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start of the war the
Russians realized its critical importance and built a strong defensive position. As well as the natural strength of its elevated position with steep sides, it was protected by a massive redoubt and two earth-covered keeps reinforced by steel rails and timber, and completely surrounded by electrified barbed wire entanglements. It was also connected to the neighboring strongholds on False Hill and Akasakayama by trenches. On top of the lower peak was the fortified Russian command post in reinforced concrete. The Russian defenders entrenched on the 203-meter summit were commanded by Colonel Tretyakov, and were organized into five companies of infantry with machine gun detachments, a company of engineers, a few sailors and a battery of artillery.
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against both
Namakoyama and 203 Meter Hill. The former was taken that same day, but on 203 Meter Hill the Russian defenders cut down the dense columns of attacking troops with machine-gun and cannon fire. The attack failed, and the Japanese were forced back, leaving the ground covered with their dead and wounded. The battle at 203 Meter Hill continued for several more days, with the Japanese gaining a foothold each day, only to be forced back each time by Russian counter-attacks. By the time General Nogi abandoned the attempt, he had lost over 3,500 men. The Russians used the respite to begin further strengthening the defenses on 203 Meter Hill, while Nogi began a prolonged artillery bombardment of the town and those parts of the harbor within range of his guns.
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1169:. At 08:30 on November 28, with massive artillery support, Japanese troops again attempted an assault up the sides of both Akasakayama and 203 Meter Hill. Over a thousand 500 lb (230 kg) shells from the 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers were fired in a single day to support this attack. The Japanese reached as far as the Russian line of barbed wire entanglements by daybreak and held their ground throughout the following day, November 29, while their artillery kept the defenders busy by a continuous bombardment. Nonetheless, the Japanese forces suffered serious losses, as the Russian defenders were well positioned to use
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1555:. When explaining battles of the siege of Port Arthur in detail, he broke down and wept, apologizing for the 56,000 lives lost in that campaign and asking to be allowed to kill himself in atonement. Emperor Meiji told him that suicide was unacceptable, as all responsibility for the war was due to imperial orders, and that Nogi must remain alive, at least as long as he himself lived. Nogi and his wife Shizuko committed suicide by
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forced to retreat by
September 22 with over 2500 casualties. He then resumed his attempts to break through the fortifications at Port Arthur in other locations, cumulating in a six-day general assault at the end of October, which cost the Japanese a further 124 officers and 3611 men. News of this defeat inflamed Japanese popular opinion against Nogi. General Yamagata Aritomo urged his
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Nanshan, none were forthcoming. With more than half of his men killed or wounded and with his command disintegrating as small groups of men fell back in confusion, Tretyakov had no choice but to withdraw, and 174 Meter Hill was overrun by the Japanese; it had cost the Japanese some 1,800 killed and wounded, and the Russians over 1,000.
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fortified, but had steep slopes and were fronted by the Ta River, which had been dammed by the
Russians to provide a stronger obstacle. The hills commanded a view over almost a kilometer of flat ground to the Japanese lines, and it was thus essential for the Japanese to take these hills to complete their encirclement of Port Arthur.
