644:
2364:
the illness is the same as one that has previously ended in recovery. The relationship between the client and spirit columns is directly referent to illness. If the client is a slave of the east and the spirit is a prince of the south, the client is dominated by the illness, and thus the illness is divined to be serious—but not fatal, because both the east and the south are in the Land of
Princes. If the client is a prince of the north (in the Land of Slaves), and the spirit a prince of the south (in the Land of Princes), there would be a difficult battle with a significant chance of the client dying.
1337:('the fortunate lock'), is cut from the right side, and added to the mixture in the rice pan. The mélange is mixed well and held up in its pan by the youngest girl of the family, at which point the gathered (especially the women) make a rush for its contents. It is believed that those who obtain a portion of the mixture are bound to become mothers. The scramble also takes place with bananas, lemons, and sugarcane. The rice pan is then considered sacred, and cannot be removed from the house for three days, "otherwise the virtue of those observances is supposed to be lost".
288:
419:
257:, only the Antemoro diviners are considered true professionals. The area is still a famous place of learning where specialists go for training and then return to their home communities with a certain body of knowledge. Now we can better understand the degree of similarity of divination forms found throughout Madagascar. For centuries Matitanana has remained a training center for diviners who have migrated widely, usually attaining important positions in their home communities and with various royal families.
2550:
2531:
2785:
2570:
3100:
2709:
2669:
3917:
2630:
2611:
2689:
2649:
1346:
2805:
2766:
2728:
2281:. The square is divided into a northwestern "Land of Slaves" and a southeastern "Land of Princes" by a diagonal line extending from its northeastern corner to its southeastern corner. Despite their names, each "Land" contains both slaves and princes, including one migrating prince and one migrating slave that move directionally with the sun, such that the migrators belong to different lands depending on the time of day at which the
2747:
2464:
2592:
22:
2512:
1787:
1177:
132:
1541:, the XOR operation is used to compare values in sequence across two existing columns and generate corresponding values for a third column: two seeds if the corresponding values are identical across the pair, and one seed if the values are different. The rules for generating a column from the XOR operation are (with
1487:
2359:
refer to hierarchies of power relating to position and class of figures. "Princes are more powerful than slaves; figures from the Land of
Princes are more powerful than those from the Land of Slaves; slaves from the same land are never harmful to one another; and battles between two princes from the
1699:
For example, the first value of column 9 is determined by comparing the first values of columns 7 and 8. If they are the same (both one seed or both two seeds), the first value of column 9 will be two seeds. If they are different, the first value of column 9 will be one seed. This operation iterates
1384:
Awake, O cock, to awaken mankind! Awake, O mankind, to awaken the sikidy, not to tell lies, not to deceive, not to play tricks, not to talk nonsense, not to agree to everything indiscriminately; but to search into the secret; to look into what is beyond the hills and on the other side of the forest,
2363:
In divinations relating to illness, the client and creator columns being the same indicates that there will definitely be recovery; if the client and ancestors columns are the same, the illness is due to some discontent on the part of the ancestors; and if the client and house columns are the same,
575:
say: "When you were on the steep peak and in the dense forest, on you the crabs climbed, from you the crocodiles made their bed, with their paws the birds trod on you. Whether you are suspended in the trees or buried, you are never dried up nor rotten." In 1970, Decary reported that the salary paid
354:
and told the chief to kill all of his bulls, and that "great numbers would come to him" on the following Friday. The chieftain, doubting, asked what would happen if their prediction didn't come true, and the two men promised they would pay with their lives. The chief agreed and killed his bulls. On
167:
as "probably one of the oldest components of
Malagasy culture", writing that it most likely the product of an indigenous divinatory art later influenced by Islamic practice. Umar H. D. Danfulani writes that the integration of Arabic divination into indigenous divination is "clearly demonstrated" in
3744:
This relates to
Malagasy cultural connotations ascribing values to different directions: the northeast is good, the southwest lacks virtue, and the directions between "vary in religious and moral value". These same associations also prescribe house and tomb orientations, as well as the positioning
1424:
takes a fistful of awakened seeds from his bag and randomly divides the seeds into four piles. Seeds are removed two at a time from each pile until there is either one seed or two seeds remaining in each. The four remaining "piles" (now either single seeds or pairs) become the first entries in the
250:
live was a center of astrological study as early as the fourteenth century . This area was also the site of early Arab settlements, although strict
Islamic observances were lost centuries ago . Historical evidence shows that Antemoro diviners, bearers of the astrological system, infiltrated nearly
1742:
are identical. Next, it is ensured that the pairs of columns 13 and 16, 14 and 1, and 11 and 2 (called "the three inseparables") all yield the same result when combined via the XOR operation. Finally, it is checked that there is an even number of seeds in the 15th column—the only column for which
1700:
for each pair of corresponding values in columns 7 and 8, creating a complete set of values for column 9. Column 10 is then generated by applying the XOR operation between the values in columns 5 and 6. Similarly, column 11 is generated from columns 3 and 4, and column 12 from columns 1 and 2.
1389:
from the high mountains, from ... Awake! for we have not got thee for nothing, for thou art dear and expensive. We have hired. thee. in exchange for a fat cow With a large hump, and for money on which there was no dust . Awake! for thou art the trust of the sovereign and the judgement of the
317:) giving it to Ranakandriana, who then gave it to a line of diviners (Ranakandriana to Ramanitralanana to Rabibi-andrano to Andriambavi-maitso (who was a woman) to Andriam-bavi-nosy), the last of whom terminated the monopoly by giving it to the people, declaring: "Behold, I give you the
1314:
to be lucky or good. The child's friends and family gather, and the child's mother is decorated with silver chains on her head. If the infant is a boy, the father carries him, along with some ripe bananas, on his back. In a rice pan, a mixture is cooked, consisting of the fat from a
2277:, the formations are associated with directions. The eight formations with an even number of seeds are designated as "princes", while the eight with an odd number of seeds are "slaves". Each slave and prince has its place in a square whose sides are associated with the four
1390:
people. If thou art a sikidy that can tell, a sikidy that can see, and does not speak about the noise of the people, the hen killed by its owner, the cattle killed in the market, the dust clinging to the feet [i.e. uninteresting commonplaces], awake here on the mat!
1680:
2395:). If the first and fourth are the same, then a piece of a tree that grows in the villages (not in the fields) must be offered. If the values of the tenth and fifteenth columns added together and subtracted by two equal the values of the first, a stone (called
355:
Thursday, thinking he'd been duped, he prematurely killed the first man of the two who'd told him about the divinatory art. On Friday, however, "vast herds" came amidst heavy rain, actually filling an immense plain in their crowd. The chieftain lamented the
1703:
Columns 13-16 are generated in the same manner, performing the XOR operation on ascending pairs of the algorithmically-generated columns, starting with columns 9 and 10 (to generate column 13) and ending with columns 15 and 1 (to generate column 16).
1304:
in order to read the child's destiny. When a child's destiny is declared to be favorable, "the child is nurtured with that tenderness and affection which nature inspires, and the warmest gratulations are tendered by the friends of the parents."
