817:
33:
513:
409:, nor by any other visitor. Likewise, though ringing and clanging sounds were noted by missionaries interested in traditional Tibetan healing practices, they make no mention of singing bowls. The objects often now referred to as 'Tibetan singing bowls', and marketed as Tibetan ritual instruments, have been called "dharma products" that in fact come from northern India or Nepal, and are neither Tibetan nor ritual in origin.
583:
2156:
565:, lower contact forces and greater angular velocity. Research has also been carried out using loudspeaker-induced oscillation. Studies have investigated the behaviour of bowls partly filled with water, the way in which the resonant response varies with temperature, and the characteristics of drop-ejection from the liquid surface. A BBC report of 2011 includes slow motion video from one of the studies.
386:
538:
671:
A 1968 reference mentions the 'celuring-set', said at the date of writing to have been a rare instrument found only in the central
Javanese principalities. This consisted of a large ornate frame, on top of which was mounted a set of bronze half-coconut-shaped bowls which were struck with a small iron
400:
tradition, the manufacture and use of bowls specifically for the purpose of 'singing' (as opposed to standing bells/bowls that are intended to be struck) is believed to be a modern phenomenon. The historical records and accounts of the music of Tibet are silent about singing bowls. Such bowls are not
874:
It is sometimes stated that singing bowls are 'traditionally' made of an alloy consisting of various metals, often seven, each associated with a heavenly body. Those commonly mentioned are gold, silver, mercury, copper, iron, tin and lead (or antimony). This is said to be supported by the results of
377:
Bronze bells of substantial size were being cast in China at least as early as the 13thâ11th centuries BCE, and the spread of
Buddhism in the 2ndâ7th centuries CE gave new impetus to the production of large bells for use in rituals. Chinese tradition was, however, unique in that bells were made not
381:
Some writers have suggested that the modern singing bowl developed from bowls originally used for food; but others consider that to be unlikely, pointing out that there would be no reason for food bowls to be manufactured with thick rims and with great attention paid to their acoustic properties.
676:
543:
542:
540:
544:
440:
731:
since the introduction of those terms in the 1980s. 'Tibetan singing bowls' have as a result become a prominent visual and musical symbol of Tibet, to the extent that the most prevalent modern representation of Tibet within the US is that of bowls played by
Americans.
101:
took the shape of a stemmed goblet, mounted with rim uppermost, and struck on the outside with a mallet. The manufacture and use of bowls specifically for 'singing' is believed to be a modern phenomenon. Bowls that were capable of singing began to be imported to the
423:
871:(an alloy of copper and tin), sometimes with impurities or additions, although variability can be inferred from the variety of alloy colours. They are generally bowl-shaped, and exist in a wide variety of sizes, from a few centimetres to one metre in diameter.
556:
excitation and also after being struck. In the former case, experiments indicate that bowls exhibit both radial and tangential motion, in concurrent stable and unstable modes. The unstable mode rotates around the bowl at the same angular velocity as the
441:
424:
859:' in the mind of the listener. It has been argued that the altered state (whether meditative, spiritual, drug-related or all three) is a key association with 'Tibetan music' in the US and adds to the market value of that representation of Tibet.
541:
457:
573:
Standing bells are used for religious purposes, music making and meditation, as well as for relaxation and personal well-being. They have become popular with music therapists and sound healers, yoga and meditation practitioners.
722:
Wolff and
Hennings' seminal recording was followed by the development of a unique style of American singing bowl music called 'Tibetan music'. This has remained very popular in the US with many recordings being marketed as
373:
from southern China were produced as single specimens, while in the north they were produced in chimed sets of three. Some were constructed such that striking at two different points would produce different ringing tones.
894:
The usual manufacturing technique for standing bells was to cast the molten metal followed by hand-hammering into the required shape. Modern bells/bowls may be made in that way, but may also be shaped by machine-lathing.
459:
79:
religious practices to accompany periods of meditation and chanting. Struck and singing bowls are widely used for music making, meditation and relaxation, as well for personal spirituality. They have become popular with
64:, supported from below with the rim uppermost. Such bells are normally bowl-shaped, and exist in a wide range of sizes, from a few centimetres to a metre in diameter. They are often played by striking, but someâknown as
883:
with small quantitiesâconsistent with impuritiesâof some of the other metals that were looked for, namely lead, zinc, iron and silver. No gold or mercury was found within the accuracy of the measuring apparatus.
