1152:; Allied bombardments from the Bemmelsedijk tried in vain to prevent this. By this time, it was alleged that all Coalition outposts had been evacuated or captured by the French, who took many Allied POWs. The Prince of Orange changed his mind about his earlier decision on 28 October, and announced that he loved Nijmegen too much to just surrender her to the enemy. Hulst, who showed some pro-French sympathies in his account, called the stadtholder's decision to risk the city to withstand a siege 'nonsensical' because of a lack of supplies, and he claimed that the citizenry would rather capitulate quickly. General Wallmoden would also once again have given the order to evacuate the city, and have left it himself. The well-covered French batteries in Ooij were hard to hit, but they themselves were highly efficient in firing on the eastern walls. The other sides of the city remained quiet. Meanwhile, the shortages in combustibles and
1234:
the city had almost been evacuated. Several hundreds of troops were sent on reconnaissance to inspect the occupation of the walls. They scaled the walls, entered the city without resistance and opened up three gates (the
Hesepoort, Molenpoort and Hertogsteegsepoort), after which the main force was informed. Around 4 am, French troops spread throughout the city to occupy strategic points. From the other side, captain Reine (a Dutch Patriot) advanced to the Hunnerpoort to demand access in the name of the French Republic. This was granted by the magistrate, and the French took over the gatehouse. The remaining Dutch States troops who could not flee the city because of the burning pontoon bridge were taken prisoner. The prisoners of war were disarmed on the very same day, and escorted to
1217:
howitzer bombardments around 7 or 8 pm. The impacts caused major panic inside the city; most civilians fled to their cellars for cover. Dutch troops launched desperate sorties, but at the cost of more soldiers on their own side than they could inflict on the French. The floating bridge was damaged, but carpenters restored it in the midst of the shooting. At night, several
English battalions, the majority of the English and Hanoverian cavalry, and some artillery units abandoned the city. Dozens of English soldiers set themselves to looting houses in order to take away as many goods as they could lay their hands on to the other shore, but Dutch soldiers and armed citizens were able to arrest a large number of them, and about 50 pillagers were executed.
156:
1136:
1123:. On 24 and 25 October, the city was geared into a state of emergency, while food shortages began to grow and Coalition soldiers started plundering the countryside. A French attack near Hees was beaten back. The pontoon bridge across the Waal was filled with combustibles so it could be burned after crossing, preventing the French from using it. The French vainly tried to shoot the floating bridge to pieces before the Allies could use it for a retreat. On 26 October, there was combat near the Pelmolen with an unknown number of casualties. The Emigrants of Dumas left the city in the direction of
1119:
stadtholder ordered to not defend
Nijmegen against the French, and so the evacuation of the city was commenced. On 22 October, there was heavy fighting between outposts between 2 and 6 o'clock, causing at least 80 Allied casualties. The French approached the city to within 15 minutes, but then retreated again. There were skirmishes at 7 o'clock in the morning and also in the afternoon of 23 October. The French army's main force was stationed in Wijchen, while inside Nijmegen the Allies continued to station more troops, for example in the
167:
45:
107:
1209:
1221:
difficult to obtain, and people rather avoided the streets. At 4 pm, the
Dominicus Church caught fire, and the flames, fed by the wind, spread to the surrounding houses. It was not until after the steeple had collapsed that the fire would be extinguished around 11 pm. However, a new fire in the Hertogsteeg could not be tamed, and several homes completely turned into ashes. The City Council held a meeting at 7 o'clock, but most
178:
135:
1179:
from the water for their own use. The situation turned around when the three
Princes of Orange came from Arnhem and arrived in Nijmegen in the afternoon to consult with the other military commanders. The result appears to have been to cease the evacuation and to resume the siege, because room was made for 3,600 new English and Dutch soldiers (including 2 companies of Dutch
1272:
demanded the departure of the
Orangists. Eventually, the French food shortages were the decisive factor to continue the advance. On 10 January 1795, Pichegru crossed the frozen Waal, after which only little fighting was needed in the rest of the country: on 16 January, the province of Utrecht surrendered, and on the night of 18 to 19 January a nonviolent
1251:, prompting the military leadership to temporarily close down all shops to protect the vendors against economic damage. English troops continued to occupy the Knodsenburg fortress on the other side of the Waal and fired on the city for some time, to little effect, but successfully keeping the French at a distance for the time being.
