597:
170:, Giovanni de Salis, had his men spread a description of Simon through the city. Over the following couple of days, searches were carried out by Simon's family and neighbours, by the servants of the podestĂ , and also by the Jewish community, who had been alerted to a rumour that they had taken the child and were concerned about the possibility of being framed. On Saturday, 25 March, Simon's father appealed to the podestĂ specifically to search the Jews' houses, saying he had been advised they might have taken his child. Despite these searches, no sign of the child was found. Samuel's property was extensive, including a hall that functioned as a synagogue, and a water cellar that was also used for
1286:, Book 3, Chapter 15, Nr. 6, Pope Sixtus IV by a Papal brief thereupon approved the Mass celebration and the Office in his name, to be read on the fixed day in the city and the entire bishopric of Trent, to the honor of the Blessed Simon, and (the Pope) moreover granted a plenary indulgence to all those who, having had the Sacrament of Confession and Communion, visit the church in which his relics are venerated on his day of the year." (S.5.) "And if, nevertheless, as we have further said above, at the behest of Pope Gregory XIII, the name of the Blessed Simon has been added to the Roman Martyrology, it can however not be inferred that because of this the latter has been canonized." (S.21.)
494:
645:
509:
541:
585:
31:
629:
529:
569:
613:
553:
286:
175:
Jews, went to the podestà to report the discovery. Later that evening, the podestà and some of his men retrieved the body, with his servant Ulrich being ordered to carry it to the hospital. The narrative summary based on the trial documents, drafted in 1478–1479, omitted the fact that the Jews had themselves reported finding the body, stating only that Ulrich had found Simon's body in a ditch next to Samuel's house.
1193:
198:. The Jewish women were accused as accomplices but argued their gender did not allow them to participate in the rituals restricted to men. They were freed from prison in 1478 due to papal intervention. One Jew, Israel, was allowed to convert to Christianity for a short while, but he was arrested again after other Jews confessed he was part of the
245:, which was then under Venetian control, and summoned Hinderbach and the podestĂ to answer for their conduct. Instead of appearing, Hinderbach had an account of the proceedings drawn up to vindicate his own actions, circulating it widely and so giving general credence to the notion that Simon of Trent had in fact been murdered by Jews.
174:
and was supplied with water from a channel that ran beneath the property. According to the trial record, on Easter Sunday, 26 March, a cook named
Seligman went to Samuel's cellar to fetch water to prepare the evening meal and found Simon's body in the water. Samuel himself, accompanied by two other
150:
of the city: Samuel was a moneylender and Tobias a physician. The Prince-Bishop had renewed the Jewish community's permission to reside and practice their professions in Trent a few years previously, in 1469. This dependence on the protection of the authorities later inclined the Jews, upon finding
381:
little Simon of Trent. A decree of beatification was issued by Sixtus V, which took the form simply of a confirmation of cultus and which allowed a Mass to be said locally in honour of the boy martyr. Everyone knows that beatification differs from canonization in this, that in the former case the
301:
Simon became the focus of attention for the local
Catholic Church. The local bishop, Hinderbach of Trent, tried to have Simon canonized, producing a large body of documentation of the event and its aftermath. Over one hundred miracles were directly attributed to Simon within a year of his
272:
was issued on 20 June 1478, accepting that the inquiries in Trent had been carried out in legal fashion but avoiding a finding of fact with regard to Simon's death, while also reasserting papal protection for the Jews and the unlawfulness of ritual murder trials, in line with a decree of
146:, delivered a series of sermons in Trent that vilified the local Jews, essentially three households headed by Samuel (who arrived in 1461), Tobias, and Engel. They formed a distinct community marked by their professions and by their apparent wealth in comparison with the artisans and
449:, Toaff theorises that some blood libel cases may be based on actual instances of infanticide where a Jewish perpetrator acted in retaliation for persecutions against the community. After criticism, the book was withdrawn from circulation and redacted by its author.