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and machine guns against the tightly packed mass of
Japanese soldiers. On November 30, a small party of Japanese succeeded in planting the Japanese flag at the summit of the hill, but by the morning of December 1, the Russians had successfully counterattacked. Still retaining the authority to replace
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Now well aware that the
Russian Baltic Fleet was on its way, the Japanese Imperial Headquarters fully understood the necessity of destroying what Russian ships were still serviceable at Port Arthur. It thus became essential that 203 Meter Hill be captured without further delay, and political pressure
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The onset of winter did little to slow the intensity of the battle. Nogi received additional reinforcements from Japan, including 18 more
Armstrong 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers, which were manhandled from the railway by teams of 800 soldiers along an eight-mile (13 km)-long narrow gauge track
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Russian land forces in the course of the siege suffered 31,306 casualties, of whom at least 6,000 were killed. Lower figures such as 15,000 killed, wounded, and missing are sometimes claimed. At the end of the siege, the
Japanese captured a further 878 army officers and 23,491 other ranks; 15,000 of
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On
September 18, Japanese General Kodama visited General Nogi for the first time, and drew his attention to the strategic importance of 203 Meter Hill. Nogi directed the first infantry assault against the hill on September 20, but found its fortifications impenetrable to Japanese artillery and was
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The highest elevation within Port Arthur, designated "203 Meter Hill", overlooked the harbor. The name "203-Meter Hill" is a misnomer, as the hill consists of two peaks (203 meters and 210 meters high, and 140 meters apart) connected by a sharp ridge. It was initially unfortified; however, after the
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Just as he had done at the Battle of Nanshan, Tretyakov, despite having his first line of trenches overrun, tenaciously refused to retreat and held control of 174 Meter Hill despite severe and mounting casualties. On the following day, August 20, 1904, Tretyakov asked for reinforcements but, just as
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On December 31, 1904, a series of mines were exploded under Fort Sungshu, the sole surviving major fortress, which surrendered that day. On January 1, 1905, Wantai finally fell to the Japanese. On the same day, Stoessel and Fok sent a message to a surprised General Nogi, offering to surrender. None
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For Japan, the cost of capturing this landmark was great, with over 8,000 dead and wounded in the final assault alone, including most of the IJA 7th Division. For Nogi, the cost of capturing 203 Meter Hill was made even more poignant when he received word that his last surviving son had been killed
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from the Wolf Hills, which the Russians unsuccessfully attempted to shoot down. Nogi was reportedly very surprised at the lack of coordination of the Russian artillery efforts, and he decided to proceed with a direct frontal assault down the Wantai Ravine, which, if successful, would carry Japanese
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assault, which was hampered by heavy rain, poor visibility and dense clouds of smoke. The Japanese were able to advance only as far as the forward slopes of both hills, and many soldiers drowned in the Ta River. Even night attacks suffered unexpectedly high casualties, as the Russians used powerful
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and False Hill in the west. All of these hills were heavily fortified. Approximately 1.5 kilometers (0.93 miles) behind this defensive line was the original stone Chinese wall, which encircled the Old Town of Lushun from the south to the Lun-ho River at the northwest. The Russians had continued the
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The battle continued throughout the following days with very heavy hand-to-hand combat with control of the summit changing hands several times. Finally, at 10:30 on December 5, following another massive artillery bombardment during which Russian Colonel Tretyakov was severely wounded, the Japanese
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to compel Nogi to take drastic action, or else relieve him of command. Kodama returned to visit Nogi again in mid-November, but decided to give him one last chance. After arduous sapping work and an artillery assault with the new Armstrong 11-inch siege guns, mines were exploded underneath some of
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Nogi now shifted his attention to the Temple Redoubt and the Waterworks Redoubt (also known as the Erhlung Redoubt) to the east, and to 203 Meter Hill and Namakoyama to the west. Strangely, at this time neither Nogi nor Stoessel seem to have realized the strategic importance of 203 Meter Hill: its
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The assaults on the other sections of the Russian line had also cost the Japanese heavily, but with no results and no ground gained. When Nogi finally called off his attempt to penetrate the Wantai Ravine on August 24, 1904, he had only 174 Meter Hill and the West and East Pan-lung to show for his
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also participated in shore bombardment, while in the northeast the army prepared to attack the two semi-isolated hills protruding from the outer defense perimeter: 600-foot (180 m) high Takushan (Big Orphan Hill) and the smaller Hsuaokushan (Little Orphan Hill). These hills were not heavily
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By mid-September the Japanese had dug over eight kilometers (5 miles) of trenches and were within 70 meters (230 feet) of the Waterworks Redoubt, which they attacked and captured on September 19, 1904. Thereafter they successfully took the Temple Redoubt, while another attacking force was sent
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After sending an immediately refused message to the garrison of Port Arthur demanding surrender, the Japanese began their assault at dawn on August 19, 1904. The main thrust was directed at 174 Meter Hill, with flanking and diversionary attacks along the line from Fort Sung-shu to the Chi-Kuan
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that had been laid expressly for that purpose. These howitzers were added to the 450 other guns already in place. One innovation of the campaign was the centralization of the Japanese fire control, with the artillery batteries connected to the field headquarters by miles of telephone lines.
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to bring down the walls. By now, Nogi had also been reinforced by additional artillery and 16,000 more troops from Japan, which partially compensated for the casualties sustained in his first assaults. However, the major new development was the arrival of the first battery of huge 11-inch
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While the Japanese set to work in the sapping campaign, General Stoessel continued to spend most of his time writing complaining letters to the Tsar about lack of cooperation from his fellow officers in the navy. The garrison in Port Arthur was starting to experience serious outbreaks of
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On August 11, 1904, the Japanese sent an offer of temporary cease-fire to Port Arthur, so the Russians could allow all non-combatants to leave under guarantee of safety. The offer was rejected, but the foreign military observers all decided to leave for safety on August 14, 1904.