1173:
on the slowly nearer-digging French troops, who did not return the fire. That evening and night, 3000 men with military wagons and horses are said to have crossed the river while evacuating the city. At night, Hanoverian troops made another sortie and reached the French trenches, but it appeared that
996:
near
Nijmegen for easier troop movement. Those days, companies from several countries came and went from the city, and the stadtholder and his sons showed up several times inside its walls. The French came closer by the day, and there were multiple minor field battles and skirmishes near the outposts
1186:
The artillery on the walls was reinforced on 4 November, and much of the ammunition dumped in the Waal was brought back to the surface to be used. The far-progressed trenches were assailed during a large-scale
English sortie, and the first and second line were successfully taken, with many tools and
1271:
rivers, which were often claimed to be the 'natural boundary' of France, and that it had tried to seize during the past several revolutionary years. Daendels, however, pressed the French command to liberate the rest of the Dutch
Republic, where the Patriots were increasingly stirring up revolts and
1233:
as quickly as possible. As soon as the
English had crossed to the other side around 1 or 2 am, however, they set the bridge aflame, preventing the remaining Dutch regiments the retreat. Seeing the burning bridge, and noticing the defenders decreasingly returned their fire, the French concluded that
1220:
The Emigrants of Damas left Nijmegen on 7 November at 9 am. The howitzer bombardments, which were less frequent at night, resumed the next day in all ferocity. Once again, English plunderers were caught. Between 1 and 3 o'clock, a fire raged in the Hertogsteeg that was hard to extinguish; water was
1159:
From 29 October to 1 November, the French did not attack, but carefully prepared for a long-term siege by constructing more trenches and batteries in the ever colder weather. Although the defenders bombarded them with cannons, they had little effect. Several more homes in Hees were shot ablaze from
1118:
asked the magistrate of Nijmegen whether there were enough food supplies to make it through a siege; from the doubtful answer he received, he concluded that the city had to be evacuated. Meanwhile, the French had reached Neerbosch, while the English had abandoned their outposts. From The Hague, the
1178:
whilst incurring 60 deaths and 40 injuries. The next day, the evacuation was resumed. Numerous bombs, cannon and howitzers balls were thrown into the river so that they wouldn't fall into French hands. Moreover, 500 tonnes of flour were dumped overboard, but hungry civilians retrieved much of it
1216:
In the morning of 6 November, the stadtholder once again assured the population that he would defend the city, and even promised to relieve her within three days as soon as the necessarily reinforcements had arrived. That afternoon, the French field works were completed, and they commenced heavy
1187:
soldiers captured. At the third line, however, they met with fierce French counter-fire of cannons and muskets, suffering heavy losses and breaking ranks, after which they fled back to the city in great disorder. A large number of Scots that tried to climb the Hunnerberg were shot down by French
1283:
During the spring of 1795, the French government and the new revolutionary Batavian administration negotiated which regions would be annexed by France: Paris agitated for the Waal as the border between the two republics, but the Bavatians found this too high a price for the population which had
1196:, commander of the British troops, planned a counter-offensive with Austrian assistance to relieve Nijmegen, but this was cancelled when the Hanoverian contingent refused to participate. The English troops began to leave the city on the order of York, who was recalled to England and replaced by
1191:
until they were relieved by a Hanoverian battalion that escorted them back into the city. 5 November was another relatively quiet day; even more Allied troops and artillery pieces were stationed in Nijmegen and there was a little less fierce firing than the day before, while the French resumed
1143:
The cannon on the Nijmegian walls fired for the first time on 27 October at 12.30 pm, and the French army directly shot back at them as well. As a precaution, several houses in Hees were burnt down at 6 pm, in order to prevent the French from garrisoning them. In
1169:, but it was beaten back with a loss of 100 men. In the meantime, the wood shortage inside Nijmegen was rapidly becoming serious, and all kinds of things were set on fire to produce warmth. On 2 November, the Coalition forces employed an almost endless
1068:
of 1200 men under the Prince of Rohan. One of the English regiments was taken prisoner of war (500 men), and the other was almost completely destroyed, while of the 1200 Emigrants only 300 escaped, while 60 were captured and the rest was killed. The
1238:
with full military honours and beating drum. Eventually, the capitulation was written up by the Dutch officer Sanders van Wel in the Molenstraat, which was soon signed by general Souham. Thus, Nijmegen fell into French hands on 8 November.