443:, writing about the case of Simon of Trent, hypothesized that the notion that some Jews killed children to use their blood for ritual purposes may have been tenuously based on an actual "ritual of blood" that did not involve infanticide. In the same work,
238:, who would conduct a joint investigation with the Bishop of Trent. Giudici arrived in Trent in September. The local authorities worked against his investigation, preventing him from visiting Jews in prison and impeding his access to trial records.
348:, 1769–1774) prepared a legal memorandum which, to the exclusion of all other allegations of ritual murders of infants which records were thoroughly made available to him, expressly admitted as proven only two: that of Simon of Trent and that of
178:
Following the report of the body's discovery, the entire Jewish community (both men and women) were arrested and forced under torture to confess to having murdered Simon to use his blood for ritual purposes (a classic example of the
406:
abolished the cult of Simon, and the yearly procession with his relics was suppressed. Simon of Trent is not in the new Roman
Martyrology of 2000, nor on any modern Catholic calendar. His relics, removed from their resting place in
352:. At the same time, he extols the glories and accomplishments of the Jewish people across history, writing that the murder of Simon of Trent does not suffice to injure the reputation of the entire Jewish people.
596:
308:, a future Holy Roman Emperor, was a strong proponent of Simon's veneration and commissioned a silver monument of the child. He also had Simon's relics carried in procession when he was made emperor in 1508.
1425:
1557:
1130:
Martyrologium
Romanum ad nouam Kalendarii rationem et ecclesiasticae historiae veritatem restitutum, Gregorii XIII. Pont. Max., iussu editum; accesserunt notationes atque tractatio de martyrologio Romano
1532:
79:
1304:
Sanctissimi domini nostri
Benedicti papae XIV. Bullarium. Tomus primus decimus Tomus octavus, in quo continentur constitutiones, epistolae, aliaque edita ab initio pontificatus usque ad annum 1755
329:("At Trent, the suffering of the holy boy Simeon, barbarously murdered by the Jews, who was afterwards glorified by many miracles.") In 1584 the use of this martyrology became obligatory in the
408:
1743:
Dominikaner und Juden: Personen, Konflikte und
Perspektiven vom 13. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert / Dominicans and Jews: personalities, conflicts, and perspectives from the 13th to the 20th century
493:
508:
202:. After a long period of torture he was also sentenced to death on 19 January. The Trent trial's notoriety inspired a rise in Christian violence towards Jews in the surrounding areas of
1741:
Treue, Wolfgang (2015). "Diplomaten, Rechtsgelehrte, Intriganten: Der
Trienter Judenprozess vor der römischen Kurie 1475–1478". In Füllenbach, Elias H.; Miletto, Gianfranco (eds.).
1631:
584:
761:
420:
396:
552:
1435:
1567:
183:
that Jews used
Christian blood in their rituals). An examination of the corpse by city doctors determined that Simon had not died of natural causes but had been
949:
302:
disappearance, and his cult spread across Italy, Austria and
Germany. However, there was also skepticism from the beginning, as Giudici's investigation showed.
1206:
1621:
1542:
360:
1162:
Martyrologium romanum : ad nouam kalendarij rationem & ecclesiasticae historiae veritatem restitutum : Gregorii XIII Pont. Max. iussu editum
1482:
453:
187:. In Hsia's view, "the narrative imperative, the official story of ritual murder, the trial record of 1475–76, represents nothing less than a Christian
540:
1267:
644:
1397:"Interventi sul caso Toaff di storici italiani che si sono occupati dell'accusa del sangue: mons. Iginio Rogger (Avvenire, 8 febbraio 2007)"
413:
1449:
728:
568:
789:
528:
162:. Simon, almost two and a half years old, went missing about 5 p.m. on the evening of Thursday, 23 March 1475. The following day,
628:
463:
painted a depiction of Simon's death. He was later accused of antisemitism for this painting which sold to a private collector.
