 225: 13428: 12662: 8618:"Mestre Jacome" the Majorcan cartographer is first mentioned by 8600:, "Vanguard of the Empire", Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 30 8155:"Tree Rings Reveal History of History-Changing Mexican Droughts" 4930:

map. Evidently drawing from the information provided in 1336 by

4906:

Pre-mercator navigation chart of the Coast of Africa (1571), by

4759: 4569:. The caravel particularly benefited from a greater capacity to 1301:

A page (folio 67), depicting indigenous Mexican warriors in the

13139: 13129: 12512: 12507: 12432: 12368: 12249: 12199: 12189: 12164: 10161: 9715: 9710: 9487: 8679:

Conquistadores: A New History of Spanish Discovery and Conquest

8350: 6093: 5274: 5246: 5224: 5154:

woman and later fought with the Mayas against the conquistadors

4915: 4562: 4342: 3926: 3774: 3668: 3576: 3539: 3501: 3403:

and later to the integration of Portugal and its empire at the

3376: 3272: 3249: 3231: 3223: 3124: 2967: 2943: 2916:, and therefore the Portuguese navigators preferred to use the 2862: 2843: 2655: 2521: 2409: 2302: 2294: 2264: 2158: 2115: 2110: 1525: 1256: 1159: 1099: 1095: 931: 785: 563: 434: 391:

respectively. All these conquests founded the basis for modern

352: 308: 237: 229: 7705:

Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery (Vol 1)

7631:. Vol. VI. W. Blackwood and T. Cadell. pp. 441–442. 7554:

Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe

7084:

Koch, Peter O. (2003). "Following the Dream of Prince Henry".

6920:

Luisa de Abrego: Marriage, Bigamy, and the Spanish Inquisition

6377:

The Spanish Colonial System, 1550–1800. Population Development

5077:

The Magellan–Elcano voyage. The first travel around the world.

2790:

explored the Indian Ocean in 1528, he explored the islands of

2289:), and three expeditions in 1458, 1461 and 1471, were sent to 2215:

Portuguese expansion in Africa and the Middle East (1415–1801)

156: 27:

Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period

13433: 12779: 12723: 12714: 12602: 12179: 11202: 9476: 9140: 8481:

On the website of the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.

7215:"Spanish first European NZ explorers? – National News | TVNZ" 5323: 4597: 4289: 4242: 4173: 4091: 3972: 3856: 3698: 3509: 3200: 3120: 2954:, Manuel I claimed territorial rights in the area visited by 2890: 2878: 2815: 2780: 2536:, in 1505. The Portuguese founded a fort at the port city of 2389: 2377: 2041:, and laid the foundations for the Christian religion there. 1781: 1489: 1194:

Colonization of the Caribbean, Mesoamerica, and South America

1076: 919: 797: 450: 418: 344: 13361:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

11928: 8331: 6359:""The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" by James Axtell" 6256: 4491:, which they made easier and simpler. They also created the 4241:

Spanish conquistadors in the Americas made extensive use of

3765:

reported that some of the Lost Tribes were living among the

3295:

From 1630 to 1654, the Dutch set up more permanently in the

2516:

The aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India were

1146:(7 June 1494) which modified the delimitation authorized by 1094:

crossing Africa and India. In 1434 the first consignment of

127: 9545: 9460: 7845: 7556:, San Francisco: Westview Press, 1995, pp. 299–333 at 7086:

To the Ends of the Earth: The Age of the European Explorers

5399: 5242: 4169: 2769: 2737: 2733: 2694: 2102: 2083:

Legazpi established settlements in the East Indies and the

1401: 1344: 1248: 1086:

sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for

328: 233: 171: 121: 9438: 8699:

Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America

7532:

Cecil H. Clough, David B. Quinn, Paul Edward Hedley Hair,

2601:

Verdadeira Informação das Terras do Preste João das Indias

2025:

sailed to the Philippines in 1542–1543. From 1546 to 1547

1863:. In 1539, Estevanico was one of four men who accompanied 784:. In 1536, Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas went to 566:, led to the deaths of many indigenous inhabitants of the 405:

conquistadors also made significant explorations into the

168: 91: 7716: 7315: 6532: 4946:

and marked by a Genoese shield, as well as the island of

2924:

at the north proved to be a more practical port of call.

2373: 2101:(Agaña) is the capital of the United States territory of 1573:. Buenos Aires was established in 1536, establishing the 1524:, who ended up discovering and conquering the indigenous 1313:

was one of the most significant events in world history.

112: 7424: 7168:"Portuguese visited New Zealand '250 years before Cook'" 6815:"La odisea en Terranova de los balleneros vascos – GARA" 6771:"John Wesley Powell's Exploration of the Colorado River" 4783:

information. These voyages revealed the archipelagos of

3437:, Spanish admiral famous for never having lost a battle. 2618:

and Arab fleet sent to counteract their presence in the

2247:. Those routes were dominated first by the republics of 1819:; then down the Gulf of California coast to what is now 1694:

were fur trading, fishing cod and whaling in Terranova (

510:

crew making their first landfall in the Americas in 1492

7005:

Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire

6773:. U.S. Geological Survey. 28 March 2006. Archived from 4273:

technique that developed in Europe many decades after.

3773:

wrote that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of

3480:

The combined Spanish and Portuguese empires during the

2466:

After 1500: West and East Africa, Asia, and the Pacific

2255:, and then by the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of 1166:, at a distance of 370 leagues (1,800 km) west of 789:

method was championed by prominent Franciscans such as

718:

families, and as such they were members of the Spanish

11279: 8210:

American population dynamics in Eastern North Americas

7027: 6948:

Capitol Names: Individuals Woven into Oregon's History

4483:

like other Europeans, they used Greek tools, like the

3797:, although Solis's navigational data placed it in the 2368:

discovered Brazil, claiming it for Portugal. In 1510,

2137:

Areas of Alaska and British Columbia Explored by Spain

2005:

Asia and Oceania colonization, and Pacific exploration

13356:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

9193:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

8132:"Did major droughts doom cultures of ancient Mexico?" 8117:

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

7568: 6228:(Tenth ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 4360:

The most famous of these dogs of war was a mascot of

3823:, in modern-day Bolivia. They discovered new routes, 2105:, ancient city of the Spanish possessions in Oceania. 1839:

tribes along the way. Only four men, Cabeza de Vaca,

983:

of Francisco Pizarro, rose in revolt, killed viceroy

165: 159: 153: 130: 115: 106: 100: 94: 88: 7232:

Map proves Portuguese discovered Australia: new book

6537:. Vol. 1. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 8. 6025: 5671: 3851:. He managed to penetrate the outer defences of the 3725:, cities of Gold in North and South America such as 2708:

in Japan was founded in 1570 by Portuguese explorers

1488:

led the first Spanish expedition south of Peru into

1458:

Dávila made an agreement with Francisco Pizarro and

124: 118: 8257:"El imaginario del conquistador español (página 3)" 8230:. Knoxville (Tenn.): University of Tennessee Press. 8212:. Knoxville (Tenn.): University of Tennessee Press. 7330:"Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa" 7112: 6916: 3819:such as silver, which was particularly abundant in 3359: 3248:on recommendation of Frederick Henry. He landed at 2678:, who served with the title of "governor-general". 2017:to go to Asia by the western route to colonize the 263:from the west and south of Spain, began building a 174: 150: 97: 8642:) adds that he was also a master instrument-maker. 8309:[Fray Marcos and the Coronado Adventure]. 8245:. Berkeley (Cal.): University of California Press. 7926: 7924: 7595: 7505: 7101:Catherine before his contract came up for renewal. 6702:. Stanford University Press. pp. xv, 7, 114. 6325: 3115:of Brazil in 1556, succeeding Duarte da Costa, in 2524:began with the arrival of Portuguese soldiers and 2087:in 1565. He was the first governor-general of the 994:to restore the peace, naming him president of the 961:. In 1544, Lope de Aguirre and Melchor Verdugo (a 745:, where many of the Spanish conquerors were born. 303:and parts of what is now the southern and western 299:, conquistadors expanded Spanish rule to northern 8585:American holocaust: the conquest of the New World 7451: 6677:from boliviaweb.com. Retrieved 27 September 2010. 6510:. Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Archived from 6484:. Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Archived from 6223: 5193: 4996:, son of Jewish cartographer Abraham Cresques of 3983:, the most important administrative organ of the 2579:More envoys were sent in 1507 to Ethiopia, after 2564:, launched a full-scale military invasion of the 680:was known as Alejo García in the Castilian army. 204:; lit 'conquerors') is the term used to refer to 13552: 8561: 7478: 6151:Prospects of democracy: a study of 172 countries 3777:to cure his aging. A similar account appears in 3073:The Portuguese frequently relied on the help of 2413:1630 map of the Portuguese fort and the city of 1392:. Dávila was a soldier in wars against Moors at 9737: 8803:Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History 8452: 7921: 7849:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire: 1415–1580 7803:(2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 25. 7773:(2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 24. 7683:(2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 26. 7499: 7055: 6750: 6748: 6695: 6618:. bloknot.info (A. Skromnitsky). Archived from 6224:Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019). 3473:to roughly the same borders as current Brazil. 2740:, an expedition led by Albuquerque cruised the 2486:was founded some time after the arrival of the 2199:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia 1748:(until November 1528), and a reconstruction of 1105: 13586:Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery 13336:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 13321:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 8491: 8489: 8487: 8437:La Rábida. Historia documental crítica. 4 vol. 8325: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7393: 7352:"African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade" 6613: 6259:"Person-to-person transmission of Andes virus" 5150:, a shipwrecked Spanish mariner who married a 3767:Native Americans of the Andes in South America 3415:cousin of his father, due to this, Philip was 3203:in 1604, and temporarily captured the capital 2685:Forte de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Ormuz ( 2067:was commissioned by the viceroy of New Spain, 1520:. This expedition was commanded by Licentiate 1286:, ordered expeditions, one led by his nephew, 1170:. Spain received the lands west of this line. 818:was a Maya war leader for Nachan Can, Lord of 13571:History of indigenous peoples of the Americas 13414: 11914: 11265: 9382:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 8863: 8839: 8425: 7969: 7951: 7717:E. C. Abendanon; E. Heawood (December 1919). 6923:, University of South Florida, archived from 3275:), in the future Dutch colony of Brazil were 1626: 955:who crowned himself king while searching for 644:, Hispanicised as Nicolás de Federmán, was a 9057:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 8780:Lockhart, James and Stuart Schwartz (1983). 8495: 8458: 7903: 7562: 7445: 6745: 6500: 4382:and accompanied him on several expeditions. 3310:Portuguese sent military expeditions to the 3267:In 1624 most of the inhabitants of the town 1546:, conquistador of the New Kingdom of Granada 1090:such as firearms, spices, silver, gold, and 359:, and its northern regions were explored by 248:" under the dominion of Spain and Portugal. 13601:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery 8771: 8603: 8484: 7801:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 7787: 7771:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 7757: 7681:A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 7672: 7622: 7572:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1300 7512:. Asian Educational Services. p. 232. 7400:. University of California Press. pp. 7240:Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia 7032:. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. 6689: 5261:(Colombia, 1536–1539, Venezuela, 1569–1572) 4659:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4447:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4016:which contained a number of members of the 3937: 3322:, in the Eastern Strip region (present-day 3165:), and to the Amazon River and the Atlantic 2424:Portuguese in the Persian Gulf (1507–1750). 2320:In 1483, Diogo Cão sailed up the uncharted 2285:was explored as far as Cape St. Catherine ( 1032:A page of the Durán Codex (1576) depicting 871:After Mexico fell, Hernán Cortés's enemies 445:. Notable Portuguese conquistadors include 13421: 13407: 11921: 11907: 11272: 11258: 8870: 8856: 8764:Johnson, Lyman, and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera. 7839: 7589: 7546: 7485:. Vijitha Yapa Publications. p. 148. 7472: 4758: 4722: 4581:. Columbus also used them in his travels. 3667:believe that the indigenous population in 3545: 2260:spice, wool and silk were big businesses. 2126:traveled across the Pacific Ocean between 1434:. In 1524 he sent another expedition with 1057: 692:languages, which were wrongly identified. 13326:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 11176:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 8676: 8576: 8513: 8240: 8216: 8089:The Journey of Alvar Nuńez Cabeza de Vaca 8021:Facsimiles of multiple original documents 7575:. Stanford University Press. p. 23. 7418: 7387: 6878: 6644:Francisco Pizarro: Conqueror of the Incas 6640: 6282: 5408:(Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, 16th century) 4679:Learn how and when to remove this message 4467:Learn how and when to remove this message 3333:in the region that would later be called 3034:Cabral's voyage to Brazil and India, 1500 2962:visited the northeast Atlantic coast and 2942:Portuguese North America (in present-day 2834:was shipwrecked at Hitu Island (northern 2172: 1276:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba expedition 706:Conquistadors praying before a battle at 676:was Américo Vespucio, and the Portuguese 13535:Indigenous peoples by geographic regions 11930:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 11181:Colonial universities in the Philippines 8732:The Routledge History of Western Empires 8720:. Reprint edition, Lawbook Exchange Ltd. 8695: 8342:Historia general y natural de las Indias 7895:de Souza, Francisco (18 November 1877). 7894: 7798: 7768: 7678: 7616: 7431:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 153. 7191: 6975: 6944: 6148: 4901: 4885: 4545: 4389: 4288: 4280: 4232: 4150: 4127: 4105: 4038: 3958: 3947: 3882: 3688: 3549: 3475: 3429: 3363: 3145: 3091: 3029: 2937: 2877: 2700: 2680: 2419: 2408: 2349: 2218: 2210: 2202: 2132: 2109:The Spanish settled and took control of 2093: 2043: 1955: 1885: 1798: 1739: 1650: 1630: 1600: 1579: 1538: 1480: 1447: 1406: 1296: 1221: 1046: 1027: 889: 855: 701: 580: 513: 498: 480: 283:as their main bases. From 1519 to 1521, 60: 38: 13581:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 10172:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 8768:. University of New Mexico Press, 2003. 8269: 8243:The Indian population of Central Mexico 8106: 8104: 7362: 7281: 7275: 7088:. McFarland & Company. p. 62. 7002: 6754: 6736: 4770:World map of the five major ocean gyres 4503:became a reference upon the arrival of 4113:'s 1646 engraving of the conquistadors 3018:), and established a fishing colony on 2934:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 2281:(1443–1481), surnamed the African, the 1937:and his fleet reached the mouth of the 1347:in search of slaves along the coast of 922:to claim it. Their fellow conquistador 725:The two most famous conquistadors were 375:and others. For southwestern Colombia, 14: 13553: 11125: 8431: 8304: 8222: 7328:Pearce, Francis Barrow (30 May 2017). 7327: 7321: 5097:(white) and its eastwards rivals, the 4793:Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago 4749: 4740: 4731: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4223: 4101: 3469:expanded from the small limits of the 3352:. After the Iberian Union period, the 3192:in 1567, and to the northwest, taking 2978:, claiming these lands as part of the 2499:Roman Catholic Church in Kongo kingdom 2331:On 7 May 1487, two Portuguese envoys, 2079:had earlier been named by Villalobos. 2029:worked in Maluku among the peoples of 1894:route through the Southeast, 1539–1542 1815:. They continued through Coahuila and 1188: 800:keeper, King or Emperor, deserter and 425:. Conquistadors in the service of the 13402: 11902: 11253: 11124: 11020: 11019: 10143: 10021: 9736: 9595: 9563: 9500: 9437: 9352: 9275: 9215: 9129: 9118: 8890: 8889: 8851: 8838: 8745: 8718:De Indis et de Iure Belli Relectiones 8562:Jonathan Yardley (5 September 2004). 8333:Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo 7899:. p. 6 – via Google Books. 7852:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 464. 7302: 7113:Gates, Louis; Anthony Appiah (1999). 7106: 6415: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6072:European colonization of the Americas 5638:, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Florida, Mexico) 5362:(United States, 1527–1536, 1540–1542) 4620: 3653:cocoliztli epidemic from 1545 to 1548 3610:and the Spaniards first explored the 3490:John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen 3411:. Philip was married to his relative 3407:for 60 years under Sebastian's uncle 3329:In the 1690s, gold was discovered by 2646:, where he was well received by King 1396:in Spain, and in North Africa, under 259:in 1492, the Spanish, usually led by 201:[kõkiʃtɐˈðoɾɨʃ,kõkistɐˈdoɾis] 199: 190: 13596:Spanish colonization of the Americas 9453:Captaincy General of the Philippines 8945:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 8815: 8582: 8536: 8399: 8110: 8101: 8068: 7846:Bailey Bailey Wallys Diffie (1977). 7729:(6). Blackwell Publishing: 347–355. 7651: 7536:, Liverpool University Press, 1994, 7285:Zanzibar: Its History and Its People 7083: 6474: 6173: 6153:. New York: Routledge. p. 112. 5492:(Venezuela and Colombia, 1537–1539). 4657:adding citations to reliable sources 4624: 4445:adding citations to reliable sources 4412: 4028:of about eight counsellors. Emperor 3771:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 3665:University of California at Berkeley 2520:. The period of European contact of 1311:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 839:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 327:and sailing the Pacific to northern 319:. Other conquistadors took over the 289:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 48:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 12354:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 11156:Indochristian painting in New Spain 9276: 8796:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 8702:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 8347:Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library 8152: 8063:Whether several diseases from "the 7652:Cole, Juan Ricardo (28 June 2002). 7458:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 135. 6757:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 6726:. Cambridge University Press. 2011. 6647:. Compass Point Books. p. 52. 5622:(Chile 1583–1592, Panamá 1592–1604) 5462:(Perú, 1535–1540; Chile, 1550–1552) 5386:(Argentina and Paraguay, 1535–1556) 5267:(Canary Island, Colombia 1509–1536) 4845:The knowledge of wind patterns and 4542:Iberian ship development, 1400–1600 4385: 3176:, from 1555 to 1567, the so-called 3002:rights to the inner islands of the 2986:(with other Europeans) in 1473, to 2437:reached Anjadir, Kannut, Kochi and 2013:ordered an expedition led by friar 1988:Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition 1867:as a guide in search of the fabled 1358:of gold in the area of what is now 741:. They were second cousins born in 531:' first voyage there and the first 24: 13346:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 12325:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 11553: 11281:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 10123:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 9596: 8877: 8727:. Stanford University Press, 1964. 8670: 8464:"Tomo I. Capítulo XXXIV, pág. 256" 8241:Cook, S. F.; Borah, W. W. (1963). 8207: 7140: 7003:Crowley, Roger (1 December 2015). 