Sino-Burmese War - Knowledge

1061: 3012:, pp. 333–335). Burney citing Burmese sources gives the Chinese strength as 500,000-foot and 50,000 cavalry and states the Burmese strength to be 64,000-foot and 1200 cavalry. These numbers are certainly exaggerated. Per Harvey (pp. 333–335), the Burmese numbers should be reduced by an order of magnitude, which gives the Chinese strength as about 55,000 which is in line with the 60,000 figure from Chinese sources. Moreover, the Burmese figure of ~65,000 was also exaggerated though probably not by a factor of ten. Per Harvey's analysis, the most the Konbaung kings could have raised was 60,000, even that in early 19th century when they had a larger empire than Hsinbyushin's. Hsinbyushin could not have raised 60,000 since Burma had been at war since 1740 and many able men had already perished. The most he could have raised was no more than 40,000. 397: 188: 2243: 470: 2905: 382: 363: 174: 162: 57: 349: 329: 310: 293: 278: 258: 243: 226: 212: 144: 542: 459: 447: 435: 423: 411: 529: 1418: 1981: 285: 250: 504: 493: 2381:, as planned. But the commander of that army did not want to march far away from the base. When the Burmese army assigned to guard the west bank approached, the Chinese retreated back to the east bank. Likewise, the army assigned to march down the eastern bank also did not proceed. This left the Chinese flotilla exposed. The Burmese flotilla came up the river and attacked and sank all the Chinese boats. The Chinese armies now converged on attacking 2919: 2418: 1805: 1216: 2813:. Despite sending in 50,000 and 60,000 troops in the last two invasions, the Qing command lacked up-to-date information about invasion routes, and had to consult centuries-old maps to form their battle plan. This unfamiliarity exposed their supply and communication lines to repeated Burmese attacks, and allowed their main armies to be encircled in the last three invasions. The Burmese 988: 2232: 1335: 931:. Nonetheless, the war, which claimed the lives of over 70,000 Chinese soldiers and four commanders, is sometimes described as "the most disastrous frontier war that the Qing dynasty had ever waged", and one that "assured Burmese independence". Burma's successful defense laid the foundation for the present-day boundary between the two countries. 2358:. It clearly was a calculated gamble; he had wanted to strike before the Burmese arrived but he had also hoped that "miasma would not be everywhere." So in October 1768, towards the end of (but still during) the monsoon season, Fuheng launched the largest invasion yet. The three Chinese armies jointly attacked and captured 2103:. The smaller army, led by Maha Sithu, continued to pursue Ming Rui while the larger army led by Maha Thiha Thura advanced through the mountainous route to emerge directly behind the Chinese. Through careful maneuvering, the Burmese managed to achieve complete encirclement of the Chinese at modern-day 970:

for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades. The Burmese, too, were preoccupied with the Chinese threat, and kept a series of garrisons along the border. Twenty years later, when Burma and China resumed a diplomatic relationship in

1089:

revolts at the border. Shan resistance leaders united people by saying "The lands and water are our properties. We could plow ourselves and eat our own produces. There is not a need to pay tributes to foreign government". In July 1732, a Shan army, mostly consisted of native mountaineers, laid siege

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The Chinese command, which had already lost 20,000 men, and a quantity of arms and ammunition, now asked for terms. The Burmese staff were averse to granting terms, saying that the Chinese were surrounded like cattle in a pen, they were starving, and in a few days, they could be wiped out to a man.

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army was completely annihilated. The slaughter was such that the Burmese could hardly grip their swords as the hilts were slippery with enemy blood. Of the original 30,000 men of the main army, only 2,500 of then remained alive and were captured. The rest had been killed either on the battlefield,

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since January 1766. Throughout 1767, when the Chinese were mobilizing for their most serious invasion yet, the Burmese were still focused on defeating the Siamese. Even after the Siamese capital was finally captured in April 1767, Hsinbyushin kept part of the troops in Siam during the rainy season

2454:

Comrades, unless we make peace, yet another invasion will come. And when we have defeated it, yet another will come. Our nation cannot go on just repelling invasion after invasion of the Chinese for we have other things to do. Let us stop the slaughter, and let their people and our people live in

1388:

Governor Liu, in his embarrassment, first tried to conceal what had happened. When the Emperor became suspicious, he ordered Liu's immediate recall and demotion. Instead of complying, Liu committed suicide by slicing his throat with a stationery knife, writing as blood was pouring from his neck:

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himself was struck down by fever. More ominously for the Chinese, the Burmese army sent to cut the enemy line of communication also achieved its purpose, and closed in on the Chinese armies from the rear. By early December, the Chinese forces were completely encircled. The Burmese armies then

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The Burmese for years were preoccupied with another impending invasion by the Chinese, and kept a series of garrisons along the border. The high casualties of the war (in terms of the population size) and the ongoing need to guard the northern border seriously hampered the Burmese military's

1293:

The Yunnan government reported the news to the Emperor in 1759, and the Qing court promptly issued an imperial edict ordering reconquest. At first, the Yunnan officials, who believed that "barbarians must be conquered using barbarians", tried to resolve the matter by supporting the defected

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armies. The Manchus saw themselves as a warlike and conquering race and the Chinese as an occupied people. He commissioned a study of the first two invasions, and the report reinforced his biases—that the low battle-worthiness of the Green Standard armies was the reason for the failures.

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He pointed out to his commanders that war with the Chinese was quickly becoming a cancer that would finally destroy the nation. Compared to Chinese losses, Burmese losses were light but considered in proportion to the population, they were heavy. The commanders were not convinced but

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for 90 days. The Yunnan government responded with an overwhelming force numbered around 5,000 and lifted the siege. The Qing army pursued further west but could not put down persistent local resistance. Finally, the Qing field commanders changed their tactics by allying with neutral

950:. Nonetheless, battle-hardened Burmese troops defeated the first two invasions of 1765–1766 and 1766–1767 at the border. The regional conflict now escalated to a major war that involved military maneuvers nationwide in both countries. The third invasion (1767–1768) led by the elite 2227:

in 1768 and went on to reconquer all of their territories throughout 1768 and 1769. For the Burmese, their hard-fought gains of the prior three years (1765–1767) in Siam had gone to waste but there was little they could do. The survival of their kingdom was now at stake.

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through disease or through execution after their surrender. Ming Rui himself was severely wounded in battle. Only a small group managed to break through and escaped the carnage. Ming Rui himself could have escaped with that group. Instead, he cut off his

2665:'s successful defense laid the foundation for the present-day boundary between the two countries. The border still was not demarcated, and the borderlands were still overlapping spheres of influence. After the war, Burma remained in possession of 962:

redeployed his armies from Siam to the Chinese front. The fourth and largest invasion got bogged down at the frontier. With the Qing forces completely encircled, a truce was reached between the field commanders of the two sides in December 1769.

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court had heard nothing, and then the news finally came. The Emperor was shocked and ordered an immediate halt to all military actions until he could decide what next to do. Generals returning from the front line cautioned that there was no way

2208:'s encouragement, made it clear that no compromise with the Burmese could be made. The dignity of the state demanded a full surrender. His aim was to establish direct Qing rule over all Burmese possessions. Emissaries were sent to Siam and 2528:

was not pleased with the treaty. He did not accept the Chinese commanders' explanation that the fourth stipulation—exchange of embassies bearing presents—amounted to Burmese submission and tribute. He did not permit the surrender of the

2338:, who had arrived back from the Siamese theater. Based on their troop movements, the Burmese knew at least the general direction from where the massive invasion force would come. Maha Thiha Thura moved upriver by boat toward 2546:

was furious that his generals had acted without his knowledge, and tore up his copy of the treaty. Knowing that the king was angry, the Burmese armies were afraid to return to the capital. In January 1770, they marched to

2030:. Ming Rui now resorted to defensive tactics, playing for time to enable the northern army to come to his relief. But it was not to be. The northern army had suffered heavy casualties in their repeated attacks against the 1723:

militias accompanied this force. Provinces throughout China were mobilized to provide supplies. The total strength of the invasion force was 50,000 men, the vast majority being infantry. The mountains and thick jungles of

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and other tropical diseases, and many perished as a result. This neutralized the Chinese advantage of superior numbers, and allowed the Burmese to engage the Chinese armies head-to-head towards the end of the campaigns.