1105:
by the French, but not assaulted yet, because they wanted to conquer Nijmegen first. As a fortress city, Grave was much harder to capture. It endured until 30 December when heavy French bombardments had reduced most of it to rubble.
1242:
Hulst reported that the French troops were very disciplined, and did not engage in looting, but walked across the street gleefully and singing while greeting civilians. Tensions loomed when unsuspecting shop owners started trading
943:
and expelled the Patriots, who fled to France or disguised themselves as 'reading clubs'. William V left Nijmegen again and resumed his residence in The Hague, while reinforcing his stadtholderian powers through the
907:, his indecision, several changes of mind and lack of coordination with his Anglo-Hanoverian, Hessian, Prussian and Austrian allies contributed to the eventual surrender of Nijmegen to the French revolutionaries.
1228:
After midnight, the remaining English, Hanoverian and Hessian troops began to definitively evacuate. The pontoon bridge was heavily fired on by the French howitzers, while the Allies tried to cross it towards
1164:
out of the city in an attempt to frustrate the French preparations. In the end, only a single sortie involving 300 English and 200 Hanoverian soldiers was performed towards a French battery located on the
1022:
1316:
below the river Waal would remain in Batavian control. Nijmegen thus became part of the new Batavian Republic, but the division of Guelders caused the city to be reassigned to the
1280:
was proclaimed, while many Orangists together with the stadtholder fled to England. In other cities similar revolutions took place in which the Patriots took over the government.
767:
549:
791:
975:. The Prussians and Austrians fled to the Rhineland, while the Anglo-Hanoverian, Hessian and Dutch States troops withdrew further northwards to defend the United Provinces.
779:
1317:
803:
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877:
559:
456:
36:
988:
The Nijmegian contemporary citizen Jan van Hulst recorded a detailed account of the siege in his personal diary. On 3 October, the States troops constructed a
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and his new alliances with Prussia and England, which made the Netherlands a de facto Anglo-Prussian protectorate, now run as a hereditary monarchy under the
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the walls. A number of high-ranking Allied commanders appeared in the city and convened to discuss what to do. It was suggested to make a
1074:
1037:
1183:), who arrived later that night. Coalition troops on the walls kept firing at the French, who kept digging closer without firing back.
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932:
267:
214:
858:
363:
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to the south of Nijmegen, while the city and the surrounding forts were being reinforced. The French Armée du Nord led by general
772:
1644:
1634:
466:
1525:
260:
1457:
1614:
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433:
166:
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won one victory after another over the forces of the anti-French reactionary First Coalition, to which William V's son
796:
1566:
845:
516:
1629:
1273:
853:
1431:
Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Willem §1. Willem I". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
1487:
1422:
Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Garantie, Akte van". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
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323:
284:
119:
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1413:
Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "patriotten". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
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British Campaigns in Flanders 1690–1794 (fragmenten uit Deel 4 van A History of the British Army)
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318:
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between the French troops, alleged to be 20,000 men strong, versus two English regiments and an
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digging efforts and had deployed extra guards near the trenches in case of another sortie. The
1161:
1006:
949:
663:
506:
501:
373:
197:
1556:
1212:
This map shows the French trenches and batteries on the Hunnerberg and their firing direction.