6668:Bolivia & Main Cities / Potosí 6210: 3693:Francisco de Orellana monument in 3230:(capital Mauritsstad, present-day 3184:, from 1612 to 1614 the so-called 2736:. In 1513 while trying to conquer 2687:Fort of Our Lady of the Conception 2662:was based. Earlier expeditions by 1921:explored the western coastline of 1827:. Later they were enslaved by the 1575:Governorate of the Río de la Plata 1569:, established in 1527 next to the 1384:'s family. In 1519 Dávila founded 1110:After his father's death in 1479, 939:'s orders. In 1541, supporters of 896:National Museum of the Viceroyalty 216:. Conquistadors sailed beyond the 25: 13612: 12337:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 12308:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 9353: 9216: 9097:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 8138:. 9 February 2011. Archived from 7425:Chandra Richard De Silva (2009). 7192:Stirling, Rose (10 August 2011). 6614:Juan de Sámano (9 October 2009). 6418:Journal of Latin American Studies 6177:50 Battles That Changed the World 5672:People in the service of Portugal 5374:(Ecuador and Colombia, 1533–1536) 5000:in Majorca, and Italian-Majorcan 3447:English-Spanish wars of 1585–1604 3066:to administer the entire colony, 2912:. Their main African base was in 1496:In early 1536, the Adelantado of 1466:, but became governor in 1527 of 13512: 13497: 13482: 13467: 13452: 13378: 12330:Archaeological sites in Colombia 12303:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 11328: 11208:Criollos in the colonial society 11136:Spanish missions in the Americas 10258:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 8645: 8612: 8591: 8530: 8381: 8368: 8298: 8263: 8249: 8234: 8201: 8175: 8165: 8146: 6469:Journal das Ciências Matemáticas 6056: 6042: 6028: 5310:Juan Vásquez de Coronado y Anaya 5174: 5159: 5140: 5113: 5082: 5070: 5055: 4753: gyre 4694: 4629: 4417: 3925:Latin America, was inscribed on 3737:, and wonderful kingdoms of the 3360:Iberian Union period (1580–1640) 3025: 2966:and the north Atlantic coast of 2927: 1859:, survived and escaped to reach 990:The Emperor commissioned bishop 810:was a Portuguese settler in the 146: 84: 12313:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 11235:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 9119: 8791:. University of Michigan Press. 8734:, Routledge, London/ New York, 8696:Chasteen, John Charles (2001). 8124: 8081: 8057: 8052:The Grand Strategy of Philip II 8044: 8035: 8026: 8014: 8005: 7996: 7987: 7978: 7960: 7942: 7933: 7912: 7888: 7866: 7817: 7710: 7697: 7645: 7526: 7394:K. M. De Silva (January 1981). 7344: 7259:. 4 August 2009. Archived from 7253:"The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles" 7245: 7225: 7207: 7185: 7160: 7134: 7121: 7077: 7060:. Ayer Publishing. p. 48. 7049: 7030:A History of Sub-Saharan Africa 7021: 6996: 6969: 6938: 6910: 6901: 6892: 6872: 6854:"Balleneros vascos en Islandia" 6846: 6837: 6807: 6798: 6789: 6763: 6730: 6724:Latin America in Colonial Times 6716: 6680: 6661: 6634: 6607: 6598: 6579: 6560: 6551: 6526: 6461: 6452: 6409: 6389: 6369: 6351: 5634:(Multiple campaigns 1502–1530, 5380:(Peru, Argentina, 16th century) 5305:Juan Roque (Zape Confraternity) 3787:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda 3674: 3172:tried to settle in present-day 2897:The Portuguese first landed in 2752:island. In 1521, a force under 2483:Cidade de Congo de São Salvador 2179:History of Portugal (1415–1578) 1400:intervening in the Conquest of 9564: 9287:Captaincy General of Guatemala 8995:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 8716:de Vitoria, Francisco (2006). 8543:. North Point Press. pp. 8496:Espino López, Antonio (2012). 8376:Historia General de las Indias 7569:Merle Calvin Ricklefs (1993). 6982:. translated by. AuthorHouse. 6299: 6250: 6184: 6167: 6142: 6128: 6121:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 6108: 5586:(Peru and Colombia, 1521–1543) 5438:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 5428:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 5194:People in the service of Spain 5167:Conquest of the Canary Islands 4944:Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus 4881: 4535: 4182:conquest of the Canary Islands 3783:Historia General de las Indias 3457:From 1580 to 1670 mostly, the 3096:The Portuguese victory at the 1436:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 1341:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 1138:by Spain rendered desirable a 951:was killed by his subordinate 930:from the lands known today as 522:, Viceroy of Portuguese India. 295:. From the territories of the 13: 1: 13257:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 12318:Archaeological sites in Chile 11186:General Archive of the Indies 10447:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 10118:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 10103:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 9052:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 9005:War of the Spanish Succession 8970:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 8784:. Cambridge University Press. 8515:10.18800/historica.201202.001 7825:"John Cabot's voyage of 1498" 7143:"Proof of Spanish discovery?" 6945:Cogswell, Philip Jr. (1977). 6686:Abad de Santillán, pp. 96–140 6198:. A&E Television Networks 6101: 5289:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado 4966:, and three islands he names 4408: 4296:used in expeditions and guard 3369:Battle of Cartagena de Indias 2712:To enforce a trade monopoly, 1997:The viceroy of New Spain Don 1911:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 1845:Alonso del Castillo Maldonado 1553:arrived again to the renamed 1259:, which was founded in 1515. 1207:, which the Spaniards called 1173:The known means of measuring 1082:Throughout the 15th century, 1079:, its first overseas colony. 576: 32:Conquistador (disambiguation) 13351:Mesoamerican writing systems 13308: 12347:Archaeological sites in Peru 10144: 9258:Captaincy General of Yucatan 9188:Union with Holy Roman Empire 9167:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 9082:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 8812:. Syracuse University Press. 8808:Varon Gabai, Rafael (2013). 8776:. London: A. & C. Black. 8677:Cervantes, Fernando (2021). 8564:"A Dog's History of America" 8355:Real Academia de la Historia 8259:(in Spanish). 12 March 2021. 7310:The East Africa Protectorate 6759:. Stanford University Press. 6741:. Stanford University Press. 6471:, xxxi.147–176, Lisbon, 1881 4596:ship. It had a high rounded 4592:or nau was a three- or four- 4032:was already using the term " 3963:Bronze equestrian statue of 3931:Memory of the World Register 3450:interests in Japan, Africa ( 3210:In the 1620s and 1630s, the 3180:episode, and in present-day 2826:, Simão Afonso Bisigudo and 2689:), the Portuguese Castle on 2301:(1481–1495) the fortress of 1514:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 1508:, a city founded in 1525 by 1354:After receiving notice from 1106:Birth of the Spanish Kingdom 863:meets with the Inca emperor 737:who led the conquest of the 552:spread of Old World diseases 355:was conquered by licentiate 244:. They brought much of the " 7: 13247:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 10022: 9738:Administrative subdivisions 8935:War of the League of Cognac 8805:. Rowman & Littlefield. 8787:Mignolo, Walter D. (1996). 8772:Kirkpatrick, F. A. (1934). 8374:Francisco López de Gómara. 8270:Hammond, George P. (1940). 7596:Patit Paban Mishra (2010). 7506:Donald Obeyesekere (1999). 7238:(Wed 21 March 2007) – (see 6641:Somervill, Barbara (2005). 6021: 5658:Diego Romo de Vivar y Pérez 5562:Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi 5356:, 1508, Florida, 1513–1521) 5019:With his son, cartographer 4401:in Almanach Perpetuum, 1496 4163: 3697:, point of departure (from 3554:Aztecs dying of smallpox (" 3386:, defeated Portugal at the 3337:(General Mines) in current 3279:who had been banned by the 3098:Second Battle of Guararapes 2992:Newfoundland of the Codfish 2263:The gold brought home from 1883:in present-day New Mexico. 1841:Andrés Dorantes de Carranza 1606:Francisco de Borja y Aragón 1129: 652:and Colombia. The Venetian 476: 10: 13617: 13273:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 13176:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 10452:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 10437:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 10339:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 9501: 9237:), Western United States ( 9130: 9000:Portuguese Restoration War 8798:. Oxford University Press. 8774:The Spanish Conquistadores 8540:A Dog's History of America 8311:HathiTrust Digital Library 8276:HathiTrust Digital Library 7966:Skidmore, pp. 30, 32. 7872:Mount Allison University, 7707:, Chicago University Press 7509:Outlines of Ceylon History 7452:Jude Lal Fernando (2013). 7058:The Great Age of Discovery 7007:. New York: Random House. 6898:Axelrod and Phillips, p. 4 6137:Gold: The California Story 5540:(United States, 1539–1542) 5396:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 5368:(United States, 1524–1527) 5360:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 5291:(United States, 1540–1542) 5259:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 5101:routes of 1498–1640 (blue) 4565:triangular sails allowing 4539: 4276: 4265:'s use of firearms in the 4228: 4199: 3941: 3878: 3350:1494 Treaty of Tordesillas 3100:, ended Dutch presence in 2931: 2469: 2176: 1627:North America colonization 1544:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 1522:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 1426:to explore northward, and 1253:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 1134:The 1492 discovery of the 1023: 877:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 853:wrote about the Americas. 630:strait that bears his name 357:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 29: 13531: 13444: 13374: 13316: 13307: 13227: 13150: 13125: 13096: 13071: 13046: 13021: 12996: 12965: 12940: 12915: 12884: 12847: 12822: 12785: 12754: 12729: 12700: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12676: 12671: 12498:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 12283: 12115: 11972: 11936: 11874: 11801: 11719: 11636: 11627: 11597: 11520: 11490: 11460: 11429: 11422: 11371: 11337: 11326: 11287: 11220:Slavery in Spanish Empire 11131: 11120: 11026: 11015: 10913: 10807: 10800: 10685: 10534: 10527: 10520: 10507:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 10417: 10286: 10248:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 10210: 10154: 10150: 10139: 10108:Barcelona Trading Company 10075: 10032: 10028: 10017: 9921: 9873:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 9843: 9785: 9747: 9743: 9732: 9683: 9642: 9606: 9602: 9591: 9570: 9507: 9448: 9380:Venezuela, part of Guyana 9359: 9282: 9233:, Central United States ( 9222: 9136: 9125: 9114: 8965:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 8950:Expulsion of the Moriscos 8896: 8885: 8845: 8840:Links to related articles 8794:Restall, Matthew (2003). 8307:"The Seven Golden Cities" 8272:"Coronado's Seven Cities" 7668:– via Google Books. 7479:C. Gaston Perera (2007). 6953:Oregon Historical Society 6917:J. Michael Francis, PhD, 6755:Restall, Matthew (2003). 6737:Restall, Matthew (2009). 6430:10.1017/s0022216x00023750 5915:Lopo Soares de Albergaria 5699:André Furtado de Mendonça 5384:Domingo Martínez de Irala 5299:New Mexico, United States 5241:, El Salvador 1523–1527, 5127:, successfully defending 5106: 4267:Spanish civil war in Peru 4115:García Hurtado de Mendoza 4013:Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca 3779:Francisco López de Gómara 3707:The Travels of Marco Polo 3445:, England or France. The 3390:, beating the young king 2976:Newfoundland and Labrador 2605:Giovanni Battista Ramusio 2309:, or Can, discovered the 2118:in what later became the 1376:, Governor of the Island 778:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza 609:physicians, and scribes. 449:who led conquests across 443:Portuguese-speaking world 13385:Civilizations portal 12342:Cultural periods of Peru 11161:Quito painting tradition 11151:Cusco painting tradition 10512:García López de Cárdenas 10502:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 10409:Felipe González de Ahedo 10329:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 8906:Conquest of the Americas 7918:Boxer, pp. 100–101. 7799:Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). 7769:Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). 7723:The Geographical Journal 7679:Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). 7602:. ABC-CLIO. p. 50. 7203:– via Stuff.co.nz. 6879:Cabeza de, Vaca (1542). 6696:Matthew Restall (2009). 6398:Conquest in the Americas 5654:(Philippines, 1565–1576) 5590:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 5466:Diego Hernández de Serpa 5378:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 5211:Alonso Fernández de Lugo 5099:Portuguese India Armadas 4926:of Majorca produced the 4135:of a mestizo man by the 4065:Spanish Colonial America 3938:Financing and governance 3659:The American researcher 3649:viral haemorrhagic fever 3528:Portuguese expeditions. 3494:Dutch West India Company 3382:, contemporary of Queen 3301:Dutch West India Company 3290:Moses Raphael de Aguilar 3246:Dutch West India Company 3212:Dutch West India Company 3157:, the Grande River, the 2946:); Vaz Dourado, c. 1576. 2476:Portuguese India Armadas 2364:reached India. In 1500, 1927:García López de Cárdenas 1905:, for whom is named the 1717:In 1524, the Portuguese 1233:After first landing on " 467:Filipe de Brito e Nicote 192:[koŋkistaˈðoɾes] 13279:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 12125:Mesoamerican chronology 10946:Comuneros (New Granada) 10723:Balearic Islands (1558) 10442:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 10369:Ruy López de Villalobos 10324:Miguel López de Legazpi 10238:García de Toledo Osorio 9102:Western Sahara conflict 9092:Independence of Morocco 9032:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 8975:Piracy in the Caribbean 8960:French Wars of Religion 8801:Seed, Patricia (1998). 8746:Innes, Hammond (2002). 