2738:

The main beneficiaries of the war were the Siamese, who took full advantage of the Burmese absence to reclaim their lost territories and independence. By 1770, they had reconquered most of the pre-1765 territories. Only

2065:. The Qing commander at Hsenwi committed suicide. The main Qing army was now cut off from all supplies. It was now March 1768. Thousands of Bannermen from the freezing grasslands along the Russian border, began dying of 1776:

As a result, when the invasion did come in November 1767, the Burmese defenses had not been upgraded to meet a much larger and a more determined foe. The Burmese command looked much like that of the second invasion.

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famously did not panic at the prospect of a large Chinese army, numbering around 30,000 men at his doorstep. The court urged the king to flee, but he scornfully refused, saying he and his brother princes, sons of

2508:(known as the Treaty of Kaungton). The Chinese burned their boats and melted down their cannon. Two days later, as the Burmese stood to arms and looked down, starved Chinese soldiers marched sullenly away up the 2864:

Yet it proved that there were limits to the Burmese military power. The Burmese learned that they could not fight two simultaneous wars, especially if one of them was against the world's largest military. King

4618: 2691:) of southern Yunnan remained as authority of Burma until British occupied the whole Burma in 1886. Likewise, the Chinese exercised a degree of control over the borderlands, including present-day northeastern 2022:. The Burmese guerrilla attacks on the long supply lines across the jungles of the Shan Hills were seriously hampering the Qing army's ability to proceed. Burmese guerrilla operations were directed by General 2321:

fort. In the last week of September, three Burmese armies were dispatched to meet the three Chinese armies head-on. A fourth army was organized with the sole purpose of cutting the enemy supply lines. King

2641:, the resumption was on equal terms, and they considered the exchange of presents as part of diplomatic etiquette, not as tribute. To the Chinese however, all of these diplomatic missions were considered 2774:, who hitherto had never faced defeat, now had to accept—albeit grudgingly—that there were limits to Qing power. A historian of Chinese military history, Marvin Whiting, writes that the Burmese success 2172:

at a time when most believed that war was too risky. On 14 April 1768, the imperial court announced the death of Ming Rui and the appointment of Fuheng as the new chief commander of the Burma campaign.

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at the beginning of 1768. The only bright spot for the Burmese was that the northern invasion force, which was to come down the Irrawaddy to join up with Ming Rui's main army, had been held off at

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where other Chinese forces were stationed. The Chinese armies were now trapped inside the corridor between the Shwenyaungbin and Kaungton forts, completely surrounded by rings of Burmese forces.

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route again. The ultimate objective was for both armies to clamp themselves in a pincer action on the Burmese capital of Ava. The Burmese plan was to hold the second Chinese army in the north at

958:(Inwa). But the bannermen of northern China could not cope with unfamiliar tropical terrains and lethal endemic diseases, and were driven back with heavy losses. After the close call, King 4682: 1736:

court now seriously considered the threat of illnesses among its troops; as a precaution, the campaign was planned for the winter months when diseases were believed to be less prevalent.

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used a few minor trade disputes between local Chinese and Burmese merchants as the excuse to order an invasion of Kengtung in December 1765. The invasion force, which consisted of 3,500

1192:. By the mid-1740s, the authority of the Burmese king had largely dissipated. In 1752, the Toungoo dynasty was toppled by the forces of the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom which captured 2857:

The Burmese military proved that they were able and willing to take on a far superior enemy, using their familiarity with the terrain and the weather to their maximum advantage (the

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so as to minimize the Burmese guerrilla attacks on his supply lines. He also brought in a full regiment of carpenters who would build fortresses and boats along the invasion route.

1634:, after losing 10,000 men had sued for peace. He recommended that the emperor graciously accept the peace offer to restore the normal trade relations between the two countries. The 1748:

did not seem to realize the gravity of the situation. Throughout the first two invasions, he had steadfastly refused to recall the main Burmese armies, which had been battling in

5238: 2563:. The Burmese raised their nominee to the throne and returned. The king's anger had subsided; after all, they had won victories and preserved his throne. Still, the king sent 1389:"There is no way to pay back the emperor's favor. I deserve death with my crime". While this kind of suicide in the face of bureaucratic failure apparently was not unusual in 4516: 2584:, the Burmese did not return the 2,500 Chinese prisoners of war, who were resettled. The Qing had lost some of the generation's most important frontier experts, including 2124:

and sent it to the Emperor as a token of his loyalty by those who were escaping. He then hanged himself on a tree. In the end, only a few dozen of the main army returned.

