Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition

2988: 2146: 1584: 1770:(27 July 1790), as they both feared French aggression and decided to cooperate. Due to Anglo-Austrian diplomatic pressure, Prussian troops were withdrawn from Liège to allow an Austrian restoration. Vienna's truce with the Ottomans in September freed up 30,000 troops for an expedition to the Southern Netherlands, ending both the United Belgian States and the Liège Republic by January 1791. Most Statists would reconcile themselves with Leopold II's conservative government. Revolutionary fervour had not perished, however, and when French Republican forces invaded the South in November 1792, Liégeois and Vonckist Patriots would aid in their conquest. About 2,500 Liégeois and Southern Netherlandish emigrants fought on the French side in the 670: 651: 632: 613: 526: 507: 488: 469: 450: 2971: 206: 7173: 7108: 620: 7040: 593: 581: 569: 268: 193: 1817:, sought to export the revolution abroad and also break the power of other European monarchs, while Louis XVI hoped that his full royal powers would be restored if France lost a war with Austria and Prussia, which had concluded a defensive alliance on 7 February 1792. Thus, supported by the Girondin Assembly, king Louis XVI of France declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792; Prussia immediately joined its Austrian ally against France. Britain and the Northern Netherlands sought to maintain their neutrality, but the British government was increasingly concerned about the security of the United Provinces. 43: 3044: 2685: 432: 420: 408: 396: 384: 372: 354: 341: 321: 303: 139: 3020:

ostensibly under his command. With his left flank exposed again, York refused it by drawing it back along the Nethe river from Lierre to Duffel, while planning with the Dutch to recapture Malines on the 18th. However, on the 18th itself, York received word from Coburg that he had decided to withdraw his main force even further, from Tirlemont to Landen. Two days later, York realised that Coburg had quietly ordered the Austrians protecting his left flank at Diest to retreat further east to Hasselt, exposing his rear to attack yet again without even informing him.

3328: 3624:'The campaigns in Italy between France and members of the First Coalition from 1792 to 1797 were initially regarded as occurring in a secondary theater of operations to the campaigns fought along France's borders with the Low Countries and Germany. However, in March 1796 a young general, Napoleon Bonaparte, was place in command of a dispirited French army along the Riviera and began a one-year campaign that forced Piedmont-Sardinia out of the war and obliged Austria to accept peace, ending the War of the First Coalition in France's favor.' 6914: 677: 658: 533: 514: 495: 476: 457: 232: 220: 3994: 1992: 2599: 6572: 2668: 2434: 281: 2229: 2764: 364: 313: 3271:. There they waited for orders from Britain. Pitt, realizing that any imminent success on the continent was virtually impossible, at last gave the order to withdraw back to Britain, taking with them the remnants of the Dutch, German and Austrian troops that had retreated with them. York's army had lost more than 20,000 men in the two years of fighting. On the embarkation of the most of British Army for England in April 1795 a small corps under Major General 1921: 639: 256: 244: 7138: 2853: 151: 7083: 557: 545: 165: 3149: 180: 3137:, but this was abandoned when the Hanoverian contingent backed out. On 7 November, after a brief siege, Nijmegen was found to be untenable and the city also abandoned to the French. York made preparations to defend the line of the Waal through the winter but in early December he was recalled to England. In his absence, Hanoverian Lieutenant General Count von Walmoden took charge of the allied army while 3456: 3293: 3047: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3051: 3048: 1851:, in 1793. French commanders balanced between maintaining the security of the frontier, and clamours for victory (which would protect the regime in Paris) on the one hand, and the desperate condition of the army on the other, while they themselves were constantly under suspicion from the representatives. The price of failure or disloyalty was the 1780:(1986) analysed: 'In the end, the whole conflict in North and South had the same conclusion: the Prussian army met just as little resistance in the Republic as the Austrian did in Belgium. And just like the restored Orangist regime turned the Patriots into Francophile extremists, the Vonckists exiled to France forgot the 3053: 3052: 2821:. Despite being pushed back at first, Jourdan managed to hold the line and even counterattack at the end of the day. Although the results of the battle were tactically inconclusive, Coburg opted to withdraw after ascertaining that Charleroi had been captured and there was no siege for his army to relieve. 3023:

Coburg's further withdrawal eastward forced York to retreat north again, evacuating Antwerp on 22 July (it was occupied by Pichegru three days later) and retreating north across the Dutch border into Roosendal on 24 July, the day that Coburg finally retreated across the Meuse at Maastricht, taking up

2278:

to lay siege to the French port of Dunkirk, which the British government planned to use as a military base and bargaining counter in any future peace negotiation. This led to conflict with Coburg, who needed the occupying forces to protect his flank by accompanying his thrust towards Cambrai. Lacking

2627:

on 17–18 May this effort became a logistical disaster as communications broke down and columns were delayed. Only a third of the allied force came into action, and were only extricated after the loss of 3,000 men. Pichegru being absent on the Sambre, French command at Tourcoing had devolved onto the

2349:, though the allied forces were now stretched. The Duke of York was unable to offer much support as his command was greatly weakened, not only by the strain of the campaign, but also by Dundas in London, who began withdrawing troops to reassign to the West Indies. As a result, Houchard's replacement 2156:

At the beginning of April the Allied powers met in conference at Antwerp to agree their strategy against France. Coburg was a reluctant leader and had hoped to end the war through diplomacy with Dumouriez, he even issued a proclamation declaring he was the "ally of all friends of order, abjuring all

3526:

was reduced to largely garrison status. Of the commanders, Coburg would never serve in the field again, nor too Pichegru who became discredited and later died in prison after involvement in plotting against Napoleon. The Duke of York was to lead a second expedition to Holland in the Helder Campaign

3007:

Throughout this retreat, the Allies had been not been heavily pressed, in large part due to the fact that Pichegru's army was diverted to the Flanders coast, while Jourdan had been ordered to detach 40,000 men of his approximately 140,000 strong field force under Barthelemy Scherer to recapture the

2835:

With French gains in both north and south the Austrians called off the attack before a clear result and retreated north towards Mont St. Jean, then towards Brussels on 1 July when Jourdan's left wing advanced from Charleroi and captured Mons. It was the beginning of an Allied general retreat to the

2805:

Not really damaged by Lambusart, the French army crossed the Sambre and attacked again just two days later, on 18 June, catching Coburg by surprise. On this day also, Ypres surrendered to Pichegru. With no further need to relieve Ypres, Coburg decided to concentrate most of his forces on the Sambre

2736:

after his Prussians surprised the French on 24 May. With the northern flank temporarily stabilised Coburg moved forces south to support Kaunitz, who promptly resigned after being replaced by the Hereditary Prince. Pichegru then took advantage of the weakening of the Allied northern sector to return

2270:

France was now at the mercy of the Coalition. The fall of Condé and Valenciennes had opened a gap in the frontier defences. The republican field armies were in disorder. However, instead of concentrating, the Allies now dispersed their forces. In the south Knobelsdorf's Prussian contingent departed

3517:

The Allies would not see such an opportunity to topple the new French regime again until 1814. For Austria and the Empire, the loss of the Austrian Netherlands was to have long-term effects as Republican domination in this region put a tremendous pressure on the order of the Holy Roman Empire, and

3019:

When Louvain was taken, the Dutch army retreated northwards towards their homeland, instead of following the Austrians defending the city with them in retreat east to Diest. At this point, the Dutch too began pursuing their own military objectives, separate from Coburg's Austrian army though still

2946:

The Allies were now arrayed with York's 30,000 men guarding the Dyle river from Antwerp to Malines, the Prince of Orange's Dutch army defending from Malines to Louvain, and Coburg's Austrians on a line from Louvain to Tirlemont, Landen, Waremme and the banks of the Meuse, with a further detachment

2639:

Meanwhile, the eastern prong of Pichegru's offensive was taking place on the Sambre river, where divisions of the right wing of Pichegru's Army of the North under Jacques Desjardin and the Army of the Ardennes under Louis Charbonnier attacked across the river to try and establish a foothold on the

3015:

On 12 July, Pichegru advanced against Malines with 18,000 men, while Jourdan advanced against Louvain, Jodoigne and Huy on the Meuse. Pichegru easily captured Malines from York on the 15th, while Jourdan captured Louvain the same day. Jodoigne was reportedly captured sometime before the 17th, and

2647:

on 13 May, where a fatally divided high command led to the failure of Desjardin's frontal attack on Allied commander Prince Kaunitz while Charbonnier stood by and ignored the battle, leaving Desjardin vulnerable to an Allied counterattack. A second attempt at consolidating a foothold on the north

1668:

broke out in May–June 1789, Britain and the Dutch Republic initially adopted a neutral policy towards the revolution in France, which temporarily withdrew from the international stage to deal with internal problems. Even when Southern Netherlandish revolutionaries offered William to unite the Low

2916:) had been left in place due to a promise from the British Secretary of War, Henry Dundas, that they would be evacuated by sea. This promise was not kept. Nieuport was besieged, captured on 16 July, and the French emigres in the garrison were massacred by artillery in the town's defensive ditch. 3633:

The Austrian House of Habsburg acquired the Netherlands (the last independent northern provinces being conquered by 1543) in 1477 through marriage, inheriting them definitively in 1482. When the Habsburg empire was split in a Spanish and an Austrian part upon Charles V's abdication in 1556, the

2124:

was reluctant to advance due to hopes for a political settlement. The Coalition Army in Flanders had the opportunity to brush past Dampierre's demoralised army, but the Austrian staff was not fully aware of the degree of the French weakness and, while awaiting the arrival of reinforcements from

3069:

fell on 26 August), and York attempted in vain to encourage Austrian support. Under pressure from Britain, the Emperor dismissed Coburg, however his place was filled temporarily by the even more unpopular Clerfayt. After the fall of Le Quesnoy and Landrecies to the French, Pichegru renewed his

2797:

At this time, the French were reinforced by four divisions from the Army of the Moselle under Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, who had been ordered to reinforce the army on the Sambre while operating to the southeast against Johann Peter Beaulieu. Jourdan, who then took over command of the entire force,

1695:

had vainly lobbied at the Orangist and British courts in May 1789 for a military intervention in the Southern Netherlands to drive out the Habsburg Austrians. Only Prussia showed limited interest in his request; it rejected revolutionary ideas, but found any chance to weaken its Habsburg rival

2884:

The Allied forces in Flanders were now divided into two distinct groups, the corps of the Duke of York, and the main Austrian and Dutch army under Coburg. While all forces were still nominally under Coburg's command, the two forces essentially functioned separately, with their own respective

1969:

and reopen the river for navigation after 200 years, as well as asserting the right of the French armies to pursue Austrian troops into neutral territory. Another decree on 19 November stated that the French Republic would support revolutionaries abroad. The British government regarded these

3417:

The campaign demonstrated the numerous weaknesses of the British army after years of neglect, and a massive programme of reform was instigated by York in his new role as Commander-in-Chief. While it performed strongly on many occasions, the Austrian army was plagued by the timidity and the

2744:

On the Sambre front, after the previous two defeats, the divisions of Desjardin and Charbonnier had decided to capture Charleroi as a fortified base to anchor their position on the north bank, before trying to advance towards Mons. They crossed a third time and besieged Charleroi, but were

2704:

Although the allied front remained intact, subsequently the Austrian commitment to the war became increasingly weakened. The Prussians were already on the point of pulling out of the war due to perceived Austrian duplicity in Bavaria. The Emperor was strongly influenced by Foreign Minister

1805:(Leopold II's sister) sparked more anti-royalist and republican sentiment, radicalising the French Revolution further. With their differences settled and the Brabant and Liège Revolutions in the Southern Netherlands crushed, Austria and Prussia turned their attention to France, issuing the 2341:

were stirred into a ferocity of panic. Laws were imposed that placed all lives and property at the disposal of the regime. For failing to follow up his victory at Hondschoote and the defeat at Menen, Houchard was accused of treason, arrested, and guillotined in Paris on 17 November.

1450:

The Allies established a new front in the south of the Netherlands and Germany, but with failing supplies and the Prussians pulling out, they were forced to continue their retreat through the arduous winter of 1794/5. The Austrians pulled back to the lower Rhine and the British to

2220:. Stalemate ensued as Custine felt unable to take the offensive and the allies focused on the sieges of Condé and Valenciennes. In July these both fell, Condé on 10 July, Valenciennes on 28 July. Custine was promptly recalled to Paris to answer for his tardiness, and guillotined. 3164:. However, in the days that followed, temperatures plummeted and the rivers Meuse and Waal began to freeze solid, allowing the French to resume their advance. By 28 December the French had occupied the Bommelwaard and the Lands of Altena. Brigades of Delmas' division, under 2161:

as an indemnity against the war, and proposed that they would support Coburg's military campaign provided the Austrians supported their politically inspired designs on Dunkirk. Coburg eventually proposed they attack Condé and Valenciennes in turn, then move against Dunkirk.

2049:), then march on Paris to end the chaotic and bloody French version of republican government. Austria and Prussia broadly supported this aim, but both were short of money. Britain agreed to invest a million pounds to finance a large Austrian army in the field plus a smaller 1447:. The Allies enjoyed several early victories, but were unable to advance beyond the French border fortresses. Coalition forces were eventually forced to withdraw by a series of French counter-offensives, and the May 1794 Austrian decision to redeploy any troops in Poland. 1847:. Many of the old officer class had emigrated, leaving the cavalry in particular in chaotic condition. Only the artillery arm, less affected by emigration, had survived intact. The problems would become even more acute following the introduction of mass conscription, the 3401:

There were several reasons for the Allied failure in the campaign. Varying and conflicting objectives of the commanders, poor coordination between the various nations, appalling conditions for the troops, and outside interference from civilian politicians such as

1784:

out of which their movement had emerged, and eventually they would gleefully welcome the foreign revolution into their country. The major fact of subsequent years is the denationalisation of the democratic reform faction that had originated from nationalism.'