8659:, (1625, vol. 2, pt. 2 8624:Esmeraldo de situ Orbis 8460:de las Casas, Bartolomé 8337:José Amador de los Ríos 8284:2027/mdp.39015024850227 7658:. Bloomsbury Academic. 7599:The History of Thailand 7282:Ingrams, W. H. (1967). 6795:Barkham (1984), p. 515. 6673:6 December 2008 at the 6467:J. de Andrade Corvo in 6382:4 February 2009 at the 6149:Vanhanen, Tatu (1997). 5885:João Fernandes Lavrador 5830:Fernão Pires de Andrade 5759:Diogo Lopes de Sequeira 5694:Constantino of Braganza 5642:Miguel López de Legazpi 5568:, Guatemala, 1696–1697) 5564:, count of Lizárraga, ( 5512:Hernán Venegas Carrillo 5372:Sebastián de Belalcázar 5366:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón 5265:Pedro Fernández de Lugo 5095:Spanish treasure fleets 4860:atmospheric circulation 4789:Trindade and Martim Vaz 3891:, circa 1650; restored. 3842:in present-day Brazil, 3793:or Boyuca mentioned by 3785:of 1551. Then in 1575, 3717:on the "Western Nile" ( 3546:Disease in the Americas 3516:, Rio Grande do Norte, 3388:Battle of Ksar El Kebir 3010:(possibly reaching the 2960:João Fernandes Lavrador 2893:), seen from the inside 2143:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 2120:municipality of Ternate 2065:Miguel López de Legazpi 2050:Miguel López de Legazpi 2023:Ruy López de Villalobos 1919:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 1528:, and establishing the 1502:Pedro Fernández de Lugo 1058:Early Portuguese period 924:Sebastián de Belalcázar 672:, was Fernando Consag, 469:who led conquests into 271:using colonies such as 11982:Archaeological periods 11191:Colonial Spanish Horse 10865:Colonia del Sacramento 10088:Spanish treasure fleet 9665:Royal Decree of Graces 8816:Wood, Michael (2000). 8620:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 8469:Historia de las Indias 8305:Farnum, Mabel (1943). 8094:5 October 2012 at the 8011:Bueno, pp. 80–81. 7397:A History of Sri Lanka 7194:"Ancient facts unfold" 7172:The New Zealand Herald 6804:Rafnsson (2006), p. 4. 6275:10.3201/eid1112.050501 6226:Colonial Latin America 6174:Weir, William (2018). 5930:Martim Afonso de Sousa 5714:António Raposo Tavares 5709:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 5660:(Mexico, 17th century) 5604:(Argentina, 1534–1537) 5468:(Venezuela, 1510–1570) 5456:(Uruguay 16th century) 4964:Saint Brendan's Island 4919: 4899: 4554: 4402: 4337:in battle against the 4297: 4286: 4238: 4160: 4140: 4125: 4047: 3975: 3956: 3922:1755 Lisbon earthquake 3892: 3713:", the kingdom of the 3702: 3559: 3485: 3438: 3372: 3305:John Maurice of Nassau 3286:Isaac Aboab da Fonseca 3281:Portuguese Inquisition 3238:John Maurice of Nassau 3166: 3151:António Raposo Tavares 3105: 3048:Martim Afonso de Sousa 3035: 2988:Terra Nova do Bacalhau 2947: 2894: 2830:. On the return trip, 2709: 2698: 2425: 2417: 2357: 2224: 2216: 2208: 2187:Portuguese discoveries 2173:Portuguese exploration 2138: 2130:in Mexico and Manila. 2106: 2060: 2015:García Jofre de Loaísa 1999:Diego García Sarmiento 1963: 1895: 1869:Seven Cities of Cibola 1808: 1760:was the leader of the 1753: 1664: 1648: 1608: 1587: 1547: 1530:New Kingdom of Granada 1493: 1455: 1419: 1305: 1230: 1217:Saint Catherine Parish 1112:Ferdinand II of Aragón 1054: 1044: 903: 868: 770:Bartolomé de Las Casas 710: 656:was Sebastián Caboto, 589: 523: 511: 496: 76: 58: 13285:List of Conquistadors 13172:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 12583:Quebrada de Humahuaca 12002:Caddoan Mississippian 11607:European colonization 10349:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 10309:Juan Sebastián Elcano 9624:Council of the Indies 8985:Spanish–Moro conflict 8955:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 8915:Treaty of Tordesillas 8820:. London: BBC Books. 8002:Skidmore, p. 34. 7984:Skidmore, p. 36. 7930:Skidmore, p. 27. 7880:19 April 2021 at the 6907:Lankford, pp. 100–101 6083:List of conquistadors 5880:João Álvares Fagundes 5865:João Afonso de Aveiro 5784:Cristóvão de Mendonça 5689:Phillippe de Oliveira 5679:Afonso de Albuquerque 5666:(Colombia, 1536–1539) 5664:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón 5626:Martín Ruiz de Gamboa 5610:(Colombia, 1529–1539) 5598:(Colombia, 1536–1550) 5574:(Colombia, 1521–1543) 5572:Juan de Céspedes Ruiz 5546:(Colombia, 1536–1544) 5528:Francisco de Orellana 5514:(Colombia, 1536–1544) 5344:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 4905: 4889: 4579:Caravela Annunciation 4549: 4393: 4380:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 4292: 4284: 4263:Francisco de Carvajal 4236: 4154: 4131: 4109: 4042: 4034:Council of the Indies 3981:Council of the Indies 3962: 3951: 3944:Council of the Indies 3918:Treaty of Tordesillas 3886: 3840:Santa Catarina island 3763:Antonio de Montezinos 3747:Francisco de Orellana 3692: 3603:to these infections. 3553: 3479: 3433: 3367: 3149: 3095: 3083:Diogo Álvares Correia 3033: 2996:João Álvares Fagundes 2952:Treaty of Tordesillas 2941: 2881: 2768:penetrated as far as 2726:Afonso de Albuquerque 2704: 2684: 2668:Afonso de Albuquerque 2626:Afonso de Albuquerque 2528:of the expedition of 2423: 2412: 2370:Afonso de Albuquerque 2353: 2222: 2214: 2206: 2136: 2097: 2047: 1977:Juan Bautista de Anza 1959: 1889: 1807:expedition, 1540–1542 1802: 1743: 1654: 1634: 1604: 1585:Francisco de Villagra 1583: 1542: 1484: 1451: 1412:Francisco de Orellana 1410: 1380:was descended from a 1300: 1227:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 1225: 1144:Treaty of Tordesillas 1050: 1031: 1012:another searcher for 1008:, explorer of Chile, 893: 859: 705: 668:was Wenceslao Linck, 640:in 1592. German-born 584: 517: 502: 488:and his explorers in 484: 447:Afonso de Albuquerque 331:. From 1532 to 1572, 66:Afonso de Albuquerque 64: 42: 13252:Francisco de Montejo 13180:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 12293:Andean civilizations 12220:Shaft tomb tradition 11320:Solutrean hypothesis 11146:Mesoamerican Codices 10870:Comuneros (Paraguay) 10708:Siege of Castelnuovo 10294:Christopher Columbus 10113:Consulate of the Sea 10093:Casa de Contratación 9684:Titles and positions 9077:Spanish–American War 9067:Liberal constitution 8910:Asia and the Pacific 8413:on 18 September 2008 8032:Calmon, p. 294. 7623:Robert Kerr (1824). 7552:Rogers, Clifford J. 7374:Thondaman Foundation 7288:. Psychology Press. 6951:. Portland, Oregon: 6514:on 25 September 2010 6488:on 26 September 2010 6482:"History of Jamaica" 6263:Emerging Infect. Dis 6192:"Ferdinand Magellan" 6010:Tristão Vaz Teixeira 5970:Pedro Álvares Cabral 5965:Paulo Dias de Novais 5945:Nuno Álvares Pereira 5890:João Gonçalves Zarco 5835:Francisco de Almeida 5719:Domingos Jorge Velho 5596:Juan de Sanct Martín 5592:(Florida, 1565–1567) 5556:Francisco de Aguirre 5544:Gonzalo García Zorro 5486:(Yucatán, 1539–1546) 5480:(Yucatán, 1527–1546) 5478:Francisco de Montejo 5460:Jerónimo de Alderete 5237:(Mexico, 1519–1521, 5093:started in 1568 and 5089:The Manila-Acapulco 5039:needles in vessels. 5033:Manuel I of Portugal 4653:improve this section 4530:Pedro Álvares Cabral 4481:celestial navigation 4441:improve this section 4351:specifically trained 3898:Island of California 3889:Island of California 3855:on the hills of the 3684:Seven Cities of Gold 3641:cocoliztli epidemics 3556:The Florentine Codex 3500:, Saint Thomas, and 3463:Dutch–Portuguese War 3443:Dutch–Portuguese War 3262:São Luís de Maranhão 3040:Pedro Álvares Cabral 3004:Gulf of St. Lawrence 2920:to go to India. The 2730:diplomatic relations 2654:was sent to conquer 2644:Kingdom of Ayutthaya 2593:Manuel I of Portugal 2562:Pedro Lopes de Sousa 2534:Francisco de Almeida 2507:João III of Portugal 2497:was established the 2366:Pedro Álvares Cabral 2313:in 1482 and reached 1784:, the party reached 1721:, who had sailed in 1681:Seven Cities of Gold 1671:to the northwest of 1563:department of Potosí 1088:tradable commodities 1084:Portuguese explorers 1071:of Portugal, son of 791:Toribio de Benavente 529:Christopher Columbus 520:Francisco de Almeida 504:Christopher Columbus 337:subduing this empire 253:Christopher Columbus 13218:Manco Inca Yupanqui 12523:Manteño-Huancavilca 11992:Ancestral Puebloans 11706:Trinidad and Tobago 10875:Cartagena de Indias 10497:Diego de Mazariegos 10467:Pere Fages i Beleta 10334:Sebastián de Ocampo 9815:Provincias Internas 9787:Captaincies General 9701:Municipal president 9670:School of Salamanca 9441:Spanish East Indies 9420:Misiones Orientales 9292:Spanish West Indies 9256:, Central America ( 9203:Pyrénées-Orientales 9156:Union with Portugal 9047:Napoleonic invasion 9027:War of Jenkins' Ear 8750:. London: Penguin. 8657:Hakluytus Posthumus 8568:The Washington Post 8537:Derr, Mark (2004). 8393:www.keyshistory.org 8189:on 3 September 2011 8159:Scientific American 8142:on 30 October 2020. 7957:Boxer, p. 102. 7939:Boxer, p. 101. 7735:1919GeogJ..54..347A 7625:"Conquest of India" 7370:"Sri Lanka History" 6622:on 18 December 2012 6405:on 28 October 2009. 6339:on 23 November 2010 6000:Pero Vaz de Caminha 5900:João Vaz Corte-Real 5845:Henry the Navigator 5789:Lourenço de Almeida 5729:Fernão Mendes Pinto 5684:Jerónimo de Azevedo 5620:Alonso de Sotomayor 5508:(Panama, 1506–1511) 5346:(Panamá, 1510–1519) 5330:Rodrigo de Bastidas 5285:, 1528, Peru, 1530) 5201:Cristopher Columbus 4992:It is thought that 4983:Henry the Navigator 4932:Lanceloto Malocello 4832:Saint Helena Island 4797:Fernando de Noronha 4224:Weapons and animals 4186:conquest of Navarre 4102:Military advantages 4022:Consejo de Castilla 4008:los Reyes Católicos 3900:refers to a famous 3731:Zuni-Cibola Complex 3634:Recently developed 3506:Seventeen Provinces 3375:In 1578, the Saadi 3318:on the bank of the 2984:João Vaz Corte-Real 2804:Mascarenhas Islands 2748:, and sheltered at 2530:Lourenço de Almeida 2448:became part of the 2287:Cabo Santa Caterina 2089:Spanish East Indies 1935:Hernando de Alarcón 1917:in central Kansas. 1752:'s later wanderings 1641:Santervás de Campos 1510:Rodrigo de Bastidas 1476:Viceroyalty of Peru 1424:Gil González Dávila 1189:Spanish exploration 1069:Henry the Navigator 847:Juan de Castellanos 835:Pedro Cieza de León 824:Gerónimo de Aguilar 361:Rodrigo de Bastidas 323:after crossing the 317:Spanish East Indies 236:, establishing new 13430:Indigenous peoples 13341:Columbian exchange 13331:Portal:Mesoamerica 12483:La Tolita (Tumaco) 12298:Indigenous peoples 12037:Hopewell tradition 11964:Indigenous peoples 11866:In popular culture 11617:Columbian exchange 11612:Population history 11338:Mythology/Religion 11171:Academia Antártica 11126:Other civil topics 10492:Pánfilo de Narváez 10394:Sebastián Vizcaíno 10359:Andrés de Urdaneta 10319:Juan Ponce de León 10304:Ferdinand Magellan 10278:Bernardo de Gálvez 10177:Indian auxiliaries 9675:Trial of residence 9655:Laws of the Indies 9439:Asia and Oceania ( 9300:Dominican Republic 8153:Stecker, Tiffany. 8041:Bueno, p. 86. 7993:Boxer, p. 110 7948:Boxer, p. 108 7909:Boxer, p. 98. 7221:on 5 January 2015. 6927:on 4 February 2021 6825:on 27 October 2010 6333:"CDC Yellow Fever" 6124:. Merriam-Webster. 5925:Luís Vaz de Torres 5608:Antonio de Lebrija 5580:(Chile, 1540–1552) 5496:Pánfilo de Narváez 5350:Juan Ponce de León 5322:(Perú, 1524–1535, 5186:Brazilian interior 5048:Fernão Vaz Dourado 4934:sponsored by King 4920: 4908:Fernão Vaz Dourado 4900: 4862:and the effect of 4717:North Atlantic 4710:North Atlantic 4703:North Atlantic 4621:Winds and currents 4555: 4403: 4353:for battle. These 4298: 4287: 4239: 4161: 4141: 4126: 4123:Rodrigo de Quiroga 4048: 4044:Philip II of Spain 4018:Council of Castile 3976: 3957: 3893: 3703: 3608:Francisco Coronado 3560: 3486: 3439: 3409:Philip II of Spain 3373: 3186:France Équinoxiale 3178:France Antarctique 3167: 3106: 3036: 3020:Cape Breton Island 2948: 2918:Mozambique Channel 2895: 2868:Ferdinand Magellan 2710: 2699: 2542:Sinhalese kingdoms 2455:Edward Bonaventure 2426: 2418: 2358: 2293:; in 1471 Arzila ( 2225: 2217: 2209: 2147:Sebastián Vizcaíno 2139: 2107: 2073:Philip II of Spain 2061: 2011:Charles I of Spain 1964: 1903:Antonio de Mendoza 1896: 1890:A map showing the 1809: 1766:Tampa Bay, Florida 1762:Narváez expedition 1754: 1746:Narváez expedition 1723:Ferdinand Magellan 1685:Francisco de Ulloa 1677:Juan Ponce de León 1669:undiscovered lands 1665: 1649: 1637:Juan Ponce de León 1609: 1588: 1551:Juan Díaz de Solís 1548: 1494: 1456: 1420: 1374:Pedro Arias Dávila 1368:Diego de Velasquez 1318:Juan Díaz de Solís 1306: 1292:Pánfilo de Narváez 1262:After he pacified 1231: 1183:Treaty of Zaragoza 1055: 1045: 1010:Alonso de Alvarado 904: 869: 729:who conquered the 711: 642:Nikolaus Federmann 590: 537:Ferdinand Magellan 524: 512: 497: 492:searching for the 413:, the interior of 77: 59: 13576:Portuguese Empire 13548: 13547: 13542: 13541: 13526: 13525: 13396: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13366:Pre-Columbian art 13302: 13301: 13296:Francisco Pizarro 13262:Pedro de Alvarado 12578:Pucará de Tilcara 11896: 11895: 11797: 11796: 11593: 11592: 11516: 11515: 11486: 11485: 11300:Pre-Columbian era 11247: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11116: 11115: 11021:Spanish conquests 11011: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11003: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10796: 10795: 10477:Pedro de Alvarado 10462:Gaspar de Portolà 10457:Pedro de Valdivia 10432:Francisco Pizarro 10384:Nicolás de Ovando 10379:Alonso de Ercilla 10354:Alonso de Salazar 10187:Ships of the line 10135: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10013: 10012: 10009: 10008: 9728: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9587: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9559: 9558: 9516:Northern Africa ( 9512:Equatorial Guinea 9496: 9495: 9433: 9432: 9348: 9347: 9271: 9270: 9262:Spanish Caribbean 9235:Spanish Louisiana 9211: 9210: 9146:Crown of Castille 9110: 9109: 9087:Spanish Civil War 9062:Adams–Onís Treaty 9042:Nootka Convention 8990:Thirty Years' War 8980:Eighty Years' War 8901:Catholic Monarchs 8891:Timeline–immersed 8827:978-0-563-48706-7 8757:978-0-14-139122-9 8748:The Conquistadors 8742:, pp. 17–32. 8740:978-0-415-63987-3 8723:Gibson, Charles. 8709:978-0-393-97613-7 8688:978-1-101-98126-9 8583:Stannard, David. 