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largely liberated itself, and wanted to retain friendly ties with the French. The resulting
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8:
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Pichegru fell ill soon after, and retreated to Brussels to recover. His replacement,
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were increasing, and Allied soldiers began to violently demand food from civilians.
1085:
was conquered by the French. On 20 October, there were skirmishes on the heath near
252:
1289:
1230:
945:
815:
623:
403:
1558:
Bedreigd door Napoleon: De Ridderlijke Duitsche Orde, Balije van Utrecht 1753-1838
1297:
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328:
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1305:
989:
953:
916:
896:
140:
78:
44:
1603:
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Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Bataafse Republiek ".
1073:
was soon entirely in French hands. That night, Coalition troops plundered
900:
884:. It was the last major military confrontation between the forces of the
461:
1040:
with a division on 18 or 19 October, followed by another division under
1208:
1180:
1057:
1049:
928:
527:
1518:
War of Wars: The Epic Struggle Between Britain and France 1789–1815
1309:
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1222:
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891:
and the reactionary First Coalition of European monarchs including
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when he was deprived of the command of the garrison of
899:
in January 1795, which William had ruled as hereditary
876:
occurred from 27 October to 8 November 1794 during the
1114:
In the morning of 21 October, the Hanoverian general
959:
In the summer of 1794, the momentum changed when the
282:
49:
The Valkhof Castle in 1794 shortly before the siege.
971:, the hereditary Prince of Orange, contributed a
1601:
1458:"'s-Hertogenbosch in 1794: beleg en omwenteling"
1561:. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 221.
1409:
1407:
1467:. Kring Vrienden van ’s‑Hertogenbosch: 125–135
1174:they did not achieve more than stealing a few
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268:
1404:
1550:
1548:
1511:
1509:
1274:Batavian Revolution took place in Amsterdam
1247:1 on 1 against the heavily devalued French
1109:
550:
536:
275:
261:
1455:
1440:
1203:
903:since 1751. As commander-in-chief of the
1620:Sieges of the War of the First Coalition
1587:
1585:
1554:
1545:
1506:
1486:Frederik Henri Alexander Sabron (1892).
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16:Siege of the War of the First Coalition
1602:
1515:
983:
1665:French conquest of the Dutch Republic
1582:
1445:. Londen: Macmillan. pp. 362–65.
1320:and to lose its status as capital to
1304:would become French territory, while
1130:
1005:under the Patriot brigadier generals
557:
531:
256:
1392:. Mark van Loon/Stichting Noviomagus
1388:Jan van Hulst, Evert K. Kam (1996).
1334:
1625:Sieges involving the Dutch Republic
1259:With the conquest of Nijmegen, the
1225:had already fled the city by then.
1097:and severed the connection between
13:
14:
1676:
1520:. Londen: Robinson. p. 139.
1286:Treaty of The Hague (16 May 1795)
1139:Map of Nijmegen during the siege.
1390:"Dagboek van Nijmegen 1794-1795"
923:had taken refuge in the city of
176:
165:
154:
133:
105:
43:
1492:De oorlog van 1794-’95. Deel II
1103:Grave was completely surrounded
1645:Battles involving Hesse-Kassel
1635:Sieges involving Great Britain
1534:
1479:
1449:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1089:and the flower mountains near
1:
1327:
1093:, while the French bombarded
952:in all but its old name: the
910:
512:Italian campaign of 1796-1797
1555:de Bruin, Renger E. (2012).
1441:Fortescue, Sir John (1918).