520:
Singing bowls may be partly filled with water, allowing them to be tuned. A Chinese form known as a 'spouting bowl' has handles which, when rubbed with damp hands, causes water droplets to leap up as a result of
808:. Six recorded selections from a short piece of source music play simultaneously, at different pitches and speeds, combined such that no combination is repeated until one thousand years has elapsed.
1925:
442:
425:
855:. Western recordings of so-called 'Tibetan music' frequently associate the bowls with relaxation, as well as attributing them with healing powers and the ability to create some sort of '
539:
475:
on the other hand has maximum vibration towards the centre). They are usually placed on a pillow, to allow the rim to vibrate freely, though small bells may be held gently in the hand.
361:
embody some of the highest technical skills of
Chinese civilisation and represent the earliest known form of chiming bell. Taking the shape of hollow-stemmed goblets with a curved rim,
2845:
2840:
458:
898:
The finished article is sometimes decorated with an inscription such as a message of goodwill, or with decorative motifs such as rings, stars, dots or leaves. Bowls from
367:
were made in sizes varying between 8 and 50 cm (3.1 and 19.7 in). They were mounted on their stem, with rim uppermost, and struck on the outside with a mallet.
2810:
2703:
349:(16thâ11th centuries BCE) bells being among the oldest bronze objects found in China. They possibly originated from grain scoops of standard capacity (the word
1916:
561:, resulting in beating phenomena always being heard, even with a perfectly symmetrical bowl. Rattling or chattering may occur, particularly with harder
118:
Standing bells are known by a wide variety of terms in
English, and are sometimes referred to as bowls, basins, cups or gongs. Specific terms include
701:(although they gave no details of the bowls used in the recording). This was the first in what would become a series of five related releases:
1736:
1566:; Ouweltjes, Okke; Bulut, Murtaza (1 January 2014). "An Electro-Acoustic Implementation of Tibetan Bowls: Acoustics and Perception".
1955:
1262:
2894:
1706:
1292:
2850:
2900:
2138:
2116:
1767:
1369:
983:
973:
947:
303:
used in state rituals, has more recently been applied to this type of standing bell. Early
Chinese standing bells are called
2975:
2678:
2970:
2920:
1802:
1223:
1194:
2770:
2083:
1152:
2188:
2160:
2096:
Tibet Chic: Myth, Marketing, Spirituality and
Politics in Musical Representations of Tibet in the United States
1507:
856:
310:
552:
The vibrational behaviour of bowls has been simulated and has been widely studied both under friction-induced
2926:
2825:
2785:
2502:
2267:
320:
17:
2765:
2960:
2905:
2730:
2673:
2631:
1461:
529:
on the water surface. Such bowls are said to have been manufactured from as early as the 5th century BCE.
2955:
2611:
663:
is also used in household worship. Buddhist ritual makes no use of the 'singing' mode of bell operation.
1215:
787:
509:. The volume of the continuous note depends on the speed of the mallet and the force that is applied.
836:, their modern popularity for that purpose perhaps deriving from the modal vibration studies known as
816:
719:(1991). The albums are based on the concept of taking a spiritual journey, with the music as a guide.
2800:
2708:
2601:
355:
or 'grain measure' is used in many ancient texts to mean a bell). Early bronze standing bells called
615:, typically a hammered bronze bowl between 10 and 15 cm (3.9 and 5.9 in) in diameter. The
106:
from around the early 1970s. Since then they have become a popular instrument in the US-originating
2872:
2862:
2835:
2805:
2725:
2591:
188:
In Japan, the name for a bell of the standing type varies between
Buddhist sects. It may be called
1628:
InĂĄcio, OctĂĄvio; Henrique, LuĂs L; Antunes, JosĂŠ (2006). "The
Dynamics of Tibetan Singing Bowls".
1058:
InĂĄcio, OctĂĄvio; Henrique, LuĂs L; Antunes, JosĂŠ (2006). "The Dynamics of Tibetan Singing Bowls".
2965:
2483:
2980:
2915:
2750:
2576:
2561:
2538:
2094:
630:
939:
933:
735:
Standing bells/bowls are called for in several contemporary classical music scores, including
2867:
2830:
2745:
2543:
2253:
844:
697:
609:. In Chinese Buddhist temples the chanting of prayers may be punctuated by the striking of a
526:
502:
1707:"Abstract: Resonance Frequency Variations of Metallic Tibetan Singing Bowl with Temperature"
2795:
2790:
2775:
2660:
2372:
1671:
1575:
1522:
876:
833:
691:
have been credited with the singing bowl's introduction for musical purposes in their 1972
494:
483:
1728:
1314:
Rostoker, William; Bronson, Bennet; Dvorak, James (1984). "The Cast-Iron Bells of China".