1362:
incants to the gods or earth spirits in attempt to constrain the gods/spirits to tell the truth, with emphasis on "the trickiness of the communicating entities, who misled if they ", and orates the practice's origin myth. As he incants, the
344:. The two men then went to their chief and told him that they could tell him "the past and the future—what was good and what was bad—what increased and what diminished." The chief asked them to tell him how he could obtain plenty of
104:
is consulted for a range of divinatory questions pertaining to fate and the future, including identifying sources of and rectifying misfortune, reading the fate of newborns, and planning annual migrations. The mathematics of
1437:
to the left of the previous. At the end of this, the array consists of four randomly-generated columns of four values (each being either one seed or two) each. The generated data represented in this array is called the
323:, of which you may inquire what offerings you should present in order to obtain blessings; and what expiation you should make so as to avert evils, when any are ill or under apprehension of some future calamity".
3763:
A term which "covers such ideas as spirit possession, god, feature of nature, and surprise." Gardenier observes that "if there is any reason to let it stand for spirit possession, the other possibilities are
1554:
535:, or he risks death. Before beginning to study, a student practitioner must make incisions at the tips of his index finger, his middle finger, and his tongue, and put within the incisions a paste containing
3249:
1777:, his analysis and divination can begin. Certain questions and answers rely on additional columns beyond the prepared sixteen. Some of these columns are read spatially in patterns across the existing
1559:
273:
The "infiltration" of
Malagasy kingdoms by Antemoro diviners, and Matitanana's role as a place for astrological and divinatory learning, help to explain the relatively uniform practicing of
1157:
is believed "almost impossible". William Ellis recorded in 1838 that, though the application of indigenous remedies was most common, some patients had lately been instructed as part of the
1783:'s data, and some are generated with additional XOR operations referring to pairs of columns within the secondary series. These new columns can involve "about 100 additional algorithms".
3637:
Gardenier, William J. G. (1986). "Divination and
Kinship Among the Sakalava of West Madagascar". In Kottak, Conrad Phillip; Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (eds.).
1796:
across the Land of Slaves (northwestern half) and the Land of
Princes (southeastern half), including the two migrators in the center square, whose positions depend on the time of day.
2455:
for 9.6%, the village chief for 2.6%, the contamination of food with dirt (which may involve carelessness or evil intentions) for .8%, ancestors for .7%, and undetermined for 48.7%.
1393:
But if thou art a sikidy that does not see, a sikidy that agrees to everything indiscriminately, and makes the dead living, and the living dead, then do not arise here on the mat.
338:. The two men seized him, and Ranakandriana promised that he would teach them something if they released him. They agreed, and Ranakandriana taught them in depth how to work the
85:
interpreted after being mathematically operated on. Columns of seeds, designated "slaves" or "princes" belonging to respective "lands" for each, interact symbolically to express
2271:
seeds in each column of four values. These formations are known to the diviner and identified with names, which vary regionally. Some names relate to names of months. For many
2449:
found that, assuming a male client and an inquiry about an illness' cause, the divined cause of illness would be sorcery 21.1% of the time, witchcraft 16.5% of the time,
168:
Madagascar, where the Arabic astrological system was adapted to the indigenous agricultural system and meshed with
Malagasy lunar months by "adapting indigenous months,
1533:
91:('fate') in the interpretation of the diviner. The diviner also prescribes solutions to problems and ways to avoid fated misfortune, often involving a sacrifice.
477:, meaning 'prophet') who guides the client through the process and interprets the results in the context of the client's inquiries and desires. As part of an
607:
estimated in the late 19th century that roughly one in three
Malagasy people had a firm grasp on the art; by 1970 Raymond Decary wrote that the number of
726:, it is "carried away to a distance on the shoulders of a man, who runs with all his might, mumbling as he goes, as if in the greatest rage against the
1308:
The "scrambling" ceremony, which only occurs with firstborn infants, takes place two or three months after the child's birth on a day divined by the
515:
1204:, the finding of a spouse, the finding of lost objects, the identification of a thief, and the explanation for a misfortune, including illness or
3745:
and orientation of visitors based on social status (with the most important standing to the northeast and the least important to the southwest).
361:'s wrongful execution and ordered for him a pompous funeral. The chieftain took the second man as his close adviser and friend, and trusted the
1126:
objects include "a young bullock which just begins to bellow and to tear up the earth with his horns", fowl, rice mixed with milk and honey, a
668:
also provide guidance on how to avoid the misfortune divined in the subject's fate. Solutions include offerings, sacrifices, charms (called
722:
is ashes, they are blown from the hand to be carried off by the wind; if it is cut money, it is thrown to the bottom of deep waters; if a
3792:
2287:
is performed. The migrators are in the east from sunrise to 10 AM, in the north from 10 AM to 3 PM, and in the west from 3 PM to sunset.
1690:(the four-by-four grid of seeds representing eight datasets across its four columns and four rows). The last four columns (12–16) of the
597:
are considered specialists, dealing only with areas of inquiry and resolution within their expertise. In the process of divination, the
3994:
1483:'s columns, and eight additional columns are generated algorithmically and placed in a specific order below the four original columns.
309:
but then left, and to the names of the days of the week" and holds that the art was supernaturally communicated to the ancestors, with
3320:
Danfulani, Umar H. D. (1997). "Sixteen Figure Divination in Africa: Its Regional Spread and Relationship with Arab-Islamic Geomancy".
1221:
In cases of illness, which are understood to be either punishments or warnings from supernatural powers due to the transgression of a
1331:('evil lock') is cut from the left side of the child's head and thrown away, "in order to avert calamity". A second lock, called the
3587:
3939:
3856:
326:
A mythic anecdote of Ranakandriana says that two men observed him one day playing in the sand. In fact he was practicing a form of
4067:
3871:
1696:
are derived from the algorithmically-generated columns, with column 16 operating on the first and fifteenth column as a pair.
3646:
3621:
3502:
3474:
3289:
3262:
1730:, one examining the results of combining some particular columns, and one parity check examining only one column. First, the
4889:
4355:
4308:
3805:
3608:
Jaovelo-Dzao, Robert (1996). "Le divin, le guérisseur, et le sorcier" [The diviner, the healer, and the sorcerer].
716:
objects can be trivial, such as "a little grass", some earth, or the water with which the patient rinses his mouth. If the
1675:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}o\oplus o&=oo\\oo\oplus oo&=oo\\o\oplus oo&=o\\oo\oplus o&=o\end{aligned}}}
4045:
1239:
To acquire wealth or foresee the growth of herds (gold prospecting and panning must take place on a day selected by the
483:'s formal initiation into the art, which includes a long period of apprenticeship, the initiate must gather 124 and 200
229:
using tamarind seeds, and another using fingered markings in the sand. The early colonial French governor of Madagascar
4899:
3406:
684:(taboos). The resolution often comes in the form of the ritual disposal of a symbolic object of misfortune, called the
371:
3881:
251:
all the ancient kingdoms of Madagascar beginning in the sixteenth century. Today, although many persons claim to be
394:) is said of someone extremely impatient, and heavy rainshowers falling in rapid succession are called "sese omby" (
4894:
4255:
4072:
2338:, who seek to understand them and the data which generate them as an unsolved intellectual challenge. Knowing many
2426:
is each value in the first four columns (and thus in the entire tableau) being two seeds. This is called the "red
368:
4126:
4030:
3984:
3906:
3901:
3785:
3572:
1120:
may consist of a combination of beads, silver chains, ornaments, meats, herbs, and the singing of a child. Other
736:, it is carried away a short distance and then thrown on the ground with fury and indignation. The disposal of a
4879:
4178:
4055:
3891:
95:
1292:
As one of the "first acts" following a child's birth, the child's father or close relative consults the local
1248:
For all questions relating to women, including whether a potential bride has a fate aligned with her suitor's.
