3558:
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1252:
25:
1242:
132:
503:. For example, in the memory-invariant states there must be no cross-references (or memory pointers) between two SIPs; communication between SIPs occurs via higher-order communication channels managed by the operating system. Invariants are checked during installation of the application. (In Singularity, installation is managed by the operating system.)
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317:
492:(SIPs). Each SIP has its own data and code layout, and is independent from other SIPs. These SIPs behave like normal processes, but avoid the cost of task-switches.
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703:
953:
913:
670:
919:
1982:
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42:
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758:
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89:
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61:
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68:
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The first
Singularity Research Development Kit (RDK), RDK 1.1, was initially released on March 4, 2008, being released under a
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and runs in protected mode. There is also some C code to handle debugging. The computer's basic input/output system (
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1321:
916:, an interview of the Channel 9 team to 3 researchers of the Singularity Project Team (video & thread).
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551:
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457:
928:, an interview of the Channel 9 team to 4 researchers of the Singularity Project Team (video & thread)
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1382:
500:
35:
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649:, a Microsoft-developed microkernel-based operating system. Based on and related to Singularity.
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operating system. Unlike most historic microkernels, its components execute in the same
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1990:
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643:, general kernel design using language-based protection instead of hardware protection.
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mode, Singularity never invokes the BIOS again, but invokes device drivers written in
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an interview of the
Channel 9 team to Jim Larus and Galen Hunt (video & thread)
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258:
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1954:
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2009:
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1641:
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1434:
1089:
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527:
514:, allow no arbitrary pointers, and allow code to be verified to meet a given
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between July 9, 2003, and
February 7, 2015. It was designed as a high
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license allowing academic non-commercial use and available from
412:. Once this code has done its job, it invokes the kernel, which
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1967:
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1016:
560:
495:
Protection in this system is provided by a set of rules called
461:
449:
275:
922:, a demo of Singularity actually running (video & thread).
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2210:
2140:
2127:
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1938:
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1041:
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172:
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Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media
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2223:
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1920:
1048:
855:
441:
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2191:
1998:
1740:
598:, a former effort to write an operating system using C#;
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JNode, an OS similar in concept to
Singularity, but with
398:
271:
550:; programs are run in a virtual machine and written in
563:, a legacy OS based on the same concept as Singularity
16:
Experimental operating system from
Microsoft Research
851:"Is Microsoft's 'Singularity' the OS of the future?"
534:. RDK 2.0 was later released on November 14, 2008.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
961:
3572:
506:Most of the invariants rely on the use of safer
627:, a ring-0 operating system with JIT compiler;
2953:
2916:Category: Microkernel-based operating systems
1809:
1282:
947:
704:"Singularity RDK 2.0 Initial Release (17067)"
2967:
1823:
821:"Singularity: Rethinking the Software Stack"
814:
812:
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2946:
1816:
1802:
1289:
1275:
1241:
954:
940:
786:
784:
809:
576:, a Java OS that, like Singularity, uses
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2461:
908:Singularity: A research OS written in C#
848:
792:"An Overview of the Singularity Project"
698:
696:
665:
663:
464:are compiled into x86 opcodes using the
781:
618:toolkit for developing an OS using C#;
510:languages, such as Sing#, which have a
3573:
608:compiler and operating system using C#
2941:
1797:
1296:
1270:
935:
818:
693:
660:
432:) and runs in unprotected mode. The
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3591:Microkernel-based operating systems
914:Singularity III: Revenge of the SIP
894:overview of the Singularity Project
710:. November 14, 2008. Archived from
537:
58:"Singularity" operating system
13:
546:, first created in 1995, based on
471:
14:
3617:
3064:Confidential Consortium Framework
874:
521:
3557:
3556:
2920:
2919:
2910:
2909:
1393:Object-oriented operating system
1251:
1250:
1240:
920:Singularity IV: Return of the UI
849:Ricciuti, Mike (March 5, 2008).
130:
23:
444:) is invoked during the 16-bit
34:needs additional citations for
1403:Supercomputer operating system
962:Operating systems by Microsoft
842:
751:
726:
1:
890:Singularity Design Motivation
653:
1378:Just enough operating system
1363:Distributed operating system
830:. Microsoft Research Redmond
458:Common Intermediate Language
404:dispatch code is written in
392:
243:2.0 / November 14, 2008
7:
3581:Microsoft operating systems
3197:Neural Network Intelligence
2170:Multi-Environment Real-Time
1491:User space and kernel space
1131:Windows Embedded Automotive
1027:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1
819:Hunt, Galen; Larus, James.