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complained bitterly to the Navy about the ease with which the Russians were able to obtain naval fire support; in response the Japanese Navy brought in a battery of 12-pounder guns, with a range sufficient to ensure that there would be no recurrence of a Russian naval sortie.
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the Russian fortifications on the main defense perimeter from November 17–24, with a general assault planned for the night of November 26. Coincidentally, this was the same day that the Russian Baltic Fleet was entering the Indian Ocean. The assault contained a
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consisted of almost 50,000 men including the crews of the Russian warships in port (the total population of Port Arthur at the time was around 87,000) and 506 guns. He also had the option of removing the guns from the fleet to bolster the land defenses.
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managed to overrun 203 Meter Hill, finding only a handful of defenders still alive on the summit. The Russians launched two counter-attacks to retake the hill, both of which failed, and by 17:00, 203 Meter Hill was securely under Japanese control.
1161:, but the attack failed, with direct frontal assaults on both Fort Erhlung and Fort Sungshu once again beaten back by the Russian defenders. Japanese casualties were officially 4,000 men, but unofficially perhaps twice as high. Russian General
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those captured were wounded. The Japanese also captured 546 guns and 82,000 artillery shells. In addition the Russians lost their entire fleet based at Port Arthur, which was either sunk or interned. The Japanese captured 8,956 seamen.
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forces directly into the heart of the city. Given his previous high casualty rate and his lack of heavy artillery, the decision created controversy in his staff; however, Nogi was under orders to take Port Arthur as quickly as possible.
1302:, although hit 5 times by the howitzer shells, managed to move out of range of the guns. Stung by the Russian Pacific Fleet having been sunk by the army and not by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and with a direct order from Tokyo that the
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The Japanese were astounded to find that a huge store of food and ammunition remained in Port Arthur, which implied that Stoessel had surrendered while still able to hold out for a long time. Stoessel, Fok and Smirnov were
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unobstructed views of the harbor would have enabled the Japanese to control the harbor and to fire on the Russian fleet sheltering there. This fact was only brought to Nogi's attention when he was visited by General
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birthday. However, aside from seizing some minor fortifications, the attack failed after six days of hand-to-hand combat, leaving Nogi with the deaths of an additional 124 officers and 3,611 men and no victory.
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The Japanese army casualties were later officially listed as 57,780 casualties (killed, wounded and missing), of whom 14,000 were killed. In addition 33,769 became sick during the siege (including 21,023 with
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There were higher estimates of Japanese army casualties at the time such as 94,000-110,000 killed, wounded, and missing, though these were written without access to the Japanese Medical History of the War.
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Russian improvements to the defences of Port Arthur included a multi-perimeter layout with overlapping fields of fire and making the best possible use of the natural terrain. However, many of the
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line of the Chinese wall to the west and south, enclosing the approaches to the harbor and the New Town of Port Arthur with concrete forts, machine gun emplacements, and connecting trenches.
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of the other senior Russian staff had been consulted, and notably Smirnov and Tretyakov were outraged. The surrender was accepted and signed on January 5, 1905, in the northern suburb of
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The outer defense perimeter of Port Arthur consisted of a line of hills, including Hsiaokushan and Takushan near the Ta-ho River in the east, and Namakoyama, Akasakayama, 174-Meter Hill,
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Undeterred, Nogi resumed artillery bombardment the following day, August 8, 1904, but his assault stalled again, this time due to heavy fire from the Russian fleet led by the cruiser
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Battery. The Russian defensive positions on 174 Meter Hill itself were held by the 5th and 13th East Siberian Regiments, reinforced by sailors, under the command of Colonel
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loss of more than 16,000 men. With all other positions remaining firmly under Russian control, Nogi at last decided to abandon frontal assaults in favor of a protracted
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The shelling of Port Arthur began on August 7, 1904, by a pair of land-based 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns, and was carried on intermittently until August 19, 1904. The
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with heavy 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers with 500-pound (~220 kg) armor-piercing shells. He started systematically sinking the Russian ships within range.
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With this, the Russian garrison was taken into captivity. Civilians were allowed to leave, and the Russian officers were given the choice of either going into
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in action during the final assault on the hill. The Russians, who had no more than 1,500 men on the hill at any one time, lost over 6,000 killed and wounded.