213:
was of central importance to pre-Christian Malagasy religion, with one practitioner quoted in 1892 as calling
4272:
4136:
4040:
3964:
3959:
2897:. African diasporic populations in Latin America have retained the practice, with the tradition being called
2134:
2128:
2032:
2026:
1990:
1943:
1886:
1853:
742:
may be as simple as a man standing at his doorway, throwing the object a few feet away, and saying the word "
4195:
1684:
The first 12 columns are generated algorithmically from pairs of adjacent columns in the randomly-generated
4919:
4282:
4250:
4164:
4077:
3979:
3944:
3886:
1196:
include the selection of a day on which to do something (including taking a trip, planting, a wedding, and
1142:
amulets and bracelets may continue to be worn after the cause of their prescription, effectively becoming
603:
relates interactively to the client, asking new questions and discussing the interpretation of the seeds.
4230:
4131:
3896:
4220:
4205:
4121:
4082:
4035:
4020:
3916:
3861:
3778:
2978:
1431:(tableau). The process is repeated three more times, with each new column of seeds being placed on the
1374:
4245:
4108:
158:
1200:), whether a newborn child's destiny is compatible with its parents and thus whether it ought to be
4909:
4348:
4050:
3954:
3831:
3826:
3522:
3245:
4795:
4763:
4553:
4240:
4225:
4151:
4025:
3969:
3949:
3927:
569:
at its branches, shaking the tree and causing its large seed pods to fall. During this act, some
2913:. Umar H. D. Danfulani records a breadth of sixteen-figure divinatory traditions across Africa:
4277:
4190:
4008:
3989:
1205:
2487:
The following are the most common names and meanings for the sixteen geomantic figures of the
2308:
with four directions represented but with one direction having only one representative. These
262:
230:
4847:
4610:
4364:
4301:
4210:
4159:
4141:
4096:
3974:
3846:
3813:
3735:
The pairs of columns 2 and 16, 11 and 13, and 12 and 15 are also called "three inseparables".
2350:, with discovered examples being posted on doors and spread among diviners by word of mouth.
1518:
1025:
An object without life; or a piece of a stone, especially granite, in incipient degradation (
643:
536:
1535:), which determines a value based on whether two other values are the same or different. In
186:
of "houses" (lands) and "kings in their houses" as retained from medieval Arabic astrology.
2849:
120:
2417:) is thrown, retrieved, and carefully preserved by a friend or relation, and so not lost.
1289:
relating to infants: the declaring of the child's destiny, and the "scrambling" ceremony.
8:
4904:
4884:
4341:
4317:
4262:
4060:
3561:
2436:
1410:
in front of their seeds, which is set out before the seeds are produced from their sack.
948:
1258:
The kind and color of sheep to be sacrificed in a wedding procession is also divined by
1130:
tree flush with fruit, "slime from frogs floating on the water", and a groundnut called
1052:
Partial danger of witchcraft (some person's partial inclination to bewitch the offerer)
287:
197:, and the east coast of Africa in the 9th or 10th century C.E." Though the etymology of
189:
Most writers link the practice to the "sea-going trade involving the southwest coast of
4788:
4734:
4622:
4451:
4267:
4235:
4200:
3447:
2861:
2278:
1790:
The directional square showing the placements for the sixteen geomantic figures of the
1746:
Each of these three checks are mathematically proven valid in a 1997 paper by American
784:
314:
4874:
4842:
4660:
4645:
4322:
3876:
3866:
3851:
3642:
3617:
3542:
3498:
3470:
3295:
3285:
3258:
3212:
3105:
3074:
1096:, together with some earth, thrown away from a point measured eight to ten feet away
604:
520:
4616:
4441:
4215:
3841:
3534:
3439:
3204:
2965:
1747:
306:
94:
The centuries-old practice derives from Islamic influence brought to the island by
56:
3538:
3523:"Divination among the Malagasy, Together with Native Ideas as to Fate and Destiny"
3355:
4778:
4431:
4113:
3641:(in English and French). Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 337–351.
3410:
2906:
2440:
1754:
526:
154:
112:
549:
and the tongue that will speak their revelations with the power to decipher the
4914:
4688:
4578:
4538:
4479:
3821:
1127:
577:
116:
2439:
the algorithmic generation and objective initial interpretation (according to
1236:
Before undertaking a journey, in order to divine an auspicious day for travel.
613:
was now more limited, and the common knowledge of how to operate and read the
4868:
4683:
4474:
4446:
4389:
3546:
3429:
3299:
3216:
3188:
2921:
2910:
2890:
2367:
If the ninth and fifteenth columns are the same, a bead must be offered as a
1750:
1385:
to see what no human eye can see. Wake up, for thou art from the long-haired
1370:
418:
2293:
is never performed at night, and thus the migrators are never in the south.
4773:
4718:
4698:
4627:
4573:
4409:
3518:
3451:
3433:
3279:
3208:
3066:
3062:
3026:
2982:
2886:
2878:
2838:
1265:
679:
194:
2549:
2530:
995:
A piece of a tree that has been injured by accident, cutting, or maiming (
4703:
4598:
4593:
4469:
4423:
4384:
3044:
3016:
3006:
2992:
2969:
2944:
2902:
2784:
2569:
1486:
1386:
378:
used in Madagascar that come from this story: "Tsy mahandry andro Zoma" (
4588:
4333:
3610:
Mythes, rites et transes à Madagascar - Angano, Joro et Tromba, Sakalava
3443:
2864:
methods using sixteen basic figures have been studied, including Yoruba
4837:
4800:
4650:
4637:
4548:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4489:
4404:
4367:
3836:
3801:
2948:
2931:
2846:
2834:
2708:
2668:
1724:'s validity according to its generative logic: one examining the whole
1356:
To "awaken" the seeds in his bag as well as his own verbal powers, the
1197:
911:
430:
243:
223:
of our ancestors". A missionary report from 1616 describes one form of
82:
68:
60:
3770:
3560:
Rabedimy, Jean-François (2006) . "I.IV.8 The Mikea of Madagascar". In
2629:
1274:
is used "to direct the timing of residential movements to the forest (
203:
is unknown, it has been posited that the word derives from the Arabic
4810:
4768:
4758:
4713:
4708:
4558:
4543:
4515:
4505:
2842:
2830:
2610:
1349:
707:
543:. This paste impregnates the fingers that will move the seeds of the
64:
4655:
3616:] (in French). Antananarivo; Paris: Karthala. pp. 273–292.
3192:
2688:
2648:
1345:
4832:
4805:
4783:
4693:
4667:
4399:
3754:
Some diviners associate migrators with the west regardless of time.