393:
Although it is sometimes stated that 'Tibetan singing bowls' date back to a pre-Buddhist,
8:
2910:
2857:
2606:
2516:
2497:
2181:
1947:
1675:
1579:
1526:
1254:
2820:
2760:
1687:
1661:
1591:
1339:
1331:
490:
2571:
2418:
2134:
2112:
2079:
1798:
1763:
1683:
1365:
1343:
1284:
1229:
1219:
1190:
979:
943:
777:
759:
707:
501:
is rotated around the outside rim to excite continuous vibrations in the bowl by the
468:
61:
1691:
1595:
1186:
1179:
2815:
2596:
1679:
1583:
1530:
1323:
479:
345:
There is evidence that the metal bell originated in China, with the earliest known
32:
1506:
Collin, Samantha R; Keefer, Chloe L & Moore, Thomas R (16â19 September 2015).
851:
and for personal spirituality by those who believe that the sound can work on the
2780:
2735:
2685:
2566:
736:
402:
150:. A bell that is capable of producing a sustained musical note may be known as a
497:
classification 133.1). In this mode, a wooden mallet sometimes called a wand or
2720:
2650:
2621:
2531:
2521:
2430:
2288:
2258:
2174:
1364:. Translated by Willson, Martin. Bangkok: Orchid Press. pp. 202â203, 240.
891:. Some modern 'crystal' bowls are made of re-formed crushed synthetic crystal.
688:
594:
406:
1587:
2949:
2933:
2877:
2715:
2459:
2454:
2278:
2126:
1791:
1785:
1480:
888:
848:
829:
765:
728:
692:
684:
478:
They are often played by striking, in which case they sound a bell note as a
471:(a bell is a hollow object which has maximum vibration around an open rim; a
346:
107:
103:
85:
81:
42:
1610:
975:
All about Hand Percussion: Everything You Need to Know to Start Playing Now!
512:
2740:
2643:
2636:
2616:
2586:
2526:
2435:
2343:
2233:
2223:
1615:
Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression
1563:
938:. London; NY: Kahn & Avril (UK); Pro/AM Music Resources (US). pp.
750:
522:
161:
Contemporary classical music scores use a variety of other names including
72:
covered mallet around the outside rim to produce a sustained musical note.
1233:
489:
Alternatively, some bells may be capable of 'singing bowl' operation as a
2755:
2626:
2447:
2411:
2377:
2367:
2283:
2263:
2248:
2243:
724:
624:
1652:
Terwagne, Denis; Bush, John W M (1 July 2011). "Tibetan singing bowls".
1285:"About this artwork: Bell (nao), Western Zhou dynasty (1046 - 771 B.C.)"
2655:
2314:
2238:
2228:
1335:
1146:
903:
880:
868:
801:
601:
In the religious context, standing bells are primarily associated with
506:
300:
2490:
1534:
2668:
2507:
2425:
2382:
2357:
2336:
2329:
2293:
841:
805:
746:
2394:
2350:
1660:(8). IOP Publishing Ltd & London Mathematical Society: R51âR66.
1327:
2478:
2406:
2387:
2362:
2324:
2319:
2218:
1762:. Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons Canada. p. 240.
837:
602:
76:
2309:
2002:
2000:
1666:
675:
2581:
582:
2401:
2155:
2076:
The Complete Book of Singing Bowls: Himalayan sound revelations
1997:
852:
795:
683:
Bowls that were capable of singing began to be imported to the
606:
394:
330:
1981:. Newmarket, New Hampshire, USA: Trans Stephenson, Macromedia.
385:
257:, among other things. Large temple bells are sometimes called
2039:
1873:
1871:
1858:
1856:
1414:. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. 149â151.
899:
69:
46:
1214:. Vol. 4: Physics and Physical Technology. Cambridge :
2273:
2213:
2197:
2029:
2027:
1895:
1837:(2nd ed.). The Hague: Matinus Nijhoff. pp. 50â53.