1749:

in January and February 1790, in hopes of uniting the Northern and Southern Netherlands under the House of Orange, William V once again showed no interest. Moreover, divisions within the Brabantine rebellion soon led to conflict between the conservative

2934:

On 7 and 8 July, Jourdan attacked Coburg's left wing near Namur, forcing it back to Ramillies and isolating Namur, which he then besieged. Fearing to be cut off from the Meuse, Coburg then retreated his entire army further towards Tirlemont (modern

2111:

In the northern part of this theatre, Coburg thwarted Dumouriez's ambitions with a series of victories that evicted the French from the Austrian Netherlands altogether. This successful offensive reached its climax when Dumouriez was defeated at the

1970:

statements and initial incursions into Dutch territory as violating the Netherlands' sovereignty and neutrality, and began preparing for war. Meanwhile, William V had joined the anti-French coalition, leading French forces to justify an invasion of

3024:

position around Fouron le Comte. This withdrawal marked the final separation of British and Austrian forces, and an end to even the nominal cooperation that they had before, as the two armies were now each pursuing completely divergent objectives.

2306:(Furnes), where they were able to recover as there was no French pursuit. Houchard's plan had actually been to merely repulse the Duke of York so he could march south to relieve Le Quesnoy; on 13 September he defeated the Hereditary Prince at 3046: 2009:

on 21 January 1793 stoked more fears amongst the other European monarchs that they would be next. France formally declared war on Britain and the Netherlands on 1 February 1793, and soon afterwards against Spain as well. Throughout 1793, the

2885:

political objectives, and often without consideration for the other. Where Coburg's concern was to retreat eastward to protect the Rhine river and Germany from the French, York's objective was to retreat north to protect Holland.

3425:

as their major theatre of operations, a drastic switch in strategy as it had previously been their main theatre in other European wars. Britain instead decided to use its maritime power to strike against French colonies in the

1809:(27 August 1791) that it was "in the common interest of all sovereigns of Europe" that no harm may come to the French royal family, and that if necessary, they would militarily intervene in order to protect the monarchy. The 2120:. France faced attacks on several fronts, and few expected the war to last very long. However, instead of capitalising on this advantage, the Allied advance became pedestrian. The large Coalition army on the Rhine under the 3531:

for the rest of his career. The Hereditary Prince would have a checkered military career in the British (Helder 1799, Wight 1800), Prussian (Jena 1806) and Austrian (Wagram 1809) armies, before becoming king of the

3189:

When French vanguard troops crossed the Waal, British and Hessian forces made successful counterattacks at Tuil and Geldermalsen but on 10 January Pichegru ordered a general advance across the frozen river between

3518:

was an instrumental factor in its later collapse in 1806. French control of the Netherlands enabled its armies to penetrate deep into Germany over the following years and later enabled Napoleon to establish the

2831:

was convinced that it was no longer worth the effort to try to hold on to the Austrian Netherlands and it is suspected that Coburg gave up the chance of a victory here so as to be able to pull out eastwards.'

3262:

The British continued their retreat eastwards, marching in the face of a severe blizzard, inadequately clothed and half-starved. By Spring 1795 they had left Dutch territory entirely, and reached the port of

3522:. For the French too, victory in the field served to solidify the perilous state of government at home. Following this campaign, the Army of the Sambre et Meuse became the chief offensive force, while the 3509:

For the British, lessons received in the campaign led to widespread army reforms on all levels, spearheaded by the Duke of York as Commander-in-Chief. The tight, professional army that later served in the

8260: 2888:

Meanwhile, Pichegru's Army of the North had been menacing the Duke of York's forces on the Scheldt at Oudenaarde, but was ordered at the end of June to move to the coast and capture the Flemish ports of

2640:

northern bank. Their objective was the capture of Mons, which would cut the lines of supply and communication from the main Allied base at Brussels to Coburg's centre around Landrecies and Le Quesnoy.

2551:

The French plan was to attack both flanks of the allies, while sending relief columns towards Landrecies. On 24 April a small force of British and Austrian cavalry drove back just such a force under

2987: 5574: 3999: 3997: 2072:

after a short siege, and the Stadtholder called on Britain for help. Within nine days an initial British guards brigade had been assembled and dispatched across the English Channel, landing at

3414:. Also towards the end of the campaign in particular the gradual confidence and flexibility of the French armies compared to the more professional but outdated Allied forces became apparent. 7237: 2420:, with both flanks further extended with small outposts and cordons to the Meuse on the left and the Channel coast on the right. Facing them the Armée du Nord was now under the command of 1947:. By the end of 1792, Dumouriez had marched largely unopposed across most of the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, an area that roughly corresponds to present-day 6936: 1892:(28–30 April 1792), in which ill-prepared French revolutionary armies were easily expelled from the Austrian Netherlands. The revolutionaries were forced on the defensive for months, 1951:. As the Austrians retreated, Dumouriez saw an opportunity with the Patriot exiles to overthrow the weak Dutch Republic by making a bold move north. A second French Division under 8310: 1696:

attractive. Matters came to a head when Joseph II launched a coup d'état on 18 June 1789, unilaterally abolishing the States-General and revoking all noble privileges. Archbishop

2473: 2189:. On 19 April he attacked the Allies across a wide front at St. Amand but was beaten off. On 8 May the French attempted once more to relieve Condé, but, after a fierce combat at 2145: 1206: 988: 3394:(1949) and Richard Glover (2008) strongly challenge this characterisation, and York's defeat did not stop him from holding future military commands, including a long tenure as 2390: 1230: 2544:

towards Le Cateau and Cambrai. The right of the Allied line was under the Duke of York and ended near Le Cateau. A line of outposts then ran north-west along the line of the

3470: 3307: 1218: 2121: 2587:, the last remaining obstacle to an advance on the French interior. But on the same day Pichegru began his overdue northern counter-offensive, defeating Clerfayt at the 2476:

after a sharp fight. Two weeks later the Allies began their advance with a series of covered marches and small actions to facilitate the investment of the fortress of

2386: 2216:, who had enjoyed success on the Rhine in 1792; however Custine needed time to re-organise the demoralised army and fell back to the stronghold of Caesar's Camp near 1242: 7922: 2856:

The Allied retreat northwards after the battle of Fleurus. The numbers represent the approximate dates in July during which each stage of the retreat was conducted.

1580:

of 1786 ended the Anglo-French economic war and allowed both countries to somewhat recover, but the terms were very unfavourable to the French, stoking resentment.

1959: 1904:(20 September 1792) turned the tables, and opened up a new opportunity for a northward invasion. The fresh momentum emboldened the revolutionaries to definitively 2844:. Thugut's negative influence has been cited as one of the most decisive factors in the loss of the campaign, possibly more important than Tourcoing and Fleurus. 3646:, the Southern Netherlands were once again transferred to Austria (1714), marking the beginning of what is known in historiography as the "Austrian Netherlands". 1734:

in October, and by January 1790, revolutionary Patriots led by Van der Noot and Vonck had taken control of most of the Southern Netherlands, and proclaimed the

6803: 5145: 3169: 2497: 1718:

began recruiting troops for a rebel army. Some exiled Northern Patriots living in Brussels joined. With the French Revolution to the south escalating, and the

2401:

Over the winter both sides re-organised. Reinforcements were transported from Britain in order to shore up the Coalition line. In the Austrian army Coburg's

1745:

However, aside from the small Prussian force, no foreign power supported the young Belgian polity. And although many revolutionaries in Brussels wore orange

713: 7177: 1879: 1412: 7967: 1691:

had been seeking to force through various political reforms since 1787, in the face of opposition from the conservative nobility and clergy. Revolutionary

925: 2053:

corps, and dispatched an expeditionary force that eventually grew to approximately 20,000 British troops under the command of the king's younger son, the

8285: 8199: 5289: 981: 1576:' independence in 1783, this French foreign policy success came at a terrible financial cost, as the Bourbon kingdom struggled with enormous debts. The 7589: 6490: 6445: 6352: 6299: 6230: 6100: 6074: 5991: 5888: 5815: 3431: 1864: 1405: 930: 920: 3634:

Netherlands became Spanish. Between 1598 and 1621, the Southern Netherlands were under Austrian control, whilst the northern provinces had become the

3547:

Many officers who would later rise to prominence received their baptism of fire on the fields of Flanders, including several of Napoleon's marshals –

2290:, though they were ill-prepared for a protracted siege and had still not received any heavy siege artillery. The Armée du Nord, now under command of 729: 7897: 3141:. commanded the British contingent. At this stage the Prussians were in peace talks with the French, and Austria looked to be ready to follow suit. 2116:

on 18 March, and again at Louvain on 21 March. Dumouriez defected to the Allies on 6 April and was replaced as head of the Armée du Nord by general

7125: 3407: 2706: 2623:

The Coalition forces planned to stem Pichegru's advance with a broad attack involving several isolated columns in a scheme devised by Mack. At the

2405: 1829: 2817:

Charleroi surrendered to the French a day before Coburg's relief attempt with the main Austrian force. On 26 June, Coburg attacked Jourdan at the

7185: 2714: 2560: 681: 2559:. Two days later Pichegru launched a three-pronged attempt to relieve Landrecies. Two of the columns in the east were repulsed by the forces of 6978: 4986: 2713:, and troops and generals began to be stripped from Coburg's command. Mack resigned as Chief-of-Staff in disgust on 23 May and was replaced by 974: 2923:), Wavre, Gembloux and Namur. However, the next day, in the face of attacks from Jourdan (whose forces had been officially constituted as the 2430:, giving the combined strength of the Armies of the North and Ardennes (excluding garrisons) as 200,000, nearly two to one of Coburg's force. 2909:) when the French captured Mons and Soignies on 1 and 2 July respectively, pushing Coburg eastwards and exposing York's left flank and rear. 1905: 1338: 7324: 2970: 1875: 1623:

not having fought in a war for 45 years. Growing Patriot dissatisfaction with the Orangist government during the war prompted the so-called

7120: 2333:. As if these disasters were not enough for the French, news reached Paris that in Alsace the Duke of Brunswick had defeated the French at 480: 7516: 7458: 7247: 5333: 5061: 3145:

angrily rejected any suggestion of negotiating with France, but the British position in the Dutch Republic looked increasingly insecure.

2802:

on 16 June, his advancing divisions ran into Orange's attack columns in thick fog. Taken by surprise, the French were forced to retreat.

1742:. Both rebel states were unofficially protected by a Prussian army occupying Liège to thwart possible Austrian attempts at restoration. 7947: 7304: 6643: 2552: 2525: 2026:, and Tuscany declared war on France. Allied armies mobilised along all of the French frontiers, the largest and most important in the 1619:(1780–1784), which thoroughly decimated the Dutch navy. The land defences of the Northern Netherlands were also in poor condition, its 2741:

on 1 June. A series of supinely ineffective counter-attacks by Clerfayt through the first half of June were all beaten off by Souham.

2729: 7070: 3390:, whose lack of military knowledge had led to disaster. The campaign led to his ridicule in popular culture. Some historians such as 2157:

projects of conquest in the Emperors name", which he was immediately forced to recant by his political masters. The British desired

706: 573: 7902: 7354: 7257: 3642:. The South became Spanish again in 1621, though the North's independence was recognised at the Peace of Münster in 1648. After the 3568: 3343:(largely constituting modern Belgium and Luxembourg), while the British had lost their closest ally on the European continent – the 2927:

on 29 June) all along the line from Braine-le-Comte to Gembloux, Coburg cancelled the agreement and retreated eastwards to Malines (

2632:. On his return to the front Pichegru renewed the offensive to press his advantage but despite repeated attacks was held off at the 2488:, Coburg led the centre column from Valenciennes and Le Quesnoy, and to his left the Hereditary Prince led the besieging corps from 2329:

on 11 September, enabling him to move forces north to assist York, and winning a signal victory over one of Houchard's Divisions at

5524: 3583: 3251: 2609:

For 10 days a lull descended as both sides consolidated before Coburg launched attacks to regain the northern positions on 10 May.

1297: 802: 7481: 5152: 2412:. At the beginning of 1794 the allied field army numbered somewhat over 100,000 troops, the bulk of the army in positions between 1832:. When Britain entered the war in February 1793, the Duke of York was obliged to follow objectives set by Pitt's Foreign Minister 1669:

Countries under his house in May 1789 and early 1790, the Northern stadtholder rejected the advances and refused to get involved.

1637:), which called on all citizens to arm themselves and overthrow the stadtholder. Tensions between the two factions escalated to a 1211: 8305: 8300: 8250: 7319: 7232: 6693: 3223: 2196:

The arrival of York and Knobelsdorff raised Coburg's command to upwards of 90,000 men, which allowed Coburg to next move against

905: 518: 6888: 2950:

Pichegru then occupied Brussels on 10 July, with both his and Jourdan's armies marching through it in victory parades that day.