8554:978-0-86547-631-8 8446:978-84-500-3860-6 8120:. Madrid: Taurus. 8069:Goodling, Stacy. 8050:Geoffrey Parker. 7859:978-0-8166-0782-2 7703:Lach, DF. (1994) 7665:978-1-86064-736-9 7638:978-0-665-47799-7 7609:978-0-313-34091-8 7582:978-0-8047-2194-3 7519:978-81-206-1363-8 7492:978-955-1266-77-6 7465:978-3-643-90428-7 7438:978-0-7546-0186-9 7411:978-0-520-04320-6 7358:on 16 March 2010. 7295:978-0-7146-1102-0 7263:on 3 October 2013 7147:www.Teara.govt.nz 7130:History of Brazil 7039:978-0-521-86746-7 7014:978-0-8129-9400-1 6989:978-1-4567-7542-1 6976:Fish, S. (2011). 6962:978-0-87595-054-9 6955:. pp. 9–10. 6709:978-0-8047-4983-1 6654:978-0-7565-1061-9 6307:"Fiebre amarilla" 6235:978-0-19-064240-2 6180:. Permuted Press. 5935:Miguel Corte-Real 5850:Gaspar Corte-Real 5840:Francisco Álvares 5799:Diogo de Azambuja 5749:Pedro Mascarenhas 5724:Francisco Barreto 5628:(Chile 1552–1590) 5616:(Chile 1599–1617) 5578:Pedro de Valdivia 5518:Cristóbal de Olid 5490:Nicolás Federmann 5484:Juan de la Cámara 5450:(Perú, 1532–1560) 5424:(Perú, 1532–1536) 5392:(Perú, 1532–1542) 5255:(Perú, 1509–1535) 5253:Francisco Pizarro 5235:Pedro de Alvarado 4936:Dinis of Portugal 4872:return of the sea 4689: 4688: 4681: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4157:Francisco Pizarro 4119:Pedro de Villagra 3965:Francisco Pizarro 3954:Santiago de Chile 3952:1541 founding of 3859:, in present-day 3741:and women called 3723:Fountain of Youth 3312:Amazon rainforest 3218:in 1628. In 1629 3199:The Dutch sacked 3129:Manuel da Nóbrega 3127:priests, Fathers 2980:Portuguese Empire 2910:Mascarene islands 2794:, Mauritius, and 2724:, were seized by 2676:Francisco Barreto 2652:Pedro Mascarenhas 2597:Francisco Álvares 2585:Eleni of Ethiopia 2574:guerrilla warfare 2495:Afonso I of Kongo 2450:Portuguese Empire 2345:Cape of Good Hope 2303:São Jorge da Mina 2151:Martín de Aguilar 2075:, after whom the 1961:Nicolás de Ovando 1949:, while the name 1790:Mississippi River 1635:The conquistador 1534:Santafé de Bogotá 1464:Pedro de los Ríos 1453:Pedro de Alvarado 1432:explore Guatemala 1428:Pedro de Alvarado 1320:, discovered the 1268:Nicolás de Ovando 1215:, in present-day 1148:Pope Alexander VI 1052:Francisco Pizarro 1006:Pedro de Valdivia 992:Pedro de la Gasca 985:Blasco Núñez Vela 971:and suppress the 928:Pedro de Alvarado 908:Francisco Pizarro 861:Francisco Pizarro 735:Francisco Pizarro 670:Ferdinand Konščak 654:Sebastiano Caboto 494:Fountain of Youth 333:Francisco Pizarro 325:Isthmus of Panama 255:' arrival in the 218:Iberian Peninsula 70:Portuguese Empire 50:and expanded the 16:(Redirected from 13608: 13566:Christianization 13516: 13501: 13486: 13471: 13456: 13447: 13446: 13423: 13416: 13409: 13400: 13399: 13383: 13382: 13381: 13305: 13304: 13291:Spanish Conquest 13268:Spanish Conquest 13243:Spanish Conquest 13232:Spanish Conquest 12674: 12673: 11923: 11916: 11909: 11900: 11899: 11634: 11633: 11551: 11550: 11427: 11426: 11369: 11368: 11332: 11274: 11267: 11260: 11251: 11250: 11122: 11121: 11088:Chibchan Nations 11017: 11016: 10986:Santiago de Cuba 10845:Guadalupe Island 10805: 10804: 10532: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10487:Diego de Almagro 10364:Antonio de Ulloa 10268:Ambrosio Spinola 10263:Pedro de Zubiaur 10233:Alfonso d'Avalos 10223:Antonio de Leyva 10167:Army of Flanders 10152: 10151: 10141: 10140: 10030: 10029: 10019: 10018: 9745: 9744: 9734: 9733: 9604: 9603: 9593: 9592: 9561: 9560: 9534:Peñón of Algiers 9498: 9497: 9435: 9434: 9350: 9349: 9273: 9272: 9255: 9213: 9212: 9127: 9126: 9116: 9115: 9037:Seven Years' War 9010:Queen Anne's War 8887: 8886: 8872: 8865: 8858: 8849: 8848: 8836: 8835: 8831: 8777: 8761: 8713: 8692: 8664: 8649: 8643: 8616: 8610: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8580: 8574: 8571: 8558: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8517: 8493: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8385: 8379: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8226:, H. F. (1983). 8220: 8214: 8213: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8185:. Archived from 8179: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8108: 8099: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8073:. Archived from 8061: 8055: 8048: 8042: 8039: 8033: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8009: 8003: 8000: 7994: 7991: 7985: 7982: 7976: 7973: 7967: 7964: 7958: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7940: 7937: 7931: 7928: 7919: 7916: 7910: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7892: 7886: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7796: 7785: 7784: 7766: 7755: 7754: 7714: 7708: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7566: 7560: 7550: 7544: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7354:. Archived from 7348: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7325: 7319: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7249: 7243: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7217:. Archived from 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7138: 7132: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6890: 6888: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6860:on 13 April 2012 6856:. Archived from 6850: 6844: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6821:. Archived from 6811: 6805: 6802: 6796: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6739:The Black Middle 6734: 6728: 6727: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6678: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6596: 6586:Clendinnen, Inga 6583: 6577: 6567:Clendinnen, Inga 6564: 6558: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6535:The Human Record 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6478: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6401:. Archived from 6393: 6387: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6361:. Archived from 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6335:. Archived from 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6313:on 18 March 2012 6309:. Archived from 6303: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6221: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6146: 6140: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6112: 6088:Price revolution 6066: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6005:Tristão da Cunha 5985:Pero de Barcelos 5980:Pero de Alenquer 5824:Fernão Magalhães 5809:Francisco Serrão 5754:Duarte Fernandes 5744:Jorge de Menezes 5739:António de Abreu 5614:Alonso de Ribera 5602:Pedro de Mendoza 5538:Hernando de Soto 5506:Diego de Nicuesa 5472:Juan de Grijalva 5454:Sebastián Caboto 5448:Hernando Pizarro 5320:Diego de Almagro 5178: 5163: 5148:Gonzalo Guerrero 5144: 5117: 5086: 5074: 5059: 5002:Angelino Dulcert 4924:Angelino Dulcert 4892:Angelino Dulcert 4836:Tristan da Cunha 4824:Falkland Islands 4816:Ascension Island 4785:Bissagos Islands 4762: 4754: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4684: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4633: 4625: 4505:João de Santarém 4472: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4452: 4421: 4413: 4386:Nautical science 4331:Spanish Mastiffs 4322:Spanish war dogs 4111:Alonso de Ovalle 4086:, seamen of the 4024:), and formed a 4000:Native Americans 3838:Shipwrecked off 3799:Gulf of Honduras 3701:) to the Amazon. 3627:, the father of 3597:Epidemic disease 3471:Tordesilhas Line 3260:on the south to 3170:French colonists 3133:José de Anchieta 3113:Governor-General 3064:Governor-General 2832:Francisco Serrão 2828:Francisco Serrão 2824:António de Abreu 2798:, naming it the 2640:Duarte Fernandes 2614:against a joint 2587:sent ambassador 2570:Danture campaign 2566:Kingdom of Kandy 2518:Portuguese India 2472:Portuguese India 2433:since 1498 when 2238:Hanseatic league 2236:, Italy and the 2191:Age of Discovery 2183:Portuguese India 1794:Galveston Island 1486:Diego de Almagro 1460:Diego de Almagro 1443:Hernando de Soto 1440:Governor of Cuba 1390:conquest of Peru 1364:governor of Cuba 1356:Juan de Grijalva 1288:Juan de Grijalva 1209:Isla de Santiago 1200:Sevilla la Nueva 1116:Kingdom of Spain 941:Diego Almagro II 937:Hernando Pizarro 916:Diego de Almagro 816:Gonzalo Guerrero 674:Amerigo Vespucci 666:Wenceslaus Linck 658:Georg von Speyer 638:Washington state 634:Vancouver Island 586:Hernando de Soto 535:of the world by 533:circumnavigation 427:Portuguese Crown 393:Hispanic America 373:Pedro de Heredia 214:Age of Discovery 203: 198: 194: 189: 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 145: 137: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 109: 108: 103: 102: 99: 96: 93: 90: 21: 13616: 13615: 13611: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13606: 13605: 13551: 13550: 13549: 13544: 13543: 13538: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13507: 13502: 13492: 13487: 13477: 13472: 13462: 13457: 13440: 13427: 13397: 13388: 13379: 13377: 13370: 13312: 13303: 13293: 13282: 13276: 13270: 13259: 13255: 13249: 13245: 13234: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13189:Quemuenchatocha 13187: 13178: 13174: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13118: 12987: 12896: 12870: 12859: 12806:Human Sacrifice 12803: 12795:Human Sacrifice 12792: 12766: 12739:Mayan Languages 12667: 12279: 12111: 11968: 11949:Genetic history 11932: 11927: 11897: 11892: 11870: 11793: 11715: 11629: 11623: 11599: 11589: 11549: 11512: 11482: 11456: 11418: 11367: 11363:Human sacrifice 11351:List of deities 11333: 11324: 11283: 11278: 11248: 11239: 11215:Old inquisition 11127: 11112: 11022: 10995: 10951:Trinidad (1797) 10921:La Noche Triste 10909: 10905:San Juan (1797) 10855:San Juan (1595) 10792: 10681: 10521:Notable battles 10516: 10482:Martín de Ursúa 10413: 10344:Alonso de Ojeda 10314:Juan de la Cosa 10299:Pinzón brothers 10282: 10253:John of Austria 10228:Martín de Goiti 10206: 10146: 10127: 10071: 10024: 10005: 9917: 9913:Terra Australis 9908:Río de la Plata 9853:Castilla de Oro 9839: 9781: 9777:Río de la Plata 9739: 9720: 9679: 9638: 9634:Santa Hermandad 9598: 9579: 9575:Terra Australis 9566: 9555: 9522:Spanish Morocco 9503: 9492: 9483:Northern Taiwan 9444: 9429: 9400:Río de la Plata 9355: 9344: 9278: 9277:Central America 9267: 9249: 9218: 9207: 9151:Crown of Aragon 9132: 9121: 9106: 9022:Bourbon Reforms 8892: 8881: 8876: 8841: 8828: 8758: 8710: 8689: 8673: 8671:Further reading 8668: 8667: 8650: 8646: 8636:Decadas de Asia 8617: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8581: 8577: 8555: 8535: 8531: 8494: 8485: 8474: 8472: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8430: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8373: 8369: 8359: 8357: 8330: 8326: 8303: 8299: 8268: 8264: 8255: 8254: 8250: 8239: 8235: 8221: 8217: 8206: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8151: 8147: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8109: 8102: 8096:Wayback Machine 8086: 8082: 8077:on 10 May 2008. 8062: 8058: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7983: 7979: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7961: 7956: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7908: 7904: 7893: 7889: 7882:Wayback Machine 7871: 7867: 7860: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7811: 7797: 7788: 7781: 7767: 7758: 7743:10.2307/1779411 7715: 7711: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7677: 7673: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7567: 7563: 7551: 7547: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7423: 7419: 7412: 7392: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7333: 7326: 7322: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7280: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7230: 7226: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7190: 7186: 7176: 7174: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7151: 7149: 7139: 7135: 7126: 7122: 7117:. p. 1105. 7111: 7107: 7096: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6943: 6939: 6930: 6928: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6902: 6897: 6893: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6777:on 5 April 2015 6769: 6768: 6764: 6753: 6746: 6735: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6694: 6690: 6685: 6681: 6675:Wayback Machine 6666: 6662: 6655: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6584: 6580: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6414: 6410: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6384:Wayback Machine 6374: 6370: 6365:on 17 May 2008. 6357: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6269:(12): 1848–53. 6255: 6251: 6236: 6222: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6129: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6050:Portugal portal 6048: 6043: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6019: 5990:Pero da Covilhã 5774:Bartolomeu Dias 5769:Antão Gonçalves 5764:António de Noli 5674: 5669: 5652:Juan de Salcedo 5552:, (Chile, 1541) 5500:Spanish Florida 5474:(Yucatán, 1518) 5390:Gonzalo Pizarro 5271:Pedro de Candia 5229:Baja California 5196: 5189: 5179: 5170: 5164: 5155: 5145: 5136: 5118: 5109: 5102: 5087: 5078: 5075: 5066: 5060: 4994:Jehuda Cresques 4894:(1339) showing 4884: 4828:Príncipe Island 4773: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4685: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4650: 4634: 4623: 4544: 4538: 4473: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4438: 4422: 4411: 4388: 4294:Spanish Mastiff 4279: 4269:prefigured the 4261:. In the 1540s 4231: 4226: 4202: 4166: 4104: 4084:Pinzón brothers 4026:Junta de Indias 3946: 3940: 3914:primary sources 3881: 3833:Agulhas current 3817:precious metals 3739:Ten Lost Tribes 3677: 3548: 3532:Spanish Formosa 3467:Colonial Brazil 3435:Álvaro de Bazán 3417:King of England 3380:Ahmad al-Mansur 3362: 3320:Rio de la Plata 3234:) was founded. 