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and fortifications were still unfinished, as considerable resources were either in very short supply or had been diverted to improving the fortifications at
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Nogi if necessary, Kodama assumed temporary command of the Japanese front-line forces, but officially maintained the despondent Nogi in nominal command.
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Nogi attempted yet another mass "human wave" assault on 203 Meter Hill on October 29, 1904 intending the hill to be a present for the
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Nogi, after leaving a garrison in Port Arthur, led the surviving bulk of his army of 120,000 men north to join Marshal Oyama at the
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in its ability to overcome improved Russian fortifications, led to a much longer campaign and far greater losses than expected.
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fired at her while sinking two Japanese destroyers and damaging six other vessels. The Japanese had meanwhile lost the cruiser
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The siege of Port Arthur saw the introduction of much technology used in subsequent wars of the 20th century (particularly in
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in a council on December 8, 1904, but the idea of surrender was rejected by the other senior officers. Japanese trench and
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Following the loss of the Pacific Fleet, the rationale for holding onto Port Arthur was questioned by Stoessel and
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on a phone line at the vantage point on 203 Meter Hill overlooking Port Arthur harbor, Nogi could now bombard the
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in only a few days. The ease of his victory during the previous conflict, and overconfidence by the Japanese
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that fired 217-kilogram (478-pound) shells with a range of 8 kilometers (5.0 miles), rapid-firing light
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found the continuing unavailability of the 3rd Army's manpower to be intolerable, and sent General
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gave Japan a dominant military position, resulting in favorable arbitration by U.S. President
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Having failed to penetrate the Port Arthur fortifications by direct assault, Nogi now ordered
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General Stoessel withdrew to Port Arthur on July 30, 1904. Facing the Russians was the
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in six separate attacks on the sole remaining Russian battleship. After 3 weeks, the
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After pounding the two hills from 04:30 until 19:30, General Nogi launched a frontal
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howitzers had originally been installed in shore batteries in forts overlooking
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continued. With the death of General Kondratenko on December 15, 1904, at Fort
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Russian 500-pound shell bursting near the Japanese siege guns, near Port Arthur
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to construct trenches and tunnels under the Russian forts in order to explode
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At the end of the war, Nogi made a report directly to Emperor Meiji during a
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On August 25, 1904, the day after Nogi's last assault had failed, Marshal
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was not to be allowed to escape, Admiral Togo sent in wave after wave of
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The capture of Port Arthur and the subsequent Japanese victories at the
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On the night of January 2, 1905, after Port Arthur surrendered, Captain
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shoot any of his front line troops attempting to abandon their positions
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Gaining these two hills cost the Japanese 1,280 killed and wounded. The
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Warfare and Armed Conflicts, a statistical reference, Volume II 1900–91
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Port Arthur viewed from the summit of the 203 Meter Hill, November 2004
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Blue line: July 30, Red: August 15, Yellow: August 20, Green: January 2
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The Tide at Sunrise: a history of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905
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1563:'s funeral cortege left the imperial palace on 13 September 1912.
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This article is about the land battle. For the naval battle, see
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trapped at Port Arthur, and he sent immediate orders to Admiral
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with Imperial Russian leaders. From left, Ambassador to China,
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Nogi (Center left), Stoessel (Center right) and their staffs.
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attack by 2600 men (including 1200 from the newly arrived
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Japanese 11-inch howitzers during the siege of Port Arthur
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Japanese 11-inch howitzer firing; shell visible in flight
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manning the defenses of Port Arthur under Major-General
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The Great Siege: The Investment and Fall of Port Arthur
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16 warships lost including 2 battleships and 4 cruisers
1731:] (in Russian). Vol. I, II. Saint Petersburg.
23:. For the First Sino-Japanese War battle in 1894, see
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The siege of Port Arthur – Russian batteries against
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At noon on August 13, 1904, General Nogi launched a
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1967:Lafayette College Library, from the collection of
1063:, and had been intended for anti-ship operations.
1756:Port Arthur, the siege and capitulation, Volume 1
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1769:Emperor of Japan, Meiji and his World, 1852–1912
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1933:Human bullets, a soldier's story of Port Arthur
1855:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
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1652:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
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1723:Schwarz, Alexis von; Romanovsky, Yuri (1908).