8158: 7932: 7649: 5257: 3711: 2709:, and for Thugut political considerations always overrode military plans. In May 1794 his fixation was with profiting from the 2520:, while the Allied army covered the operation in a semi-circle. On the Left at the eastern end of the line lay the commands of 2117: 1634: 3032: 8295: 7060: 6999: 6957: 6788: 5241: 5022: 4697: 4579: 3133:(Bois-le-Duc) on 12 October after a heavy 3-week siege. York planned a counter-offensive with Austrian assistance to relieve 2978: 2185:. Facing the allies, though his men desperately needed rest and reorganisation, Dampierre was hampered and controlled by the 1821: 1730:

finally broke out in the Austrian Netherlands in October 1789. The Brabantine rebel army defeated the Austrian forces at the

7962: 7506: 7014: 5566: 2314:), capturing 40 guns and driving the Dutch towards Bruges and Ghent, but three days later his forces were routed in turn by 2205: 7423: 6840: 6733: 5657: 3375:

successfully, it never regained foothold in the Southern Netherlands, and was continuously defeated by French forces under

2173:, mopping up small and disorganized elements of the French army. Meanwhile, in Flanders, Coburg began investing the French 699: 6713: 7937: 7892: 7065: 6217: 5978: 5233: 3403: 3272: 3138: 2275: 2240: 1534: 1459:

from the Northern and Southern Netherlands, who had previously been forced to flee to France after their own revolutions

872: 585: 376: 143: 7438: 7392: 4821:

An impartial Journal of a Detachment from the Brigade of Foot Guards, commencing 25 February 1793, and ending 9 May 1795

2050: 8255: 8245: 7009: 6315: 5965: 2919:

At Waterloo on 5 July, Coburg and York agreed that the Allied army would try to defend a line from Antwerp to Louvain (

1431:

border. In this theatre a combined army of Anglo-Hanoverian, Dutch, Hessian, Imperial Austrian and (south of the river

7634: 6845: 6820: 1583: 1235: 7629: 6970: 6931: 6477: 6108: 5138: 5089: 5003: 4926: 4907: 4885: 4773: 4750: 4735:

The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book: Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards and Artillery, 1792–1815

4719: 4659: 4630: 4609: 4592:

Conquering the Natural Frontier: French Expansion to the Rhine River During the War of the First Coalition, 1792–1797

4553: 4497: 4489:

The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History, Volume 1

3572: 3533: 3503: 3435: 3276: 3107: 2568: 2125:

Britain, Hanover and Prussia, turned instead to besiege fortresses along the French borders. The first objective was

1284: 955: 561: 6678: 7624: 7531: 6865: 5341: 5281: 4798: 3231: 2901:), then invade Holland. While spared from attack, York was nevertheless compelled to retreat towards Alost (modern 2088:

on 23 February. However the Austrians had been reinforced to 39,000 and, now commanded by Saxe-Coburg, crossed the

1697: 1292: 597: 8059: 7847: 7774: 3279:

on 7 June 1795 concluded the French conquest of the Low Countries, thus marking the end of the Flanders campaign.

3202:. On 15 January, the Anglo-Hanoverian army withdrew from their positions and began a retreat towards Germany, via 2684: 1396:. The subsequent combat operations along the French borders with the Low Countries and Germany became the primary 8000: 7709: 6648: 5110: 5082: 5054: 2733: 2213: 1763: 1687:

While the French Revolution unfolded, simultaneous political crises were brewing in the Austrian Netherlands, as

307: 260: 7842: 7739: 7329: 6323: 4788: 3351:

again. Prussia, too, had abandoned the Prince of Orange who it had saved in 1787, and already signed a separate

8235: 7837: 7614: 6307: 5445: 5297: 4541:

A New geographical, historical and commercial grammar and present state of the several kingdoms of the world, 1

3339:

For the British and the Austrians the campaign proved disastrous. Austria had lost one of its territories, the

3332: 2722: 2465: 2169:, which held out from 14 April to 23 July 1793, and simultaneously mounted an offensive that swept through the 2077: 2054: 1836:. Thus Allied military decisions in the campaign were tempered by political objectives from Vienna and London. 1759: 1416: 1346: 7242: 2302:, forcing York to raise the siege and abandon his equipment. The Anglo-Hanoverians fell back in good order to 8240: 6763: 6238: 6082: 6061: 5999: 5919: 5782: 5517: 5437: 5402: 3643: 3575:

was given his first command there after replacing the wounded Alvinczi in 1794, while in the Hanoverian army

3537: 2556: 1814: 1688: 1247: 1141: 950: 935: 797: 787: 6673: 6663: 5350: 2725:

called for a vote on withdrawal, then left for Vienna. Only the Duke of York dissented with the withdrawal.

1995: 1932: 1885: 1223: 747: 345: 8290: 7952: 7639: 7536: 7027: 7004: 6949: 6835: 6778: 5665: 5597: 2995: 2728:

The decision to retreat was taken despite victories on southern flank such as Grand-Reng, Erquelinnes, and

2299: 2295: 2272: 2256: 2209: 2150: 1767: 1645: 1587: 1530: 1460: 1392:– mobilised military forces along all the French frontiers, threatening to invade Revolutionary France and 1389: 1092: 1067: 862: 662: 549: 248: 6944: 5747: 1839:

Opposing the Allies, the armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption; old soldiers of the

1723: 1551: 1496: 101: 8054: 7679: 7574: 7453: 7433: 7344: 7273: 7095: 6593: 6360: 6053: 5906: 5394: 4738: 3235: 3091: 2113: 2093: 1599: 1518: 1424: 1269: 1047: 1042: 792: 7877: 7729: 6743: 6638: 5876: 3250:. In the afternoon, French troops entered the city and were cheered on by the people. On 24 January the 3098:

on 2 October, causing the Austrians to retreat to the Rhine and finally ending Austrian presence in the

2810:

to face Pichegru and cover the right. Clerfayt was however soon driven from Deinze and retreated behind

2041:

In the Low Countries, the Allies' immediate aim was to eject the French from the Dutch Republic (modern

1999: 8189: 7744: 6723: 5947: 5896: 5828: 5728: 5512: 5421: 5208: 5047: 3548: 3523: 3491: 3438:

in 1799, again under the Duke of York, but this swiftly foundered and they were forced to conclude the

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the early 1780s, France was providing significant financial support to the American rebels to help the

1561: 1436: 1322: 1264: 1136: 1128: 1087: 1072: 1032: 887: 762: 723: 624: 34: 7724: 7486: 6618: 2186: 1844: 8204: 7789: 7521: 7364: 7219: 7022: 6585: 6461: 6384: 6262: 6246: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3219: 2710: 2618: 2572: 2319: 1731: 1456: 1161: 1146: 1107: 867: 169: 8099: 7644: 7476: 7252: 6633: 1638: 285: 7912: 7759: 7714: 7044: 7039: 6783: 6613: 6603: 6416: 6400: 6278: 6193: 6040: 6024: 5927: 5701: 5265: 3595: 3142: 2924: 2818: 2771: 2758: 2718: 2610: 2330: 2190: 2031: 1377: 1279: 1201: 1112: 1097: 1057: 1017: 882: 857: 817: 592: 580: 568: 412: 198: 7339: 3759: 3061:

In August 1794 a pause in operations fell as the French focused their efforts against the Belgian

3009: 2912:

While York had evacuated every British garrison as part of his retreat, the garrison of Nieuport (

2178: 2126: 1052: 7764: 7719: 7428: 7309: 6986: 6808: 6432: 6339: 6007: 5823: 5766: 5681: 5386: 5225: 4479:

British Campaigns in Flanders 1690–1794 (extracts from Volume 4 of A History of the British Army)

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joined Coburg at Allied headquarters. The first action of the campaign was a French advance from

2409: 2382: 2287: 2271:

to join the main Prussian army on the Rhine front, while in the north York was under orders from

2080:

and the Duke of York. Meanwhile, while Dumouriez moved north into Brabant, a separate army under

1893: 1806: 1615:

supported the rebels and sought to trade with them. Rising tensions led to Britain declaring the

1521:, who had fled to England, also initially refused to recognise the Batavian Republic, and in the 1455:

from where they were eventually evacuated. The victorious French were aided in their conquest by

1082: 847: 757: 461: 7769: 7664: 6718: 7554: 7387: 6991: 6683: 6668: 6541: 6408: 6286: 6032: 5952: 5621: 5496: 5488: 5378: 3502:

recorded in 1594. There remains some considerable debate whether the rhyme refers to the later

3380: 3372: 3347:. It would be more than twenty years before a friendly pro-British government was installed in 3165: 3157: 3114: 2307: 1657: 1648:, exiling many Patriots to France. William's Anglo-Prussian allies enabled him to preserve the 1616: 1525:

ordered all Dutch colonies to temporarily accept British authority instead. Not until the 1801

1511: 1342: 1102: 945: 940: 812: 436: 114: 6498: 3869: 2485: 2181:, now reinforced by the Anglo-Hanoverian corps of the Duke of York and Prussian contingent of 8094: 7408: 7359: 7294: 6825: 6708: 6698: 6576: 6571: 6469: 6424: 6177: 6124: 5942: 5932: 5871: 5861: 5856: 5613: 5469: 5117: 4783: 3587: 3552: 3439: 2786: 2767: 2738: 2692: 2675: 2649: 2421: 2350: 2315: 2291: 2260: 2232: 2166: 2069: 1909: 1735: 1427:

in March 1793. After this initial stage, the largest of these forces assembled on the Franco-

1385: 1353: 1191: 1181: 1037: 1027: 827: 777: 772: 742: 499: 424: 358: 236: 155: 105: 42: 6153: 4787: 3230:

on 18 January to hand over the city, which it did just after midnight, causing a pro-French

852: 8033: 7907: 7669: 7491: 7413: 7262: 6870: 6860: 6653: 6368: 6185: 6132: 5937: 5720: 4676: 4590: 3639: 3340: 2841: 2790: 2644: 2481: 2354: 2217: 2081: 1952: 1936: 1526: 1502:

Prussia and Hesse-Kassel would recognise the French victory and territorial gains with the

1492: 1440: 1369: 1117: 1022: 325: 97: 7349: 6830: 6748: 5901: 5846: 3701: 3699: 3697: 2385:

drove the Hanoverians from Menen, however the French were forced back in sharp rebuffs at

1506:(1795). Austria would not acknowledge the loss of the Southern Netherlands until the 1797 910: 8: 8109: 8039: 7887: 7817: 7674: 7654: 7619: 7594: 7526: 7227: 6753: 6137: 6016: 5774: 5686: 5461: 5453: 5429: 5188: 3368: 3130: 3062: 2913: 2894: 2799: 2746: 2624: 2541: 2464:

At the beginning of April 1794, Austrian troops were greatly encouraged when the Emperor

2370: 2358: 2334: 2264: 2019: 2015: 1798: 1715: 1624: 1444: 1393: 1349: 1330: 1196: 1186: 1171: 1166: 1077: 915: 877: 837: 832: 676: 657: 231: 7794: 7749: 3594:. He was to draw on these experiences during his own later more successful campaigns in 3469:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

3306:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

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conservatism of its commanders, whose movements were often very slow and inconclusive.

3395: 3268: 3083: 2602: 2588: 2571:, while Chapuis's third column advancing from Cambrai was all but destroyed by York at 2366: 1944: 1925: 1889: 1825: 1794: 1771: 1751: 1727: 1692: 1678: 1464: 1428: 1420: 1274: 1259: 1151: 1012: 822: 807: 782: 752: 619: 537: 273: 7917: 7734: 7496: 7369: 6926: 6880: 5217: 2564: 2521: 2493: 1644:

William V only managed to suppress the Patriot revolt with great difficulty after the

8146: 8079: 8069: 8049: 7155: 6453: 6392: 6376: 6169: 5249: 5103: 5070: 5018: 4999: 4980: 4922: 4903: 4896: 4881: 4769: 4746: 4715: 4693: 4655: 4626: 4605: 4575: 4549: 4493: 3560: 3541: 3411: 3356: 3239: 3238:

and his following had fled to exile in England. Dutch revolutionaries proclaimed the

3082:

and persuaded to withdraw to the Meuse. On 18 September Clerfayt was defeated at the

2840:

and Holland, with the Austrians all but abandoning their 80-year-long control of the

2633: 2614: 2374: 2023: 2011: 1706: 1665: 1620: 1565: 1488: 1397: 1365: 1326: 1176: 1156: 669: 650: 631: 612: 525: 506: 487: 468: 449: 224: 211: 110: 7704: 7403: 5693: 5593: 5540: 3327: 3035:, in revolutionary eyes the symbol of clerical power and oppression, was initiated. 2652:

on 24 May as the Allies surprised the French by attacking out of early morning fog.

2426: 1848: 1843:

fought side by side with raw volunteers, urged on by revolutionary fervour from the

1758:, who were expelled. Finally, after Joseph II died and was succeeded by his brother 1739: 691: 8214: 8074: 7867: 7862: 7852: 7584: 7511: 7448: 7418: 7190: 7160: 7055: 6758: 6608: 6533: 6270: 6254: 6209: 6145: 6116: 5911: 5790: 5673: 5638: 5180: 5131: 5124: 4959: 4545: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3490:

In Britain one of the lasting associations with the campaign is the nursery rhyme "

3173: 3075: 3071: 2201: 1802: 1653: 1507: 1254: 1062: 842: 643: 601: 388: 329: 7993: 5096: 4681:

The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I

2061: 1991: 1840: 1361: 8139: 7927: 7604: 7599: 7564: 7314: 6918: 6913: 6815: 6738: 6628: 6598: 5957: 5833: 5558: 5504: 5305: 4742: 4649: 4487: 3364: 3118: 3103: 2529: 2513: 2042: 2035: 1901: 1711: 1701: 1649: 1598:

had been divided on the American Revolution; whilst the stadtholderian regime of

1468: 1334: 767: 72: 7784: 4963: 3027:

On 27 July, the French captured Liège, abolishing the Prince-Bishopric for the

2598: 8209: 8151: 7957: 7779: 7559: 7279: 7142: 7137: 7087: 7082: 6902: 6090: 5324: 4831:

An Historical Journal of the British Campaign on the Continent in the Year 1794

4620: 3511: 3386:

In the British popular imagination York was widely portrayed as an incompetent

3352: 3344: 2906: 2902: 2437:

Positions of the armies in early April 1794, at the start of the 1794 campaign

2402: 2073: 1971: 1777: 1607: 1606:

of Britain against the American rebels, a large group of democratic-republican

1595: 1577: 1569: 1555: 1503: 1480: 1472: 1381: 1356:'s borders, by violent means if necessary. The First Coalition, an alliance of 556: 544: 185: 164: 4470:

The Noble Duke of York: The Military Life of Frederick Duke of York and Albany

3160:

assaulted across the Meuse in an unsuccessful attack on Dutch defences in the

2823:

The battle of Fleurus would prove to be the decisive turning point. Historian

8279: 8223: 8194: 8064: 7882: 7659: 7501: 7397: 7289: 6850: 6793: 4520: 3564: 3422: 3367:). The Coalition fell apart even further when Spain admitted having lost the 3161: 3099: 2629: 2617:, but Clerfayt failed to recapture Courtrai and was again driven back in the 2433: 2174: 2105: 2065: 1573: 1318: 400: 363: 312: 7689: 2228: 8230: 8175: 8089: 8044: 7872: 7754: 7546: 6703: 6688: 6658: 4851:

An Accurate and Impartial Narrative of the War, by an Officer of the Guards

4707: 4465: 3495: 3391: 3335:

led British forces and the campaign is often popularly associated with him.

