375:. Silbo was adapted to Spanish during the Spanish settlement in the 16th century and was widely spoken throughout the period into the following 17th century. In 1976 Silbo barely remained on el Hierro, where it had flourished at the end of the 19th century. Use of the language declined in the 1950s, one factor being the economic decline, which led many speakers to move away to seek better jobs. Technological developments such as the telephone played a part in reducing the practicality and utility of the language. The language's earlier survival had been due to its role in overcoming distance and terrain, in addition to the ease with which it is learned by native speakers. Most significantly, from the 1960s to 1980s, many people turned away from agriculture and so many middle-class families did not want their children to speak the language as it was negatively associated with the rural peasants.
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569:. The physical precision comes in the whistler's ability to vary the frequencies at different speeds and start and stop the production of the sound waves. This technique is handed down within La Gomera's community, with unchanged teaching methods that date to the late 19th century. The same pitch can represent many sounds, so Silbo has many fewer phonemes than Spanish. This means that communication can be ambiguous; context and word choice are important for effective communication.
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304:, historically used to communicate across the deep ravines and narrow valleys that radiate through the island. It enabled messages to be exchanged over a distance of up to five kilometres. Due to its loudness, Silbo Gomero is generally used for public communication. Messages conveyed range from event invitations to public information advisories. A speaker of Silbo Gomero is sometimes called a
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associations extending it to all schools. The first of many revitalization measures was thus adopted at the grassroots level, not by public or private entities, which reflected locals' attitude toward Silbo Gomero. Education policies implemented later were inspired as such: revitalization began at the grassroots and escalated to the highest government bodies.
561:. Silbo replaces each vowel or consonant with a whistling sound. Whistles are distinguished according to pitch and continuity. As with other whistled forms of non-tonal languages, Silbo works by retaining approximately the articulation of ordinary speech, so "the timbre variations of speech appear in the guise of pitch variations".
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The documentation on the official Silbo Gomero page on the UNESCO website is in line with
Trujillo's 1978 study. Trujillo suggested that the consonants are either rises or dips in the "melody line" that can be broken or continuous. Further study by Meyer and Rialland suggests that vowels are stripped
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On 26 June 1997, the
Parliament of the Canary Islands approved a motion calling on the government to include Silbo Gomero as part of the school curriculum. Silbo Gomero then became a mandatory subject in primary and secondary education, as of July 1999. The provincial government was supportive in its
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report, all of La Gomera's inhabitants understand the language, but only those born before 1950 and the younger generations who attended school since 1999 can speak it. Those born before 1950 were taught the language by their elders in their homes, and those who attended or are attending school since
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Trujillo's 2005 collaboration with
Gomeran whistler Isidro Ortiz and others revises his earlier work, finding that four vowels are indeed perceived, and describes in detail the areas of divergence between his empirical data and Classe's phonetic hypotheses. Despite Trujillo's 2005 work acknowledging
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Thereafter, the
Ministry of Education, Universities, Culture and Sport of the Canary Islands developed a staff training plan in order to ensure that the elderly expert whistlers can be replaced in the near future by qualified professional teachers with relevant diplomas. This comprised the provision
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Silbo Gomero is a complex language to learn, with its whistling techniques requiring physical precision and a strength of the body parts used to produce the language that can only be acquired with practice. Silbo Gomero uses the tongue, lips, and hands, differing greatly from conventional language,
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In addition to the compulsory learning of Silbo Gomero at the primary and secondary level, an Island School of Silbo Gomero was established for post-secondary students who wish to continue to train in Silbo Gomero until they become accredited professional instructors. Students of the Island School
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efforts were generated at both community level and governmental level. A combination of initiatives from the La
Gomeran community and policies implemented by the authorities saw Silbo Gomero being revitalized and maintained as a cultural asset. These revitalization efforts were well-documented by
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theorized that Silbo Gomero has only two vowels. His work, containing almost 100 spectrograms, concludes that the language has two vowels and four consonants. In
Trujillo's work, Silbo's vowels are given one quality, that of pitch, either high or low. But a more recent study gives a statistical
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Besides the implementation of education policies, the authorities also sought to strengthen the corpus of Silbo Gomero by developing a project to digitize all recorded audio material. Local, national and worldwide distribution of documentaries on Silbo Gomero were also made. The government also
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In a bid to preserve Silbo Gomero for the island's youth, expert whistlers sought to obtain authorization, which enabled them to teach the language on a free and voluntary basis at a dedicated centre. This initiative by the senior islanders garnered encouraging responses, with parent-teacher
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Silbo Gomero is not used only by
Gomerans; visitors to the island can be exposed to it too, in restaurants that provide demonstrations for tourists. Minister of Tourism of La Gomera, Fernando Mendez, has said that whistling is essential to La Gomera's tourism industry.