1833:
1793:
1803:
1600:
1064:
1808:
1626:
954:
612:
959:
697:
260:(aimed at Sacchi) defending himself. A committee of cardinals, chaired by Giovan Francesco Pavini, former professor of
155:
1396:
1754:
1731:
1699:
1669:
1635:
783:
337:
gave recognition to the local veneration of Simon as an established devotion, functionally equivalent to a decree of
305:
135:
1798:
1326:
1220:
1813:
1783:
1507:
1312:
327:
Tridenti passio sancti
Simeonis pueri, a Judaeis saevissime trucidati, qui multis postea miraculis coruscavit.
1492:
425:
991:"The Alleged Ritual Murder of Simon of Trent (1475) and Its Literary Repercussions: A Bibliographical Study"
418:
upon the cult's suppression, were returned there in 2021, together with an exhibit about him curated by the
766:
666:
401:
230:
commanded Bishop Hinderbach to suspend judicial proceedings until the arrival of the papal representative,
1823:
1277:
374:
recognised that this was the case, but was careful to distinguish such authorization from canonization.
1308:
1243:
590:
Unknown painter, fresco, end of the 15th century, church of Santa Maria Annunciata, Bienno (BS), Italy
1828:
559:
252:, who accused Giudici of being in the pay of the Jews. Giudici wrote two treatises on the affair, an
111:
48:
248:
The case was reviewed in Rome, where Hinderbach had powerful friends, including the papal librarian
1048:
1215:
1160:
166:, Simon's father approached the prince-bishop to ask for help in finding his missing child. The
1430:
1238:
1128:
471:
355:
Simon's cultus was permitted by the Popes for local public liturgical observance (effectively
194:
Fifteen of the Jews, including Samuel, the head of the community, were sentenced to death and
1691:
1590:
1459:
1330:
1092:
1037:"A Murder, a Mummy, and a Bust: The Newly Discovered Portrait of Simon of Trent at the Getty"
1036:
986:
365:
235:
1592:
The Storm Is Upon Us: How QAnon Became a Movement, Cult, and Conspiracy Theory of Everything
1818:
1788:
1778:
1773:
738:
691:
475:
458:
231:
218:
with the prohibition of Jewish moneylending in 1479 and the expulsion of all Jews in 1486.
143:
1367:
1170:
8:
676:
265:
131:
1558:"Fact check: Sculpture is evidence of antisemitic 'blood libel,' not false QAnon theory"
268:
and an old friend of the bishop of Trent, exonerated Hinderbach and censured Giudici. A
1537:
1487:
1368:"In margine al caso Simonino Di Trento. Aspetti istituzionali e morali della questione"
1252:
1070:
1010:
671:
445:
195:
466:
In February 2022, a sculpture of Simon of Trent depicting the blood libel was used by
385:
Following studies on the case, on 28 October 1965 (the same day as the publication of
1750:
1727:
1695:
1665:
1648:
1596:
1348:
1298:
1174:
1142:
1106:
1074:
1060:
779:
775:
371:
320:
249:
52:
319:'s martyrology, and this was then incorporated into the new official edition of the
30:
1380:
1375:
1052:
1002:
771:
499:
345:
290:
274:
119:
91:
502:, Simon of Trent, ca.1521, oil on panel, Castello del Buonconsiglio, Trent (Italy)
377:
As was stated in one publication, "It is simply untrue to say that the Church has
1724:
Der Trienter Judenprozeß: Voraussetzungen - Abläufe - Auswirkungen; (1475 - 1588)
1302:
1124:
1098:
312:
83:
1202:
1210:
733:
686:
227:
199:
184:
1684:
1767:
1198:
1178:
1146:
1138:
1110:
681:
387:
356:
349:
338:
334:
147:
1643:
Eckert, Willehad Paul (1964). Eckert, Willehad Paul; Ehrlich, E. L. (eds.).
470:
conspiracy theorists to promote the conspiracy theory that Hollywood elites
1652:
1406:
1352:
1234:
703:
392:
558:
Stone medallion with the purported martyrdom scene of Simonino di Trento.