3696:
3070:
2874:
2804:
2765:
2727:
2582:
2302:
in which all four directions are represented, and most powerful in
1512:
1381:
Awake, O God, to awaken the sun! Awake, O sun, to awaken the cock!
1201:
503:
310:
247:
52:
4744:
4414:
3257:(1st ed.). London ; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
3065:"; "bone casting/throwing"; originating from the court circles of
2746:
2463:
4822:
4563:
4484:
4461:
4436:
3114:
2591:
1404:
733:
585:
581:
49:
21:
2511:
1477:
data, four additional "columns" are read as the rows across the
4827:
4568:
4394:
3700:
3058:
3002:
2870:
2855:
2493:. Names that also refer to lunar months are marked with a '☾'.
1849:
1786:
1407:
1176:
1163:
resolution to ask the local foreign missionaries for medicine.
697:
491:
345:
4739:
3586:
Gomez, Cristina; Oppenheim, H.; Yúrekli, O. (March 27, 2015).
3435:
Mathematics Elsewhere: An Exploration of Ideas Across Cultures
2866:
2326:-unique'). Beyond being powerful arrangements for divination,
576:
by an apprentice to his master is "not very high": up to five
131:
4583:
3469:(in French) (Editions Alzieu ed.). Alzieu. p. 196.
3054:
723:
706:. William Ellis compares this practice to the ancient Jewish
671:
566:
375:
302:
220:
190:
2360:
Land of Princes are always serious but never end in death."
1718:
performs three algorithmic and logical checks to verify the
647:
1913 painting by Henri Ratovo depicting the ceremony of the
529:, a man must be 40 years old before learning and practicing
153:
The practice is several centuries old, and is influenced by
4817:
1880:
1369:
turns the seeds on a mat eastward with his right hand. One
1316:
1081:
Danger from persons collecting together (foretells burial)
540:
291:
15th century Arabic classification of the geomantic figures
72:
2420:
The most exceptionally hopeless and severe outcome in a
2296:
The power to see into the past or future is greater in
1151:
Recovery without adherence to divined prescription and
555:. Once this is done, he leaves at dawn to search for a
3588:"Divination: Using Excel to explore ethnomathematics"
3585:
1557:
1521:
1217:
is consulted "in all circumstances", but especially:
1166:
3095:
1757:
was achieved and published by Gomez et al. in 2015.
1500:
75:, which are ritually arranged in a tableau called a
3566:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers
1055:The kernel or gland in a bullock's fat, called the
3689:Identified by Lars Dahle as a common name for the
2443:tradition) of the 65,536 possible arrangements of
1674:
1527:
1190:Problems and questions for divined resolution via
301:"links both to the return by walking on water of
1319:ox's hump, rice, milk, honey, and a grass called
1283:William Ellis describes two ritual occasions for
157:traditions of Arab Muslim traders on the island.
4866:
754:for various sources and manifestations of evil:
732:, for the evils it is bearing away." If it is a
3277:
2139:, meaning 'the beneficient' and 'the generous'
3713:
3690:
3081:
2810:
2790:
2771:
2752:
2733:
2714:
2694:
2674:
2654:
2635:
2616:
2597:
2575:
2555:
2536:
2517:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2450:
2444:
2427:
2421:
2396:
2374:
2368:
2354:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2272:
2266:
2250:
2233:
2227:
2210:
2204:
2187:
2181:
2164:
2147:
2117:
2111:
2078:
2045:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1979:
1973:
1963:The fifth child; descendants; children; youth
1956:
1932:
1899:
1891:, meaning 'goodness', 'richness', 'property'.
1872:
1866:
1838:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1691:
1685:
1536:
1506:
1491:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1456:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1398:
1364:
1357:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1309:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1259:
1240:
1228:
1222:
1212:
1191:
1181:
1168:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1091:
1085:
1056:
1026:
996:
983:
966:
962:(the reproach or blame of parents or friends)
957:
941:
928:
915:
898:
869:
848:
819:
806:
778:
765:
749:
743:
737:
727:
717:
711:
701:
691:
685:
677:
669:
663:
654:
648:
635:
629:
620:
614:
608:
598:
592:
570:
556:
550:
544:
530:
507:
506:) tree seeds for his subsequent ritual use in
497:
484:
478:
468:
462:
440:
434:
362:
356:
349:
339:
333:
327:
318:
296:
274:
252:
246:country in southeastern Madagascar where the
234:
224:
214:
208:
198:
181:
175:
169:
162:
143:
136:
106:
99:
86:
76:
33:
26:
4349:
3786:
3251:Terrestrial astrology: Divination by geomancy
3193:"Malagasy Sikidy: A Case in Ethnomathematics"
2829:Other Malagasy methods of divination include
2265:There are sixteen possible configurations of
3607:
3497:(First ed.). Indiana University Press.
2856:African sixteen-figure divinatory traditions
2332:represent a particular abstract interest to
1403:, Sakalava diviners work with a fragment of
180:". Danfulani also describes the concepts in
3495:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing
3467:Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux
3278:Randrianja, Solofo; Ellis, Stephen (2009).
2402:
2380:
2086:
2053:
1907:
1445:
1062:
1032:
1002:
875:
825:
446:
395:
379:
295:Mythic tradition relating to the origin of
4356:
4342:
3793:
3779:
3683:
2803:
2783:
2764:
2745:
2726:
2707:
2687:
2667:
2647:
2628:
2609:
2590:
2568:
2548:
2529:
2510:
413:
4363:
3636:
3319:
2818:Robbers, rogues; unhappiness, misfortune
1227:(taboo), or poisonings or curses (called
433:is performed by a practitioner called an
3559:
3284:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2860:Aside from Arabic geomancy, a number of
2462:
1785:
1736:checks that at least two columns in the
1485:
1344:
1251:In order to cast a bad spell on someone.
1175:
700:should be killed and thrown away as the
696:predicts the death of two men, then two
642:
417:
286:
130:
20:
3800:
3614:Myths, Rites, and Trances in Madagascar
3464:
3244:
565:) tree. Upon finding it, he throws his
267:l'Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar
4867:
3517:
3428:
3364:] (in French). Paris: P. Geuthner.
3353:
3187:
1413:
16:Malagasy algebraic divination by seeds
4337:
3774:
3488:
3486:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
2824:
2467:The sixteen geomantic figures of the
1939:The domicile; the country; the Earth
628:
3492:
3424:
3422:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3357:La divination malgache par le Sikidy
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
2778:Diviner; crowd, mob; grief, trouble
1490:A diagrammed example of a 16-column
1254:To search for or track down thieves.
860:The mouth or brim of a small basket
619:was now more basic, with masters of
305:ancestors who had intermarried with
2344:leads to personal prestige for the
1198:the exhumation of ancestral corpses
13:
3915:
3483:
2052:The sorcerer; illness; the enemy (
1753:. Verification through the use of
14:
4931:
3419:
3368:
3362:Malagasy divination by the Sikidy
3332:
3306:
3223:
3128:
2124:Nourishment; the healing diviner
1501:Algorithmically-generated columns
1496:with a valid arrangement of seeds
3564:; Daly, Richard Heywood (eds.).