3028: 2936: 2930: 2788:Diogo Rodrigues 2786:The Portuguese 2766:Estevão da Gama 2754:António Correia 2658:, where Sultan 2480:In west Africa 2478: 2470:Main articles: 2468: 2400:São Tomé Island 2341:Bartolomeu Dias 2337:Afonso de Paiva 2333:Pero da Covilhã 2201: 2177:Main articles: 2175: 2157:in present-day 2085:Pacific Islands 2069:Luís de Velasco 2007: 1923:Alta California 1898:The viceroy of 1837:Native American 1727:New York Harbor 1629: 1555:Río de la Plata 1518:Magdalena River 1284:Diego Velázquez 1196: 1191: 1158:drawn from the 1132: 1108: 1098:was brought to 1060: 1026: 981:another brother 977:Gonzalo Pizarro 953:Lope de Aguirre 885:Francisco Garay 802:Native American 606:Catholic clergy 597:. Their units ( 579: 479: 385:Río de la Plata 369:Juan de la Cosa 365:Alonso de Ojeda 301:Central America 265:colonial empire 196: 187: 164: 149: 140: 139: 111: 105: 87: 83: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13614: 13604: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13591:Spanish Empire 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13546: 13545: 13540: 13539: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13524: 13523: 13510: 13508: 13495: 13493: 13480: 13478: 13465: 13463: 13450: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13426: 13425: 13418: 13411: 13403: 13394: 13393: 13390: 13389: 13375: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13300: 13299: 13288: 13265: 13240: 13229: 13225: 13224: 13203: 13182: 13169: 13152: 13151:Notable Rulers 13148: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13123: 13122: 13120:Neo-Inca State 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13094: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13069: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13044: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13019: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12994: 12993: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12963: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12913: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12891: 12886: 12882: 12881: 12876: 12865: 12854: 12849: 12845: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12820: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12798: 12787: 12783: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12761: 12756: 12752: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12727: 12726: 12721: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12698: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12350: 12349: 12339: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12289: 12287: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12121: 12119: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11978: 11976: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11940: 11938: 11934: 11933: 11926: 11925: 11918: 11911: 11903: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11883: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11805: 11803: 11802:Related topics 11799: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11730: 11728: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11642: 11640: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11603: 11601: 11595: 11594: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11565: 11559: 11557: 11548: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11526: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11494: 11492: 11488: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11464: 11462: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11433: 11431: 11424: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11399:Medicine wheel 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11375: 11373: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11341: 11339: 11335: 11334: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11305:Classification 11302: 11297: 11291: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11277: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11254: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11118: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11031:Canary Islands 11027: 11024: 11023: 11013: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10917: 10915: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10885:Túpac Amaru II 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10830:Bogotá savanna 10827: 10822: 10817: 10811: 10809: 10802: 10798: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10738:Spanish Armada 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10689: 10687: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10632:White Mountain 10629: 10627:Cape Celidonia 10624: 10622:English Armada 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10529: 10522: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10423: 10421: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10399:Juan Fernández 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10374:Diego Columbus 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10202:Army of Africa 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10182:Spanish Armada 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10158: 10156: 10148: 10147: 10137: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10083:Manila galleon 10079: 10077: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10036: 10026: 10025: 10015: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9927: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9849: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9791: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9753: 9751: 9741: 9740: 9730: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9687: 9685: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9610: 9608: 9600: 9599: 9597:Administration 9589: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9518:Western Sahara 9514: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9416:Banda Oriental 9397: 9383: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9289: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9231:Coastal Alaska 9223: 9220: 9219: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9123: 9122: 9112: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8903: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8883: 8882: 8879:Spanish Empire 8875: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8852: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8833: 8832: 8826: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8785: 8778: 8769: 8762: 8756: 8743: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8708: 8693: 8687: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8653:Samuel Purchas 8644: 8632:João de Barros 8611: 8602: 8590: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8553: 8529: 8504:(in Spanish). 8483: 8451: 8445: 8424: 8398: 8380: 8378:, second part. 8367: 8324: 8297: 8262: 8248: 8233: 8215: 8208:Dobyns, H. F. 8200: 8174: 8164: 8145: 8123: 8100: 8080: 8056: 8043: 8034: 8025: 8013: 8004: 7995: 7986: 7977: 7975:Boxer, p. 100. 7968: 7959: 7950: 7941: 7932: 7920: 7911: 7902: 7887: 7865: 7858: 7838: 7816: 7809: 7786: 7779: 7756: 7709: 7696: 7689: 7671: 7664: 7644: 7637: 7615: 7608: 7588: 7581: 7561: 7545: 7525: 7518: 7498: 7491: 7471: 7464: 7444: 7437: 7417: 7410: 7386: 7361: 7343: 7320: 7301: 7294: 7274: 7244: 7224: 7206: 7184: 7159: 7133: 7120: 7105: 7094: 7076: 7066: 7048: 7038: 7020: 7013: 6995: 6988: 6968: 6961: 6937: 6909: 6900: 6891: 6871: 6845: 6836: 6806: 6797: 6788: 6762: 6744: 6729: 6715: 6708: 6688: 6679: 6660: 6653: 6633: 6606: 6597: 6578: 6559: 6550: 6543: 6525: 6508:"Spanish Town" 6499: 6473: 6460: 6451: 6408: 6388: 6368: 6350: 6324: 6298: 6249: 6234: 6209: 6183: 6166: 6159: 6141: 6127: 6116:"conquistador" 6106: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6064:History portal 6053: 6039: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5975:Pedro Teixeira 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5940:Nicolau Coelho 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5734:Álvaro Martins 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5704:João de Castro 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5639: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5525: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5435: 5425: 5419: 5412:Diego de Ordaz 5409: 5403: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5347: 5341: 5327: 5317: 5307: 5302: 5292: 5286: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5232: 5218: 5215:Canary Islands 5208: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5180: 5173: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5156: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5135:attack in 1541 5123:was a Spanish 5119: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5088: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5054: 4942:island, named 4928:portolan chart 4912:Torre do Tombo 4883: 4880: 4876:Manila galleon 4868:"volta do mar" 4812:Annobón Island 4777:meteorological 4766: 4765: 4757: 4751:South Atlantic 4700: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4637: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4586:merchant ships 4540:Main article: 4537: 4534: 4522:Abraham Zacuto 4501:Southern Cross 4475: 4474: 4425: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4399:Abraham Zacuto 4387: 4384: 4278: 4275: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4201: 4198: 4165: 4162: 4103: 4100: 3996:Laws of Burgos 3985:Spanish Empire 3942:Main article: 3939: 3936: 3880: 3877: 3873:Paraguay River 3825:ocean currents 3806:Walter Raleigh 3705:Books such as 3676: 3673: 3616:Cabeza de Vaca 3547: 3544: 3542:to defend it. 3512:, Pernambuco, 3425:dynastic union 3361: 3358: 3277:Sephardic Jews 3264:in the north. 3252:, the port of 3190:Rio de Janeiro 3174:Rio de Janeiro 3155:Paraguay River 3135:, who founded 3111:was the third 3060:Madeira Island 3027: 3024: 2932:Main article: 2929: 2926: 2648:Ramathibodi II 2467: 2464: 2396:Álvaro Caminha 2382:Persian Strait 2283:Gulf of Guinea 2272:mathematicians 2257:Constantinople 2174: 2171: 2027:Francis Xavier 2019:Maluku Islands 2006: 2003: 1939:Colorado River 1865:Marcos de Niza 1758:Cabeza de Vaca 1750:Cabeza de Vaca 1657:Cabeza de Vaca 1628: 1625: 1567:Sancti Spiritu 1498:Canary Islands 1470:in Nicaragua. 1324:formed by the 1272:Diego Columbus 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1131: 1128: 1107: 1104: 1059: 1056: 1025: 1022: 949:Pedro de Ursúa 881:Diego Columbus 873:Bishop Fonseca 782:Gaspar da Cruz 766:Francis Xavier 764:, for example 611:India Catalina 578: 575: 478: 475: 351:, home of the 184:conquistadores 52:Spanish Empire 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13613: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13561:Conquistadors 13559: 13558: 13556: 13537: 13536: 13530: 13521: 13520: 13519:South America 13515: 13509: 13506: 13505: 13500: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13489:North America 13485: 13479: 13476: 13475: 13470: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13455: 13449: 13448: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13424: 13419: 13417: 13412: 13410: 13405: 13404: 13401: 13387: 13386: 13373: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13315: 13311: 13306: 13297: 13292: 13289: 13286: 13280: 13274: 13269: 13266: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13244: 13241: 13238: 13237:Hernán Cortés 13233: 13230: 13226: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13153: 13149: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13124: 13121: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13095: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13070: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13045: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13020: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12964: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12939: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12900: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12874: 12869: 12866: 12863: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12846: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12821: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12807: 12802: 12799: 12796: 12791: 12788: 12784: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12770: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12753: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12728: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12675: 12670: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12326: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12285:South America 12282: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12114: 12108: 12107:Weeden Island 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12082:Poverty Point 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12047:Mississippian 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11974:North America 11971: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11944:Paleo-Indians 11942: 11941: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11924: 11919: 11917: 11912: 11910: 11905: 11904: 11901: 11889: 11888: 11884: 11882: 11881: 11877: 11876: 11873: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11800: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11722: 11721:South America 11718: 11712: 11711:United States 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11638:North America 11635: 11632: 11628:Modern groups 11626: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11596: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11552: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11519: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11491:South America 11489: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11459: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11428: 11425: 11421: 11415: 11414:Turtle Island 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11372:North America 11370: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11336: 11331: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11295:Paleo-Indians 11293: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11275: 11270: 11268: 11263: 11261: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11166:Tapada limeña 