1254:
941:the Prussian army intervened
935:was arrested by Patriots at
61:27 October – 8 November 1794
7:
921:William V, Prince of Orange
893:William V, Prince of Orange
10:
1681:
1615:1794 in the Dutch Republic
882:War of the First Coalition
286:War of the First Coalition
33:War of the First Coalition
1640:Battles involving Hanover
1488:"Generaal de Bonskazerne"
1288:stipulated that only the
978:
895:, before the fall of the
569:
492:Rhine campaign of 1793–94
299:
224:
187:
97:
53:
42:
30:
25:
1318:Department of the Dommel
1110:Battles between outposts
1030:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
931:in 1785. After his wife
1630:Sieges involving France
1516:Harvey, Robert (2007).
1494:. Drukkerij Broes Breda
1148:, the French installed
1044:'s command. There were
1456:Baartmans, J. (1994).
1213:
1204:The French bombardment
1140:
1021:on 12 October after a
1007:Herman Willem Daendels
950:House of Orange-Nassau
507:Rhine campaign of 1796
502:Rhine campaign of 1795
467:Mediterranean campaign
188:Commanders and leaders
1211:
1138:
1071:Land van Maas en Waal
1046:battles near Puiflijk
999:Jean-Charles Pichegru
933:Wilhelmina of Prussia
889:French First Republic
694:Battle of Vaux (1794)
113:French First Republic
1032:, crossed the river
1023:siege of three weeks
1017:troops to surrender
1011:Jan Willem de Winter
965:Austrian Netherlands
961:French Revolutionary
202:Jan Willem de Winter
1655:History of Nijmegen
1541:Pieter Geyl p. 296.
1150:artillery batteries
1121:Romanesque churches
984:Advance on Nijmegen
937:Goejanverwellesluis
703:Villers-en-Cauchies
487:East Indies Theatre
477:War of the Pyrenees
211:Frederick of Orange
207:William V of Orange
1660:Events in Nijmegen
1302:Staats-Opper-Gelre
1214:
1141:
1131:Start of the siege
1013:. They forced the
1001:, assisted by the
686:Marchiennes (1793)
219:Count of Wallmoden
1650:Duchy of Guelders
1610:Conflicts in 1794
1527:978-1-84529-635-3
1314:County of Holland
1310:Duchy of Guelders
1308:and the parts of
1294:Staats-Vlaanderen
1278:Batavian Republic
992:across the river
973:States contingent
939:on 28 June 1787,
905:Dutch States Army
878:Flanders campaign
874:siege of Nijmegen
867:
866:
561:Flanders campaign
525:
524:
517:Anglo-Spanish War
497:Atlantic campaign
482:Italian campaigns
472:War in the Vendée
457:Flanders campaign
251:
250:
247:
241:
234:
148:Dutch States Army
93:
92:
37:Flanders campaign
26:Siege of Nijmegen
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1401:
1399:
1397:
1385:
1322:'s-Hertogenbosch
1290:Generality Lands
1263:had reached the
1198:William Harcourt
1081:. The same day,
1019:'s-Hertogenbosch
946:Act of Guarantee
812:
800:
792:2nd Valenciennes
788:
776:
629:1st Valenciennes
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1335:
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1298:Staats-Overmaas
1261:French Republic
1257:
1206:
1133:
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1003:Batavian Legion
990:floating bridge
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295:
285:
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244:
243:50 to 60 cannon
242:
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231:
230:20,000 soldiers
217:
213:
209:
200:
198:Herman Daendels
196:
174:
164:
163:
153:
143:
134:
132:
125:Batavian Legion
115:
106:
104:
81:
48:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1678:
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1612:
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1544:
1533:
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1478:
1465:Bossche Bladen
1448:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1403:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1306:Staats-Brabant
1256:
1253:
1245:Dutch guilders
1205:
1202:
1132:
1129:
1111:
1108:
1101:and Nijmegen.