1423:
1421:
687:
from around the early 1970s. The musicians Henry Wolff and
472:
89:
2109:
Singing Bowls: a Practical Handbook of Instruction and Use
1868:
1853:
1816:
1814:
1151:. EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica, Inc. 28 September 2006. Zhong.
821:
397:
95:
Standing bells originated in China. An early form called
2166:
2102:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Pittsburgh.
2024:
2012:
1985:
1418:
645:(a small hand bell), and two percussion instruments: an
605:
meditation and chanting, although they are also used in
2051:
1811:
1515:
Proceedings of the Third Vienna Talk on Music Acoustics
1508:"The Etiology of Chatter in the Himalayan Singing Bowl"
2445:
2416:
2392:
1883:
1841:
1124:
1122:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1053:
1051:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
867:
Most standing bells are manufactured substantially of
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
505:, the principle being the same as that of water-tuned
447:
430:
252:
246:
225:
219:
36:
2348:
2334:
1729:"Tibetan singing bowls give up their chaotic secrets"
1627:
1313:
1115:. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E Tuttle. pp. 68â69.
1057:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
999:
997:
995:
887:
Singing bowls are also sometimes said to incorporate
622:
616:
610:
467:
Musically, these objects are classified as a type of
368:
362:
356:
350:
304:
282:
273:
272:, while small versions for a home altar are known as
96:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1541:
1433:
1378:
1621:
1562:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1119:
1070:
1009:
452:
played as friction idiophone, demonstrating chatter
1915:
1790:
1784:
1355:
1353:
1178:
1028:
992:
1979:Cymatics; A Study of Wave Phenomena and Vibration
1640:
1505:
2947:
1445:
2131:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
1350:
258:
231:
204:
189:
1611:"HyperPuja: a Tibetan Singing Bowl controller"
862:
804:is a musical composition for Tibetan bells by
265:
238:
211:
196:
2488:
2182:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1307:
324:
314:
294:
288:
2641:
1651:
1558:
1556:
1141:
1139:
1137:
978:. np: Alfred publishing Co. pp. 19â20.
781:
757:
740:
1917:"Jem Finer: From here to (almost) eternity"
1907:
1609:Young, Diana; Essel, Georg (22 June 2003).
1172:
1170:
811:
2189:
2175:
1940:
1776:
1608:
1492:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
378:only from bronze but also from cast-iron.
1665:
1602:
1553:
1468:. Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
1362:Dreamworld Tibet : Western Illusions
1134:
405:(a visitor in 1903â1904) in his notes on
110:genre often marketed as 'Tibetan music'.
1462:"Grove Music Online: Singing water bowl"
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1167:
1113:Japanese Music & Musical Instruments
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
935:Percussion Instruments and their History
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
902:sometimes include an inscription in the
879:, which found them to be essentially of
815:
674:
593:(wooden fish) at Vấn Linh Khånh Temple,
581:
536:
532:
511:
463:Tibetan singing bowl struck and friction
455:
438:
421:
384:
31:
2092:
2006:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1862:
1720:
1277:
1240:
1209:
1203:
794:(2006). In Japan they are also used in
14:
2948:
2106:
2057:
1913:
1820:
1757:
1751:
1726:
1704:
1547:
1359:
1106:
1104:
1022:
971:
931:
832:, singing bowls are sometimes used in
340:
2901:Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg
2170:
2125:
2073:
2045:
2033:
2018:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1782:
1698:
1486:
1439:
1427:
1409:
1390:
1384:
1295:from the original on 12 December 2017
1176:
1128:
1095:
1003:
956:
916:
417:
27:Bowl-shaped bell, e.g. a singing bowl
2895:Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers
1739:from the original on 25 January 2019
1265:from the original on 3 December 2017
1185:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1155:from the original on 3 December 2017
1110:
299:), which historically referred to a
1958:from the original on 7 January 2019
1101:
847:(1904â1972). They are also used in
24:
1835:Hindu-Javanese Musical Instruments
1630:Acta Acustica United with Acustica
1060:Acta Acustica United with Acustica
577:
68:âmay also be played by rotating a
25:
2992:
2148:
1212:Science and civilisation in China
2154:
1928:from the original on 24 May 2022
1914:Rodger, Jennifer (3 July 2000).
875:a 1996 analysis of two bowls by
548:Water spouting in a singing bowl
2111:. Diever, Holland: Binkey Kok.
2067:
1568:Noise & Vibration Worldwide
1489:, chapter 8: Mallets and Wands.