3098:
1806:has a distinct divine referent:
1373:incantation quoted by Norwegian
676:), stored remedies, or observed
525:writes that, at least among the
367:forever afterwards. The British
3757:
3748:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3706:
3639:Madagascar: society and history
3630:
3601:
3579:
3553:
3511:
3458:
2682:Money; unhappiness, misfortune
1948:, meaning 'country' or 'land'.
1211:Raymond Decary writes that the
748:". Ellis reports the following
282:
161:and Solofo Randrianja describe
3666:
3438:. Princeton University Press.
3271:
2877:divination, also known by its
2031:, meaning 'house', and النساء
1340:
980:Foretold danger or misfortune
174:, to the astrological months,
1:
3539:10.1080/0015587X.1892.9720105
3493:Peek, Philip M., ed. (1991).
3121:
2473:, arranged from seeds of the
2257:The house or its inhabitants
2154:Everything that can be eaten
1760:
1743:parity is logically certain.
1465:). There are 65,536 possible
405:a crowding together of cattle
2951:cultures; same tradition as
1816:and their symbolic meanings
1264:. Among the forest-dwelling
1167:Occasions and questions for
1108:, is also prescribed by the
1102:A divine offering, called a
207:('incantation' or 'charm').
7:
4890:Algebra of random variables
3281:Madagascar: a short history
3091:
2934:culture; same tradition as
2135:
2129:
2033:
2027:
1991:
1944:
1887:
1854:
1545:representing one seed, and
1418:After his incantation, the
1202:cared for by another family
348:. The two men worked their
10:
4936:
2458:
1800:Each column making up the
389:He cannot wait 'til Friday
126:
4900:Mathematics and mysticism
4727:
4676:
4636:
4529:
4498:
4460:
4422:
4378:
4374:
4295:
4186:
4177:
4150:
4104:
4095:
4016:
4007:
3935:
3926:
3913:
3812:
3595:Spreadsheets in Education
1707:
965:A broken fragment of the
473:(derived from the Arabic
239:in the mid-17th century:
71:data generated from tree
3832:Indian Ocean slave trade
3659:
3465:Boiteau, Pierre (1999).
3354:Decary, Raymond (1970).
1879:Material goods; riches;
1511:are generated using the
111:include the concepts of
4895:Mathematics and culture
4554:Cowrie-shell divination
3087:– from Malagasy culture
3073:) and "in the southern
2524:Emaciation; path, road
2390:overcoming the calamity
1528:{\displaystyle \oplus }
1325:. One lock, called the
414:Rites and practitioners
3920:
3897:Transitional Authority
3714:
3691:
3209:10.1006/hmat.1997.2159
3082:
2811:
2791:
2772:
2753:
2734:
2715:
2702:Chief or child; tears
2695:
2675:
2655:
2636:
2617:
2598:
2576:
2556:
2537:
2518:
2489:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2451:
2445:
2428:
2422:
2397:
2375:
2369:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2251:
2234:
2228:
2211:
2205:
2194:The chiefs and elders
2188:
2182:
2165:
2148:
2118:
2112:
2079:
2046:
2022:The wife of the house
2016:
2010:
2004:
1980:
1974:
1957:
1933:
1900:
1873:
1867:
1845:The client or patient
1839:
1812:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1692:
1686:
1676:
1537:
1529:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1457:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1399:
1395:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1310:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1260:
1241:
1229:
1223:
1213:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1169:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1092:
1086:
1057:
1027:
997:
984:
967:
958:
942:
929:
916:
899:
885:not residing northward
870:
849:
820:
807:
779:
766:
750:
744:
738:
728:
718:
712:
702:
692:
690:: for example, if the
686:
678:
670:
664:
660:
655:
649:
636:
630:
621:
615:
609:
599:
593:
571:
557:
551:
545:
531:
508:
498:
485:
479:
469:
463:
441:
435:
426:
363:
357:
350:
340:
334:
332:worked in sand called
328:
319:
313:(the supreme deity of
297:
292:
275:
271:
253:
235:
225:
215:
209:
199:
182:
176:
170:
163:
150:
144:
137:
107:
100:
87:
77:
65:algorithmic operations
40:
34:
27:
4880:Culture of Madagascar
3919:
3892:2009 political crisis
3847:Malagasy Protectorate
3412:History of Madagascar
3322:Africana Marburgensia
2721:Slave; evil thoughts
2563:Child; evil thoughts
2466:
1858:, meaning 'to rise'.
1789:
1677:
1530:
1513:XOR logical operation
1489:
1379:
1348:
1179:
847:A grasshopper called
805:A grasshopper called
646:
421:
376:idiomatic expressions
374:recorded in 1839 two
290:
241:
134:
96:medieval Arab traders
24:
3995:World Heritage Sites
3197:Historia Mathematica
2850:dream-interpretation
1995:, meaning 'slaves'.
1555:
1549:representing two):
1519:
1505:Columns 9–16 of the
1397:When practicing the
1233:) from other humans.
940:A red flower called
857:The mouth; speaking
818:A small fish called
625:becoming more rare.
563:Entada chrysostachys
424:Entada chrysostachys
4920:Islam in Madagascar
3882:Democratic Republic
3444:10.2307/j.ctv39x5q7
2798:Food; anger, wrath
2543:Slave; cool speech
2437:computer-simulating
2279:cardinal directions
1817:
1414:Arranging the seeds
949:Euphorbia splendens
758:
279:across Madagascar.
263:Étienne de Flacourt
231:Étienne de Flacourt
4623:Tarot card reading
3940:Biosphere reserves
3921:
3857:Colonial governors
2862:African divination
2825:Related traditions
2759:Water spirit; joy
2642:Earth; auspicious
2485:
2353:Divination of the
2037:, meaning 'wife'.