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11130: 11123: 11119: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11025: 11018: 11014: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10806: 10803: 10799: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10758:Montes Claros 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10698:Vienna (1529) 10696: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10684: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10427:Hernán Cortés 10425: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10419:Conquistadors 10416: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10389:Juan de Ayala 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10243:Duke of Savoy 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10142: 10138: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10042:Dollar (Peso) 10040: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10016: 10002: 10001:Santo Domingo 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9878:New Andalusia 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9825:Santo Domingo 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9749:Viceroyalties 9746: 9742: 9735: 9731: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9594: 9590: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9562: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9499: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9442: 9436: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9358: 9354:South America 9351: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9281: 9274: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9239:Spanish Texas 9236: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9217:North America 9214: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9198:Franche-Comté 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9135: 9128: 9124: 9117: 9113: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8868: 8866: 8861: 8859: 8854: 8853: 8850: 8844: 8837: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8818:Conquistadors 8814: 8811: 8807: 8804: 8800: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8749: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8694: 8690: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8674: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8609:Meliá (p. 45) 8606: 8599: 8594: 8586: 8579: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8533: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8461: 8455: 8448: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8433:Ortega, Ángel 8428: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8377: 8371: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8266: 8258: 8252: 8244: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8211: 8204: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8168: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8127: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8112:Mann, Charles 8107: 8105: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8053: 8047: 8038: 8029: 8022: 8017: 8008: 7999: 7990: 7981: 7972: 7963: 7954: 7945: 7936: 7927: 7925: 7915: 7906: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7869: 7861: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7842: 7826: 7820: 7812: 7810:0-333-57689-6 7806: 7802: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7782: 7780:0-333-57689-6 7776: 7772: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7700: 7692: 7690:0-333-57689-6 7686: 7682: 7675: 7667: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7648: 7640: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7611: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7592: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7565: 7559: 7558:Angelfire.com 7555: 7549: 7543: 7542:0-85323-229-6 7539: 7535: 7529: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7502: 7494: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7475: 7467: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7448: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7421: 7413: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7390: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7278: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7195: 7188: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7131: 7124: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7097: 7095:0-7864-1565-7 7091: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7069: 7067:0-8337-2523-8 7063: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6991: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6972: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6941: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6913: 6904: 6895: 6889:Chap's II-III 6886: 6882: 6875: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6801: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6758: 6751: 6749: 6740: 6733: 6725: 6719: 6711: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6692: 6683: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6664: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6637: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6601: 6595: 6594:0-521-37981-4 6591: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6575:0-521-37981-4 6572: 6568: 6563: 6554: 6546: 6544:0-618-37040-4 6540: 6536: 6529: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6179: 6178: 6170: 6162: 6160:0-415-14405-1 6156: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6054: 6051: 6040: 6037: 6026: 6016: 6015:Vasco da Gama 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5955:Paulo da Gama 5953: 5951: 5950:Nuno da Cunha 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5910:Tomé de Sousa 5908: 5906: 5905:Jorge Álvares 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:Gonçalo Velho 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5584:Jorge Robledo 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5406:Juan de Garay 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5295:Juan de Oñate 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245:, 1533–1535, 5244: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227:, 1518–1522, 5226: 5222: 5221:Hernán Cortés 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5125:conquistadora 5122: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5063:Iberian Union 5058: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4952:Fuerteventura 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4879: 4878:trade route. 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4855:oceanic gyres 4852: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4805:Elobey Grande 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4781:oceanographic 4778: 4768: 4761: 4697: 4683: 4680: 4672: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4638:This section 4636: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4618: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4550:A Portuguese 4548: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4526:Vasco da Gama 4523: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4509:Pedro Escobar 4506: 4502: 4498: 4497:cane of Jacob 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4471: 4468: 4460: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4426:This section 4424: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4374:, the son of 4373: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4362:Ponce de Leon 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4221: 4219: 4218:Vasco da Gama 4215: 4210: 4208: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4190:Hernán Cortés 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4134: 4133:Shrunken head 4130: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4072:Welser family 4068: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3844:Aleixo Garcia 3841: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3795:Juan de Solis 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719:Sénégal River 3716: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3680: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3557: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498:Elmina Castle 3495: 3491: 3483: 3482:Iberian Union 3478: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3405:Iberian Union 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3354:Eastern Strip 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242:Nassau-Siegen 3239: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3163:Madeira River 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3139:in 1532, and 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3068:Tomé de Sousa 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3032: 3026:South America 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2950:Based on the 2945: 2940: 2935: 2928:North America 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:Banda Islands 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746:Bab al-Mandab 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2692: 2691:Hormuz Island 2688: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612:Battle of Diu 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2532:, the son of 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2435:Vasco da Gama 2432: 2431:Malabar Coast 2422: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362:Vasco da Gama 2356: 2355:Vasco da Gama 2352: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2326:Kongo kingdom 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2213: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081:El Adelantado 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1973:Yuma Crossing 1969: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1947:Río del Tizón 1944: 1943:Melchior Díaz 1940: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907:Codex Mendoza 1904: 1901: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:Nueva Vizcaya 1814: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:Apalachee Bay 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756:The Spaniard 1751: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1735:Diego Ribeiro 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:Estêvão Gomes 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1616:Juan Valiente 1613: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504:, arrived to 1503: 1499: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1398:Pedro Navarro 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1330:Uruguay River 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1304: 1303:Codex Mendoza 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:Hernán Cortés 1030: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 965: 960: 959: 954: 950: 946: 945:Jorge Robledo 942: 938: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912:El Adelantado 909: 901: 897: 892: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 866: 862: 858: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 808: 803: 799: 794: 792: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:Hernán Cortés 723: 721: 717: 709: 704: 700: 698: 697:María Estrada 693: 691: 687: 681: 679: 678:Aleixo Garcia 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626:Ioánnis Fokás 623: 618: 616: 612: 607: 602: 600: 596: 587: 583: 574: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 540: 538: 534: 530: 521: 516: 509: 505: 501: 495: 491: 487: 486:Ponce de León 483: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431:South America 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:North America 412: 408: 407:Amazon Jungle 404: 400: 398: 397:Hispanosphere 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 335:succeeded in 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 313:Pacific Ocean 310: 306: 305:United States 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 285:Hernán Cortés 282: 278: 274: 273:Santo Domingo 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 193: 185: 179: 143: 135: 81: 80:Conquistadors 75: 71: 68:expanded the 67: 63: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:Hernán Cortés 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Conquistadors 13533: 13511: 13496: 13481: 13466: 13451: 13376: 13309: 13159:Moctezuma II 13116:Inca history 13041:Andean Music 12985:Architecture 12980:Architecture 12975:Architecture 12970:Architecture 12966:Architecture 12960:Gender Roles 12705:Tenochtitlan 12628:Timoto–Cuica 12623:Tierradentro 12408:Casma–Sechin 12140:Chalcatzingo 11885: 11878: 11600:colonization 11404:The red road 11394:Medicine man 11389:Great Spirit 11141:Architecture 11036:The Americas 10900:Newfoundland 10890:Túpac Katari 10880:Cuerno Verde 10815:Tenochtitlan 10647:Valenciennes 10418: 10404:Luis Fajardo 10273:Blas de Lezo 10218:Duke of Alba 10098:Spanish Road 9936:Buenos Aires 9845:Governorates 9614:Ayuntamiento 9607:Organization 9072:Carlist Wars 8920:Italian Wars 8817: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8773: 8765: 8747: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8698: 8678: 8656: 8647: 8638:(1552: I.16 8635: 8623: 8614: 8605: 8593: 8584: 8578: 8567: 8539: 8532: 8505: 8501: 8473:. Retrieved 8468: 8454: 8436: 8427: 8415:. Retrieved 8411:the original 8401: 8392: 8383: 8375: 8370: 8358:. Retrieved 8341: 8327: 8310: 8300: 8275: 8265: 8251: 8242: 8236: 8227: 8218: 8209: 8203: 8191:. Retrieved 8187:the original 8177: 8167: 8158: 8148: 8140:the original 8135: 8126: 8116: 8083: 8075:the original 8059: 8051: 8046: 8037: 8028: 8016: 8007: 7998: 7989: 7980: 7971: 7962: 7953: 7944: 7935: 7914: 7905: 7890: 7873: 7868: 7848: 7841: 7829:. Retrieved 7819: 7800: 7770: 7726: 7722: 7712: 7704: 7699: 7680: 7674: 7654: 7647: 7628: 7618: 7598: 7591: 7571: 7564: 7553: 7548: 7528: 7508: 7501: 7481: 7474: 7454: 7447: 7427: 7420: 7396: 7389: 7377:. Retrieved 7373: 7364: 7356:the original 7346: 7334:. Retrieved 7323: 7309: 7304: 7284: 7277: 7265:. Retrieved 7261:the original 7256: 7247: 7227: 7219:the original 7209: 7197:. Retrieved 7187: 7175:. Retrieved 7171: 7162: 7150:. Retrieved 7146: 7136: 7123: 7114: 7108: 7099: 7085: 7079: 7071: 7057: 7051: 7043: 7029: 7023: 7004: 6998: 6978: 6971: 6947: 6940: 6929:, retrieved 6925:the original 6919: 6912: 6903: 6894: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6862:. Retrieved 6858:the original 6848: 6839: 6827:. Retrieved 6823:the original 6819:www.GARA.net 6818: 6809: 6800: 6791: 6779:. Retrieved 6775:the original 6765: 6756: 6738: 6732: 6723: 6718: 6698: 6691: 6682: 6663: 6643: 6636: 6624:. Retrieved 6620:the original 6609: 6600: 6581: 6562: 6553: 6534: 6528: 6518:30 September 6516:. Retrieved 6512:the original 6502: 6492:30 September 6490:. Retrieved 6486:the original 6476: 6468: 6463: 6454: 6424:(S1): 1–34. 