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fort. Given that the main Burmese army was only about 7,000 strong, the entire Burmese defense at the start of the third invasion was most likely no more than 20,000.

828: 2297:'s mistake, he was determined to guard his supply and communication lines, and advance at a sustainable pace. He avoided an invasion route through the jungles of the 2095:

began his retreat, pursued by a Burmese army of 10,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. The Burmese then tried to encircle the Chinese by splitting the army into two.

1060: 2751:

alone even as Siam continued to consolidate its gains (he was finally forced to send Burmese armies to Siam in 1775 in response to a Siamese-backed rebellion in

1699:). His appointment meant that this was no longer a border dispute but a full-fledged war. Ming Rui arrived in Yunnan in April. An invasion force consisting of 2285:

head-on, which he knew would be difficult. But two other larger armies would bypass Kaungton and march down the Irrawaddy, one on each bank of the river, to

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decided to impose a tighter control of Yunnan's border regions while the Burmese authority largely dissipated with the rapid decline of the Toungoo dynasty.

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army out of Kaungton fort, and Ne Myo Sithu's army from the north. The Chinese retreated eastwards and then northwards where another Burmese army led by

2645:. The Emperor viewed the resumption of relations as Burmese submission, and unilaterally claimed victory and included the Burma campaign in his list of 2578:

Although hostilities ceased, an uneasy truce ensued. None of the points in the treaty was honored by both sides. Because the Chinese did not return the

2035: 1859: 2003:, would fight the Chinese single-handed if they had to. Instead of defending the capital, Hsinbyushin calmly sent an army to take up position outside 1893:

At first, everything went according to plan for the Qing. The third invasion began in November 1767 as the smaller Chinese army attacked and occupied

4069:

History of Burma: including Burma proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan. From the earliest time to the end of the first war with British India

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The emperor of China and the king of Burma would resume friendly relations, regularly exchanging embassies bearing letters of good will and presents.

2168:, Ming Rui's uncle. Back in the 1750s, Fuheng had been one of the few senior officials who had fully backed the Emperor's decision to eliminate the 4957: 3967: 3097: 3051: 4697: 1172:

was faced with multiple external raids and internal rebellions and could not take any reciprocal action. Throughout the 1730s, the dynasty faced

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1790, the Qing unilaterally viewed the act as Burmese submission, and claimed victory. Ultimately, the main beneficiaries of this war were the

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invasion force was bogged down at the border. Predictably, many Chinese soldiers and sailors fell ill, and began to die in large numbers.

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For the Burmese, the overall objective was to stop the enemy at the border, and prevent another Chinese penetration into their heartland.

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a supply base, and assigned 5,000 troops to remain at Hsenwi and guard the rear. He then led a 15,000-strong army in the direction of

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It would be another twenty years when Burma and China resumed a diplomatic relationship in 1790. The resumption was brokered by the

5557: 4449: 2869:'s reckless decision to fight a two-front war nearly cost the kingdom its independence. Moreover, their losses, while smaller than 2593: 2186: 2182: 1378: 3021:

The number is derived from the fact that only a few dozens of the 30,000 strong main army managed to return to Yunnan. (See e.g. (

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planned a two-pronged invasion as soon as the rainy season ended. The main Chinese army, led by Ming Rui himself, was to approach

2942: 1354: 1162: 1158: 943: 5485: 4824: 2743:

remained in Burmese hands. Preoccupied by the Chinese threat, and recovering from the depletion of manpower from the war, King

2289:. The twin invading armies on each side of the river would be accompanied by war boats manned by thousands of sailors from the 2014:

had overstretched himself, and was in no position to proceed any farther. He was now too far away from his main supply base at

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of the border who used to pay dual tributes, were increasingly siding with the more powerful Qing. By 1735, the year which the

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months in order to mop up the remaining Siamese resistance during the winter months later that year. He actually allowed many

5516: 4757: 4104: 4085: 4057: 4038: 3951: 3923: 3080: 2642: 1373:

militias, laid siege to Kengtung but could not match battle-hardened Burmese troops at the Kengtung garrison, led by General

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as well as Burmese attacks in the furnace-like hot weather of central Burma. Ming Rui gave up all hope of proceeding toward

1555:. One Qing report stated that 800 out of 1,000 soldiers in one garrison had died of disease, and that another 100 were ill. 5597: 5562: 4986: 4737: 4650: 4374: 1472:, a few miles south of Bhamo on the Irrawaddy. The Kaungton fort had been especially equipped with the cannon corps led by 2873:

losses, were heavy in proportion to their much smaller size of population, hampering their military capability elsewhere.