1906:A male evil-doer (
1885:From Arabic المال
1809:
1798:
1748:ethnomathematician
1672:
1670:
1525:
1498:
1425:first column of a
1377:Lars Dahle reads:
1354:
1188:
786:Portulaca oleracea
757:
661:
427:
293:
151:
41:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4661:Spirit possession
4331:
4330:
4291:
4290:
4173:
4172:
4091:
4090:
4068:Political parties
4056:National Assembly
4031:Foreign relations
4003:
4002:
3902:COVID-19 pandemic
3877:Malagasy Republic
3867:Malagasy Uprising
3852:French Madagascar
3648:978-0-89089-252-7
3623:978-2-86537-666-7
3504:978-0-253-20653-4
3476:978-2-910717-41-4
3291:978-0-226-70418-0
3264:978-0-7100-0553-3
3106:Madagascar portal
3075:Congo river-basin
2822:
2821:
2263:
2262:
2127:From Arabic محسن
1827:Symbolic meaning
1471:arrays. From the
1100:
1099:
975:
974:
605:Alfred Grandidier
315:Malagasy religion
4927:
4617:Sortes Sanctorum
4376:
4375:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4335:
4334:
4311:
4304:
4184:
4183:
4117:
4102:
4101:
4014:
4013:
3933:
3932:
3907:2021–2022 famine
3842:Franco-Hova Wars
3795:
3788:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3694:
3687:
3681:
3670:
3653:
3652:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3583:
3577:
3569:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3403:
3366:
3365:
3351:
3330:
3329:
3317:
3304:
3303:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3246:Skinner, Stephen
3242:
3221:
3220:
3185:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3085:
2968:speakers of the
2814:
2807:
2794:
2787:
2775:
2768:
2756:
2749:
2737:
2730:
2718:
2711:
2698:
2691:
2678:
2671:
2658:
2651:
2639:
2632:
2620:
2613:
2604:Charm; mourning
2601:
2594:
2579:
2572:
2559:
2552:
2540:
2533:
2521:
2514:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2478:
2472:
2454:
2448:
2431:
2425:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2376:vakantsileondoza
2372:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2254:
2237:
2231:
2214:
2208:
2191:
2185:
2168:
2151:
2138:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2036:
2030:
2025:From Arabic بيت
2019:
2013:
2007:
1994:
1989:From Arabic عبد
1983:
1977:
1960:
1947:
1942:From Arabic بلد
1936:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1857:
1842:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1795:
1782:
1776:
1771:has checked the
1770:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1510:
1495:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1402:
1368:
1361:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1313:
1303:
1298:, who works the
1297:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1263:
1244:
1232:
1226:
1216:
1195:
1185:
1172:
1162:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1095:
1089:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
987:
977:
976:
970:
961:
945:
932:
919:
902:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
873:
852:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
823:
810:
782:
780:tsikobon-danitra
769:
759:
756:
753:
747:
741:
731:
721:
715:
705:
695:
689:
683:
675:
667:
658:
652:
639:
633:
624:
618:
612:
602:
596:
574:
560:
554:
548:
534:
524:
511:
501:
488:
482:
472:
466:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
444:
438:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
366:
360:
353:
343:
337:
331:
322:
300:
278:
269:
256:
238:
228:
218:
212:
202:
185:
179:
173:
166:
147:
140:
110:
103:
90:
80:
57:Malagasy peoples
37:
30:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4910:Boolean algebra
4865:
4864:
4863:
4854:
4779:Fortune-telling
4723:
4672:
4632:
4525:
4494:
4456:
4418:
4370:
4362:
4332:
4327:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4287:
4273:Public holidays
4169:
4146:
4137:Illegal logging
4115:
4087:
4041:Law enforcement
3999:
3965:Protected areas
3922:
3911:
3808:
3799:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3707:
3688:
3684:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3606:
3602:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3573:Credo Reference
3562:Lee, Richard B.
3558:
3554:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3463:
3459:
3427:
3420:
3404:
3369:
3352:
3333:
3318:
3307:
3292:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3254:
3243:
3224:
3186:
3129:
3124:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3094:
2907:Afro-Brazilians
2858:
2827:
2481:Entada africana
2461:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1810:Columns of the
1763:
1755:Microsoft Excel
1710:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1617:
1616:
1603:
1585:
1584:
1571:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1503:
1462:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1416:
1343:
1174:
1084:A grass called
1074:
1072:bewitching meat
1071:
1068:
1065:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
971:(water vessel)
927:An herb called
897:An herb called
887:
884:
881:
878:
837:
834:
831:
828:
797:A water-flower
777:An herb called
641:
518:
458:
455:
452:
449:
416:
407:
404:
401:
398:
391:
388:
385:
382:
285:
270:
261:
129:
113:Boolean algebra
17:
12:
11:
5:
4933:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4798:
4793:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Cephalonomancy
4686:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4579:Obi divination
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4539:Astragalomancy
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4480:Crystal gazing
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4338:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4078:Prime Minister
4075:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Third Republic
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3822:Merina Kingdom
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3747:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3705:
3682:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3629:
3622:
3600:
3578:
3552:
3533:(2): 193–226.
3510:
3503:
3482:
3475:
3457:
3430:Ascher, Marcia
3418:
3407:Ellis, William
3367:
3331:
3305:
3290:
3270:
3263:
3222:
3203:(4): 376–395.
3189:Ascher, Marcia
3126:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3048:
3030:
3020:
3010:
2996:
2986:
2972:
2955:
2938:
2925:
2857:
2854:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2585:; most sacred
2580:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:Malagasy name
2500:
2460:
2457:
2412:stone-not-lost
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2125:
2122:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2023:
2020:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1984:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1904:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:Malagasy name
1822:
1821:Column number
1762:
1759:
1709:
1706:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1524:
1502:
1499:
1415:
1412:
1342:
1339:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1234:
1173:
1165:
1098:
1097:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1023:
1019:
1018:
993:
989:
988:
981:
973:
972:
963:
954:
953:
938:
934:
933:
925:
921:
920:
908:
904:
903:
895:
891:
890:
871:tsiavaramonina
868:A tree called
866:
862:
861:
858:
854:
853:
845:
841:
840:
816:
812:
811:
808:tsiavaramonina
803:
799:
798:
795:
791:
790:
775:
771:
770:
763:
762:Evil's origin
640:
627:
516:Raymond Decary
415:
412:
335:sikidy alanana
284:
281:
259:
155:Arab geomantic
128:
125:
117:symbolic logic
63:. It involves
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4932:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Anthropomancy
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:Catoptromancy
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Rhapsodomancy
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Alectryomancy
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:Ethnic groups
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Food security
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3760:
3751:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:(June 1862).
3520:
3519:Sibree, James
3514:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:(present-day
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:(Edo) culture
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:Afro-Haitians
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:Woman; death
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2399:
2398:vato-tsi-very
2377:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2085:The spirits (
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1976:
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1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
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1955:
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1951:
1946:
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1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
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1814:
1807:
1804:
1794:
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1769:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:Marcia Ascher
1749:
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1722:
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1199:
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1080:
1079:
1059:
1054:
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1050:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1020:
999:
994:
991:
990:
986:
982:
979:
978:
969:
964:
960:
956:
955:
951:
950:
944:
939:
936:
935:
931:
926:
923:
922:
918:
913:
909:
906:
905:
901:
900:antsiontsiona
896:
893:
892:
872:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
855:
851:
846:
843:
842:
822:
817:
814:
813:
809:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
781:
776:
773:
772:
768:
764:
761:
760:
755:
752:
746:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
688:
682:
681:
674:
673:
666:
657:
651:
645:
638:
632:
626:
623:
617:
611:
606:
601:
595:
589:
587:
583:
580:, plus a red
579:
573:
568:
564:
559:
553:
547:
542:
538:
533:
528:
522:
517:
513:
510:
505:
500:
495:
493:
487:
481:
476:
471:
465:
443:
437:
432:
425:
422:Seed pods of
420:
411:
377:
373:
372:William Ellis
370:
365:
359:
352:
347:
342:
336:
330:
324:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
289:
280:
277:
268:
264:
258:
255:
249:
245:
240:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
211:
206:
201:
196:
192:
187:
184:
178:
172:
165:
160:
159:Stephen Ellis
156:
148:
146:
139:
133:
124:
122:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
89:
84:
79:
74:
70:
67:performed on
66:
62:
58:
55:practiced by
54:
51:
48:is a form of
47:
46:
38:
36:
29:
23:
19:
4796:Mesopotamian
4789:
4774:Cledonomancy
4750:
4749:
4719:Scapulimancy
4699:Omphalomancy
4628:Tasseography
4615:
4604:
4603:
4574:Molybdomancy
4410:Ornithomancy
4221:Demographics
4206:Architecture
4122:Central bank
4083:Subdivisions
4036:Human rights
4021:Constitution
3872:Independence
3862:World War II
3759:
3750:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3708:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3638:
3632:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3594:
3581:
3571:
3565:
3555:
3530:
3526:
3513:
3494:
3466:
3460:
3434:
3411:
3361:
3356:
3325:
3321:
3280:
3273:
3250:
3200:
3196:
3113:
3080:
3067:Mwene Mutapa
3063:South Africa
3050:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3012:
2998:
2988:
2974:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2917:
2898:
2894:
2882:
2865:
2859:
2839:ornithomancy
2828:
2740:House; food
2486:
2480:
2434:
2419:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2341:tokan-sikidy
2329:tokan-sikidy
2317:tokan-sikidy
2295:
2264:
2171:The Creator
1799:
1764:
1745:
1711:
1702:
1698:
1687:renin-sikidy
1683:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1504:
1480:renin-sikidy
1474:renin-sikidy
1468:renin-sikidy
1441:renin-sikidy
1417:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1355:
1307:
1291:
1282:
1257:
1210:
1189:
1186:c. 1900–1905
1150:
1101:
1058:mosavin-kena
947:
850:tsimbolavola
785:
662:
590:
562:
539:and crushed
514:
490:
474:
428:
423:
325:
294:
283:Origin myths
272:
266:
242:
204:
195:Persian Gulf
188:
152:
142:
93:
44:
43:
42:
32:
18:
4704:Oracle bone
4677:Somatomancy
4646:Gastromancy
4599:Runic magic
4594:Rhabdomancy
4470:Aspidomancy
4424:Bibliomancy
4385:Ailuromancy
4379:Theriomancy
4246:LGBT rights
4109:Agriculture
3570:Cited from
3452:j.ctv39x5q7
3328:(1): 24–45.