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1165:took the precaution of stationing snipers to
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762:(and, in response, the first military use of
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921:The loss of the two hills, when reported to
685:, August 1, 1904 – January 2, 1905) was the
1924:Port-Arthur, 8 février 1904, 5 janvier 1905
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1741:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1272:on December 7, 1904, and the battleships
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1875:. Osprey Essential Histories. (2002).
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1186:Destruction of the Russian Pacific fleet
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1960:The Russo-Japanese War Research Society
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1758:, Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett, 1906, p. 464.
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1463:on taking no further part in the war.
1314:was still afloat, having survived 124
715:had taken the city from the forces of
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1990:available at battlefieldanomalies.com
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1266:was sunk, followed by the battleship
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1974:PRISONERS AND SPOILS OF PORT ARTHUR.
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1296:on December 9, 1904. The battleship
60:adding citations to reliable sources
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2056:Sieges involving the Russian Empire
1000:engaged the Russians under General
945:in what was to become known as the
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1893:The War in the Far East, 1904-1905
14:
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2036:Battles of the Russo-Japanese War
1941:
1364:under fire as the Oil Depot burns
1347:into the Imperial Japanese Navy.
1115:203 Meter Hill, December 14, 1904
847:Advances of the Japanese 3rd Army
1965:Siege of Port Arthur Stereoviews
1946:
1936:. Houghton, Mifflin and company.
1873:The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905
1668:The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905
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170:August 1, 1904 – January 2, 1905
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16:Battle of the Russo-Japanese war
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1075:due to the lack of fresh food.
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47:needs additional citations for
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1459:with their men or being given
1433:The Surrender of Port Arthur (
1324:to a mine outside the harbor.
172:(5 months and 1 day)
1:
2041:Military history of Manchuria
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1833:Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear
1692:Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear
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879:and machine-gun cross-fire.
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1930:Sakurai, Tadayoshi (1907).
1926:, Economica (2015) – French
1811:Nørregaard, Benjamin Wegner
875:to expose the attackers to
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2086:1905 in the Russian Empire
2081:1904 in the Russian Empire
1729:The Defence of Port Arthur
1544:Russian Revolution of 1905
937:, to join the squadron at
854:Battle of the Orphan Hills
838:
774:, and the use of modified
18:
1888:Charles à Court Repington
1485:
1257:On December 5, 1904, the
1140:. However, Field Marshal
760:tactical radio signalling
678:
670:
519:
441:
400:
239:
206:
162:
151:
143:
138:
1984:Graham J. Morris (2005)
1767:Keene, Donald. (2005).
1107:Battle of 203 Meter Hill
1011:
957:Battle of 174 Meter Hill
947:Battle of the Yellow Sea
687:longest and most violent
1987:Port Arthur – The Siege
1900:Sedgwick, F.R. (1909).
1574:, depicting a Japanese
1210:; Ambassador to Japan,
809:, further north on the
709:First Sino-Japanese War
2051:Sieges involving Japan
2012:38.81250°N 121.24167°E
1980:, May 9, 1905, Page 7
1902:The Russo-Japanese War
1581:
1570:Surviving monument on
1523:
1444:
1411:
1243:
1195:
1124:
1116:
1029:
1021:
910:
850:
658:
465:31,306 army casualties
451:57,780 army casualties
240:Commanders and leaders
71:"Siege of Port Arthur"
1955:at Wikimedia Commons
1626:Clodfelter, Micheal,
1569:
1514:
1457:prisoner-of-war camps
1432:
1409:
1224:Vyacheslav von Plehve
1222:: Interior Minister,
1201:
1193:
1122:
1114:
1027:
1019:
927:Russian Pacific Fleet
894:
846:
713:General Nogi Maresuke
657:Location within China
656:
442:Casualties and losses
21:Battle of Port Arthur
1953:Siege of Port Arthur
1829:Connaughton, Richard
1708:The Tide at Sunrise
1540:Treaty of Portsmouth
1234:; Finance Minister,
1226:; Foreign Minister,
1218:; Minister of Army,
1214:; Minister of Navy,
963:photo reconnaissance
730:) including massive
663:siege of Port Arthur
565:Dogger Bank incident
437:506 artillery pieces
417:474 artillery pieces
181:Port Arthur (modern
139:Siege of Port Arthur
56:improve this article
2017:38.81250; 121.24167
2008: /
1911:. Routledge (1974)
1795:on August 24, 2006.