666:
113:
657:(a stone or metal plate). The
325:
315:
75:Struck bowls are used in some
13:
1:
2927:Freedom Bell, American Legion
2503:Russian Orthodox bell ringing
1727:Palmer, Jason (1 July 2011).
909:
820:Healing ritual at a beach in
651:(a set of small gongs) and a
2906:Liberty Bell Memorial Museum
2632:Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris
1705:Davids, Adam (24 May 2020).
1289:The Art Institute of Chicago
633:). In Japanese temples, the
486:classification 111.242.11).
412:
7:
2976:Tibetan musical instruments
2841:Saarlouiser GlockengieĂerei
2446:
2417:
2393:
2349:
2335:
2078:. New Delhi: Adarsh Books.
1948:"How does Longplayer work?"
1797:. Oxford University Press.
1758:Herman, Jonathan R (2013).
863:Manufacture and composition
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
623:
617:
611:
448:
431:
369:
363:
357:
351:
305:
283:
274:
259:
253:
247:
232:
226:
220:
205:
190:
97:
37:
10:
2997:
2971:Buddhist ritual implements
2766:Pieter and François Hemony
1684:10.1088/0951-7715/24/8/R01
1216:Cambridge University Press
435:played as struck idiophone
2886:
2694:
2602:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
2554:
2468:
2302:
2204:
2196:
2107:Jansen, Eva Rudy (1992).
2093:Congdon, Darinda (2007).
1588:10.1260/0957-4565.45.1.12
711:with Mickey Hart (1983),
621:is usually paired with a
295:
289:
266:
239:
212:
197:
2836:John and William Rufford
2592:Great Bell of Dhammazedi
2048:, pp. 152â153, 155.
2009:, pp. 149, 214â215.
1783:Price, Percival (1983).
1210:Needham, Joseph (1962).
1177:Price, Percival (1983).
1111:Malm, William P (1959).
812:Spirituality and healing
772:(1999); Tan Dun Opera's
568:
389:Bowl with wooden striker
1360:Brauen, Martin (2004).
1148:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
2916:National Bell Festival
2746:Gillett & Johnston
2642:
2577:Bell of King Seongdeok
2562:List of heaviest bells
2539:Bolognese bell ringing
2489:
2239:Bell tower / Campanile
1316:Technology and Culture
932:Blades, James (1992).
825:
782:
758:
741:
680:
598:
549:
517:
516:A spouting bowl in use
464:
453:
436:
390:
49:
2921:Ringing organizations
2544:Veronese bell ringing
2074:Perry, Frank (2015).
1517:. Bridging the Gaps.
819:
678:
639:is used along with a
585:
547:
533:Vibrational behaviour
515:
462:
445:
428:
388:
35:
2811:GlockengieĂerei Otto
2776:Franciscus Illenfeld
2163:at Wikimedia Commons
1977:Jenny, Hans (2001).
1904:, pp. 214, 215.
1833:Kunst, Jaap (1968).
877:Concordia University
834:alternative medicine
589:(standing bell) and
503:slip-stick mechanism
171:Japanese temple bell
156:Tibetan singing bowl
2961:Buddhist meditation
2911:Liberty Bell Museum
2821:Petit & Fritsen
2607:Japanese Peace Bell
2517:Full circle ringing
2498:Ellacombe apparatus
2133:. Macmillan Press.
2036:, pp. 150â151.
2021:, pp. 155â156.
1994:, pp. 32, 105.
1880:, pp. 197â198.
1865:, pp. 120â121.
1676:2011Nonli..24R..51T
1580:2014NVW....45...12A
1527:2015ASAJ..138.1888K
1466:Oxford Music Online
1430:, pp. 203â204.
1410:Gioia, Ted (2006).
840:carried out by the
756:(1941); Messiaen's
341:Origins and history
311:traditional Chinese
2956:Bells (percussion)
2771:Christopher Hodson
1760:Taoism for Dummies
1259:Kimbell Art Museum
826:
778:Joyce Bee Tuan Koh
681:
599:
550:
518:
491:friction idiophone
465:
454:
437:
418:Types of operation
391:
321:simplified Chinese
293:, or historically
167:Buddha temple bell
50:
2943:
2942:
2674:World Peace Bells
2572:Bell of Good Luck
2159:Media related to
2140:978-0-333-37878-6
2118:978-90-74597-01-2
2060:, pp. 31â33.