2970:Jos Plateau
2903:Afro-Cubans
2847:necromantic
2314:are called
1387:Mohammedans
1341:Incantation
1328:sonia ratsy
943:songo songo
930:anantsinahy
835:water-sheep
821:ondrindrano
519: [
233:documented
4905:Algorithms
4885:Divination
4869:Categories
4838:Revelation
4801:Numerology
4764:Apparition
4651:Mediumship
4638:Necromancy
4549:Cartomancy
4531:Cleromancy
4521:Hydromancy
4511:Capnomancy
4490:Oculomancy
4405:Myrmomancy
4368:divination
4365:Methods of
4256:newspapers
4116:(currency)
4051:Parliament
3955:Ecoregions
3837:Libertatia
3802:Madagascar
3695:among the
3122:References
3041:Iha Ogwega
2835:cartomancy
2662:Abundance
2063:the eighth
2011:Betsilisay
2005:Betsimisay
1761:Divination
1375:missionary
1093:atobahoaka
1042:dead-stone
998:hazomarary
894:The south
865:The north
794:The earth
537:red pepper
456:sacred one
431:divination
369:missionary
141:practices
61:Madagascar
31:practices
4811:Isopsephy
4769:Astrology
4759:Apophenia
4714:Podomancy
4709:Palmistry
4559:Favomancy
4544:Belomancy
4516:Aeromancy
4506:Pyromancy
4499:Elemental
4268:Mythology
4241:Languages
4226:Education
4152:Transport
4127:Companies
4073:President
4026:Elections
3985:Volcanoes
3970:Provinces
3950:Districts
3928:Geography
3764:ignored".
3692:mpisikidy
3547:0015-587X
3415:. Fisher.
3300:243845225
3217:0315-0860
3033:Ominigbon
2843:extispicy
2831:astrology
2812:Alakarabo
2792:Alahasady
2773:Alahamora
2716:Alatsimay
2618:Alahijana
2599:Alikasajy
2373:, called
2347:mpisikidy
2335:mpisikidy
2274:mpisikidy
2240:The road
2217:The road
2096:the ninth
1958:Fianahana
1917:the third
1768:mpisikidy
1765:Once the
1733:mpisikidy
1715:mpisikidy
1653:⊕
1624:⊕
1595:⊕
1566:⊕
1523:⊕
1421:mpisikidy
1366:mpisikidy
1359:mpisikidy
1350:Antandroy
1334:sonia soa
1322:voampamoa
1295:mpisikidy
1277:mihemotse
1206:sterility
1183:mpisikidy
1111:mpisikidy
1087:ahidratsy
1028:vato maty
1012:sick-tree
992:Sickness
924:The east
907:The west
708:scapegoat
665:Mpisikidy
610:mpisikidy
600:mpisikidy
594:mpisikidy
572:mpisikidy
480:mpisikidy
442:ny màsina
436:mpisikidy
358:mpisikidy
138:mpisikidy
50:algebraic
28:mpisikidy
4875:Geomancy
4833:Prophecy
4806:Gematria
4784:Geomancy
4694:Haruspex
4668:Taghairm
4589:Opon Ifá
4400:Myomancy
4318:Category
4278:Religion
4191:Abortion
4165:Railways
4046:Military
4009:Politics
3990:Wildlife
3827:Monarchs
3806:articles
3726:2=65,536
3703:peoples.
3697:Betsileo
3576:version.
3527:Folklore
3432:(2002).
3409:(1839).
3248:(1980).
3191:(1997).