1679:
661:
479:
440:
188:
180:
163:
159:
1533:"Italian artist accused of antisemitism for new painting of blood libel"
114:, whose disappearance and death was blamed on the leaders of the city's
90:, also known as Simon Unverdorben (meaning Simon Immaculate in German);
1746:
1014:
990:
330:
269:
139:
311:
The veneration received wider liturgical impetus in the 16th century.
167:
154:
The events themselves have been reconstructed from a careful study of
1562:
1335:
518:; fresco, end of the 15th century, church of Santa Maria Annunciata,
382:
infallibility of the Holy See is not involved, in the latter it is."
261:
1517:
1239:"Un MĂ©moire de Laurent Ganganelli sur la Calomnie du Meurtre Rituel"
1006:
606:
on the facade of a palace in Trento (situated in "Via del Simonino")
1454:
1401:
1056:
635:
619:
242:
207:
1662:
Pasqua 1475: Antigiudaismo e lotta alle eresie il caso di Simonino
285:
1512:
1426:"Le reliquie del Simonino torneranno alla cappella di San Pietro"
1344:
1134:
546:
Simon of Trent's martyred body. Engraving, NĂĽrnberg, around 1479.
215:
1273:
of Pope Benedict XIV of 22 February 1755 [with comments]
1410:
1166:
1102:
1088:
519:
316:
203:
171:
115:
107:
103:
44:
467:
315:
included a footnote on Simon of Trent in his 1568 edition of
211:
1709:
Menestrina, Giuseppe (October 1903). "Gli Ebrei a Trento".
1508:"Bar-Ilan Scholar Recants Controversial Blood Libel Theory"
118:
community, based on the confessions of Jews obtained under
1331:"The Centenary of the Restoration of the Society of Jesus"
650:
Plaque in Trento commemorating the injustice towards Jews.
214:, along with accusations of ritual murder, culminating in
1645:
Judenhass: Schuld der Christen?! Versuch eines Gesprächs
1450:"Historian's study of 'blood libel' angers fellow Jews"
995:
Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research
241:
In the face of persistent hostility, he relocated to
134:
reigned in Trent under the ultimate jurisdiction of
67:
Trento, Prince-Bishopric of Trent, Holy Roman Empire
534:
Incunabulum of Friedrich Creussner, Nuremberg, 1475
325:in 1583, with 24 March having the additional text:
1683:
1297:
1197:
1765:
1480:
1219:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Archived from
1711:Tridentum Rivista Mensile di Studi Scientifici
835:
833:
359:) within the Diocese of Trent. In a letter to
102:(1472–1475), was a young boy from the city of
1686:Trent 1475: Stories of a Ritual Murder Trial
943:
941:
939:
830:
1708:
1588:
1276:, translated by Belser, R., archived from
985:
958:(in Italian). Vol. 56. Archived from
873:
871:
869:
867:
1659:
1647:. Essen: Hans Driewer. pp. 329–357.
1483:"Historian gives credence to blood libel"
1481:Palmieri-Billig, Lisa (7 February 2007).
1379:
947:
936:
853:
851:
849:
472:are harvesting adrenochrome from children
130:At the time of the events, Prince-Bishop
1505:
1123:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
284:
1423:
864:
151:Simon's body, to report the discovery.
1766:
1642:
1619:
1394:
1365:
1325:
1255:: 179 et seq – via Google Books.
1087:
846:
221:
1740:
1721:
1530:
1424:Franchi, Fabrizio (19 January 2021).
1021:
409:Saints Peter and Paul church in Trent
1678:
1632:Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
1627:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1233:
1034:
973:
955:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
930:
917:
904:
891:
878:
858:
840:
824:
811:
759:
634:Martyrdom of Simon of Trent above a
618:Martyrdom of Simon of Trent above a
344:In 1758, Cardinal Ganganelli (later
1726:. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.
1555:
1207:"Clement XIV. (Lorenzo Ganganelli)"
760:Bowd, Stephen (22 September 2021).
574:Illustration in Hartmann Schedel's
13:
1506:Schwartz, Adi (24 February 2008).
1458:. 11 February 2007. Archived from
1395:Rogger, Iginio (8 February 2007).