634:
490:software-isolated processes
10:
3622:
1398:Real-time operating system
434:hardware abstraction layer
318:Microsoft Research License
3554:
3524:
3501:
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3433:
3424:
3413:
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2451:
2410:
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2232:
2105:
2095:
2084:
1937:
1910:
1882:
1844:
1835:
1733:
1670:
1616:
1594:Multilevel feedback queue
1589:Fixed-priority preemptive
1577:
1512:
1503:
1473:
1420:
1411:
1373:Hobbyist operating system
1368:Embedded operating system
1350:
1304:
1236:
1180:
1154:
1141:Windows Embedded Industry
1108:
1062:
967:
448:bootstrap stage; once in
428:, itself an extension of
378:. Internal security uses
323:
311:
297:
281:
267:
257:
237:
219:
204:
196:
186:
158:
141:
136:Singularity after boot-up
129:
2969:Microsoft Research (MSR)
1637:General protection fault
1388:Network operating system
1342:User features comparison
1136:Windows Embedded Compact
554:instead of C# with CIL;
516:computer security policy
424:(an extended version of
213:Shared Source Initiative
1383:Mobile operating system
899:Singularity source code
501:static program analysis
456:. During installation,
3172:Image Composite Editor
3147:Automatic Graph Layout
2926:Category: Microkernels
1486:Loadable kernel module
570:instead of C# with CIL
306:Command-line interface
245:; 15 years ago
225:; 16 years ago
191:Language-based systems
1554:Process control block
1520:Computer multitasking
1358:Disk operating system
926:Singularity Revisited
671:"Singularity RDK 1.1"
641:Language-based system
548:Plan 9 from Bell Labs
499:that are verified by
152:Microsoft Corporation
3322:Launched as products
2985:Languages, compilers
2905:Open-source software
2412:Java virtual machine
1725:Virtual tape library
1317:Forensic engineering
1228:Xbox system software
629:open-source software
620:open-source software
600:open-source software
556:open-source software
374:were all written in
372:application software
43:improve this article
3232:WorldWide Telescope
2864:Andrew S. Tanenbaum
1734:Supporting concepts
1720:Virtual file system
1070:Nokia Asha platform
714:on December 6, 2008
350:is an experimental
126:
125:Singularity Project
3586:Microsoft Research
3227:T2 Temporal Prover
1657:Segmentation fault
1505:Process management
1116:Azure RTOS ThreadX
769:on January 2, 2018
488:), which contains
356:Microsoft Research
223:March 4, 2008
148:Microsoft Research
124:
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3567:
3550:
3549:
3497:
3496:
3409:
3408:
3247:Operating systems
3237:Z3 Theorem Prover
3152:Cognitive Toolkit
2935:
2934:
2849:James G. Mitchell
2834:Per Brinch Hansen
2653:
2652:
2488:
2487:
2281:
2280:
1977:
1976:
1894:Mac OS nanokernel
1791:
1790:
1647:Memory protection
1618:Memory management
1612:
1611:
1604:Shortest job next
1499:
1498:
1298:Operating systems
1264:
1263:
1100:Windows 10 Mobile
975:Microsoft Windows
759:"Singularity RDK"
585:memory protection
582:computer hardware
512:garbage collector
476:Singularity is a
418:garbage collector
406:assembly language
397:The lowest-level
387:memory protection
345:
344:
165:Assembly language
119:
118:
111:
93:
3613:
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2287:Capability-based
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2102:
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1841:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1746:Computer network
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1417:
1291:
1284:
1277:
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1267:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1075:Nokia X platform
968:Desktop / Server
956:
949:
942:
933:
932:
886:
885:
883:Official website
868:
867:
865:
863:
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839:
837:
835:
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802:
796:
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765:. Archived from
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749:
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724:
723:
721:
719:
700:
691:
690:
688:
686:
677:. Archived from
667:
538:Similar projects
362:OS in which the
352:operating system
341:
338:
336:
334:
332:
330:
324:Official website
253:
251:
246:
233:
231:
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209:Source-available
134:
127:
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121:Operating system
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107:
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92:
51:
27:
19:
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3616:
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3532:Academic Search
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3405:
3317:
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3241:
3135:
3078:
3041:
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2819:Thomas Bushnell
2800:
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2228:
2087:
2080:
1973:
1933:
1906:
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1831:
1822:
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1690:Defragmentation
1675:
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1652:Protection ring
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1495:
1469:
1407:
1346:
1300:
1295:
1265:
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1126:Modular Windows
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616:building blocks
540:
524:
474:
472:Security design
466:Bartok compiler
420:are written in
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327:
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249:
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244:
229:
227:
224:
220:Initial release
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12:
11:
5:
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3479:Live Clipboard
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3154:
3149:
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3141:
3140:Other projects
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3123:
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3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
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3055:
3053:
3051:grid computing
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3022:Project Verona
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
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2972:
2965:
2964:
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2929:
2900:
2892:
2890:= discontinued
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Richard Rashid
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Jochen Liedtke
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2824:David Cheriton
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2575:Icaros Desktop
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2539:
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2510:
2509:
2501:Classic Mac OS
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2346:HarmonyOS NEXT
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2071:
2068:TI-RTOS kernel
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2044:Off++ → Plan B
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875:External links
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681:on May 4, 2009
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522:Project status
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508:memory-managed
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436:is written in
414:runtime system
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368:device drivers
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3537:adCenter Labs
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3162:Holoportation
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3132:
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3106:Conference XP
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3048:
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3033:
3032:Polyphonic C#
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
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2869:Avie Tevanian
2867:
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2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Gernot Heiser
2837:
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2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:^ integrates
2429:
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2046:
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2036:
2033:
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2028:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:Little Kernel
2004:
2001:
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1996:
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1673:
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1645:
1643:
1642:Memory paging
1640:
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1630:
1629:
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1482:
1481:Device driver
1479:
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1425:
1423:
1422:Architectures
1419:
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1396:
1394:
1391:
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1239:
1238:
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1226:
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1211:
1209:
1206:
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1199:
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1179:
1173:
1170:
1168:
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1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:Windows Phone
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
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1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
972:
970:
966:
957:
952:
950:
945:
943:
938:
937:
934:
927:
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909:
906:
904:
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852:
845:
829:
822:
815:
813:
793:
787:
785:
768:
764:
760:
754:
739:
735:
734:"Singularity"
729:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
680:
676:
672:
666:
664:
659:
648:
645:
642:
639:
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626:
623:
621:
617:
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610:
607:
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601:
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588:
586:
583:
579:
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572:
569:
565:
562:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
541:
535:
533:
529:
528:shared source
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
482:address space
479:
469:
467:
463:
459:
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451:
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435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
390:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:dependability
357:
354:developed by
353:
349:
340:
326:
322:
319:
316:
314:
310:
307:
304:
302:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
280:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
260:
256:
242:
240:
239:Final release
236:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
197:Working state
195:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
144:
140:
133:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3596:Microkernels
3462:Discontinued
3269:
2924:
2914:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2874:William Wulf
2748:
2742:
2736:
2728:
2715:
2665:
2657:
2644:Workplace OS
2642:
2635:
2631:
2624:AIM alliance
2611:
2600:
2529:
2523:
2499:
2492:
2477:
2470:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2392:
2359:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2254:Nucleus RTOS
2239:
2222:
2215:
2203:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2160:
2133:
2126:
2113:
2073:
2054:
2047:
2037:
2024:
2008:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1966:
1947:
1925:
1919:
1899:
1892:
1860:
1854:
1825:Microkernels
1677:file systems
1569:Time-sharing
1212:
1121:Azure Sphere
860:. Retrieved
854:
844:
832:. Retrieved
827:
799:. Retrieved
771:. Retrieved
767:the original
762:
753:
741:. Retrieved
737:
728:
716:. Retrieved
712:the original
707:
683:. Retrieved
679:the original
674:
615:
525:
505:
494:
489:
475:
396:
376:managed code
347:
346:
339:/singularity
259:Available in
205:Source model
200:Discontinued
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3542:Office Labs
3293:Accelerator
3270:Singularity
3187:LiveStation
3121:Penny Black
3116:HoneyMonkey
3047:Distributed
2814:Gordon Bell
2704:OpenComRTOS
2601:Singularity
2427:Chorus/Jazz
2350:OpenHarmony
1829:nanokernels
1695:Device file
1685:Boot loader
1599:Round-robin
1524:Cooperative
1460:Rump kernel
1450:Multikernel
1440:Microkernel
1337:Usage share
1213:Singularity
1188:Azure Linux
1167:LAN Manager
1146:Windows IoT
862:January 16,
834:January 16,
801:January 16,
797:. Microsoft
773:January 16,
743:January 16,
718:January 16,
685:January 16,
580:instead of
578:type safety
478:microkernel
382:instead of
380:type safety
348:Singularity
289:Microkernel
99:August 2011
3575:Categories
3525:Other labs
3484:Photosynth
3379:Allegiance
3374:Group Shot
3358:TouchLight
3354:PixelSense
3334:Comic Chat
3255:Barrelfish
3192:MyLifeBits
3167:IllumiRoom
3131:WikiBhasha
3088:networking
2806:Developers
2773:Frameworks
2710:Phantom OS
2674:ChibiOS/RT
2032:µ-velOSity
2026:MicroEmpix
1625:protection
1581:algorithms
1579:Scheduling
1528:Preemptive
1474:Components
1445:Monolithic
1312:Comparison
1193:Barrelfish
654:References
590:Phantom OS
497:invariants
331:.microsoft
250:2008-11-14
230:2008-03-04
160:Written in
69:newspapers
3503:FUSE Labs