6421: 6417: 6411: 6403:the original 6397: 6391: 6375: 6371: 6363:the original 6353: 6341:. Retrieved 6337:the original 6327: 6315:. Retrieved 6311:the original 6301: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6225: 6200:. Retrieved 6195: 6186: 6176: 6169: 6150: 6144: 6135: 6130: 6119: 6110: 6092: 6077:Libertadores 6036:Spain portal 5960:Nuno Tristão 5895:João Infante 5870:João da Nova 5819:Fernão do Pó 5648:, 1565–1572) 5632:Juan Garrido 5534:, 1541–1543) 5532:Amazon River 5524:, 1523–1524) 5502:, 1527–1528) 5422:Juan Pizarro 5402:, 1511–1519) 5340:, 1500–1527) 5326:, 1535–1537) 5301:, 1598–1608) 5249:, 1540–1541) 5231:, 1532–1536) 5217:, 1492–1496) 5207:, 1492–1504) 5182:Bandeirantes 5124: 5041: 5029:Miller Atlas 5021:Jorge Reinel 5018: 5006:Pedro Reinel 4991: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4955: 4948:Forte Vetura 4947: 4943: 4938:. It showed 4921: 4890:Portolan of 4871: 4867: 4844: 4840:Sargasso Sea 4820:Bioko Island 4809:Elobey Chico 4774: 4675: 4666: 4651:Please help 4639: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4556: 4496: 4478: 4463: 4454: 4439:Please help 4427: 4404: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4315: 4299: 4240: 4211: 4203: 4194:Tenochtitlan 4167: 4142: 4096: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4046:(1527–1598). 4025: 4021: 4006: 4004: 3993: 3977: 3911: 3902:cartographic 3894: 3865:Huayna Cápac 3837: 3814: 3803: 3782: 3758: 3754: 3751:Amazon River 3749:reached the 3711:Prester John 3704: 3681: 3678: 3675:Mythic lands 3661:Henry Dobyns 3658: 3633: 3625:Huayna Capac 3605: 3593:yellow fever 3561: 3530: 3526: 3487: 3459:Bandeirantes 3456: 3440: 3427:with Spain. 3401:Aviz dynasty 3396:Abu Abdallah 3374: 3347: 3335:Minas Gerais 3328: 3309: 3296: 3294: 3266: 3236: 3209: 3198: 3168: 3159:Mamoré River 3107: 3087: 3079:João Ramalho 3072: 3037: 3012:Bay of Fundy 2998:was granted 2991: 2987: 2949: 2904: 2896: 2856: 2785: 2774: 2722:Persian Gulf 2711: 2633: 2624: 2609: 2600: 2578: 2556:(1593), and 2544:, including 2515: 2492: 2481: 2479: 2454: 2443: 2427: 2394: 2359: 2343:crossed the 2330: 2319: 2286: 2276: 2269: 2262: 2242: 2226: 2195:Bandeirantes 2169:of silver). 2167: 2163: 2140: 2108: 2062: 2031:Ambon Island 2008: 1996: 1985: 1981: 1965: 1950: 1946: 1932: 1897: 1871:, preceding 1832: 1828: 1825:Gulf Islands 1810: 1755: 1731:Hudson River 1716: 1712:right whales 1700:Newfoundland 1689: 1666: 1621: 1614: 1610: 1596:Juan Garrido 1593: 1589: 1571:Paraná River 1549: 1495: 1472: 1457: 1422:Dávila sent 1421: 1418:in 1541–1542 1416:Amazon River 1372: 1353: 1343:sailed from 1338: 1334:Paraná River 1315: 1307: 1261: 1242: 1232: 1213:Spanish Town 1208: 1198: 1197: 1180: 1172: 1162:Pole to the 1140:delimitation 1133: 1124: 1120: 1109: 1081: 1061: 1042:Tenochtitlan 1013: 995: 989: 962: 956: 911: 905: 870: 805: 795: 774:Eusebio Kino 747: 731:Aztec Empire 724: 712: 708:Tenochtitlan 694: 682: 662:Eusebio Kino 646:conquistador 645: 622:Hispanicised 619: 603: 598: 591: 572: 554:, including 547: 545: 541: 525: 455:Persian Gulf 401: 311:sailing the 297:Aztec Empire 293:Moctezuma II 250: 242:trade routes 183: 79: 78: 74:Indian Ocean 36: 13222:Túpac Amaru 13206:Manco Cápac 13155:Moctezuma I 13066:Agriculture 13061:Agriculture 13056:Agriculture 13047:Agriculture 12990:Road System 12879:Mathematics 12744:Muysc Cubun 12598:San Agustín 12548:Monte Verde 12225:Teotihuacan 12117:Mesoamerica 12012:Coles Creek 11997:Anishinaabe 11954:Archaeology 11809:Ethnobotany 11666:El Salvador 11568:Visual arts 11437:Cosmovision 11423:Mesoamerica 11384:Fifth World 11345:Mythologies 11310:Archaeology 11288:Pre-history 11108:Philippines 11073:El Salvador 10693:Capo d'Orso 10577:St. Quentin 10552:Rome (1527) 10211:Strategists 9961:Guadalajara 9888:New Navarre 9883:New Castile 9868:La Luisiana 9820:Puerto Rico 9810:Philippines 9767:New Granada 9457:Philippines 9418:(Uruguay), 9414:(Bolivia), 9364:New Granada 9304:Puerto Rico 9250: [ 9120:Territories 8940:Encomiendas 8598:Roger Smith 8508:(2): 7–48. 8417:14 December 8389:"Fontaneda" 6881:La relación 6781:19 February 6134:Mary Hill, 5804:Diogo Gomes 5646:Philippines 5550:Inés Suárez 5354:Puerto Rico 5205:West Indies 5169:(1402–1496) 5121:Inés Suárez 5091:trade route 5065:(1581–1640) 4882:Cartography 4851:trade winds 4838:Island and 4600:with large 4536:Ship design 4493:cross-staff 4271:volley fire 4205:bandits in 4178:Granada War 4146:Reconquista 4063:because in 4052:concessions 4036:" in 1519. 4011:designated 3989:Inquisition 3887:Map of the 3853:Inca Empire 3849:Chaco Plain 3829:trade winds 3810:the Guianas 3745:. In 1542, 3715:White Queen 3569:chicken pox 3484:(1580–1640) 3392:Sebastian I 3384:Elizabeth I 3339:Mato Grosso 3228:New Holland 3143:, in 1554. 3137:São Vicente 3016:Minas Basin 3008:Nova Scotia 2744:inside the 2620:Arabian Sea 2511:slave trade 2322:Congo River 2077:Philippines 2058:Philippines 1979:'s (1774). 1879:village of 1861:Mexico City 1506:Santa Marta 1378:La Española 1239:the Bahamas 1073:King João I 1038:La Malinche 973:encomiendas 910:dispatched 900:Tepotzotlan 851:Pedro Simón 843:Diego Durán 832:chroniclers 758:Franciscans 743:Extremadura 739:Inca Empire 463:East Africa 459:East Indies 423:Mexico City 321:Inca Empire 307:, and from 291:, ruled by 281:Puerto Rico 257:West Indies 197:Portuguese: 72:across the 13555:Categories 13193:Tisquesusa 13167:Cuauhtémoc 13163:Cuitláhuac 12493:Lauricocha 12463:Gran Chaco 12453:Cupisnique 12438:Chinchorro 12413:Chachapoya 12403:Caral–Supe 12245:Tlaxcaltec 12235:Teuchitlán 12150:Chupícuaro 12077:Plum Bayou 12072:Plaquemine 12042:Marksville 12007:Chichimeca 11851:Philosophy 11656:Costa Rica 11630:by country 11461:Variations 11452:World tree 11409:Totem pole 11379:Arborglyph 10778:Somosierra 10768:Manila Bay 10642:Nördlingen 10582:Gravelines 10062:Columnario 10034:Currencies 9951:Concepción 9923:Audiencias 9898:New Toledo 9863:La Florida 9696:Corregidor 9660:Papal bull 9565:Antarctica 9473:Micronesia 8930:Golden Age 8681:. Viking. 8626:(c. 1507, 8475:18 October 8193:8 February 6864:30 January 6626:10 October 6244:1015274908 6202:3 December 6102:References 5920:Luís Pires 5875:João Grego 5814:Dinis Dias 5636:Hispaniola 5314:Costa Rica 5131:against a 5025:Lopo Homem 4606:forecastle 4409:Navigation 4367:Becerrillo 4333:and other 4326:sheep dogs 4311:California 4307:New Mexico 4255:arquebuses 4207:Al-Andalus 3612:Rio Grande 3573:diphtheria 3558:" 1540–85) 3316:Sacramento 3269:Pernambuco 3254:Pernambuco 3240:prince of 3161:, and the 3044:brazilwood 2972:Corte-Real 2956:John Cabot 2914:Mozambique 2883:Fort Jesus 2808:Portuguese 2756:conquered 2664:Diogo Dias 2488:Portuguese 2376:in India, 2372:conquered 2315:Cape Cross 2122:. Spanish 2048:Statue of 1992:New Mexico 1857:Estevanico 1813:Gulf Coast 1774:Nuevo León 1770:Tamaulipas 1673:Hispaniola 1655:Statue of 1645:Valladolid 1326:confluence 1264:Hispaniola 1244:Adelantado 1168:Cape Verde 849:and friar 754:Carmelites 750:Dominicans 595:arquebuses 577:Background 548:vice versa 347:. Central 210:Portuguese 13438:continent 13214:Atahualpa 13210:Pachacuti 13185:Nemequene 13051:Chinampas 12873:Astronomy 12862:Astronomy 12842:Mythology 12837:Mythology 12832:Mythology 12827:Mythology 12823:Mythology 12653:Wankarani 12643:Tuncahuán 12533:Marajoara 12488:Las Vegas 12374:Atacameño 12270:Xochipala 12210:Purépecha 12170:Epi-Olmec 12160:Cuicuilco 12102:Troyville 12092:St. Johns 11846:Movements 11841:Languages 11789:Venezuela 11734:Argentina 11696:Nicaragua 11676:Guatemala 11671:Greenland 11358:Religions 11083:Nicaragua 11061:Guatemala 10971:Pichincha 10956:Chacabuco 10895:Pensacola 10840:Mataquito 10820:Cajamarca 10801:New World 10773:Trafalgar 10677:Alhucemas 10557:Landriano 10542:Comuneros 10528:Old World 10472:Joan Orpí 10192:Royalists 9966:Guatemala 9893:New Spain 9830:Venezuela 9805:Guatemala 9762:New Spain 9757:Columbian 9650:Exequatur 9550:Cape Juby 9404:Argentina 9227:New Spain 9161:Gibraltar 8925:Habsburgs 8634:, in his 8570:(Review). 8524:258861207 8502:Historica 8435:(1980) , 8335:(1851) . 8065:New World 7379:22 August 6885:The Story 6446:145787038 6438:0022-216X 5995:Pero Dias 5855:Gil Eanes 5794:Diogo Cão 5779:Cadamosto 5442:Nicaragua 5416:Venezuela 5239:Guatemala 5014:wind rose 5010:Diogo Cão 4956:Vegi Mari 4940:Lanzarote 4922:In 1339, 4896:Lanzarote 4669:July 2012 4640:does not 4602:aftcastle 4514:Ephemeris 4485:astrolabe 4457:July 2012 4428:does not 4395:Ephemeris 4376:Becerillo 4335:Molossers 4303:Argentina 4251:crossbows 4192:besieged 4030:Charles V 3869:San Pedro 3735:El Dorado 3647:name for 3636:tree-ring 3629:Atahualpa 3581:influenza 3331:explorers 3216:Piet Heyn 3196:in 1615. 3141:São Paulo 3109:Mem de Sá 2964:Greenland 2906:Mauritius 2859:mercenary 2800:Mascarene 2796:Rodrigues 2777:Guangzhou 2642:, to the 2526:explorers 2360:In 1498, 2317:in 1486. 2307:Diogo Cão 2245:Silk Road 2141:In 1542, 2063:In 1564, 2054:Cebu City 2009:In 1525, 1933:In 1540, 1900:New Spain 1851:Moroccan 1847:, and an 1744:Route of 1339:In 1517, 1316:In 1516, 1235:Guanahani 1175:longitude 1164:Antarctic 1136:New World 1020:in June. 1014:El Dorado 997:Audiencia 958:El Dorado 865:Atahualpa 820:Chactemal 814:Indians. 812:Tupinambá 804:warrior. 690:Languedoc 686:Galicians 650:Venezuela 615:Malintzin 568:New World 560:influenza 411:Patagonia 381:Argentina 269:Caribbean 246:New World 13310:See also 13228:Conquest 13201:Zoratama 12868:Calendar 12857:Calendar 12852:Calendar 12848:Calendar 12817:Religion 12812:Religion 12801:Religion 12790:Religion 12786:Religion 12775:Numerals 12769:Numerals 12730:Language 12710:Multiple 12648:Valdivia 12633:Tiwanaku 12593:Saladoid 12588:Quimbaya 12478:Kuhikugu 12458:Diaguita 12448:Chorrera 12265:Veraguas 12260:Veracruz 12240:Tlatilco 12052:Mogollon 11959:Cultures 11937:Americas 11880:Category 11836:Identity 11819:Iroquois 11814:Cherokee 11779:Suriname 11769:Paraguay 11754:Colombia 11681:Honduras 11661:Dominica 11598:European 11573:Painting 11535:Colombia 11447:Religion 11442:Creation 11315:Genetics 11093:Colombia 11078:Honduras 10991:Asomante 10976:Ayacucho 10966:Carabobo 10941:Curalaba 10718:Ceresole 10612:Gembloux 10572:Mühlberg 10287:Mariners 10145:Military 10067:Doubloon 10052:Maravedí 9996:Santiago 9903:Paraguay 9629:Germania 9469:Caroline 9424:Malvinas 9408:Paraguay 9368:Colombia 9310:Trinidad 9177:Sardinia 9017:Bourbons 8462:(1875). 8136:NBC News 8114:(2006). 8092:Archived 8054:, (2000) 7878:Archived 7831:12 April 7332:. Dutton 7318:format). 7257:AISH.com 7177:18 April 6671:Archived 6380:Archived 6343:13 March 6293:16485469 6022:See also 5522:Honduras 5334:Colombia 5279:Colombia 5277:, 1527, 5129:Santiago 4972:Capraria 4968:Primaria 4864:Coriolis 4853:and the 4847:currents 4610:bowsprit 4518:latitude 4489:quadrant 4372:Leoncico 4355:war dogs 4318:mastiffs 4164:Strategy 3969:Trujillo 3621:smallpox 3601:immunity 3565:smallpox 3297:Nordeste 3220:Suriname 3205:Salvador 3194:São Luís 3182:São Luís 3117:Salvador 3056:João III 3000:donatary 2848:Javanese 2810:annexed 2706:Nagasaki 2635:A Famosa 2591:to King 2554:Sitawaka 2552:(1593), 2548:(1591), 2503:Manuel I 2446:Zanzibar 2404:Príncipe 2279:Afonso V 2234:Flanders 2155:Coos Bay 2128:Acapulco 2124:galleons 1975:include 1951:Colorado 1913:reached 1873:Coronado 1849:enslaved 1833:Capoques 1805:Coronado 1792:near to 1778:Coahuila 1729:and the 1708:bowheads 1696:Labrador 1492:1535–37. 1382:converso 1332:and the 1156:meridian 1130:Treaties 1002:New Laws 969:New Laws 964:converso 807:Caramuru 720:nobility 632:between 599:compañia 556:smallpox 506:and his 477:Conquest 395:and the 389:Paraguay 349:Colombia 287:led the 261:hidalgos 238:colonies 222:Americas 188:Spanish: 56:Americas 46:led the 13504:Oceania 13474:Eurasia 13432:of the 13197:Tundama 13126:Peoples 13111:History 13106:History 13101:History 13097:History 13091:Cuisine 13086:Cuisine 13081:Cuisine 13076:Cuisine 13072:Cuisine 12930:Warfare 12925:Warfare 12920:Warfare 12916:Warfare 12910:Society 12905:Economy 12894:Society 12889:Society 12885:Society 12755:Writing 12749:Quechua 12734:Nahuatl 12701:Capital 12638:Toyopán 12618:Tairona 12528:Mapuche 12443:Chiripa 12418:Chancay 12389:Cañaris 12364:Amotape 12359:El Abra 12275:Zapotec 12255:Totonac 12230:Tepanec 12215:Quelepa 12185:Mezcala 12175:Huastec 12145:Cholula 12135:Capacha 12130:Acolhua 12087:Sinagua 12062:Patayan 12032:Hohokam 12022:Fremont 11856:Studies 11784:Uruguay 11759:Ecuador 11739:Bolivia 11686:Jamaica 11585:Writers 11580:Artists 11540:Ecuador 11522:Culture 11503:Mapuche 11225:Asiento 11196:Mustang 11056:Yucatán 11051:Chiapas 10931:Tucapel 10763:Passaro 10713:Algiers 10703:Preveza 10672:Tetouan 10667:Vitoria 10657:Bitonto 10597:Antwerp 10592:Lepanto 10547:Bicocca 10023:Economy 9946:Charcas 9941:Caracas 9835:Yucatán 9706:Regidor 9691:Alcalde 9619:Cabildo 9526:Tripoli 9465:Mariana 9412:Charcas 9388:(Peru, 9372:Ecuador 9335:Bonaire 9330:Curazao 9315:Jamaica 9243:Florida 8622:in his 8360:15 July 8339:(ed.). 8319:2690209 8292:2651957 7751:1779411 7731:Bibcode 7236:Reuters 6931:5 April 6317:9 March 6284:3367635 6196:History 5444:, 1524) 5434:, 1517) 5432:Yucatán 5418:, 1532) 5283:Ecuador 5133:Mapuche 5044:Ptolemy 5037:compass 4976:Canaria 4801:Corisco 4744:Pacific 4735:Pacific 4661:removed 4646:sources 4590:carrack 4567:luffing 4559:caravel 4552:caravel 4449:removed 4434:sources 4364:called 4277:Animals 4259:dragoon 4253:, with 4229:Weapons 4214:Mombasa 4200:Tactics 3907:Amazons 3879:Secrecy 3871:on the 3861:Bolivia 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