1725:Оборона Порт-Артура
1471:on their return to
1228:Vladimir Lambsdorff
977:, a veteran of the
826:Japanese Third Army
689:land battle of the
683:Oborona Port-Artura
679:Оборона Порт-Артура
25:Battle of Lushunkou
1821:Methuen Publishing
1582:
1559:shortly after the
1536:Theodore Roosevelt
1524:
1461:parole conditional
1445:
1412:
1244:
1196:
1125:
1117:
1030:
1028:Map of Port Arthur
1022:
1006:Battle of Liaoyang
1002:Aleksey Kuropatkin
911:
851:
811:Liaodong Peninsula
740:Maxim machine guns
701:Liaodong Peninsula
691:Russo-Japanese War
659:
511:Russo-Japanese War
371:Konstantin Smirnov
183:Lüshunkou District
146:Russo-Japanese War
2066:Conflicts in 1905
2061:Conflicts in 1904
2046:History of Dalian
1978:The Straits Times
1951:Media related to
1881:978-1-84176-446-7
1871:Jukes, Geoffrey.
1777:978-0-231-12340-2
1630:, pub McFarland,
1521:Port Arthur Cross
1284:and the cruisers
1240:Yevgeni Alekseyev
1220:Vladimir Sakharov
1163:Roman Kondratenko
1157:) led by General
979:Battle of Nanshan
975:Nikolai Tretyakov
778:as land weapons.
648:
647:
476:
475:
472:Entire fleet lost
427:44,000 volunteers
334:Roman Kondratenko
202:
201:
132:
131:
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106:
2098:
2023:
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2020:
2019:
2018:
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2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1950:
1937:
1922:Birolli, Bruno,
1897:
1868:
1846:
1824:
1797:
1796:
1791:. Archived from
1785:
1779:
1765:
1759:
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1732:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1688:
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1648:
1639:
1624:
1528:Battle of Mukden
1480:Battle of Mukden
1393:
1373:
1356:
1155:IJA 7th Division
795:Anatoly Stoessel
680:
672:
514:
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40:
32:
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2105:
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2026:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1969:Richard Mammana
1944:
1907:Warner, Peggy.
1865:
1843:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1787:
1786:
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1689:
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1658:
1649:
1642:
1625:
1592:
1587:
1509:
1488:
1469:court-martialed
1435:Angelo Agostini
1404:
1397:
1394:
1385:
1374:
1365:
1357:
1216:Theodor Avellan
1188:
1159:Nakamura Satoru
1109:
1092:Meiji Emperor's
1043:siege howitzers
1014:
959:
943:Tōgō Heihachirō
931:Wilgelm Vitgeft
901:Angelo Agostini
856:
848:
841:
784:
748:electric fences
746:entanglements,
732:28 cm howitzers
651:
650:
649:
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610:2nd Port Arthur
574:
532:1st Port Arthur
515:
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468:24,369 captured
457:
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413:51,000 reserves
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1942:External links
1940:
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1576:8x53mmR Murata
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1420:tunnel warfare
1403:
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1351:
1345:recommissioned
1232:Dmitry Khilkov
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1184:
1146:Kodama Gentarō
1108:
1105:
1081:Kodama Gentarō
1041:(280 mm)
1013:
1010:
958:
955:
935:Stepan Makarov
860:Japanese fleet
855:
852:
840:
837:
818:203-Meter Hill
788:Russian forces
783:
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772:trench warfare
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1864:0-8108-4927-5
1860:
1857:. Scarecrow.
1856:
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1851:Kowner, Rotem
1848:
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1710:, p. 428–432.
1709:
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1694:. p. 230–246.
1693:
1690:Connaughton,
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1329:Nikolai Essen
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1252:Russian fleet
1249:
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1172:
1171:hand grenades
1168:
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1138:Emperor Meiji
1135:
1134:court-martial
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915:Japanese Army
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833:Nogi Maresuke
831:
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773:
769:
768:hand grenades
765:
764:radio jamming
761:
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737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
721:General Staff
718:
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688:
684:
676:
675:Ryojun Kōisen
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525:Naval battles
518:
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467:
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460:
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450:
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424:50,000 troops
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354:Alexander Fok
350:
344:
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279:
278:Ijichi Kōsuke
268:
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255:Nogi Maresuke
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115:
112:November 2010
104:
101:
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90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1945:
1932:
1923:
1908:
1904:. Macmillan.