3451:Deep Zoom
3446:Seadragon
3426:Live Labs
3389:Songsmith
3384:TrueSkill
3369:ClearType
3177:Infer.NET
3101:Avalanche
3069:DeepSpeed
2897:Real-time
2854:Ike Nassi
2829:Dan Dodge
2593:Microsoft
2463:Unix-like
2453:Macintosh
2361:HarmonyOS
2248:Integrity
2147:Minix-vmd
2107:Unix-like
2086:Operating
1884:Macintosh
1715:Partition
1632:Bus error
1559:Real-time
1539:Interrupt
1465:Unikernel
1430:Exokernel
828:Microsoft
738:Microsoft
446:real mode
402:interrupt
393:Operation
337:/projects
268:Platforms
211:(through
187:OS family
143:Developer
3562:Category
3511:Docs.com
3469:Deepfish
3418:research
3414:MSR Labs
3364:SenseCam
3349:Sideshow
3308:mimalloc
3212:PhotoDNA
3182:LightGBM
3096:AjaxView
3084:Internet
3059:BitVault
2978:projects
2680:FreeRTOS
2637:Taligent
2569:Broadway
2563:AspireOS
2433:ChorusOS
2354:Oniro OS
2241:ChorusOS
2121:GNU Hurd
2075:Vanguard
2017:GNU Mach
1901:NuKernel
1761:Live USB
1623:resource
1513:Concepts
1351:Variants
1332:Timeline
1256:Category
1032:MS-DOS 7
903:CodePlex
763:CodePlex
708:CodePlex
675:CodePlex
635:See also
625:TempleOS
604:MOSA, a
532:CodePlex
384:hardware
329:research
3434:Current
3416:applied
3339:Detours
3207:OneFuzz
3111:Gazelle
3074:Orleans
3027:Phoenix
2887:Italics
2796:TI-RTOS
2744:Harmony
2723:SharpOS
2717:RC 4000
2686:HelenOS
2606:ThreadX
2583:MorphOS
2552:AmigaOS
2531:Symbian
2508:kernel)
2506:PowerPC
2494:Copland
2479:MacMach
2472:MachTen
2233:Partial
2179:Unix-RT
2162:MkLinux
2153:Minix 3
2099:support
2088:systems
2062:RTLinux
2056:PowerUP
2039:nucleus
1837:Kernels
1756:Live CD
1710:Journal
1674:access,
1672:Storage
1549:Process
1455:vkernel
1322:History
1305:General
1155:Network
1022:MSX-DOS
892:and an
596:SharpOS
544:Inferno
486:process
462:opcodes
313:License
299:Default
263:English
248: (
228: (
83:scholar
3474:Listas
3399:Kinect
3265:Midori
3260:HomeOS
3202:NodeXL
3157:Digits
3126:Wallop
3037:SecPAL
2997:Bosque
2992:Bartok
2790:Genode
2784:Cosmos
2762:Zephyr
2667:BeRTOS
2659:Amoeba
2455:hosted
2421:JavaOS
2401:Wombat
2394:REX OS
2387:PikeOS
2381:LLinux
2374:kernel
2332:Midori
2313:CapROS
2302:KeyKOS
2296:GNOSIS
2217:UNICOS
2205:Spring
2186:OS2000
2135:MeikOS
1968:WarpOS
1955:ExecSG
1886:hosted
1848:family
1564:Thread
1435:Hybrid
1413:Kernel
1208:Midori
1203:HomeOS
1181:Others
1162:MS-Net
1080:KIN OS
1063:Mobile
1017:MS-DOS
647:Midori
612:Cosmos
561:JavaOS
460:(CIL)
450:32-bit
370:, and
364:kernel
335:/en-us
283:Kernel
276:x86-64
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3489:Volta
3441:Pivot
3303:Joins
3298:Dryad
3275:Verve
2738:Thoth
2692:µC/OS
2613:Verve
2545:-type
2543:Amiga
2517:Psion
2339:NLTSS
2319:Hydra
2260:NuttX
2211:Tinix
2198:Redox
2141:Minix
2128:Lites
2097:POSIX
1983:ADEOS
1962:Quark
1941:-type
1939:Amiga
1912:Psion
1856:Eumel
1766:Shell
1705:Inode
1223:Verve
1218:Venus
1198:Cairo
1172:SONiC
1054:Xenix
1042:Z-DOS
1037:DOS/V
824:(PDF)
795:(PDF)
552:Limbo
454:Sing#
426:Spec#
422:Sing#
181:Sing#
90:JSTOR
76:books
3601:.NET
3516:Kodu
3394:Xbox
3285:APIs
3222:SLAM
3217:SEAL
3012:Lean
2976:Main
2903:° =
2895:^ =
2777:kits
2756:VRTX
2747:^ →
2741:^ →
2730:SPIN
2632:Pink
2557:AROS
2525:EPOC
2325:seL4
2308:EROS
2272:RIOT
2224:VSTa
2175:MERT
2049:Opus
2010:Mach
1991:EROS
1949:Exec
1927:EKA2
1921:EKA1
1873:OKL4
1327:List
1246:List
1095:Zune
1049:OS/2
1000:3.1x
990:2.1x
985:2.0x
980:1.0x
864:2022
856:CNET
836:2022
803:2022
775:2022
745:2022
720:2022
687:2022
614:, a
568:Java
442:BIOS
416:and
408:and
333:.com
285:type
62:news
3313:SXM
2698:MQX
2266:OSE
2192:QNX
2173:^ (
2115:ARX
1999:K42
1783:PXE
1771:CLI
1751:HAL
1741:API
1544:IPC
995:3.0
901:on
438:C++
399:x86
272:x86
173:C++
45:by
3577::
3344:F#
3329:C#
3086:,
3007:F*
3002:Cω
2798:^°
2775:,
2764:^°
2712:^°
2694:^°
2682:^°
2676:^°
2670:^°
2641:→
2639:OS
2634:→
2559:°
2535:^°
2533:OS
2528:→
2441:JX
2436:^)
2403:^°
2383:^°
2372:L4
2358:→
2352:,
2327:^°
2311:→
2305:→
2299:→
2274:^°
2262:^°
2177:–
2143:°
2070:^°
2013:°
1994:^°
1930:^°
1924:→
1867:L4
1865:→
1862:L3
1859:→
1846:L4
1526:,
1010:NT
1005:9x
853:.
826:.
811:^
783:^
761:.
736:.
706:.
695:^
673:.
662:^
574:JX
518:.
468:.
430:C#
389:.
366:,
274:,
179:,
177:C#
175:,
171:,
167:,
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3356:(
3049:–
3017:P
2961:e
2954:t
2947:v
2792:°
2786:°
2758:^
2750:V
2733:°
2725:°
2706:^
2700:^
2688:°
2662:°
2608:^
2577:°
2571:°
2565:°
2504:(
2444:°
2424:(
2397:^
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2256:^
2250:^
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2194:^
2181:)
2165:°
2155:°
2149:°
2123:°
2064:°
2034:^
2019:°
2002:°
1986:°
1875:°
1869:°
1827:-
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