1850:, pp. 11â12.
1823:, pp. 23â25.
1769:978-1-118-42396-7
1535:10.1121/1.4933928
1371:978-974-524-051-3
985:978-0-7390-4964-8
949:978-0-933224-61-2
792:Eating Variations
760:Oiseaux exotiques
713:Tibetan Bells III
545:
460:
443:
426:
281:The Chinese term
179:campana di templo
16:(Redirected from
2988:
2854:
2712:
2647:
2494:
2451:
2422:
2398:
2354:
2340:
2191:
2184:
2177:
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2144:
2122:
2103:
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2061:
2055:
2049:
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2016:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
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1968:
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1911:
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1281:
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1251:
1238:
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1207:
1201:
1200:
1184:
1174:
1165:
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1162:
1160:
1143:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1026:
1020:
1007:
1001:
990:
989:
969:
954:
953:
929:
785:
763:
744:
717:Tibetan Bells IV
703:Tibetan Bells II
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
628:
620:
614:
607:Taoist practices
546:
527:Chladni patterns
495:HornbostelâSachs
484:HornbostelâSachs
480:struck idiophone
461:
451:
444:
434:
427:
372:
366:
360:
354:
328:
327:
318:
317:
308:
298:
297:
292:
291:
286:
277:
271:
269:
268:
262:
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250:
244:
242:
241:
235:
229:
223:
217:
215:
214:
208:
202:
200:
199:
193:
100:
82:music therapists
41:being struck at
40:
21:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2882:
2848:
2736:Kashpir Ganusov
2731:Royal Eijsbouts
2706:
2696:
2690:
2686:Yongle Big Bell
2567:Balangiga bells
2550:
2464:
2298:
2206:
2205:Background and
2200:
2195:
2151:
2141:
2119:
2099:
2086:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1922:The Independent
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1793:Bells & Man
1781:
1777:
1770:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1650:
1641:
1626:
1622:
1607:
1603:
1564:Aarts, Ronald M
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1510:
1504:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1408:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1358:
1351:
1328:10.2307/3104621
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1253:
1252:
1241:
1226:
1218:. p. 200.
1208:
1204:
1197:
1181:Bells & Man
1175:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1071:
1056:
1029:
1021:
1010:
1002:
993:
986:
972:Kalani (2008).
970:
957:
950:
930:
917:
912:
889:meteoritic iron
865:
814:
788:Robert Paterson
669:
580:
578:Religious usage
571:
537:
535:
507:musical glasses
456:
439:
422:
420:
415:
403:Perceval Landon
343:
263:
236:
209:
194:
116:
92:practitioners.
60:is an inverted
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:Buddhist music
2963:
2958:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2826:Richard Phelps
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Andrey Chokhov
2718:
2713:
2700:
2698:
2695:Bell founders
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2651:Sigismund Bell
2648:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Maria Gloriosa
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:Method ringing
2529:
2522:Change ringing
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2486:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2469:Ringing styles
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2346:
2341:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2289:Striking clock
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2150:
2149:External links
2147:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2129:, ed. (1984).
2127:Sadie, Stanley
2123:
2117:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2023:
2011:
1996:
1984:
1969:
1939:
1906:
1894:
1892:, p. 125.
1882:
1867:
1852:
1840:
1825:
1810:
1804:978-0193181038
1803:
1786:"Introduction"
1775:
1768:
1750:
1719:
1697:
1639:
1620:
1601:
1552:
1540:
1521:(3): 120â123.
1491:
1479:
1444:
1442:, p. 160.
1432:
1417:
1389:
1387:, p. 104.
1377:
1370:
1349:
1322:(4): 750â767.
1306:
1276:
1239:
1225:978-0521058025
1224:
1202:
1196:978-0193181038
1195:
1166:
1133:
1131:, p. 173.
1118:
1100:
1098:, p. 431.
1069:
1027:
1008:
991:
984:
955:
948:
914:
913:
911:
908:
864:
861:
813:
810:
751:Lou Harrison's
737:Philipe Leroux
689:Nancy Hennings
668:
665:
579:
576:
570:
567:
534:
531:
523:standing waves
419:
416:
414:
411:
342:
339:
132:Himalayan bowl
115:
112:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2993:
2982:
2981:New-age music
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2936:
2935:
2934:All the Bells
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2878:Geert van Wou
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Bilbie family
2714:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:and foundries
2693:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:Notable bells
2553:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2460:Tubular bells
2458:
2456:
2455:Tintinnabulum
2453:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2441:Standing bell
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Ring of bells
2277:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2161:Singing bowls
2157:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2085:9788183631204
2081:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1636:(4): 652â653.