4559: 4389: 1048:(chiefs) at the border regions paying tribute to both sides. The situation turned to China's favor in the 1730s when the 5202: 4571: 4444: 4268: 2152:

assuming an easy victory. He had begun making plans about how he would administer his newest territory. For weeks, the

1570:-Bhamo corridor, cut off from all supplies. The Burmese then proceeded to attack the main Chinese army from two sides— 1081:

attempts for tighter control of the border were initially met with fierce resistance by the local chiefs. In 1732, the

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and defeated other lightly held Chinese garrisons at the border. The Burmese armies proceeded to occupy eight Chinese

5491: 5332: 5207: 4564: 4141: 4006: 3904: 2465:, on his own responsibility, and without informing the king, demanded that the Chinese agree to the following terms: 729: 2982:, pp. 171–173); from Burmese sources; figures adjusted down by one magnitude per G.E. Harvey's analysis in his 2551:

where a rebellion had begun, taking advantage of Burmese troubles with the Chinese. After a three days' battle near

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in December 1766, and established a supply base. The Chinese then proceeded to lay siege to the Burmese garrison at

1203:, saying that all "barbarian" tribes under his rule must be studied and reported their natures and cultures back to 5302: 2614:

for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades.

1692: 1464:'s plan was to lure the Chinese into Burmese territory, and then surround them. The Burmese commander in the field 775: 1929:), the two main armies faced off and the first major battle of the third invasion ensued. Outnumbered two-to-one, 5567: 5552: 5419: 4662: 4349: 4235: 2755:

a year earlier). In the following decades, Siam would become a power in its own right, swallowing up Lan Na, the

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borderlands between 1380 and 1388, and stamped out local resistance by the mid-1440s. The Burmese control of the

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was the overall commander, the role which he had assumed since the second half of the third invasion. As usual,

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By then, the Qing control of the former borderlands was unquestioned. In 1752, the Emperor issued a manuscript,

5612: 5602: 5003: 4869: 4637: 4384: 4323: 4293: 4283: 2932: 2385:. But for four consecutive weeks, the Burmese put up a remarkable defense, withstanding gallant charges by the 2223:

to face the Chinese. With the Burmese fully preoccupied with the Chinese threat, the Siamese resistance retook

2200:. The Burmese also sent signals that they would like to give diplomacy a chance, given their preoccupations in 1655:

After the two defeats, the Qing emperor and his court could not comprehend how a relatively small country like

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The impasse did not favor the Chinese troops who were utterly unprepared to fight in the tropical weather of

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had also organized a flotilla of war boats to meet the Chinese war boats. The Burmese defenses now included

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Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)".

2794:, the war highlighted limits to their military power. The Emperor blamed the low battle-worthiness of his 5113: 5096: 4606: 4581: 4544: 4454: 4414: 4166: 3988:

Jung, Richard J. K. (1971). "The Sino-Burmese War, 1766–1770: War and Peace Under the Tributary System".

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was waiting. The two other Burmese armies also followed up, and the Chinese army was destroyed entirely.

5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5496: 4942: 4031:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland

3854: 2042:. The commander was later publicly shamed and executed (sliced to death) on the orders of the Emperor. 1851: 2712:"Their other victories were over states on their own level such as Siam; this was won over an empire. 5642: 5547: 5506: 5225: 5154: 4947: 4479: 4404: 4273: 4191: 1070: 3837: 2695:. Overall, the Burmese were able to push back the line of control up to one that existed before the 2443:

in 1768, realized that another wipe-out would merely stiffen the resolve of the Chinese government.

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authority. (Nearer Shan States had been reacquired since 1754). Three of the ten farther Shan state

5427: 5247: 4981: 4952: 4702: 3896: 2886: 2575:. He would not allow them to see him. He also exiled ministers who dared to speak on their behalf. 1173: 1105:

captainships and regional commanderships. To complete the agreements, the third ranking officer of

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could be conquered. But there was no real choice but to press on. Imperial prestige was at stake.