1901:
1896:. J. Murray.
1892:
1872:
1854:
1832:
1815:
1804:Bibliography
1793:the original
1783:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1728:
1724:
1707:
1691:
1667:
1651:
1627:
1550:
1548:
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1501:
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1413:
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1376:
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1320:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1245:
1236:Sergei Witte
1208:Pavel Lessar
1180:
1176:
1151:forlorn hope
1130:
1126:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1065:
1048:Hitachi Maru
1046:
1031:
995:
987:
983:
971:
960:
951:
920:
912:
904:
884:
881:
873:searchlights
865:
857:
823:
815:
800:
785:
770:, extensive
756:searchlights
725:
695:
682:
674:
662:
660:
609:
578:Land battles
576:
575:
543:Hitachi Maru
542:
537:Chemulpo Bay
523:
522:
388:Robert Viren
340:
332:
313:
253:
207:Belligerents
144:Part of the
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2015: /
2003:121°14′30″E
1835:. Cassell.
1789:"Aftermath"
1670:. p. 59–60.
1552:Gozen Kaigi
1450:Shuishiying
1424:Tongchikuan
1212:Roman Rosen
1204:Port Arthur
939:Vladivostok
776:naval mines
744:barbed wire
728:World War I
697:Port Arthur
677:; Russian:
605:Tashihchiao
600:Motien Pass
454:33,769 sick
2030:Categories
2000:38°48′45″N
1917:0714652563
1819:. London:
1585:References
1333:Sevastopol
1312:Sevastopol
1308:destroyers
1304:Sevastopol
1299:Sevastopol
1259:battleship
1238:; Viceroy
1142:Oyama Iwao
998:Ōyama Iwao
782:Background
717:Qing China
615:Hsimucheng
585:Yalu River
550:Yellow Sea
82:newspapers
2091:Lüshunkou
1737:cite book
1654:, p. 400.
1579:cartridge
1507:Aftermath
1402:Surrender
1339:(55
1316:torpedoes
1230:; Prince
1073:dysentery
1061:Osaka Bay
1057:Tokyo Bay
1053:Armstrong
877:artillery
736:howitzers
705:Manchuria
595:Te-li-Ssu
1890:(1905).
1853:(2006).
1831:(2003).
1813:(1906).
1706:Warner,
1650:Kowner,
1572:Hill 203
1532:Tsushima
1497:beriberi
1443:, 1905).
1321:Takasago
1281:Peresvet
1269:Retvizan
1202:View of
923:the Tsar
868:infantry
803:redoubts
752:arc lamp
667:Japanese
640:Sakhalin
620:Liaoyang
570:Tsushima
560:Korsakov
401:Strength
177:Location
1666:Jukes,
1557:seppuku
1538:in the
1440:O Malho
1377:Pallada
1361:Pallada
1337:fathoms
1331:of the
1287:Pallada
1263:Poltava
1248:spotter
1246:With a
1034:sappers
1004:at the
966:balloon
909:, 1904)
906:O Malho
839:Battles
630:Sandepu
590:Nanshan
420:101,000
406:201,000
341:†
96:scholar
1915:
1879:
1861:
1839:
1775:
1634:
1486:Losses
1382:Pobeda
1275:Pobeda
1069:scurvy
635:Mukden
545:convoy
461:55,675
447:91,549
390:
373:
356:
337:
318:
231:
218:
195:Result
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1727:[
1638:p648.
1517:stamp
1293:Bayan
1038:mines
1012:Siege
991:siege
885:Novik
830:Baron
807:Dalny
792:Baron
671:旅順攻囲戦
625:Shaho
555:Ulsan
187:China
103:JSTOR
89:books
1913:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1743:link
1632:ISBN
1530:and
1379:and
1290:and
1278:and
1071:and
1059:and
897:Togo
786:The
661:The
167:Date
75:news
1546:).
766:),
703:in
58:by
2032::
1739:}}
1735:{{
1715:^
1699:^
1675:^
1659:^
1643:^
1593:^
1482:.
1475:.
1452:.
1437:,
1008:.
993:.
981:.
949:.
903:,
835:.
813:.
758:,
754:,
750:,
738:,
711:,
693:.
681:,
673:,
669::
185:,
1919:.
1883:.
1867:.
1845:.
1823:.
1745:)
1341:m
1242:.
899:(
665:(
501:e
494:t
487:v
189:)
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
27:.
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