3247: 3126: 3008:

key Austrian fortresses of Landrecies, Le Quesnoy, Valenciennes and Conde (

2763: 2501: 2393:

on 29 October, which effectively brought an end to the year's campaigning.

2197: 1833: 1484: 3527:

in 1799, but after its failure was to remain as Commander-in-Chief at the

2208:, were driven back in a combined operation which prepared the way for the 1935:

managed to achieve a surprise victory over the Imperial command under the

1880:

Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly § The initial disasters of war

1321:

conducted from 20 April 1792 to 7 June 1795 during the first years of the

8084: 7942: 7832: 7609: 7579: 6728: 6048: 5841: 5032:

Blok, P.J.; Molhuysen, P.C. (1912), "Frederik (Willem George Frederik)",

4730: 4539: 3355:

on 5 April, surrendering all its own possessions on the west Rhine bank (

3199: 2824: 2200:. On 23 May York's Anglo-Hanoverian forces saw their debut action at the 1781: 1522: 1515: 1357: 900: 76: 8182: 3536:

in 1815, where a reconstituted Dutch army fought under his son, another

3434:

their main line of defence. Britain did briefly attempt to undertake an

3371:, and defecting to the French side. Although Austria would continue its 7988: 7827: 7443: 6798: 5273: 4793: 3556: 3243: 3203: 3191: 3095: 2953: 2806:

instead to drive Jourdan back, leaving York at Tournai and Clerfayt at

2477: 2417: 2326: 2280: 2097: 2089: 2085: 1852: 1603: 7695: 2505: 1876:

War of the First Coalition § Invasion of the Austrian Netherlands

47:

The French conquest of the Low Countries from May 1794 until June 1795

7822: 7468: 7379: 6962: 6331: 4407: 3586:'s (the future Duke of Wellington), who joined with his regiment the 3427: 3348: 3227: 3207: 3122: 3070:

offensive on the 28th, obliging York to pull back to the line of the

2837: 2424:, and had been greatly reinforced by conscripts as the result of the 2353:

was able to concentrate his forces and narrowly defeat Coburg at the

2252: 2170: 2006: 1958:

The French government issued a declaration on 16 November to end the

1955:

manoeuvred against the Austrians and Hanoverians in eastern Belgium.

1810: 1755: 1476: 80: 5039: 4947: 3057:

Animation of the Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (with English subtitles).

3012:), in the interior of France, now isolated by the Austrian retreat. 2939:), prompting York to also retreat further to the Dyle river (modern 2583:

Landrecies fell on 30 April 1794 and Coburg turned his attention to

1920: 1475:" to 'liberate' their countries. The republican armies pushed on to 1411:

The April–June 1792 French incursions into the Austrian Netherlands

966: 8170: 8165: 8104: 7983: 7857: 6623: 4651:

Great Strategic Rivalries: From The Classical World to the Cold War

4572:

War of Wars: The Epic Struggle Between Britain and France 1789–1815

3376: 3242:

on 19 January, and in the middle of a grand popular celebration on

3211: 3195: 3134: 2928: 2592: 2584: 2533: 2509: 2346: 2027: 1975: 1940: 1611: 1401: 5167: 4544:. printed for Charles Dilly ... and G.G. and J. Robinson. p. 4513: 3880: 3782: 3717: 3705: 3604:'s fictitious hero, Richard Sharpe, says his first battle was the 2873: Orange's Dutch troops separating from the main Austrian army 2852: 2057:. Initially, just 1,500 troops landed with York in February 1793. 4516: 3387: 3215: 3176:

and captured fortifications and towns along a twenty-mile front.

2798:

launched a fourth crossing and second siege of Charleroi. At the

2413: 2338: 2248: 2204:. In the same region of the Pas-de-Calais, the French, now under 2158: 2134: 2068:. Dutch forces fell back to the line of the Meuse abandoning the 2046: 1948: 1884:

The first skirmishes on the northern front took place during the

1746: 1467:

had failed. These Patriots now returned under French banners as "

1452: 1373: 68: 4712:

Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813

4531:

Peninsular Preparation: The Reform of the British Army 1795–1809

3455: 3292: 3148: 2294:

defeated York's exposed left flank under the Hanoverian general

1652:, and strengthen his authoritarian stadtholderate regime by the 3264: 3214:, in the face of a fierce blizzard. On 16 January, the city of 3087: 3079: 2936: 2920: 2890: 2828: 2807: 2540:

river. On the western bank of the river the line ran west from

2537: 2378: 2362: 2303: 2193:, in which Dampierre was mortally wounded, the attempt failed. 2101: 1537:

as compensation for the loss of the hereditary stadtholderate.

1432: 431: 419: 407: 395: 383: 371: 353: 340: 320: 302: 150: 7238:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

3090:, followed by a further defeat at the hands of Jourdan at the 7172: 4802:, vol. 58, London: Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 97–98 3360: 3066: 2940: 2898: 2811: 2489: 2311: 2130: 1986: 638: 255: 243: 4218: 4146: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4045: 3982: 3659: 3275:

remained on the Continent until December the same year. The

2931:) and Louvain, vacating Brussels, and exposing York's left. 2259:

attempted to repeat the success but were roughly handled by

1672: 4841:

The Diary of Lieutenant Thomas Powell, 14th Foot, 1793–1795

4690:

Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815

3506:

when York again led a British army into the Low Countries.

2357:, forcing the Austrians to lift the siege of Maubeuge. The 1415:, eventually leading frustrated radical revolutionaries to 7212: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4009: 3970: 3514:

was created on the foundation of lessons learned in 1794.

1915: 7052: 4419: 4317: 3857: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3812: 3723: 3467:

about the Dutch and Belgian perspectives on the campaign.

3304:

about the Dutch and Belgian perspectives on the campaign.

2847: 2745:

counterattacked on 3 June by the Prince of Orange at the

2508:, while the Austrian forces advanced in the direction of 1820:

Overall Allied command was led by the Austrian commander

1545: 1400:

of the War of the First Coalition until March 1796, when

4283: 4281: 4266: 4242: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4134: 4069: 4033: 4021: 3958: 3936: 3934: 3735: 3494:", though it existed at least 200 years before the War. 3383:, acknowledging the French conquest of the Netherlands. 3379:

in Northern Italy. It finally sued for peace in 1797 at

3038: 2361:

then ordered a general offensive towards York's base at

8311:

Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition

4443: 4254: 4230: 4117: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 2613:'s French column was defeated by York at the Battle of 1311:

Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition

4370: 4368: 4305: 3919: 3845: 3824: 3800: 3788: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3638:

independent Dutch Republic as a result of the ongoing

2947:

across the river between the Meuse and Ourthe rivers.

2605:(29 April 1794), painted by Charles Louis Mozin (1839) 2279:

York's support the Austrians chose instead to besiege

1529:

would he recognise the Batavian Republic, and his son

1352:(1793), vying to spread the Revolution beyond the new 4848: 4764:

Generals: Ten British Commanders Who Shaped the World

4524:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002. 4397: 4395: 4341: 4278: 4057: 3946: 3931: 3907: 3747: 3720:, Van de Spiegel, Laurens Pieter; Garantie, Akte van. 2827:(1998) noted: 'By this stage of the war the court in 2030:

Franco-Belgian border region. British Prime Minister

1700:

eventually called for armed resistance to defend the

1439:, and (further to the south) two smaller forces, the 721: 7968:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

4329: 4293: 3886: 3113:

By autumn, in the Netherlands the French, including

3106:

remained, but beginning on 22 November, it would be

2954:

Allied retreat from Malines to Holland and the Meuse

8200:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

5290:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

4431: 4365: 4353: 3671: 5034:Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 2 4895: 4761: 4392: 3031:since 1789, this time for good. The demolition of 1865:Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars 16:1792–95 campaign of the War of the First Coalition 4380: 4158: 3421:Both the British and the Austrians abandoned the 3198:and the allies were forced to retreat behind the 2643:The first French crossing was turned back at the 1824:, with a staff of Austrian advisers answering to 8277: 7126:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 4654:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 592. 3582:In the British Army, the most notable debut was 2814:, obliging York to withdraw behind the Scheldt. 2267:until extricated by the British Guards brigade. 2578: 2345:At the end of September Coburg began investing 2283:, which was invested by Clerfayt on 19 August. 189: 5168:Significant civil and political events by year 4485: 3665: 3102:. Only the garrison in the strong fortress of 5055: 5031: 3184: 2140: 982: 707: 8221: 8180: 8156: 8137: 7121:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 2325:Further south Coburg meanwhile had captured 2212:. Command of the Armée du Nord was given to 2060:On 16 February 1793, Dumouriez's republican 5808: 4948:"Pitt and the Campaign of 1793 in Flanders" 2715:Prince Christian August von Waldeck-Pyrmont 2496:towards Landrecies. On 17 April York drove 1869: 8286:Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars 7325:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 5062: 5048: 4985:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4865: 2879: Pichegru and Jourdan's French troops 1987:Dumouriez's invasion of the Dutch Republic 989: 975: 714: 700: 7590:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 7248:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 7071:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 4476: 4413: 4272: 4248: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4152: 4140: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4051: 4039: 4027: 3988: 3964: 3579:first saw action under the Duke of York. 3152:Temperature during the winter of 1794–95. 2005:The execution of the deposed French king 1673:Southern Netherlands, Austria and Prussia 1646:Prussian and British intervention in 1787 1423:in November 1792 was followed by a major 8022: 5306:Nationalization of the Church properties 4946:Pitt, W. & Rose, J. Holland (1909), 4945: 4618: 4588: 4260: 4236: 4128: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3326: 3252:Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder 3147: 3042: 2851: 2762: 2597: 2532:four miles east of Landrecies, south to 2432: 2227: 2144: 2064:advanced from Antwerp and invaded Dutch 2034:pledged to finance the formation of the 1990: 1924:19th-century painting romanticising the 1919: 1582: 1552:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War § Background 8251:Historiography of the French Revolution 7522:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 7233:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 4970: 4916: 4893: 4866:Coutanceau, Michel Henri Marie (1903), 4537: 4311: 3881:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 2002 3783:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 2002 3718:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 2002 3706:Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins 2002 2730:Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf 2516:. The Hereditary Prince then began the 2108:and forcing Miranda to lift the siege. 2045:) and the Austrian Netherlands (modern 1916:Battle of Jemappes and Austrian retreat 1572:. Although London had to recognise the 1435:) Prussian troops faced the republican 481:François Sébastien de Croix de Clerfayt 8278: 7258:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 7213:Other significant figures and factions 4993: 4935: 4838: 4706: 4687: 4675: 4599: 4569: 4528: 4449: 4425: 4401: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4299: 4287: 4063: 4015: 3976: 3952: 3940: 3913: 2848:Allied retreat from Fleurus to Malines 2453: 1974:. In December 1792, Miranda conquered 1664:Anglo-Prussian protectorate. When the 1546:France, Britain and the Dutch Republic 1419:. An unexpected French success in the 326:Auguste Marie Henri Picot de Dampierre 8126: 8021: 7305:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 7211: 7061:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 7000:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 6958:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 6561: 5807: 5438:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 5166: 5069: 5043: 5012: 4875: 4868:La Campagne de 1794 a l'Armée du Nord 4828: 4818: 4782: 4759: 4729: 4647: 4464: 4437: 4386: 4374: 4359: 4164: 4003: 3925: 3901: 3688: 3498:mentions a virtually identical rhyme 3257: 3039:Second invasion of the Dutch Republic 2536:, then south-west to the line of the 2472:on 25 March, which was beaten off by 1931:On 6 November 1792, French commander 1822:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1499:were annexed by the French Republic. 996: 970: 695: 7459:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 6871:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 6562: 5658:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 4859: 3449: 3398:of the Army (1795–1809; 1811–1827). 3286: 3226:put pressure on the city council of 3108:heavily beleaguered for seven months 2752: 2239:On 7/8 August the French, now under 1754:led by Van der Noot and the liberal 550:William, Hereditary Prince of Orange 8127: 7066:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 3500:The King of France went up the Hill 2749:and thrown back across the Sambre. 1535:Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda 1317:, was a series of campaigns in the 13: 8256:Influence of the French Revolution 8246:Symbolism in the French Revolution 7010:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 6971:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 5226:Convocation of the Estates General 4938:A History of the French Revolution 4849:Officer of the Guards, An (1796), 4843:, London: The White Rose (journal) 4812: 4807: 4622:De Lage Landen 1780–1980 (2 delen) 3172:, moving at will, infiltrated the 3129:. The Dutch Orangists surrendered 2737:to the offensive and initiate the 2223: 2206:François Joseph Drouot de Lamarche 2104:before reaching Maastricht on the 2100:. The next day the Austrians took 1828:and the Austrian Foreign Minister 1788: 1627:, spurred on by the 1781 pamphlet 14: 8322: 7898:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 7630:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 6932:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 6714:François Christophe de Kellermann 5953:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 5017:, Grantham: Caseshot Publishing, 4683:, London: Oxford University Press 4619:Kossmann, Ernst Heinrich (1986). 3534:Kingdom of the United Netherlands 3436:invasion of the Batavian Republic 2165:On the Rhine front the Prussians 1900:until the Coalition's unexpected 7625:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 7532:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 7502:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 7393:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 7171: 7136: 7106: 7081: 7038: 6912: 6789:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 6570: 5342:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 4799:Dictionary of National Biography 4625:. Amsterdam: Agon. p. 478. 4486:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006). 3454: 3291: 3234:. Earlier that day, stadtholder 3179: 3125:and paused their pursuit on the 2986: 2969: 2861: York's British-paid troops 2683: 2666: 2396: 1981: 1858: 1793:Meanwhile, the failed June 1791 1698:Joannes-Henricus de Franckenberg 1660:, the United Provinces became a 1404:took over French command on the 1364:in Central and Western Europe – 675: 668: 656: 649: 637: 630: 618: 611: 591: 579: 567: 555: 543: 531: 524: 512: 505: 493: 486: 474: 467: 455: 448: 430: 418: 406: 394: 382: 370: 362: 352: 339: 319: 311: 301: 279: 266: 254: 242: 230: 218: 204: 191: 178: 163: 149: 137: 41: 7963:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 7710:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 7635:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 6846:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 6841:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 6821:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 6649:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 5567:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 4458: 3627: 3590:late in 1794 and served at the 1764:Frederick William II of Prussia 1588:Prussian troops enter Amsterdam 1479:and early in 1795 replaced the 1425:Coalition victory at Neerwinden 1333:and its predecessors broke the 1329:radicalised, the revolutionary 308:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 8306:1790s in the Holy Roman Empire 8301:1790s in the Habsburg monarchy 8236:Women in the French Revolution 7838:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 7015:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 6679:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 6308:French invasion of Switzerland 4919:Nelson: Britannia's God of War 4898:George III: A Personal History 4789:"Vandeleur, John Ormsby" 3618: 3016:Namur surrendered on 19 July. 2867: Coburg's Austrian troops 2717:, a supporter of Thugut. In a 2255:sector Dutch troops under the 1813:, the dominant faction in the 1394:violently restore the monarchy 26:the War of the First Coalition 1: 8241:Incroyables and merveilleuses 8060:Pierre Claude François Daunou 7848:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 6979:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 6950:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 6247:Naval Engagement off Brittany 6000:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 5974:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 5783:Constitution of the Year VIII 5518:Committee of General Security 5403:National Legislative Assembly 5258:National Constituent Assembly 4996:La Patrie en Danger 1792–1793 4894:Hibbert, Christopher (1998), 4829:Jones, Captain L. T. (1797), 3653: 3644:War of the Spanish Succession 3430:. The Austrians now made the 3156:On 10 December, troops under 2076:under the command of general 1762:, he reconciled himself with 1722:erupting in the neighbouring 1540: 951:Italian campaign of 1796-1797 8296:History of the Low Countries 8159:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 7953:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 7843:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 7740:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 7640:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 7330:Charles Malo François Lameth 7005:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 6836:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 6779:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 5979:Second Battle of Wissembourg 5666:Constitution of the Year III 4880:, London: Harper Perennial, 4589:Hayworth, Jordan R. (2015). 4533:, Cambridge University Press 4477:Fortescue, Sir John (1918). 4416:, pp. 185–195, 369–375. 3282: 2579:French May counter-offensive 2448: French Republic forces 2442: First Coalition forces 2251:. The following week in the 1801:and his Austrian-born queen 1384:(the Northern Netherlands), 682:Johann von Wallmoden-Gimborn 7: 8055:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 7680:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 7615:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 7575:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 7454:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 7439:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 7434:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 7243:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 7096:William V, Prince of Orange 5966:First Battle of Wissembourg 5923:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 5639:Closing of the Jacobin Club 5508:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 5465:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 5325:Abolition of the Parlements 5298:Women's March on Versailles 4921:, London: Faber and Faber, 4768:, London: Faber and Faber, 4739:Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania 4714:. New York: Vintage Books. 4481:. London: Macmillan and co. 3236:William V, Prince of Orange 2573:Beaumont/Coteau/Troisvilles 2257:Hereditary Prince of Orange 2129:, at the confluence of the 2096:the Republican French near 1658:August 1788 Triple Alliance 1600:William V, Prince of Orange 1519:William V, Prince of Orange 59:20 April 1792 – 7 June 1795 10: 8327: 8190:French Republican calendar 7745:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 7370:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 6724:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 6674:Charles François Dumouriez 6664:Jacques François Dugommier 6478:League of Armed Neutrality 6311:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 6263:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 6086:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 6065:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 5729:Second Congress of Rastatt 5513:Committee of Public Safety 5500:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 4604:, London: Harper Collins, 3492:The Grand Old Duke of York 3185:Fall of the Dutch Republic 2943:) via Malines and Assche. 2756: 2460:Siege of Landrecies (1794) 2457: 2187:representatives on mission 2183:Alexander von Knobelsdorff 2141:Coalition spring offensive 1933:Charles François Dumouriez 1873: 1862: 1676: 1639:brief, low-level civil war 1635:Joan Derk van der Capellen 1630:Aan het Volk van Nederland 1602:sought to back his cousin 1562:American Revolutionary War 1549: 1323:War of the First Coalition 725:War of the First Coalition 625:Alexander von Knobelsdorff 519:Franz von Kaunitz-Rietberg 346:Charles François Dumouriez 35:War of the First Coalition 8205:Cult of the Supreme Being 8133: 8122: 8028: 8017: 7976: 7810: 7803: 7688: 7545: 7467: 7378: 7365:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 7271: 7220:Patriotic Society of 1789 7218: 7207: 7169: 7134: 7104: 7079: 7036: 7023:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 6945:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 6910: 6901: 6879: 6584: 6568: 6557: 6526: 6489: 6462:Convention of Alessandria 6444: 6351: 6298: 6229: 6099: 6073: 5990: 5887: 5814: 5803: 5759: 5748:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 5740: 5713: 5650: 5586: 5481: 5414: 5363: 5317: 5209:What Is the Third Estate? 5200: 5173: 5162: 5077: 5015:Wellington's First Battle 4964:10.1093/ehr/XXIV.XCVI.744 4952:English Historical Review 4902:, New York: Basic Books, 4692:, London: Penguin Books, 4688:Rodger, N. A. M. (2007), 4602:Wellington: The Iron Duke 4538:Guthrie, William (1798). 4492:. ABC-CLIO. p. 488. 