985:
982:
980:
977:
963:troops in the
954:Dutch Republic
919:, stadtholder
917:Patriottentijd
912:
909:
897:Dutch Republic
865:
864:
862:
861:
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851:
848:
843:
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831:2nd Aldenhoven
828:
826:2nd Maastricht
823:
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789:
780:2nd Le Quesnoy
777:
768:2nd Landrecies
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730:
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698:1st Landrecies
695:
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687:
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683:Cysoing (1793)
681:
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671:
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661:
659:Avesnes-le-Sec
656:
651:
649:1st Le Quesnoy
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1572:. Retrieved
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1536:
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1496:. Retrieved
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1469:. Retrieved
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1394:. Retrieved
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1194:Duke of York
1185:
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850:Geldermalsen
840:
723:2nd Courtrai
669:1st Courtrai
409:Newfoundland
374:Altenkirchen
246:(21 October)
240:(24 October)
233:(19 October)
215:Duke of York
182:Hesse-Kassel
152:
131:
103:
98:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
901:stadtholder
807: [
795: [
783: [
771: [
743:Erquelinnes
654:Hondschoote
579:1st Limburg
462:Chouannerie
194:Jean Moreau
1604:Categories
1471:27 January
1328:References
1236:Ravenstein
1181:cannoneers
1167:Hunnerberg
911:Background
859:Den Helder
846:Luxembourg
679:Wattignies
609:Neerwinden
584:Anderlecht
364:Den Helder
359:Guadeloupe
354:Martinique
324:Thionville
304:Porrentruy
1574:20 August
1498:21 August
1396:21 August
1255:Aftermath
1249:assignats
1116:Wallmoden
1075:Neerbosch
1058:Batenburg
1050:Appeltern
1038:Teeffelen
969:Frederick
929:The Hague
854:Amsterdam
804:2nd Condé
758:Lambusart
748:Gosselies
733:Tourcoing
728:Grandreng
690:Le Cateau
639:Lincelles
614:1st Condé
449:Diersheim
439:Fishguard
399:Neresheim
309:Quiévrain
1312:and the
1276:and the
1267:and the
1223:regenten
1091:Zyfflich
1015:Orangist
925:Nijmegen
841:Nijmegen
836:Puiflijk
821:Sprimont
713:Mouscron
708:Beaumont
674:Maubeuge
574:Jemappes
429:Biberach
424:2nd Kehl
414:WĂĽrzburg
389:1st Kehl
384:Kircheib
369:Siegburg
349:Sardinia
344:Jemappes
314:Marquain
225:Strength
75:Guelders
71:Nijmegen
66:Location
1171:barrage
1125:Zutphen
1087:Wijchen
1062:Winssen
1054:Dreumel
915:In the
880:of the
763:Fleurus
738:Tournay
718:Willems
644:Dunkirk
619:Raismes
444:Neuwied
434:Ireland
419:Limburg
379:Wetzlar
172:Hanover
1565:
1524:
1176:spades
1162:sortie
1083:Cleves
979:Course
816:Boxtel
624:Famars
404:Amberg
394:Malsch
319:Verdun
138:
110:
86:Result
1461:(PDF)
1265:Rhine
1189:Jäger
1154:flour
1099:Grave
811:]
799:]
787:]
775:]
753:Ypres
664:Menin
599:Breda
589:Namur
339:Mainz
334:Lille
329:Valmy
1576:2016
1563:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1500:2016
1473:2020
1398:2016
1300:and
1269:Waal
1231:Lent
1146:Ooij
1095:Tiel
1079:Hees
1077:and
1060:and
1034:Maas
1009:and
994:Waal
872:The
291:List
58:Date
1292:of
1036:at
1606::
1584:^
1547:^
1508:^
1490:.
1463:.
1406:^
1336:^
1324:.
1296:,
1200:.
1127:.
1056:,
1052:,
1048:,
1025:.
956:.
809:fr
797:fr
785:fr
773:fr
77:,
73:,
1578:.
1530:.
1502:.
1475:.
1400:.
551:e
544:t
537:v
293:)
289:(
276:e
269:t
262:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