1265:
698:Prozess gegen die Juden von Trient
14:
1845:
1589:Rothschild, Mike (22 June 2021).
1301:(1782). "Beatus Andres de Pago".
1191:
643:
627:
611:
595:
583:
567:
551:
539:
527:
507:
492:
485:
434:
136:Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III
29:
1613:
1582:
1549:
1524:
1499:
1474:
1442:
1417:
1409:on 1 February 2023 – via
1388:
1359:
1319:
1311:. Bartholomaei Occhi. pp.
1291:
1259:
1227:
1185:
1153:
1117:
1081:
979:
966:
923:
910:
439:In the 21st century, historian
296:The Martyrdom of Saint Simonino
1531:Reich, Aaron (27 March 2020).
1381:10.4000/laboratoireitalien.592
897:
884:
817:
804:
776:10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0433
753:
721:
138:. In March 1475, an itinerant
1:
1834:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe
1794:Italian Roman Catholic saints
1556:Lee, Ella (3 February 2022).
1282:As We have shown in Our work
709:
280:
1804:Medieval anti-Jewish pogroms
1434:(in Italian). Archived from
1405:(in Italian). Archived from
1374:(in Italian) (11): 221–230.
767:Oxford Bibliographies Online
714:
667:Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln
452:In 2020, the Italian artist
16:Italian Roman Catholic saint
7:
1809:Roman Catholic child saints
1595:. Octopus. pp. 58–61.
655:
256:defending the Jews, and an
110:in northern Italy), in the
10:
1850:
1660:Gentilini, Gianni (2007).
1309:National Library of Naples
421:Museo diocesano tridentino
1620:Curzel, Emanuele (2018).
1355:– via Google Books.
1077:– via Google Books.
948:Quaglioni, Diego (2001).
397:Alessandro Maria Gottardi
258:Invectiva contra Platinam
125:
112:Prince-Bishopric of Trent
60:
49:Prince-Bishopric of Trent
37:
28:
21:
1722:Treue, Wolfgang (1996).
1345:Longmans, Green, and Co.
1049:Getty Research Institute
1366:Rogger, Iginio (2011).
1269:Excerpts from The Bull
1244:Revue des Études Juives
1216:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1035:Kohl, Jeanette (2018).
950:"Giudici, Battista dei"
333:. Furthermore, in 1588
1799:Jewish Italian history
1630:. Vol. 92. Rome:
1237:(January–March 1889).
1213:; et al. (eds.).
1041:Getty Research Journal
987:Kristeller, Paul Oskar
395:) archbishop of Trent
298:
158:by American historian
95:
87:
1814:Child murder in Italy
1784:Antisemitism in Italy
1329:(January–June 1914).
1094:Usuardi Martyrologium
370:, Promoter of Faith,
322:Martyrologium Romanum
288:
236:Bishop of Ventimiglia
1749:. pp. 331–347.
1173:. 1583. p. 50.
692:Harold of Gloucester
476:Satanic ritual abuse
232:Battista dei Giudici
144:Bernardine of Feltre
1438:on 30 January 2023.
1372:Laboratoire Italien
1266:Melzer, Gottfried,
933:, pp. 128–129)
741:on 14 December 2020
729:"St Simon of Trent"
677:Werner of Oberwesel
478:in order to become
266:University of Padua
222:Papal investigation
132:Johannes Hinderbach
1824:People from Trento
1664:. Milano: Medusa.
1622:"SIMONE da Trento"
1538:The Jerusalem Post
1488:The Jerusalem Post
1253:Peeters Publishers
920:, pp. 95–104)
672:William of Norwich
446:Passovers of Blood
361:Benedetto Veterani
299:
254:Apologia Iudaeorum
226:On 3 August 1475,
196:burnt at the stake
191:of Jewish rites".
96:Simonino di Trento
1638:on 31 March 2023.
1602:978-1-80096-046-6
1545:on 12 April 2023.
1520:on 16 April 2022.