3445: 3033:Saint Lambert's Cathedral 2711:Third Partition of Poland 2648:bank was defeated at the 1724:Prince-Bishopric of Liège 1704:, and the secret society 1497:Prince-Bishopric of Liège 1417:depose the king in August 1008: 931:Rhine campaign of 1793–94 738: 291: 129: 51: 40: 32: 23: 7913:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 7878:Joséphine de Beauharnais 7760:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 7730:François-Nicolas Vincent 7715:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 6889:Charles-Alexandre Linois 6784:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 6764:François Séverin Marceau 6744:François Joseph Lefebvre 6639:Jean-Étienne Championnet 6614:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 6609:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 6604:Alexandre de Beauharnais 6594:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 6316:French Invasion of Egypt 6194:Second Battle of Bassano 5928:Battle of Kaiserslautern 5702:Conspiracy of the Equals 5395:The Constitution of 1791 5266:Storming of the Bastille 4917:Lambert, Andrew (2005), 4878:William Pitt the Younger 4600:Holmes, Richard (2003), 4529:Glover, Richard (2008), 3785:, Brabantse Omwenteling. 3611: 3598:and the Peninsular War. 3571:. For the Austrians the 3143:William Pitt the Younger 2925:Army of Sambre-and-Meuse 2759:Battle of Fleurus (1794) 2734:Battle of Kaiserslautern 2611:Jacques Philippe Bonnaud 2286:York's forces began the 2000:Jean-Sébastien Rouillard 1898:barely saving Thionville 1870:Initial French disasters 1656:(April 1788). Under the 1360:states representing the 24:Low Countries theatre of 7893:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 7765:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 7725:Antoine-François Momoro 7720:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 7537:François de Neufchâteau 7487:Charles-François Lebrun 7429:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 7310:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 7186:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 6992:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 6987:Karl Mack von Leiberich 6619:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 6433:Second Battle of Zurich 6324:Irish Rebellion of 1798 6170:First Battle of Bassano 6008:Second Battle of Boulou 5809:Revolutionary campaigns 5767:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 5682:Council of Five Hundred 5470:First republic declared 5406:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 5387:Declaration of Pillnitz 5111:Constitutional monarchy 4971:Scarrow, Simon (1993), 4876:Hague, William (2005), 4839:Powell, Thomas (1968), 4570:Harvey, Robert (2007). 4472:, London: Staples Press 3277:surrender of Luxembourg 2783:Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse 2707:Baron Johann von Thugut 2591:and retaking Courtrai ( 2410:Karl Mack von Leiberich 1845:représentant en mission 1807:Declaration of Pillnitz 1633:(spread anonymously by 1465:in the south in 1789/91 8222: 8181: 8157: 8138: 7650:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 7645:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 7555:Maximilien Robespierre 7388:Jacques Pierre Brissot 7253:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 6684:Louis-Charles de Flers 6669:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 6634:Jean François Carteaux 6409:First Battle of Zurich 6372:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 6327:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 6287:Treaty of Campo Formio 6033:Glorious First of June 5961:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 5920:Expedition to Sardinia 5598:Desmoulins guillotined 5533:Assassination of Marat 5525:Fall of the Girondists 5497:Revolutionary Tribunal 5489:Execution of Louis XVI 5379:Champ de Mars massacre 5282:Abolition of Feudalism 4819:Brown, Robert (1795), 4784:Vetch, Robert Hamilton 3465:is missing information 3336: 3302:is missing information 3166:Herman Willem Daendels 3158:Herman Willem Daendels 3153: 3115:Herman Willem Daendels 3058: 2893:(Oostende), Nieuport ( 2881: 2794: 2606: 2450: 2236: 2153: 2151:attack on Valenciennes 2002: 1960:closure of the Scheldt 1928: 1617:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 1591: 1512:Treaty of Campo Formio 1339:abolished the monarchy 946:Rhine campaign of 1796 941:Rhine campaign of 1795 906:Mediterranean campaign 437:Herman Willem Daendels 292:Commanders and leaders 8095:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 7360:Jean-Charles Pichegru 7340:Jean-François Rewbell 6826:Jean-Charles Pichegru 6709:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 6699:Jacques Maurice Hatry 6470:Battle of Hohenlinden 6343:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 6178:Battle of Emmendingen 6125:Battle of Castiglione 6012:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 5943:Battle of Hondschoote 5614:Thermidorian Reaction 5578:(throughout the year) 5351:Fête de la Fédération 5277:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 5261:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 5245:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 5013:Wills, Garry (2011), 4998:, Paris: Lavauzelle, 4994:Tranié, Jean (1987), 4677:Phipps, Ramsay Weston 4648:Lacey, James (2016). 3588:33rd Regiment of Foot 3440:Convention of Alkmaar 3330: 3220:Dutch revolutionaries 3151: 3056: 2979:Prince of Saxe-Coburg 2855: 2787:Galerie des Batailles 2766: 2693:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 2676:Jean-Charles Pichegru 2650:battle of Erquelinnes 2601: 2480:. York advanced from 2436: 2422:Jean-Charles Pichegru 2351:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 2300:Battle of Hondschoote 2292:Jean Nicolas Houchard 2288:investment of Dunkirk 2233:Battle of Hondschoote 2231: 2210:siege of Valenciennes 2148: 1994: 1923: 1910:French First Republic 1874:Further information: 1863:Further information: 1768:Treaty of Reichenbach 1736:United Belgian States 1677:Further information: 1586: 1133:Battle of Vaux (1794) 500:Johann Peter Beaulieu 462:Prince of Saxe-Coburg 425:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 359:Jean Nicolas Houchard 144:Kingdom of the French 8023:Influential thinkers 7770:Jean-François Varlet 7670:Jean-Lambert Tallien 7665:Jean Bon Saint-André 7492:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 7414:Marquis de Condorcet 7263:Nicolas de Condorcet 7028:Dagobert von Wurmser 6861:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 6804:Pierre-Jacques Osten 6719:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 6654:Louis-Nicolas Davout 6644:Chapuis de Tourville 6186:Battle of Schliengen 6133:Battle of Theiningen 6054:Battle of Aldenhoven 5938:Battle of Wattignies 5907:Battle of Neerwinden 5721:Coup of 18 Fructidor 5234:Death of the Dauphin 4760:Urban, Mark (2005), 4574:. London: Robinson. 3504:1799 Helder campaign 3442:and withdraw again. 3406:for the British and 3341:Austrian Netherlands 3170:Pierre-Jacques Osten 3092:Battle of Aldenhoven 3086:on the banks of the 2842:Austrian Netherlands 2791:Palace of Versailles 2645:battle of Grand-Reng 2355:Battle of Wattignies 2235:(6–8 September 1793) 2114:Battle of Neerwinden 2082:Francisco de Miranda 1953:Francisco de Miranda 1937:Duke of Saxe-Teschen 1906:abolish the monarchy 1886:battles of Quiévrain 1830:Johann, Baron Thugut 1815:Legislative Assembly 1726:in August 1789, the 1568:break away from the 1527:Oranienstein Letters 1493:Austrian Netherlands 1461:in the north in 1787 1370:Southern Netherlands 1313:, also known as the 663:Heinrich von Freytag 98:Austrian Netherlands 8291:History of Flanders 8110:Mary Wollstonecraft 7888:Jean Sylvain Bailly 7675:Pierre Louis Prieur 7620:Jean-Henri Voulland 7595:Jacques-Louis David 7527:Jean Joseph Mounier 7228:Jean Sylvain Bailly 6866:Belgrand de Vaubois 6754:Jean-Antoine Marbot 6694:Emmanuel de Grouchy 6499:Treaty of Lunéville 6138:Battle of Neresheim 6083:Siege of Luxembourg 6062:Siege of Luxembourg 6017:Battle of Tourcoing 5948:Siege of Bellegarde 5775:Coup of 18 Brumaire 5687:Council of Ancients 5462:National Convention 5454:September Massacres 5430:Brunswick Manifesto 5422:France declares war 5189:Assembly of Vizille 4514:"Various entries". 4428:, pp. 333–334. 4326:, pp. 178–192. 4227:, pp. 361–362. 4155:, pp. 350–351. 4114:, pp. 325–341. 4102:, pp. 307–311. 4090:, pp. 296–297. 4054:, pp. 253–254. 3991:, pp. 225–227. 3883:, coalitieoorlogen. 3666:Fremont-Barnes 2006 3369:War of the Pyrenees 3232:Batavian Revolution 2800:battle of Lambusart 2781:in the background ( 2747:battle of Gosselies 2625:Battle of Tourcoing 2619:Battle of Courtrai. 2557:Villers-en-Cauchies 2518:Siege of Landrecies 2454:Siege of Landrecies 1998:. 1834 painting by 1912:the very next day. 1799:Louis XVI of France 1716:Jan-Baptist Verlooy 1625:Batavian Revolution 1445:Armée de la Moselle 1350:Louis XVI of France 1331:National Convention 1142:Villers-en-Cauchies 926:East Indies Theatre 916:War of the Pyrenees 7948:Loménie de Brienne 7923:Madame de Lamballe 7858:Napoléon Bonaparte 7655:Prieur de la Marne 7570:Camille Desmoulins 7424:Marie Jean Hérault 7300:Jean-Sifrein Maury 7295:Arnaud de La Porte 7151:Alexander Korsakov 6937:Count of Clerfayt 6856:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 6769:Auguste de Marmont 6624:Napoléon Bonaparte 6515:Algeciras campaign 6507:Treaty of Florence 6385:Battle of Stockach 6218:Ireland expedition 6202:Battle of Calliano 6162:Battle of Rovereto 6154:Battle of Würzburg 5606:Law of 22 Prairial 5575:Anti-clerical laws 5550:The Death of Marat 5371:Flight to Varennes 4973:The Dutch Republic 4936:Thiers, M (1845), 3732:, pp. 58, 61. 3520:Continental System 3396:Commander-in-Chief 3337: 3258:British evacuation 3154: 3084:Battle of Sprimont 3059: 3010:Conde-sur-l'Escaut 2961:Allied commanders 2882: 2795: 2732:'s victory at the 2723:Emperor Francis II 2658:French commanders 2607: 2603:Battle of Mouscron 2589:Battle of Mouscron 2528:, stretching from 2451: 2389:on 24 October and 2273:Secretary of State 2237: 2179:Condé-sur-l'Escaut 2154: 2127:Condé-sur-l'Escaut 2118:Picot de Dampierre 2003: 1945:Battle of Jemappes 1929: 1926:Battle of Jemappes 1826:Emperor Francis II 1795:Flight to Varennes 1772:Battle of Jemappes 1732:Battle of Turnhout 1728:Brabant Revolution 1693:Henri Van der Noot 1679:Brabant Revolution 1592: 1560:By the end of the 1441:Armée des Ardennes 1421:Battle of Jemappes 1125:Marchiennes (1793) 538:Mack von Lieberich 274:Kingdom of Prussia 8273: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8147:Cockade of France 8118: 8117: 8080:Antoine Lavoisier 8070:Benjamin Franklin 8050:Anacharsis Cloots 8013: 8012: 8009: 8008: 7933:Louis de Breteuil 7775:Theophile Leclerc 7203: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7156:Alexander Suvorov 6897: 6896: 6831:Józef Poniatowski 6749:Étienne Macdonald 6553: 6552: 6454:Battle of Marengo 6417:Battle of Trebbia 6401:Battle of Cassano 6393:Battle of Magnano 6377:Battle of Ostrach 6279:Battle of Neuwied 6041:Battle of Fleurus 6025:Battle of Tournay 5902:War in the Vendée 5838:Royalist Revolts 5799: 5798: 5356: 5332:Abolition of the 5250:Tennis Court Oath 5242:National Assembly 5071:French Revolution 5024:978-0-9567390-0-1 4870:, Paris: Chapelot 4860:Secondary sources 4699:978-0-14-102690-9 4644:(dbnl.org e-book) 4581:978-1-84529-635-3 4452:, pp. 28–32. 3928:, pp. 35–37. 3866:, pp. 62–63. 3821:, pp. 57–60. 3744:, pp. 55–56. 3640:Eighty Years' War 3542:Waterloo Campaign 3488: 3487: 3357:Prussian Guelders 3353:peace with France 3325: 3324: 3240:Batavian Republic 3054: 3005: 3004: 2819:Battle of Fleurus 2753:Battle of Fleurus 2702: 2701: 2634:Battle of Tournay 2365:. In mid October 2243:were driven from 2122:Duke of Brunswick 2070:fortress of Breda 2012:Holy Roman Empire 1996:General Dumouriez 1908:and proclaim the 1707:Pro aris et focis 1689:emperor Joseph II 1666:French Revolution 1566:Thirteen Colonies 1531:William Frederick 1489:Batavian Republic 1337:'s power (1790), 1327:French Revolution 1315:Flanders campaign 1306: 1305: 1000:Flanders campaign 964: 963: 956:Anglo-Spanish War 936:Atlantic campaign 921:Italian campaigns 911:War in the Vendée 896:Flanders campaign 690: 689: 286:Armée des émigrés 212:Holy Roman Empire 125: 124: 111:Batavian Republic 28:Flanders campaign 8318: 8227: 8215:Temple of Reason 8186: 8162: 8143: 8124: 8123: 8075:Thomas Jefferson 8019: 8018: 7938:de Chateaubriand 7868:Joseph Bonaparte 7863:Lucien Bonaparte 7853:Marie Antoinette 7808: 7807: 7795:Sylvain Maréchal 7750:François Hanriot 7585:Louis Philippe I 7512:Louis Philippe I 7507:Philippe Égalité 7449:Olympe de Gouges 7419:Charlotte Corday 7409:Étienne Clavière 7209: 7208: 7191:Antonio Ricardos 7176: 7175: 7161:Andrei Rosenberg 7141: 7140: 7111: 7110: 7086: 7085: 7056:Ralph Abercromby 7043: 7042: 7018: 6995: 6982: 6974: 6966: 6953: 6940: 6917: 6916: 6908: 6907: 6812: 6759:Marcellin Marbot 6582: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6563:Military leaders 6559: 6558: 6546: 6538: 6534:Treaty of Amiens 6519: 6511: 6503: 6482: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6437: 6436:(25–26 Sep 1799) 6429: 6421: 6420:(17–20 Jun 1799) 6413: 6405: 6404:(27–28 Apr 1799) 6397: 6389: 6381: 6380:(20–21 Mar 1799) 6373: 6365: 6361:Second Coalition 6344: 6336: 6328: 6320: 6312: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6271:Treaty of Leoben 6267: 6259: 6258:(14–15 Jan 1797) 6255:Battle of Rivoli 6251: 6243: 6239:Italian campaign 6222: 6214: 6213:(15–17 Nov 1796) 6210:Battle of Arcole 6206: 6198: 6190: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6158: 6150: 6146:Battle of Amberg 6142: 6129: 6121: 6117:Battle of Lonato 6113: 6109:Italian campaign 6087: 6066: 6058: 6045: 6037: 6029: 6021: 6013: 6004: 5983: 5982:(26–27 Dec 1793) 5970: 5962: 5924: 5916: 5912:Battle of Famars 5880: 5805: 5804: 5787: 5779: 5771: 5752: 5733: 5725: 5706: 5698: 5678: 5670: 5662: 5643: 5635: 5627: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5579: 5571: 5563: 5555: 5545: 5537: 5529: 5509: 5501: 5493: 5474: 5466: 5458: 5450: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5407: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5374:(20–21 Jun 1791) 5354: 5346: 5338: 5329: 5310: 5302: 5294: 5286: 5278: 5270: 5262: 5254: 5246: 5238: 5230: 5222: 5214: 5193: 5185: 5181:Day of the Tiles 5164: 5163: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5027: 5008: 4990: 4984: 4976: 4966: 4941: 4931: 4912: 4901: 4890: 4871: 4854: 4844: 4834: 4824: 4803: 4791: 4778: 4767: 4756: 4725: 4702: 4684: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4614: 4596: 4585: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4534: 4525: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4482: 4473: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3884: 3878: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3692: 3686: 3669: 3663: 3647: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3606:Battle of Boxtel 3602:Bernard Cornwell 3592:Battle of Boxtel 3584:Arthur Wellesley 3573:Archduke Charles 3538:Prince of Orange 3483: 3480: 3474: 3458: 3450: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3295: 3287: 3174:Dutch Water Line 3139:William Harcourt 3131:'s-Hertogenbosch 3055: 2996:Prince of Orange 2990: 2973: 2958: 2957: 2905:) via Grammont ( 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2687: 2670: 2655: 2654: 2569:Archduke Charles 2494:Forest of Mormal 2447: 2441: 2408:was replaced by 2406:Prince Hohenlohe 2241:Charles Kilmaine 2202:Battle of Famars 2032:Pitt the Younger 1968: 1803:Marie Antoinette 1738:, alongside the 1720:Liège Revolution 1683:Liège Revolution 1654:Act of Guarantee 1508:Treaty of Leoben 1366:Habsburg Austria 1341:(1792) and even 1251: 1239: 1231:2nd Valenciennes 1227: 1215: 1068:1st Valenciennes 1003: 1001: 991: 984: 977: 968: 967: 733: 726: 716: 709: 702: 693: 692: 680: 679: 673: 672: 661: 660: 654: 653: 644:Ludwig von Wurmb 642: 641: 635: 634: 623: 622: 616: 615: 606: 596: 595: 586:William Harcourt 584: 583: 572: 571: 562:Prince Frederick 560: 559: 548: 547: 536: 535: 534: 529: 528: 517: 516: 515: 510: 509: 498: 497: 496: 491: 490: 479: 478: 477: 472: 471: 460: 459: 458: 453: 452: 