3092:See also
3077:empires"
3071:Zimbabwe
3053:– "from
3009:cultures
2985:cultures
2885:and the
2754:Alabiavo
2676:Alohotsy
2656:Asombola
2583:Zanahary
2557:Alakaosy
2505:Meaning
2441:Sakalava
2435:A study
2189:Solotany
2183:Sorotany
2080:Fahasivy
2047:Fahavalo
2034:al-nisaa
1901:Fahatelo
1352:diviners
1268:people,
1128:plantain
710:. Other
650:fati-drà
527:Sakalava
504:tamarind
311:Zanahary
307:Malagasy
260:—
248:Antemoro
244:Matatane
83:divinely
53:geomancy
4843:Ecstasy
4823:Onmyodo
4790:I Ching
4735:African
4564:Kumalak
4485:Dowsing
4462:Scrying
4437:Falnama
4302:Outline
4216:Cuisine
4211:Culture
4179:Society
4160:Driving
4142:Tourism
4114:Ariary
4097:Economy
3975:Regions
3960:Islands
3814:History
3715:fàtidra
3115:I Ching
3043:– from
3029:culture
3025:– from
3019:culture
3015:– from
3001:– from
2999:Agbigba
2995:culture
2991:– from
2977:– from
2964:– from
2943:– from
2930:– from
2924:culture
2920:– from
2735:Alokola
2637:Alikisy
2577:Adabara
2519:Taraiky
2499:Figure
2459:Figures
2406:
2384:
2119:Ombiasa
2113:Omasina
2090:
2057:
1986:Slaves
1911:
1455:mother-
1449:
1405:hyaline
1154:faditra
1066:
1036:
1006:
985:Faditra
914:called
879:
829:
802:Cattle
774:Heaven
767:Faditra
751:faditra
745:faditra
739:faditra
734:pumpkin
729:faditra
719:faditra
713:faditra
703:faditra
698:locusts
687:faditra
656:faditra
631:Faditra
586:feather
582:rooster
470:ambiàsa
464:ombiasy
450:
399:
383:
254:ombiasy
177:vintana
149:in 1895
127:History
88:vintana
39:in 1900
4848:Vision
4828:Oracle
4751:Sikidy
4656:Séance
4611:Sortes
4605:Sikidy
4569:Mengdu
4452:Virgil
4395:Augury
4323:Portal
4283:Sports
4196:Anthem
4061:Senate
3980:Rivers
3945:Cities
3804:
3701:Merina
3678:sikiry
3674:sikily
3645:
3620:
3545:
3501:
3473:
3450:
3298:
3288:
3261:
3215:
3083:Sikidy
3059:Angola
3051:Hakata
3037:Ogwega
3003:Igbira
2966:Chadic
2922:Yoruba
2909:, and
2901:among
2871:cowrie
2845:, and
2538:Karija
2490:sikidy
2483:) tree
2470:sikidy
2446:sikidy
2429:sikidy
2423:toetry
2370:sōrona
2356:sikidy
2323:sikidy
2311:toetry
2305:toetry
2299:toetry
2290:Sikidy
2284:sikidy
2268:sikidy
2235:Lalana
2229:Safary
2136:mihsin
2130:mihsan
2017:Alisay
1934:Bilady
1888:al-mal
1850:Arabic
1830:Notes
1813:toetry
1803:toetry
1793:sikidy
1780:toetry
1774:toetry
1739:toetry
1727:toetry
1721:toetry
1708:Checks
1693:toetry
1538:sikidy
1508:toetry
1493:toetry
1458:sikidy
1434:toetry
1428:toetry
1408:quartz
1400:sikidy
1371:Merina
1311:sikidy
1301:sikidy
1286:sikidy
1271:sikidy
1261:sikidy
1242:sikidy
1230:tolaka
1214:sikidy
1193:sikidy
1170:sikidy
1160:sikidy
1139:Sōrona
1133:voanjo
1123:sōrona
1117:sōrona
1114:. The
1105:sōrona
1022:Death
959:Tsingy
917:harefo
844:Money
815:Sheep
693:sikidy
637:sōrona
622:sikidy
616:sikidy
578:francs
552:sikidy
546:sikidy
532:sikidy
509:sikidy
492:Entada
364:sikidy
351:sikidy
346:cattle
341:sikidy
329:sikidy
320:sikidy
298:sikidy
276:sikidy
236:sikidy
226:sikidy
216:sikidy
210:Sikidy
200:sikidy
193:, the
183:sikidy
171:volana
164:sikidy
145:sikidy
121:parity
108:sikidy
101:sikidy
98:. The
78:toetry
69:random
45:Sikidy
35:sikidy
4915:Logic
4745:Nggàm
4728:Other
4584:Opele
4442:Homer
4432:Bible
4415:Nggàm
4309:Index
4263:Music
4251:Media
3712:also
3672:Also
3660:Notes
3612:[
3591:(PDF)
3448:JSTOR
3360:[
3255:(PDF)
3055:Zaire
3027:Isoko
2983:Kuteb
2979:Jukun
2893:name
2881:name
2875:shell
2696:Adalo
2252:Akiba
2206:Saily
2014:, or
1981:Abily
1975:Abidy
1945:bilad
1855:talah
1848:From
1266:Mikea
937:Fire
724:sheep
591:Some
567:spear
523:]
496:) or
475:anbia
467:, or
221:Bible
219:"the
205:sichr
191:India
73:seeds
4818:Omen
4236:Flag
4201:Seal
3699:and
3676:and
3643:ISBN
3618:ISBN
3543:ISSN
3499:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3296:OCLC
3286:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3213:ISSN
3057:and
3045:Bini
3017:Ekoi
3007:Okun
3005:and
2993:Ekoi
2981:and
2975:Noko
2947:and
2945:Igbo
2891:Igbo
2889:and
2476:fàno
2452:haky
2403:lit.
2381:lit.
2212:Saly
2166:Haky
2149:Haja
2087:lit.
2054:lit.
2028:beit
1992:abid
1908:lit.
1881:zebu
1874:Maly
1868:Mady
1852:طلع
1840:Tale
1712:The
1446:lit.
1317:zebu
1280:)".
1224:fady
1063:lit.
1033:lit.
1003:lit.
968:sing
912:rush
876:lit.
826:lit.
680:fady
634:and
558:fano
541:wasp
499:kily
486:fàno
447:lit.
429:The
396:lit.
380:lit.
303:Arab
119:and
81:and
4740:Ifá
3535:doi
3440:doi
3205:doi
3061:to
3023:Eva
3013:Efa
2989:Eba
2953:Ifá
2949:Ewe
2941:Afa
2936:Ifá
2932:Fon
2918:Ifá
2899:Ifa
2895:Afa
2887:Ewe
2879:Fon
2867:Ifá
2432:".
2247:16
2232:or
2224:15
2209:or
2201:14
2186:or
2178:13
2161:12
2144:11
2133:or
2116:or
2108:10
1978:or
1871:or
1180:An
1145:ody
1090:or
672:ody
584:'s
512:.
494:sp.
461:),
410:).
135:An
59:in
25:An
4871::
3593:.
3541:.
3529:.
3525:.
3485:^
3446:.
3421:^
3370:^
3334:^
3326:30
3324:.
3308:^
3294:.
3225:^
3211:.
3201:24
3199:.
3195:.
3130:^
3039:;
3035:;
2962:Pe
2960:;
2958:Pa
2928:Fa
2905:,
2883:Fa
2852:.
2841:,
2837:,
2833:,
2815:☾
2795:☾
2699:☾
2679:☾
2659:☾
2560:☾
2401:,
2320:('
2101:)
2075:9
2068:)
2042:8
2008:,
2000:7
1970:6
1953:5
1929:4
1922:)
1896:3
1863:2
1835:1
1547:oo
1245:).
1208:.
1148:.
1136:.
1061:,
1047:)
1031:,
1017:)
1001:,
952:)
910:A
874:,
824:,
789:)
588:.
521:fr
439:,
265:,
123:.
115:,
4357:e
4350:t
4343:v
3794:e
3787:t
3780:v
3680:.
3651:.
3626:.
3597:.
3568:.
3549:.
3537::
3531:3
3507:.
3479:.
3454:.
3442::
3302:.
3267:.
3219:.
3207::
2873:-
2479:(
2415:'
2409:'
2393:'
2387:'
2379:(
2099:'
2093:'
2066:'
2060:'
1920:'
1914:'
1666:o
1663:=
1656:o
1650:o
1647:o
1640:o
1637:=
1630:o
1627:o
1621:o
1614:o
1611:o
1608:=
1601:o
1598:o
1592:o
1589:o
1582:o
1579:o
1576:=
1569:o
1563:o
1543:o
1515:(
1463:'
1452:'
1444:(
1075:'
1069:'
1045:'
1039:'
1015:'
1009:'
946:(
888:'
882:'
838:'
832:'
783:(
659:)
653:(
561:(
502:(
489:(
459:'
453:'
445:(
408:'
402:'
392:'
386:'
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.