1299:Pope Benedict XIV
1280:on 13 June 2023,
1171:Guillaume Rouillé
1066:978-1-60606-571-6
861:, pp. 26–27)
814:, pp. 14–15)
560:Palazzo Salvadori
514:Unknown painter,
454:Giovanni Gasparro
372:Pope Benedict XIV
250:Bartolomeo Sacchi
156:the trial records
98:), also known as
72:
71:
53:Holy Roman Empire
1841:
1829:Folk Catholicism
1760:
1737:
1718:
1705:
1689:
1680:Hsia, R. Po-chia
1675:
1656:
1639:
1634:. Archived from
1607:
1606:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:. Archived from
1553:
1547:
1546:
1541:. Archived from
1528:
1522:
1521:
1516:. Archived from
1503:
1497:
1496:
1495:on 9 April 2023.
1491:. Archived from
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1462:on 15 April 2023
1446:
1440:
1439:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1284:De Canonisatione
1263:
1257:
1256:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1223:on 8 April 2023.
1195:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1125:Baronius, Caesar
1121:
1115:
1114:
1099:Molanus, Joannes
1097:. Translated by
1085:
1079:
1078:
1032:
1019:
1018:
983:
977:
970:
964:
963:
945:
934:
927:
921:
914:
908:
901:
895:
888:
882:
875:
862:
855:
844:
837:
828:
821:
815:
808:
802:
801:
799:
797:
788:. Archived from
762:"Simon of Trent"
757:
751:
750:
748:
746:
737:. Archived from
725:
647:
631:
615:
599:
587:
571:
555:
543:
531:
511:
500:Altobello Melone
496:
462:
429:
417:
405:
369:
346:Pope Clement XIV
291:Niklaus Weckmann
275:Pope Innocent IV
120:judicial torture
88:Simon von Trient
82:
33:
19:
18:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1734:
1702:
1692:Yale University
1672:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1570:on 8 April 2023
1554:
1550:
1529:
1525:
1504:
1500:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1422:
1418:
1393:
1389:
1364:
1360:
1324:
1320:
1296:
1292:
1264:
1260:
1232:
1228:
1211:Singer, Isidore
1192:
1190:
1186:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1141:. p. 139.
1122:
1118:
1086:
1082:
1067:
1033:
1022:
1007:10.2307/3622714
984:
980:
971:
967:
962:on 1 July 2022.
946:
937:
928:
924:
915:
911:
902:
898:
889:
885:
881:, pp. 1–3)
876:
865:
856:
847:
838:
831:
822:
818:
809:
805:
795:
793:
792:on 8 April 2023
786:
758:
754:
744:
742:
727:
726:
722:
717:
712:
658:
651:
648:
639:
632:
623:
616:
607:
600:
591:
588:
579:
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1779:1475 deaths
1774:1472 births
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576:Weltchronik
522:(BS), Italy
457: [
441:Ariel Toaff
424: [
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277:from 1243.
189:ethnography
181:blood libel
164:Good Friday
160:Ronnie Hsia
55:(now Italy)
1768:Categories
1747:De Gruyter
1745:. Berlin:
1717:: 304–411.
1574:6 February
710:References
602:Statue of
331:Roman Rite
289:School of
281:Veneration
270:papal bull
142:preacher,
140:Franciscan
64:March 1475
1563:USA Today
1336:The Month
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1051:: 37–60.
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715:Citations
379:canonized
262:canon law
80:‹See Tfd›
1682:(1992).
1455:Ynetnews
1402:Avvenire
1127:(1589).
1091:(1568).
989:(1993).
656:See also
636:Judensau
620:Judensau
480:immortal
474:through
243:Rovereto
208:Lombardy
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1513:Haaretz
1431:l'Adige
1353:1589103
1135:Antwerp
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562:, Trent
516:Ex voto
264:at the
216:Vicenza
168:podestĂ
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116:Jewish
108:Trento
100:Simeon
84:German
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1466:5 May
1249:XVIII
1209:. In
1071:S2CID
1011:JSTOR
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212:Tyrol
106:(now
104:Trent
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1468:2021
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1061:ISBN
798:2020
780:ISBN
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