435: 434: 423: 422: 411: 410: 399: 398: 389:Charles Pichegru 387: 386: 377:Charles Kilmaine 375: 374: 366: 357: 356: 344: 343: 334: 324: 323: 315: 306: 305: 284: 283: 282: 272: 270: 269: 259: 258: 247: 246: 235: 234: 223: 222: 221: 210: 208: 207: 201: 197: 195: 194: 184: 182: 181: 168: 167: 154: 153: 142: 141: 140: 115:French satellite 53: 52: 45: 21: 20: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8265: 8140:La Marseillaise 8129: 8128:Cultural impact 8114: 8024: 8005: 7972: 7928:Madame du Barry 7918:Catherine Théot 7908:Thérésa Tallien 7799: 7790:Gracchus Babeuf 7735:François Chabot 7692: 7684: 7605:Georges Couthon 7600:Marquis de Sade 7565:Jean-Paul Marat 7541: 7497:Bertrand Barère 7463: 7374: 7355:Boissy d'Anglas 7350:Madame de Staël 7315:Antoine Barnave 7283: 7276: 7267: 7214: 7195: 7170: 7165: 7135: 7130: 7105: 7100: 7080: 7075: 7037: 7032: 7016: 6993: 6980: 6972: 6964: 6951: 6938: 6927:József Alvinczi 6911: 6893: 6875: 6816:Nicolas Oudinot 6806: 6739:Claude Lecourbe 6734:Charles Leclerc 6629:Guillaume Brune 6599:Pierre Augereau 6569: 6564: 6549: 6544: 6542:Treaty of Paris 6536: 6522: 6517: 6509: 6501: 6485: 6480: 6472: 6464: 6456: 6440: 6435: 6427: 6419: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6363: 6347: 6342: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6294: 6289: 6281: 6273: 6265: 6257: 6249: 6241: 6225: 6220: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6164: 6156: 6148: 6140: 6127: 6119: 6111: 6095: 6085: 6069: 6064: 6056: 6043: 6035: 6027: 6019: 6011: 6002: 5986: 5981: 5968: 5960: 5958:Siege of Toulon 5922: 5914: 5897:First Coalition 5883: 5874: 5810: 5795: 5785: 5777: 5769: 5755: 5750: 5736: 5731: 5723: 5709: 5704: 5696: 5676: 5668: 5660: 5646: 5641: 5633: 5625: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5582: 5577: 5569: 5561: 5559:Law of Suspects 5553: 5543: 5535: 5527: 5507: 5505:Reign of Terror 5499: 5491: 5477: 5472: 5464: 5456: 5448: 5440: 5432: 5424: 5410: 5405: 5397: 5389: 5381: 5373: 5359: 5344: 5336: 5327: 5313: 5308: 5300: 5292: 5285:(4–11 Aug 1789) 5284: 5276: 5268: 5260: 5252: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5220: 5218:Réveillon riots 5212: 5196: 5191: 5183: 5169: 5158: 5073: 5068: 5025: 5006: 4978: 4977: 4958:(96): 744–749, 4929: 4910: 4888: 4862: 4815: 4813:Primary sources 4810: 4808:Further reading 4776: 4753: 4743:Stackpole Books 4722: 4700: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4612: 4582: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4461: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3887: 3879: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3695: 3687: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3468: 3459: 3448: 3373:Rhine Campaigns 3321: 3315: 3312: 3305: 3296: 3285: 3260: 3246:they erected a 3187: 3182: 3104:Luxembourg City 3043: 3041: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2956: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2822: 2761: 2755: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2581: 2462: 2456: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2399: 2226: 2224:Autumn campaign 2143: 2092:on 1 March and 2043:The Netherlands 2036:First Coalition 1989: 1984: 1962: 1918: 1902:defeat at Valmy 1882: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1791: 1789:Outbreak of war 1712:Jan Frans Vonck 1702:Catholic Church 1685: 1675: 1650:House of Orange 1558: 1548: 1543: 1413:were a disaster 1368:(including the 1354:French Republic 1335:Catholic Church 1307: 1302: 1245: 1233: 1221: 1209: 1004: 999: 997: 995: 965: 960: 892: 734: 724: 722: 720: 686: 674: 667: 655: 648: 636: 629: 617: 610: 602: 598:William Erskine 590: 578: 566: 554: 542: 532: 530: 523: 513: 511: 504: 494: 492: 485: 475: 473: 466: 456: 454: 447: 441: 429: 417: 405: 393: 381: 369: 351: 338: 330: 318: 300: 280: 278: 267: 265: 261:Hesse-Darmstadt 253: 241: 229: 219: 217: 205: 203: 202: 192: 190: 188: 179: 177: 162: 156:French Republic 148: 147: 138: 136: 121: 94:French victory 83: 73:Northern France 46: 27: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8324: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8210:Cult of Reason 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8154: 8152:Flag of France 8149: 8144: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7958:Jacques Necker 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7814: 7812: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7780:Claire Lacombe 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7705:Jacques Hébert 7701: 7699: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7560:Georges Danton 7557: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7473: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7404:Henri Grégoire 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7345:Camille Jordan 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7182: 7180: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7145: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7092: 7090: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7049: 7047: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6989: 6984: 6976: 6968: 6960: 6955: 6947: 6942: 6934: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6590: 6588: 6579: 6566: 6565: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6539: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6512: 6504: 6495: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6475: 6467: 6459: 6450: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6430: 6425:Battle of Novi 6422: 6414: 6412:(4–7 Jun 1799) 6406: 6398: 6390: 6382: 6374: 6366: 6357: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6321: 6313: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6284: 6276: 6268: 6260: 6252: 6244: 6235: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6215: 6207: 6205:(6–7 Nov 1796) 6199: 6191: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6159: 6151: 6143: 6135: 6130: 6122: 6120:(3–4 Aug 1796) 6114: 6105: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6091:Peace of Basel 6088: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6059: 6051: 6046: 6038: 6030: 6022: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5976: 5971: 5963: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5933:Siege of Mainz 5930: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5869: 5864: 5862:Siege of Mainz 5859: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5844: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5780: 5772: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5726: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5699: 5694:13 Vendémiaire 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5671: 5663: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5628: 5619: 5611: 5603: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5546: 5541:Levée en masse 5538: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5502: 5494: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5467: 5459: 5451: 5446:10th of August 5443: 5435: 5427: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5400: 5392: 5384: 5376: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5347: 5339: 5330: 5328:(Feb–Jul 1790) 5321: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5303: 5295: 5287: 5279: 5271: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5231: 5223: 5215: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5010: 5004: 4991: 4968: 4943: 4933: 4927: 4914: 4908: 4891: 4886: 4873: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4846: 4836: 4826: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4780: 4774: 4757: 4751: 4727: 4720: 4704: 4698: 4685: 4673: 4660: 4645: 4631: 4616: 4610: 4597: 4586: 4580: 4567: 4554: 4535: 4526: 4511: 4498: 4483: 4474: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4414:Fortescue 1918 4406: 4391: 4379: 4364: 4352: 4350:, p. 140. 4340: 4328: 4316: 4314:, p. 473. 4304: 4292: 4290:, p. 139. 4277: 4275:, p. 364. 4273:Fortescue 1918 4265: 4263:, p. 225. 4253: 4251:, p. 363. 4249:Fortescue 1918 4241: 4239:, p. 237. 4229: 4225:Fortescue 1918 4217: 4215:, p. 361. 4213:Fortescue 1918 4205: 4203:, p. 360. 4201:Fortescue 1918 4193: 4191:, p. 359. 4189:Fortescue 1918 4181: 4179:, p. 358. 4177:Fortescue 1918 4169: 4157: 4153:Fortescue 1918 4145: 4143:, p. 346. 4141:Fortescue 1918 4133: 4131:, p. 211. 4116: 4112:Fortescue 1918 4104: 4100:Fortescue 1918 4092: 4088:Fortescue 1918 4080: 4078:, p. 306. 4076:Fortescue 1918 4068: 4066:, p. 130. 4056: 4052:Fortescue 1918 4044: 4042:, p. 251. 4040:Fortescue 1918 4032: 4030:, p. 223. 4028:Fortescue 1918 4020: 4008: 3993: 3989:Fortescue 1918 3981: 3969: 3967:, p. 191. 3965:Fortescue 1918 3957: 3955:, p. 119. 3945: 3943:, p. 126. 3930: 3918: 3916:, p. 426. 3906: 3904:, p. 285. 3885: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3693: 3691:, p. 284. 3670: 3668:, p. 488. 3657: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3626: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3512:Peninsular War 3486: 3485: 3462: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3345:Dutch Republic 3323: 3322: 3299: 3297: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3259: 3256: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3119:Dutch Patriots 3040: 3037: 3003: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2907:Geraardsbergen 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2849: 2846: 2778:l'Entreprenant 2757:Main article: 2754: 2751: 2739:Siege of Ypres 2719:Council of War 2700: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2690: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2673: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2580: 2577: 2567:and the young 2458:Main article: 2455: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2427:Levée en masse 2403:Chief of Staff 2398: 2395: 2369:laid siege to 2331:Avesnes-le-Sec 2225: 2222: 2175:fortifications 2167:besieged Mainz 2142: 2139: 2084:laid siege to 2074:Hellevoetsluis 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1972:Staats-Brabant 1917: 1914: 1871: 1868: 1860: 1857: 1849:Levée en Masse 1790: 1787: 1778:Ernst Kossmann 1740:Liège Republic 1674: 1671: 1641:in 1786–1787. 1596:Dutch Republic 1578:Eden Agreement 1570:British Empire 1556:Patriottentijd 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1510:and later the 1504:Peace of Basel 1481:Dutch Republic 1382:Dutch Republic 1304: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1270:2nd Aldenhoven 1267: 1265:2nd Maastricht 1262: 1257: 1252: 1240: 1228: 1219:2nd Le Quesnoy 1216: 1207:2nd Landrecies 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1137:1st Landrecies 1134: 1131: 1126: 1123: 1122:Cysoing (1793) 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1098:Avesnes-le-Sec 1095: 1090: 1088:1st Le Quesnoy 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1043:1st Aldenhoven 1040: 1035: 1033:1st Maastricht 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1006: 1005: 994: 993: 986: 979: 971: 962: 961: 959: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 891: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 739: 736: 735: 719: 718: 711: 704: 696: 688: 687: 685: 684: 665: 646: 627: 608: 588: 576: 564: 552: 540: 521: 502: 483: 464: 444: 442: 440: 439: 427: 415: 403: 391: 379: 367: 349: 336: 316: 297: 294: 293: 289: 288: 277: 276: 263: 251: 239: 227: 186:Dutch Republic 174: 173: 172: 146:(to Sept 1792) 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 120: 119: 118: 117: 108: 91: 89: 85: 84: 67: 65: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 38: 37: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8323: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8224:Sans-culottes 8220: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8195:Metric system 8193: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8125: 8121: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8020: 8016: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7994:Panthéon Club 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7883:Joachim Murat 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7660:Gilbert Romme 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7482:de Cambacérès 7480: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7399: 7398:Madame Roland 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7335:André Chénier 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7290:Grace Elliott 7288: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7206: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6969: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6851:Joseph Souham 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6794:Joachim Murat 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6774:André Masséna 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6560: 6556: 6545:(25 Jun 1802) 6543: 6540: 6537:(25 Mar 1802) 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6516: 6513: 6510:(18 Mar 1801) 6508: 6505: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6479: 6476: 6471: 6468: 6465:(15 Jun 1800) 6463: 6460: 6457:(14 Jun 1800) 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6434: 6431: 6428:(15 Aug 1799) 6426: 6423: 6418: 6415: 6410: 6407: 6402: 6399: 6394: 6391: 6388:(25 Mar 1799) 6386: 6383: 6378: 6375: 6370: 6369:Siege of Acre 6367: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6341: 6340:Peasants' War 6338: 6333: 6330: 6325: 6322: 6317: 6314: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6290:(17 Oct 1797) 6288: 6285: 6282:(18 Apr 1797) 6280: 6277: 6274:(17 Apr 1797) 6272: 6269: 6266:(25 Jan 1797) 6264: 6261: 6256: 6253: 6250:(13 Jan 1797) 6248: 6245: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6219: 6216: 6211: 6208: 6203: 6200: 6195: 6192: 6189:(26 Oct 1796) 6187: 6184: 6181:(19 Oct 1796) 6179: 6176: 6171: 6168: 6163: 6160: 6155: 6152: 6149:(24 Aug 1796) 6147: 6144: 6141:(11 Aug 1796) 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6126: 6123: 6118: 6115: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6063: 6060: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6044:(26 Jun 1794) 6042: 6039: 6034: 6031: 6028:(22 May 1794) 6026: 6023: 6020:(18 May 1794) 6018: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6003:(24 Apr 1794) 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5969:(13 Oct 1793) 5967: 5964: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5921: 5918: 5915:(23 May 1793) 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5789: 5786:(24 Dec 1799) 5784: 5781: 5776: 5773: 5770:(18 Jun 1799) 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5751:(11 May 1798) 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5727: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5703: 5700: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5669:(22 Aug 1795) 5667: 5664: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5642:(11 Nov 1794) 5640: 5637: 5632: 5629: 5626:(28 Jul 1794) 5623: 5620: 5617:(27 Jul 1794) 5615: 5612: 5609:(10 Jun 1794) 5607: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5576: 5573: 5570:(16 Oct 1793) 5568: 5565: 5562:(17 Sep 1793) 5560: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5544:(23 Aug 1793) 5542: 5539: 5536:(13 Jul 1793) 5534: 5531: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5495: 5492:(21 Jan 1793) 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5473:(22 Sep 1792) 5471: 5468: 5463: 5460: 5455: 5452: 5449:(10 Aug 1792) 5447: 5444: 5439: 5436: 5433:(25 Jul 1792) 5431: 5428: 5425:(20 Apr 1792) 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5404: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5390:(27 Aug 1791) 5388: 5385: 5382:(17 Jul 1791) 5380: 5377: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5355:(14 Jul 1790) 5353: 5352: 5348: 5345:(12 Jul 1790) 5343: 5340: 5337:(23 Jun 1790) 5335: 5331: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5307: 5304: 5299: 5296: 5293:(26 Aug 1789) 5291: 5288: 5283: 5280: 5275: 5272: 5269:(14 Jul 1789) 5267: 5264: 5259: 5256: 5253:(20 Jun 1789) 5251: 5248: 5243: 5240: 5237:(4 June 1789) 5235: 5232: 5227: 5224: 5221:(28 Apr 1789) 5219: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5192:(21 Jul 1788) 5190: 5187: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5097:Ancien Régime 5094: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5005:2-7025-0183-4 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4928:0-571-21227-1 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4909:0-465-02723-7 4905: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4889: 4887:0-00-714720-1 4883: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4816: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4775:0-571-22485-7 4771: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4752:1-85367-276-9 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4721:0-679-72949-6 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4663: 4661:9780190620486 4657: 4653: 4652: 4646: 4634: 4632:90-5157-043-0 4628: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4611:0-00-713748-6 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4557: 4555:9780665188862 4551: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4521:Winkler Prins 4519:Encyclopedie 4518: 4512: 4501: 4499:9781851096466 4495: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466:Burne, Alfred 4463: 4462: 4451: 4446: 4440:, p. 15. 