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On 15 March 1999, Silbo Gomero was declared as part of the historical ethnographic heritage of the Canary
Islands. The annual celebration of "School Encounters with Silbo Gomero" was also inaugurated in La Gomera. In 2005, the monument to Silbo Gomero was inducted in
730:(spoken freq 790 Hz, whistled <<1300 Hz). In whistling the frequency basement must be raised to the minimum whistle harmonic of 1000 Hz, reducing frequency spacing in the vowels, which increases misidentification of the lower vowels.
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Silbo Gomero's consonants are modifications of the vowel-based "melody line" or "vocal line". They may rise or fall, and can be modified by being broken, continuous or occlusive. The four main consonants in a 1978 analysis are listed as follows:
965:. This gives eight whistled consonants, but including tone gradual decay (with intensity falling off) as a feature on continuous and interrupted sounds gives 10 consonants. In these situations gradual decay is given , and continuous is given .
714:'s H1 match in their frequency (1480 Hz). But there is a disconnect in harmonics and formants near the frequency basement. Spoken speech has a wide range of F2 frequencies (790 Hz to 2300 Hz), but whistles are limited to between
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raised the status of Silbo Gomero by selecting it via the
National Historical Heritage Council to represent Spain in the nominations for inclusion on the 2009 Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
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work to become capable of teaching Silbo Gomero not only to their fellow citizens, but also to tourists who visit La Gomera. This facilitates the sustainability of the revitalization and also works towards language maintenance.
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efforts began and initiatives from within the community started. By 1999, the revitalization of Silbo Gomero was furthered by education policies and other legislative measures. It now has official protection as an example of
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941:) is transmitted in whistle by the loci, the sharpness or speed, of the formant transitions between vowels. Consonant classes are simplified into four classes. Extra high loci (near vertical formant loci) denotes
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1999 were taught it formally in school. Those born between 1950 and 1980 understand the language but are unable to speak it, as the language was hardly used and negatively viewed during their time of
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or the languages of the
Canaries, but it is assumed that their phonological system must have been simple enough to allow an efficient whistled language. Used by the island's original inhabitants, the
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inexplicably reiterates his two-vowel theory. Trujillo's 2006 work directly addresses many of Rialland's conclusions, but it seems that at the time of that writing he was unaware of Meyer's work.
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published an acoustic and phonological analysis of Silbo based on new materials, showing that not only gliding tones but also intensity modulation plays a role in distinguishing Silbo's sounds.
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Members of the Gomeran community treasure Silbo Gomero as part of the island's identity, and use the whistled language in traditional rituals and festivities on the island. These include "
658:. It is said that it is not possible to produce any vowels with intermediary frequencies because the whistling mechanism does not have the same functions as the vocal mechanism. In 1978,
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Phillips, Francesca (writer, director, camerawoman); Perera, Rigoberto (voice-over actor); Miles, Michael (cameraman); Bradshell, Michael (editor); Daltry, Stephen (composer) (2009).
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show that while non-speakers of Silbo merely process Silbo as whistling, Silbo speakers process the sounds in the same linguistic centers of the brain that process Spanish sentences.
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which uses the mouth cavity to blend and contrast several acoustic frequencies. The whistling mechanism, in contrast, is limited to a single basic pitch between 1,000 and 3,000
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is high in frequency, and thus extremely useful. Second, as the continuous high-pitched consonant of Silbo already represents many other consonants of the spoken language (
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Trujillo Carreño, Ramón; Morera Pérez, Marcial; Guarro Pallás, Amador; Padrón Brito, Ubaldo; Ortiz Mendoza, Isidro; Botanz Parra, Rogelio; Darias Darias, Eugenio (2005).
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Many people in La Gomera speak Silbo Gomero, but their expression of the language deviates in minor ways that show the speaker's origins. According to a 2009
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Studies have shown that Silbo Gomero speakers process the whistled register in the same way as standard spoken language. Studies by Manuel Carreiras of the
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According to different studies, Silbo Gomero has between two and four vowels and between four and ten consonants. It is a whistled form of a dialect of
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of training courses on proficiency in, and teaching of, Silbo Gomero. The training plan was launched in 2007, with the participation of 18 teachers.
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analysis of Silbo's vowels showing that four vowels are statistically distinguished in production and perception. In 2005, Annie Rialland of the
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Meyer, Julien (2008). "Typology and acoustic strategies of whistled languages: Phonetic comparison and perceptual cues of whistled vowels".