1635:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1550:, p. 20.
1549:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1412:Healing Songs
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1066:(4): 637â638.
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1025:, p. XI.
1024:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1006:, p. 40.
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
987:
981:
977:
976:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
951:
945:
941:
937:
936:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
915:
907:
905:
901:
896:
892:
890:
885:
882:
878:
872:
870:
860:
858:
857:altered state
854:
850:
849:sound therapy
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
823:
818:
809:
807:
803:
799:
797:
793:
789:
784:
779:
775:
771:
770:Total Eclipse
767:
762:
761:
755:
752:
748:
743:
738:
733:
730:
729:New-age music
726:
720:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
699:
698:Tibetan Bells
694:
690:
686:
679:Singing bowls
677:
673:
664:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
632:
627:
626:
619:
613:
608:
604:
596:
592:
588:
584:
575:
566:
564:
560:
555:
530:
528:
524:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
450:
433:
410:
408:
407:Tibetan music
404:
401:mentioned by
399:
396:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
359:
353:
348:
347:Shang dynasty
338:
336:
332:
322:
312:
307:
302:
285:
279:
276:
261:
255:
249:
234:
228:
222:
207:
192:
186:
184:
180:
176:
175:Buddhist bell
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
111:
109:
105:
99:
93:
91:
87:
86:sound healers
83:
78:
73:
71:
67:
66:singing bowls
63:
59:
55:
54:standing bell
48:
44:
43:Kiyomizu-dera
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Singing bowls
2932:
2925:
2893:
2741:Vanden Gheyn
2661:
2644:Petersglocke
2637:Olympic Bell
2617:Liberty Bell
2612:Justice Bell
2587:Freedom Bell
2527:Call changes
2440:
2436:Servant bell
2344:Bicycle bell
2234:Bell pattern
2224:Bellfounding
2130:
2108:
2095:
2075:
2068:Bibliography
2053:
2041:
2014:
2007:Congdon 2007
1987:
1978:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1921:
1909:
1902:Congdon 2007
1897:
1890:Congdon 2007
1885:
1878:Congdon 2007
1863:Congdon 2007
1843:
1834:
1828:
1792:
1778:
1759:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1732:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1700:
1657:
1654:Nonlinearity
1653:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1604:
1574:(1): 12â23.
1571:
1567:
1543:
1518:
1514:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1465:
1435:
1411:
1380:
1361:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1288:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1258:
1211:
1205:
1180:
1157:. Retrieved
1147:
1112:
1063:
1059:
974:
934:
897:
893:
886:
873:
866:
827:
800:
791:
786:(1997); and
773:
769:
754:Double Music
753:
734:
721:
716:
715:(1988), and
712:
706:
702:
696:
682:
670:
667:Use in music
600:
590:
586:
572:
562:
558:
553:
551:
519:
498:
488:
477:
466:
392:
380:
376:
344:
334:
329:;
319:;
280:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
160:
155:
152:singing bowl
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:Tibetan bell
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:resting bell
119:
117:
114:Nomenclature
94:
74:
65:
58:resting bell
57:
53:
51:
29:
2873:Whitechapel
2849: [
2806:Olsen Nauen
2801:John Murphy
2756:Miles Graye
2707: [
2662:Temple Bell
2627:Mingun Bell
2431:Ship's bell
2412:Jingle bell
2378:Crotal bell
2368:Church bell
2284:Strike tone
2264:Campanology
2249:Bell shrine
2244:Bell-ringer
2207:terminology
2058:Jansen 1992
1821:Jansen 1992
1548:Jansen 1992
1472:19 November
1299:11 December
1023:Jansen 1992
725:World music
254:uchinarashi
163:temple bell
128:Buddha bowl
124:prayer bowl
2950:Categories
2863:Hugh Watts
2656:Swan Bells
2315:Altar bell
2229:Bell-gable
2046:Perry 2015
2034:Perry 2015
2019:Perry 2015
1992:Perry 2015
1952:Longplayer
1848:Perry 2015
1743:24 January
1487:Perry 2015
1440:Perry 2015
1428:Sadie 1984
1385:Perry 2015
1269:3 December
1255:"Nao Bell"
1159:3 December
1129:Sadie 1984
1096:Sadie 1984
1004:Perry 2015
910:References
904:Devanagari
881:bell metal
869:bell metal
845:Hans Jenny
802:Longplayer
774:Marco Polo
764:(1955/6);
631:wood block
595:Quảng Ninh
587:ChuĂ´ng bĂĄt
301:lithophone
2846:Schilling
2786:Marinelli
2751:Grassmayr
2704:Bergholtz
2669:Tsar Bell
2597:Great Tom
2508:Blagovest
2426:Mini-ring
2383:Dead bell
2358:Call bell
2337:Bianzhong
2330:Bell tree
2294:Zvonnitsa
1962:7 January
1932:7 January
1667:1106.6348
1344:112143315
842:physician
806:Jem Finer
798:theatre.