4439: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4388: 4383: 4377:, p. 98. 4376: 4371: 4369: 4362:, p. 97. 4361: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4338:, p. 29. 4337: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4302:, p. 31. 4301: 4296: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4261:Hayworth 2015 4257: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4237:Hayworth 2015 4233: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4130: 4129:Hayworth 2015 4125: 4123: 4121: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3865: 3864:Kossmann 1986 3860: 3854:, p. 67. 3853: 3852:Kossmann 1986 3848: 3842:, p. 61. 3841: 3840:Kossmann 1986 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3820: 3819:Kossmann 1986 3815: 3809:, p. 59. 3808: 3807:Kossmann 1986 3803: 3797:, p. 62. 3796: 3795:Kossmann 1986 3791: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3756:, p. 58. 3755: 3754:Kossmann 1986 3750: 3743: 3742:Kossmann 1986 3738: 3731: 3730:Kossmann 1986 3726: 3719: 3714: 3708:, patriotten. 3707: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3524:Armée du Nord 3521: 3515: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3482: 3479:February 2022 3472: 3466: 3463:This section 3461: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432:Italian front 3429: 3424: 3423:Low Countries 3419: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3329: 3319: 3316:February 2022 3309: 3303: 3300:This section 3298: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3218:surrendered. 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3180:1795 campaign 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162:Bommelerwaard 3159: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:Low Countries 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3063:Channel ports 3036: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3011: 2997: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2897:) and Sluys ( 2896: 2892: 2886: 2854: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2694: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2630:Joseph Souham 2628:shoulders of 2626: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595:) and Menen. 2594: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2575:on 26 April. 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2397:1794 campaign 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245:Caesar's Camp 2242: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2152: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:Armée du Nord 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1982:1793 campaign 1979: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1922: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894:losing Verdun 1891: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1866: 1859:1792 campaign 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:Ancien Régime 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1608:Dutch Patriot 1605: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1574:United States 1571: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1553: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1491:, whilst the 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:Armée du Nord 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1406:Italian front 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378:Great Britain 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362:Ancien Régime 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:Low Countries 1316: 1312: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1073:Caesar's Camp 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1002: 992: 987: 985: 980: 978: 973: 972: 969: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 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82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 63: 62: 58: 55: 54: 50: 44: 39: 36: 31: 22: 19: 8231:Phrygian cap 8176:Bastille Day 8090:Thomas Paine 8045:Edmund Burke 8040:Beaumarchais 8034:Les Lumières 8032: 7873:Joseph Fesch 7785:Pauline Léon 7755:Jacques Roux 7694: 7278: 6704:Lazare Hoche 6689:Paul Grenier 6659:Louis Desaix 6518:(8 Jul 1801) 6502:(9 Feb 1801) 6473:(3 Dec 1800) 6396:(5 Apr 1799) 6197:(6 Nov 1796) 6173:(8 Sep 1796) 6165:(4 Sep 1796) 6157:(3 Sep 1796) 6128:(5 Aug 1796) 6057:(2 Oct 1794) 6036:(1 Jun 1794) 5778:(9 Nov 1799) 5724:(4 Sep 1797) 5661:(1 Apr 1795) 5631:White Terror 5624:guillotined 5601:(5 Apr 1794) 5548: 5528:(2 Jun 1793) 5398:(3 Sep 1791) 5349: 5309:(2 Nov 1789) 5301:(5 Oct 1789) 5229:(5 May 1789) 5207: 5184:(7 Jun 1788) 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5033: 5014: 4995: 4972: 4955: 4951: 4937: 4918: 4897: 4877: 4867: 4850: 4840: 4830: 4820: 4797: 4763: 4734: 4731:Smith, Digby 4711: 4689: 4680: 4665:. Retrieved 4650: 4636:. Retrieved 4621: 4601: 4591: 4571: 4559:. Retrieved 4540: 4530: 4515: 4503:. Retrieved 4488: 4478: 4469: 4459:Bibliography 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4382: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4312:Guthrie 1798 4307: 4295: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4196: 4184: 4172: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3921: 3909: 3859: 3847: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3661: 3635: 3629: 3620: 3600: 3581: 3546: 3529:Horse Guards 3516: 3508: 3499: 3496:Alfred Burne 3489: 3476: 3464: 3420: 3416: 3404:Henry Dundas 3400: 3392:Alfred Burne 3385: 3381:Campo Formio 3363:and half of 3338: 3333:Duke of York 3313: 3301: 3267:, a part of 3261: 3248:liberty tree 3188: 3155: 3121:, had taken 3112: 3076:was attacked 3060: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3006: 2949: 2945: 2933: 2918: 2911: 2887: 2883: 2834: 2816: 2804: 2796: 2777: 2743: 2727: 2703: 2642: 2638: 2622: 2608: 2582: 2550: 2492:through the 2463: 2425: 2400: 2344: 2324: 2285: 2269: 2238: 2214:Adam Custine 2198:Valenciennes 2195: 2164: 2155: 2110: 2059: 2055:Duke of York 2040: 2004: 1957: 1930: 1883: 1838: 1834:Henry Dundas 1819: 1792: 1776: 1744: 1705: 1686: 1661: 1643: 1628: 1610: 1593: 1559: 1514:. The Dutch 1501: 1485:client state 1449: 1410: 1390:Hesse-Kassel 1347:deposed king 1314: 1310: 1308: 1289:Geldermalsen 1162:2nd Courtrai 1108:1st Courtrai 998: 895: 848:Newfoundland 813:Altenkirchen 603: 574:Duke of York 331: 249:Hesse-Kassel 176: 158:(from 1792) 135: 130:Belligerents 33:Part of the 18: 8100:Abbé Sieyès 8085:Montesquieu 8001:Social Club 7943:Jean Chouan 7833:Louis XVIII 7610:Roger Ducos 7580:Paul Barras 7547:Montagnards 7477:Abbé Sieyès 7280:monarchiens 7088:Netherlands 7017:(Hungarian) 6965:(Hungarian) 6881:French Navy 6807: [ 6729:Jean Lannes 6586:French Army 6364:(1798–1802) 6335:(1798–1800) 6319:(1798–1801) 6049:Chouannerie 6010:(Pyrenees) 5875: [ 5842:Chouannerie 5634:(Fall 1794) 5622:Robespierre 4794:Lee, Sidney 4450:Holmes 2003 4426:Harvey 2007 4402:Glover 2008 4348:Harvey 2007 4336:Holmes 2003 4324:Schama 1977 4300:Holmes 2003 4288:Harvey 2007 4064:Harvey 2007 4018:, I p. 214. 4016:Phipps 1926 3979:, I p. 179. 3977:Phipps 1926 3953:Harvey 2007 3941:Harvey 2007 3914:Rodger 2007 3577:Scharnhorst 3428:West Indies 3200:Lower Rhine 2825:Digby Smith 2636:on 22 May. 2482:Saint-Amand 2391:Marchiennes 1963: [ 1782:nationalism 1621:States Army 1533:accept the 1523:Kew Letters 1516:stadtholder 1358:reactionary 1246: [ 1234: [ 1222: [ 1210: [ 1182:Erquelinnes 1093:Hondschoote 1018:1st Limburg 901:Chouannerie 413:Jean Moreau 104:annexed by 77:Netherlands 8280:Categories 7989:Cordeliers 7903:Talleyrand 7828:Louis XVII 7690:Hébertists 7444:Jean Debry 7274:Feuillants 6903:Opposition 6799:Michel Ney 6221:(Dec 1796) 5829:Thionville 5732:(Dec 1797) 5705:(May 1796) 5697:5 Oct 1795 5674:Directoire 5554:(painting) 5457:(Sep 1792) 5441:(Jun 1792) 5274:Great Fear 5213:(Jan 1789) 5104:Revolution 4708:Schama, S. 4438:Burne 1949 4387:Burne 1949 4375:Urban 2005 4360:Vetch 1899 4165:Smith 1998 4004:Burne 1949 3926:Burne 1949 3902:Lacey 2016 3689:Lacey 2016 3654:References 3549:Bernadotte 3388:dilettante 3254:followed. 3244:Dam Square 3224:Krayenhoff 3204:Amersfoort 3192:Zaltbommel 3096:Roer River 3029:third time 2914:Nieuwpoort 2895:Nieuwpoort 2721:on 24 May 2478:Landrecies 2466:Francis II 2418:Bettignies 2359:Convention 2327:Le Quesnoy 2281:Le Quesnoy 2098:Aldenhoven 2094:drove back 2090:Roer River 2086:Maastricht 2051:Hanoverian 1853:guillotine 1760:Leopold II 1604:George III 1550:See also: 1541:Background 1298:Den Helder 1285:Luxembourg 1118:Wattignies 1048:Neerwinden 1023:Anderlecht 803:Den Helder 798:Guadeloupe 793:Martinique 763:Thionville 743:Porrentruy 348:(defected) 79:, and the 7823:Louis XVI 7818:Charles X 7469:The Plain 7380:Girondins 7320:Lafayette 6981:(Walloon) 6963:Pál Kray 6939:(Walloon) 6481:(1800–02) 6332:Quasi-War 5791:Consulate 5677:(1795–99) 5132:Consulate 5125:Directory 3561:MacDonald 3540:, in the 3471:talk page 3349:The Hague 3308:talk page 3283:Aftermath 3228:Amsterdam 3208:Apeldoorn 3123:Eindhoven 3074:where he 2838:Rhineland 2774:with the 2530:Maroilles 2486:Le Cateau 2470:Le Cateau 2383:Dumonceau 2375:MacDonald 2335:Pirmasens 2265:Lincelles 2253:Tourcoing 2247:north of 2171:Rhineland 2007:Louis XVI 1811:Girondins 1766:with the 1756:Vonckists 1477:Amsterdam 1469:Batavians 1325:. As the 1293:Amsterdam 1243:2nd Condé 1197:Lambusart 1187:Gosselies 1172:Tourcoing 1167:Grandreng 1129:Le Cateau 1078:Lincelles 1053:1st Condé 888:Diersheim 878:Fishguard 838:Neresheim 748:Quiévrain 81:Rhineland 8183:Panthéon 8171:Muscadin 8166:Marianne 8105:Voltaire 7984:Jacobins 7977:Factions 7517:Mirabeau 6973:(French) 5867:Jemappes 5851:Dauphiné 5334:Nobility 5146:Journals 5139:Glossary 5118:Republic 5090:Timeline 4981:citation 4975:, London 4940:, London 4853:, London 4833:, London 4823:, London 4786:(1899), 4733:(1998). 4710:(1977). 4679:(1926), 4667:11 March 4638:12 March 4561:25 March 4505:10 March 4468:(1949), 3636:de facto 3410:for the 3377:Napoleon 3212:Deventer 3196:Nijmegen 3135:Nijmegen 3072:Aa River 2929:Mechelen 2776:balloon 2593:Kortrijk 2585:Maubeuge 2565:Alvinczi 2542:Catillon 2534:Prisches 2522:Alvinczi 2512:against 2510:Wassigny 2484:towards 2474:Clerfayt 2371:Nieuport 2367:Vandamme 2347:Maubeuge 2339:Jacobins 2320:Courtrai 2316:Beaulieu 2137:rivers. 2028:Flanders 2020:Portugal 2016:Sardinia 1976:Roermond 1941:Clerfayt 1890:Marquain 1797:of king 1752:Statists 1747:cockades 1662:de facto 1612:regenten 1495:and the 1473:Belgians 1457:Patriots 1443:and the 1402:Napoleon 1343:executed 1280:Nijmegen 1275:Puiflijk 1260:Sprimont 1152:Mouscron 1147:Beaumont 1113:Maubeuge 1013:Jemappes 868:Biberach 863:2nd Kehl 853:Würzburg 828:1st Kehl 823:Kircheib 808:Siegburg 788:Sardinia 783:Jemappes 753:Marquain 170:Patriots 64:Location 8065:Diderot 7811:Figures 7696:Enragés 7402:Father 7113:Prussia 7045:Britain 6994:(Saxon) 6952:(Swiss) 6919:Austria 4796:(ed.), 4517:Encarta 3569:Mortier 3553:Jourdan 3269:Hanover 3222:led by 3216:Utrecht 3094:on the 2772:Fleurus 2768:Jourdan 2615:Willems 2553:Chapuis 2548:river. 2514:Balland 2506:Prémont 2414:Tournai 2387:Cysoing 2379:Wervicq 2298:at the 2296:Freytag 2261:Jourdan 2249:Cambrai 2191:Raismes 2159:Dunkirk 2149:York's 2135:Scheldt 2066:Brabant 2047:Belgium 1949:Belgium 1943:at the 1483:with a 1471:" and " 1453:Hanover 1429:Flemish 1398:theatre 1386:Hanover 1374:Prussia 1202:Fleurus 1177:Tournay 1157:Willems 1083:Dunkirk 1058:Raismes 883:Neuwied 873:Ireland 858:Limburg 818:Wetzlar 604:† 332:† 237:Hanover 225:Austria 69:Belgium 7804:Others 7143:Russia 6577:France 6242:(1797) 6112:(1796) 5847:Vendée 5824:Verdun 5651:1795–6 5594:Danton 5153:Museum 5083:Causes 5021: 5002: 4925: 4906: 4884: 4772: 4749: 4718: 4696: 4658: 4629: 4608: 4578: 4552: 4496: 3446:Legacy 3412:Empire 3408:Thugut 3365:Cleves 3273:Dundas 3265:Bremen 3088:Ourthe 3080:Boxtel 2937:Tienen 2921:Leuven 2891:Ostend 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2829:Vienna 2808:Deinze 2785:1837; 2561:Kinsky 2538:Sambre 2526:Kinsky 2498:Goguet 2446: 2440: 2363:Ostend 2337:. The 2304:Veurne 2276:Dundas 2218:Bohain 2102:Aachen 2024:Naples 1878:, and 1590:, 1787 1554:, and 1487:, the 1433:Sambre 1380:, the 1255:Boxtel 1063:Famars 843:Amberg 833:Malsch 758:Verdun 600: 361: 328: 310: 271: 209: 196: 183: 106:France 88:Result 8261:Films 7178:Spain 6811:] 5879:] 5872:Namur 5857:Lille 5834:Valmy 4792:, in 3612:Notes 3596:India 3565:Murat 3361:Moers 3067:Sluis 2941:Dijle 2903:Aalst 2899:Sluis 2812:Ghent 2546:Selle 2500:from 2490:Bavay 2377:took 2312:Menen 2308:Menin 2131:Haine 2106:Meuse 1967:] 1250:] 1238:] 1226:] 1214:] 1192:Ypres 1103:Menin 1038:Breda 1028:Namur 778:Mainz 773:Lille 768:Valmy 102:Liège 7693:and 7277:and 6527:1802 6491:1801 6446:1800 6353:1799 6300:1798 6231:1797 6101:1796 6075:1795 5992:1794 5889:1793 5816:1792 5760:1799 5741:1798 5714:1797 5596:and 5587:1794 5482:1793 5415:1792 5364:1791 5318:1790 5201:1789 5174:1788 5019:ISBN 5000:ISBN 4987:link 4923:ISBN 4904:ISBN 4882:ISBN 4770:ISBN 4747:ISBN 4716:ISBN 4694:ISBN 4669:2023 4656:ISBN 4640:2023 4627:ISBN 4606:ISBN 4576:ISBN 4563:2013 4550:ISBN 4507:2023 4494:ISBN 3567:and 3331:The 3210:and 3194:and 3168:and 3127:Waal 2524:and 2504:and 2502:Vaux 2416:and 2381:and 2133:and 2078:Lake 1939:and 1896:and 1888:and 1714:and 1681:and 1594:The 1463:and 1388:and 1345:the 1309:The 730:List 100:and 56:Date 7053:Sir 4960:doi 4546:473 4006:, . 3557:Ney 3078:at 2770:at 2555:at 2318:at 2263:at 2177:at 1710:of 1372:), 8282:: 6809:fr 5877:fr 4983:}} 4979:{{ 4956:24 4954:, 4950:, 4745:. 4741:: 4737:. 4548:. 4394:^ 4367:^ 4280:^ 4119:^ 3996:^ 3933:^ 3888:^ 3871:^ 3826:^ 3761:^ 3696:^ 3673:^ 3608:. 3563:, 3559:, 3555:, 3551:, 3544:. 3359:, 3206:, 3117:' 3110:. 2789:, 2563:, 2373:, 2322:. 2038:. 2022:, 2018:, 2014:, 1978:. 1965:nl 1855:. 1774:. 1408:. 1376:, 1248:fr 1236:fr 1224:fr 1212:fr 75:, 71:, 5063:e 5056:t 5049:v 5028:. 5009:. 4989:) 4967:. 4962:: 4942:. 4932:. 4913:. 4872:. 4855:. 4845:. 4835:. 4825:. 4779:. 4755:. 4726:. 4724:. 4703:. 4671:. 4642:. 4615:. 4584:. 4565:. 4509:. 4404:. 4389:. 4167:. 3481:) 3477:( 3473:. 3318:) 3314:( 3310:. 3065:( 2793:) 2310:( 990:e 983:t 976:v 732:) 728:( 715:e 708:t 701:v

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Knowledge

Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition

Index