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implementation of education policy and also the establishment of a formalized Silbo Gomero curriculum through the publication of
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Silbo Gomero's vowels are described roughly as sustained lines of high and low frequency that are distinct from each other.
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speakers. One group spoke Silbo and one did not. Results obtained from monitoring the participants' brain activity by
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698:. But Meyer also says there are five perceived vowels with significant overlap. Rialland and Trujillo agree that the
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Carreiras M, Lopez J, Rivero F, Corina D (2005). "Linguistic perception: neural processing of a whistled language".
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There are other examples of transposition of an oral natural language into a pitch string. When quickly spoken,
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Methodology for inventorying intangible cultural heritage in biosphere reserves: the experience of Montseny
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is a continuous high pitch consonant. There are two reasons for this anomaly. First, in functional terms,
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Typological description and intelligibility of whistled languages, a linguistic and bioacustic approach
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Description typologique et intelligibilité des langues sifflées, approche linguistique et bioacoustique
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1523:. Cuadernos de dialectología de la Academia Canaria de la Lengua. Academia Canaria de la Lengua.
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1219:]. Translated by Brent, Jeff. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain: Editorial Interinsular Canaria.
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to their inherent class of sound, which is communicated in the whistle in these ways: voice (
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Revitalization of the traditional craftsmanship of lime-making in Morón de la Frontera
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Rialland, Annie (2005). "Phonological and phonetic aspects of whistled languages".
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Portuguese-Galician border ICH: a safeguarding model created by Ponte...nas ondas!
1410:. Programas de innovación educativa. Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes.
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1270:"Whistled language of the island of La Gomera (Canary Islands), the Silbo Gomero"
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vowels of the spoken language being whistled, while the low-frequency whistle of
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Whistled language of the island of La Gomera (Canary Islands), the Silbo Gomero
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Moviemaker and photographer Francesca Phillips wrote and directed a 26-minute
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El silbo gomero. Nuevo estudio fonológico (Edición bilingüe español-inglés)
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is treated as a broken high pitch in Silbo, though in the spoken language,
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When this medium of communication was endangered in the late 20th century,
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Centre for traditional culture – school museum of Pusol pedagogic project
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Whistled language of the island of La Gomera (Canary Islands), the
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Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
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UNESCO as part of the proceedings for the selection of the 2009
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Irrigators’ tribunals of the Spanish Mediterranean coast: the
1610:(Motion picture) (in Spanish and English). Phillips, Francesca
726:(spoken F2 freq. 890 Hz, whistled <1300 Hz) and
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published in 2004 and 2005 involve two participant groups of
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Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
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BBC4 interviews Isidro Ortiz & J.Brent – 26 August 2008
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Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
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Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife
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Knowledge, craft and skills of handmade glass production
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Silbo Gomero demonstration at a restaurant in La Gomera.
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the existence of four vowels, his 2006 bilingual work
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Festivity of 'la Mare de Déu de la Salut' of Algemesí
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UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Spain
1396:
1394:
949:, medial (loci just above the vowel formant) denotes
1070:at The World Mountain Documentary Festival held in
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1109:, so the linguistic information is carried by the
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682:Meyer suggests that there are four vowel classes:
1364:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1094:French singer Féloche dedicated a song to Silbo.
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1997:Castle of San Cristóbal (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)
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1205:
1148:. Communications and Cybernetics. Vol. 13.
1066:(2009). The movie won Best Short Documentary in
319:-whistled phoneme substitution emulates Spanish
2342:UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
1113:system, which can therefore be transposed into
2909:Summer solstice fire festivals in the Pyrenees
754:Consonants of the spoken language represented
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2326:
1672:
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1354:
1339:(PhD) (in French). Université Lumière Lyon 2
1292:"Silbo Gomero: A whistling language revived"
1143:
1062:on the usage of Silbo Gomero in La Gomera,
2839:Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia
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2792:
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1987:Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz
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925:), while a consonant gives the quality (
669:University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle
592:Vowels of the spoken language represented
471:", which are processions dedicated to the
27:
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677:El Silbo Gomero. Nuevo estudio fonológico
445:Educational Materials on the Silbo Gomero
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1217:The Gomeran Whistle: Linguistic Analysis
1144:Busnel, René-Guy; Classe, André (1976).
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2843:Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia
1919:Bienes de Interés Cultural (Las Palmas)
1784:Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)
1779:Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657)
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2012:Elder Museum of Science and Technology
1492:"Silbo Gomero, a language of whistles"
1404:El silbo gomero. Materiales didácticos
1181:Racoma, Bernadine (11 February 2014).