747:John Cage
708:Yamantaka
597:, Vietnam
525:known as
446:Japanese
429:Japanese
413:Operation
144:bowl gong
2679:Kentucky
2664:(Boston)
2479:Carillon
2475:Chiming
2407:Handbell
2388:Doorbell
2363:Cat bell
2325:Babendil
2320:Aluphone
2219:Bell-cot
1956:Archived
1926:Archived
1737:Archived
1692:14697482
1596:53583765
1293:Archived
1263:Archived
1153:Archived
906:script.
838:Cymatics
776:(1995);
766:Taverner
745:(2001);
705:(1978),
603:Buddhist
395:shamanic
183:cup bell
148:cup gong
140:rin gong
77:Buddhist
2887:Related
2831:Rudhall
2816:Paccard
2796:Meneely
2791:McShane
2781:Juutila
2582:Big Ben
2491:Canpanò
2373:Cowbell
2259:Bourdon
1672:Bibcode
1617:: 9â14.
1576:Bibcode
1523:Bibcode
1336:3104621
940:131â132
853:chakras
828:In the
742:Les Uns
693:new-age
648:orugoru
275:namarin
221:dobachi
108:new-age
2868:Warner
2858:Taylor
2726:Cockey
2402:Ghanta
2395:DĹtaku
2351:BonshĹ
2254:Belfry
2137:
2115:
2082:
1801:
1766:
1712:24 May
1690:
1594:
1368:
1342:
1334:
1234:779676
1232:
1222:
1193:
982:
946:
824:(2019)
796:kabuki
695:album
398:Bon-Po
331:pinyin
260:daikin
248:sahari
2853:]
2761:Hatch
2711:]
2484:Chime
2310:AgogĂ´
2303:Types
2268:index
2198:Bells
2100:(PDF)
1688:S2CID
1662:arXiv
1592:S2CID
1511:(PDF)
1340:S2CID
1332:JSTOR
900:Nepal
672:bar.
569:Usage
352:chung
233:kinsu
227:keisu
146:and
70:suede
47:Kyoto
2448:Suzu
2419:Kane
2274:Peal
2214:Bell
2135:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2080:ISBN
1964:2019
1934:2019
1799:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1745:2019
1714:2020
1474:2017
1366:ISBN
1301:2017
1271:2017
1230:OCLC
1220:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1161:2017
980:ISBN
944:ISBN
830:West
685:West
625:muyu
618:qing
612:qing
563:puja
559:puja
554:puja
499:puja
473:gong
469:bell
284:qing
181:and
104:West
90:yoga
88:and
62:bell
1733:BBC
1680:doi
1584:doi
1531:doi
1519:138
1324:doi
1187:1â2
822:Goa
790:'s
780:'s
768:'s
739:'s
727:or
660:rin
654:kei
642:rei
636:rin
493:, (
449:rin
432:rin
370:Nao
364:nao
358:nao
337:).
335:nĂĄo
306:nao
251:or
240:ăăă
206:kin
191:rin
154:or
98:nao
56:or
38:Rin
2952::
2851:de
2709:sv
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1999:^
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1920:.
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1318:.
1291:.
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1257:.
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1228:.
1189:.
1169:^
1136:^
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1062:.
1030:^
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994:^
958:^
942:.
918:^
783:Lè
749:/
591:mĂľ
333::
323::
313::
278:.
267:大磏
245:,
230:,
224:,
218:,
203:,
198:ăă
185:.
177:,
173:,
169:,
165:,
158:.
142:,
138:,
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296:ç˝
290:磏
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213:磏
210:(
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195:(
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