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441:El Silbo Gomero, Materiales didácticos
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2002:Centro de Fotografía Isla de Tenerife
1924:Bienes de Interés Cultural (Tenerife)
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1638:Silbo Gomero – The Whistling Language
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1212:El silbo gomero: análisis lingüístico
1183:"Silbo Gomero: The Whistled Language"
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1048:functional magnetic resonance imaging
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2027:Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología
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315:from speech to whistling. This oral
283:, "Gomeran whistle"), also known as
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1233:from the original on 27 March 2023.
945:and stridents, rising loci denotes
311:Silbo Gomero is a transposition of
201:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
13:
2164:Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
1807:
1280:
702:of the whistle matches the second
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323:through a reduced set of whistled
296:of Spanish used by inhabitants of
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2916:walling, knowledge and techniques
2022:Museum of the History of Tenerife
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2037:Museum of Science and the Cosmos
1712:
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1517:Trujillo Carreño, Ramón (2006).
1290:Plitt, Laura (11 January 2013).
722:), increasing confusion between
548:Problems playing this file? See
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355:Little is known of the original
2884:Tamboradas drum-playing rituals
2874:Fiesta of the patios in Cordova
1597:
1544:
1510:
1490:Pereira, Diana (18 July 2013).
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929:). Placement of the consonant (
222:Oral traditions and expressions
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1:
3010:Culture of the Canary Islands
2854:Chant of the Sybil on Majorca
2042:Tenerife Espacio de las Artes
1992:Atlantic Center of Modern Art
1764:Kingdom of the Canary Islands
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706:of the spoken vowels. Spoken
2924:Talavera de la Reina pottery
1274:Intangible Cultural Heritage
385:intangible cultural heritage
7:
2419:Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão
2359:Albanian folk iso-polyphony
1969:Church of San Juan Bautista
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1759:First Battle of Acentejo
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1085:directed the 2019 movie
1040:University of Washington
1038:and David Corina of the
241:Europe and North America
1634:– Jeff Brent's homepage
1207:Trujillo Carreño, Ramón
1036:University of La Laguna
751:General representation
664:University of La Laguna
589:General representation
485:Garajonay National Park
380:language revitalization
280:[ˈsilβoɣoˈmeɾo]
2169:Carnival of Las Palmas
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1325:Meyer, Julien (2005).
968:The representation of
759:continuous high pitch
654:represents the vowels
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347:The narrow valleys of
289:("the whistle"), is a
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2827:Mystery Play of Elche
2734:The Song of the Sibyl
2273:Caldera de Taburiente
2263:Auditorio de Tenerife
2235:Open Lanzarote Island
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847:continuous low pitch
716:1200 and 2400 Hz
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425:Community initiatives
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2384:Ashiqs of Azerbaijan
2189:Virgin of Candelaria
2007:Castillo de San José
1964:Painted Cave, Galdar
1954:El Maipés Necropolis
1949:Las Palmas Cathedral
1929:Castillo de San José
1794:Autonomous community
1081:Romanian moviemaker
402:language acquisition
2890:Manual bell ringing
2194:Cristo de La Laguna
2135:Musical instruments
1799:Canarian Parliament
1754:Treaty of Alcáçovas
1607:Written in the Wind
1567:2005Natur.433...31C
1064:Written in the Wind
744:
710:'s F2 and whistled
642:The high-frequency
582:
434:Government policies
378:In the late 1990s,
247:Inscription history
3000:Whistled languages
2990:Languages of Spain
2905:Mediterranean diet
2302:Islands portal
2251:the Canary Islands
2220:Canarian wrestling
1814:
1789:Spanish transition
1744:Pre-colonial times
1498:on 8 December 2014
1146:Whistled Languages
1083:Corneliu Porumboiu
1030:Cognitive features
822:⟨ch⟩
818:broken high pitch
742:
580:
520:
501:
479:of the community.
353:
255:2009 (4th session)
2977:
2976:
2953:Good Safeguarding
2781:
2780:
2429:Dainichido Bugaku
2308:
2307:
2249:Symbols places of
2179:Cavalcade of Magi
2174:Bajada (festival)
1944:Guayadeque ravine
1530:978-8-4960-5936-8
1167:978-0-387-07713-0
910:
909:
892:⟨k⟩
888:broken low pitch
851:⟨g⟩
763:⟨y⟩
640:
639:
538:
463:Cultural heritage
269:
268:
188:
187:
16:Whistled language
3032:
3005:Canarian society
2995:Spanish language
2920:Talavera pottery
2808:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2709:Slovácko Verbuňk
2579:Khorasan Bakhshi
2444:Cante Alentejano
2335:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2291:Spain portal
2289:
2288:
2287:
2240:Open Costa Adeje
2230:Salto del pastor
1934:Caves of Valeron
1769:Battle of Aguere
1716:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1632:silbo-gomero.com
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1494:. Archived from
1487:
1481:
1480:
1462:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1235:
1234:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1141:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
928:
924:
920:
916:
906:
900:
893:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
852:
842:
836:
830:
823:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
764:
745:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
697:
693:
689:
685:
657:
653:
649:
645:
636:
624:
612:
604:
583:
559:Canarian Spanish
540:
539:
517:
357:Guanche language
282:
190:
189:
181:
71:
31:
19:
18:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2954:
2948:
2893:
2879:Valencia Fallas
2817:
2812:
2782:
2777:
2768:
2644:Ojkanje singing
2544:Jongmyo Jereyak
2464:Cremona violins
2449:Cantonese opera
2424:Byzantine music
2389:Azerbaijani tar
2345:
2339:
2309:
2304:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2250:
2244:
2203:
2152:
2129:
2046:
1979:
1973:
1939:Four Doors cave
1907:
1846:
1842:Gomeran Whistle
1815:
1803:
1722:
1694:
1688:Cultural domain
1685:
1646:Wayback Machine
1628:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1575:10.1038/433031a
1561:(7021): 31–32.
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1484:
1460:10.1.1.484.4384
1441:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1359:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1288:
1281:
1268:
1267:
1238:
1227:
1204:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1150:Springer-Verlag
1142:
1127:
1123:
1105:and consonants
1056:
1032:
891:
850:
821:
762:
736:
715:
646:represents the
597:High frequency
575:
555:
554:
546:
544:
543:
542:
541:
531:
528:
521:
515:
510:
493:
465:
436:
427:
410:
393:
341:
204:
177:
167:
107:Western Romance
87:Latino-Faliscan
72:
69:Language family
67:
58:
57:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3038:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:Timber rafting
2932:
2926:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2835:
2833:Patum of Berga
2830:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Tumba francesa
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2714:Song of Sana'a
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2664:Qudud Halabiya
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Garifuna music
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Cantu a tenore
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Bistritsa Babi
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Juego del Palo
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Canarian arepa
2062:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1912:Historic sites
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:Gara and Jonay
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:Canary Islands
1684:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1635:
1627:
1626:External links
1624:
1622:
1621:
1596:
1543:
1529:
1509:
1482:
1453:(2): 237–271.
1430:
1416:
1390:
1350:
1310:
1279:
1236:
1225:
1195:
1173:
1166:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1055:
1052:
1031:
1028:
908:
907:
894:
889:
885:
884:
853:
848:
844:
843:
824:
819:
815:
814:
765:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
735:
732:
660:Ramón Trujillo
638:
637:
625:
618:
617:Low frequency
614:
613:
605:
598:
594:
593:
590:
587:
574:
571:
545:
529:
524:
523:
522:
513:
512:
511:
509:
506:
492:
489:
464:
461:
435:
432:
426:
423:
414:revitalization
409:
408:Revitalization
406:
392:
389:
340:
337:
331:declared it a
308:("whistler").
302:Canary Islands
267:
266:
265:Representative
263:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
198:
195:
194:
186:
185:
182:
174:
173:
172:Language codes
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
75:
73:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3037:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2775:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Samba de roda
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Istrian scale
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Hudhud chants
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Beijing opera
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Aka polyphony
2352:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Tropical beer
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:Miel de palma
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Museo Canario
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:and galleries
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Museo Canario
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1419:
1417:84-689-2610-8
1413:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1226:84-85543-03-3
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1115:talking drums
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1088:The Whistlers
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1012:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
905:
899:
895:
890:
887:
886:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
854:
849:
846:
845:
841:
835:
829:
825:
820:
817:
816:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
766:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
747:
746:
740:
731:
705:
701:
680:
678:
672:
670:
665:
661:
635:
631:
626:
623:
619:
616:
615:
611:
606:
603:
599:
596:
595:
591:
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2574:Koodiyattam
2549:Iraqi Maqam
1873:Achuhucanac
1103:assimilated
1101:vowels are
1060:documentary
743:Consonants
656:/a/,/o/,/u/
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2105:Ropa vieja
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1121:References
955:pharyngeal
943:affricates
734:Consonants
550:media help
274:(Spanish:
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2955:Practices
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1455:CiteSeerX
1446:Phonology
1303:3 October
1276:. UNESCO.
1078:in 2010.
963:fricative
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365:el Hierro
349:La Gomera
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1708:Category
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