1397:(the Chinese word for "Burmese") was now a matter of imperial prestige. The Emperor now appointed 1039:

conquered all of the Shan States. The border was never demarcated in the modern sense, with local

975:, who reclaimed most of their territories in the next three years after having lost their capital 5632: 5617: 5023: 4489: 4474: 4308: 4206: 2952: 2676: 1867: 1863: 954:

nearly succeeded, penetrating deep into central Burma within a few days' march from the capital,

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themselves to come into the picture. He had always doubted the battle-worthiness of his Chinese

5652: 5637: 5627: 5622: 5607: 5404: 5292: 5173: 4998: 4216: 2475:

and other rebels and fugitives from Burmese justice who had taken shelter in Chinese territory;

1922: 1818: 862: 3944:

Fighting techniques of the Oriental world, AD 1200–1860: equipment, combat skills, and tactics

2405:, which fell after a fierce battle. The fleeing Chinese troops fell back into the pocket near 2377:

But almost nothing went according to plan. One army did cross over to the western bank of the

5478: 5337: 5297: 4964: 4926: 4814: 4794: 4712: 4511: 4494: 4359: 4328: 4263: 4115: 2814: 2730:, though he described the Sino-Burmese war "a righteous war of defense against the invader". 2196:

Before any fighting resumed, some on the Chinese side sent out peace feelers to the court of

1855: 760: 3025:, pp. 102–103).) This figure does not include casualties suffered by the northern army. 117:

Siam regained independence from Burma since the war forced the Burmese to withdraw from Siam

56: 5409: 5376: 5342: 5287: 5167: 5149: 4859: 4789: 4596: 4379: 2567:, the decorated general, whose daughter was married to Hsinbyushin's son and heir-apparent 1941:

too was repulsed at Hsenwi. The news of the disaster at the Goteik Gorge reached Ava. King

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again assigned the same commanders of the second invasion to face off against the Chinese.

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With the Chinese army greatly weakened, the Burmese then launched their offensive. First,

1520:'s defenses held off repeated Chinese assaults. Meanwhile, two Burmese armies, one led by 120:

Solidified tripartite division of Mainland Southeast Asia between Burma, Siam, and Vietnam

8: 5462: 5312: 5252: 5184: 4864: 4717: 4672: 4419: 4298: 4278: 4186: 2937: 2795: 2646: 1980: 1945:

finally realized the gravity of the situation, and urgently recalled Burmese armies from

1668: 1362: 1323: 1102: 935: 928: 927:

launched four invasions of Burma between 1765 and 1769, which were considered one of his

746: 508: 48: 5347: 5058: 5053: 4879: 4819: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4623: 4469: 4288: 3961: 3866: 3825: 2622:. It would be another five years when the Burmese sent another invasion force to Siam. 1440:, which was located far away from the Burmese heartland, Yang was determined to strike 780: 546: 3845:

Dai, Yingcong (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty".

2995:~20,000 at the beginning, plus additional 10,000 men and 2,000 cavalry towards the end 2877:'s military power would plateau in the following decades. It made no progress against 1785:

led the main Burmese army, and was the overall commander of the Chinese theater, with

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had begun to arrive back. Bolstered by the reinforcements, two Burmese armies led by

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cuts. Perhaps most importantly, the Qing soldiers proved ill-suited to fight in the

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The Burmese now faced the largest Chinese army yet mobilized against them. Yet King

1532:'s army also arrived and took position near Bhamo to block the escape route back to 1381:, and defeated them there. Ne Myo Sithu left a reinforced garrison, and returned to 709:

Burmese Royal horse army (3,000), Shan local army (500-2,000), Burmese army (10,000)

5511: 5394: 5317: 5257: 5063: 4784: 4645: 4591: 4434: 4399: 4228: 4196: 3977: 3858: 2874: 2858: 2838: 2834: 2825:

of Burma. In the last three invasions, thousands of Chinese troops became ill with

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expeditions to form his battle plan, which called for a three-pronged invasion via

2141: 2112: 2096: 2086: 2054: 2027: 1938: 1887: 1786: 1757: 1635: 1575: 1529: 1481: 1422: 1350: 1226: 1118: 1065: 976: 924: 916: 892: 884: 867: 473: 415: 371: 337: 318: 298: 266: 231: 217: 193: 178: 3098:"The Fall of Ayutthaya and Siam's Disrupted Order of Tribute to China (1767-1782)" 3052:"The Fall of Ayutthaya and Siam's Disrupted Order of Tribute to China (1767-1782)" 2164:

The Emperor turned to one of his most trusted advisers, the chief grand councilor

1298:. But the strategy did not work. In 1764, a Burmese army, which was on its way to 942:. The Qing invasion came as the majority of Burmese forces were deployed in their 5526: 5472: 5322: 5307: 5131: 4586: 4549: 4499: 4459: 4409: 4354: 4223: 3070: 2421: 2378: 2371: 2278: 2247: 1961: 1712: 1583: 1453: 1169: 1036: 2798:

armies for the first two failed invasions. But he was to concede later that his

5389: 5262: 5028: 4991: 4439: 4429: 4369: 2924: 2779: 2610:. Nonetheless, the Emperor kept a heavy military lineup in the border areas of 2370:. As planned, the carpenters duly built hundreds of war boats to sail down the 2355: 2354:, against the advice of his officers, decided not to wait until the end of the 2209: 2169: 1688: 1437: 1417: 1284: 1146: 1110: 972: 3862: 1310:, a respected scholarly minister from the capital to sort out the matters. At 5541: 5501: 5467: 5432: 5048: 5038: 4854: 4245: 2882: 2802: 2799: 2402: 2386: 2363: 2327: 2174: 2149: 2116: 1956:

pressed on full-steam ahead, overrunning one town after another, and reached

1934: 1847: 1704: 1623: 1540: 1473: 1441: 1264: 1185: 1177: 1091: 951: 496: 284: 249: 3942:

Haskew, Michael E., Christer Joregensen, Eric Niderost, Chris McNab (2008).

5521: 5218: 5160: 4849: 4831: 4687: 4157: 2910: 2870: 2861:

is now a military case study of infantry fighting against a larger army.).

2791: 2767: 2696: 2692: 2509: 2505: 2393: 2266: 2235: 2190: 2153: 2058: 1910: 1906: 1879: 1839: 1790: 1733: 1660: 1631: 1559: 1525: 1505: 1445: 1390: 1374: 1272: 1250: 1242: 1138: 1134: 1078: 1049: 1020: 1008: 908: 439: 149: 87: 2637:

officials who wanted to see trade resume. To the Burmese, then under King

2535:

or other fugitives nor the resumption of trade between the two countries.

1468:

was ordered to give up Bhamo, and instead stay at the Burmese stockade at

5457: 5178: 4899: 4894: 2866: 2818: 2744: 2707: 2706:. Their victory over the Qing is described as a moral victory. Historian 2630: 2626: 2572: 2543: 2479: 2323: 2265:

in April, 1769 to take command of a 60,000-strong force. He studied past

2216: 1995: 1942: 1902: 1882:, and meet the main Chinese army in the northeast with two armies led by 1804: 1778: 1762: 1745: 1720: 1716: 1591: 1493: 1461: 1370: 1366: 1319: 1315: 1238: 1086: 1040: 1028: 1016: 959: 557: 402: 95: 3072:

A History of Myanmar since Ancient Times: Traditions and Transformations

1460:. The Burmese knew the route of invasion in advance, and were prepared. 1448:

claimant on the Burmese throne. Yang's planned path of invasion was via

5125: 4969: 4919: 4889: 4732: 2881:. Its later conquests came only against smaller kingdoms to the west — 2852: 2717: 2713: 2417: 2314: 2298: 2212:

states informing them of the Chinese ambition and seeking an alliance.

2193:

military establishment prepared for a final showdown with the Burmese.

2104: 2100: 2019: 2000: 1930: 1883: 1794: 1782: 1579: 1571: 1521: 1517: 1465: 1246: 1234: 1233:, and went on to reunite much of the kingdom by 1758. In 1758–59, King 1219: 1181: 1154: 1032: 1024: 992: 934:

At first, the Qing emperor envisaged an easy war, and sent in only the

518: 451: 427: 83: 4126: 2478:

The Chinese would undertake to respect Burmese sovereignty over those

1642:. On his arrival, Yang committed suicide at the order of the Emperor. 1432:

arrived in the summer of 1766 to take command. Unlike the invasion of

1393:

China, it reportedly enraged the Emperor nonetheless. Sorting out the

714: 4914: 4904: 3893:

Asian borderlands: the transformation of Qing China's Yunnan frontier

2667: 2638: 2568: 1708: 1691:

in the northwest and was in command of the strategically key post of

1638:

however realized the falsity of the report, and ordered Yang back to

1587: 1548: 1406: 1322:

militias alone was not working, and that he needed to commit regular

2571:, a woman's dress to wear, and exiled him and other generals to the 1113:

personally and held a ceremony of allegiance. By the mid-1730s, the

333: 5399: 5144: 5091: 5033: 4909: 4884: 4097:

The Cambridge history of China: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Volume 9

2878: 2844: 2810: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2703: 2688: 2684: 2619: 2512:

valley; they began to perish of hunger by thousands in the passes.

2497: 2406: 2382: 2367: 2318: 2282: 2220: 2201: 2050: 2031: 1969: 1946: 1875: 1798: 1753: 1696: 1687:, and head of the Burma campaign. Ming Rui had seen battle against 1676: 1567: 1513: 1485: 1477: 1469: 1402: 1346: 1299: 1150: 806: 367: 2851:(1765–1769) testified to a truly astonishing elan unmatched since 987: 123:

Resumption of diplomatic relations between Burma and China in 1790

5384: 3395: 3393: 2826: 2806: 2725: 2662: 2601: 2589: 2580: 2548: 2531: 2521: 2501: 2483: 2471: 2436: 2294: 2270: 2158: 2145: 2092: 2066: 2062: 2046: 2015: 2011: 1953: 1914: 1898: 1823: 1729: 1725: 1700: 1684: 1656: 1639: 1611: 1552: 1544: 1492:), was ordered to march to the Bhamo theater across the northern 1311: 1280: 1254: 1204: 1142: 1126: 1044: 1000: 262: 1237:, the founder of the dynasty, sent an expedition to the farther 1168:

While the Qing were consolidating their hold at the border, the

4021: 3715: 3713: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 2752: 2680: 2634: 2611: 2597: 2424: 2397: 2351: 2290: 2262: 2258: 2205: 2165: 2074: 2039: 1926: 1835: 1831: 1756:

since January 1765, and laying siege to the Siamese capital of

1680: 1664: 1610:

with the captured guns, muskets and prisoners in early May. At

1595: 1543:. Thousands of Chinese soldiers reportedly were struck down by 1533: 1489: 1276: 1259: 1125:

had sided with the Qing. The annexed border states ranged from

1106: 1097: 1082: 1012: 967: 939: 386: 314: 91: 3784: 3782: 3390: 3356: 3354: 2500:, on 13 December 1769 (or 22 December 1769), under a 7-roofed 1064:

Myanmar (缅甸国) delegates in Peking in 1761, at the time of the

5108: 4667: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 2890: 2848: 2672: 2560: 2359: 2339: 2274: 2049:. By early 1768, battle-hardened Burmese reinforcements from 2004: 1957: 1894: 1871: 1846:. The main invasion route was the same route followed by the 1619: 1563: 1509: 1449: 1377:. The Burmese lifted the siege and pursued the invaders into 1268: 1215: 1130: 1004: 966:

The Qing kept a heavy military lineup in the border areas of

920: 912: 553: 3745: 3743: 3710: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3605: 3558: 3503: 3455: 3236: 3211: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3069:

Aung-Thwin, Michael; Aung-Thwin, Maitrii (15 October 2013).

2604:

in 1770). The war cost the Qing treasury 9.8 million silver

2231: 2038:, against the express orders of Ming Rui, retreated back to 1675:

In 1767, the Emperor appointed the veteran Manchu commander

1055: 5278:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

4767: 3779: 3730: 3728: 3351: 2606: 2556: 2539: 2286: 2197: 2178: 2108: 2070: 1991: 1984: 1965: 1918: 1827: 1766: 1749: 1607: 1457: 1382: 1338: 1334: 1193: 955: 353: 3935:

History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824

3683: 3520: 3420: 3339: 3285: 2702:

However, the war also forced the Burmese to withdraw from

2111:. Over the course of three days of bloody fighting at the 1622:

had been occupied; that its inhabitants had begun wearing

3740: 3652: 3628: 3366: 3327: 3201: 3199: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3108: 2679:

in 1824, the Burmese exerted authority over the southern

2496:

The Chinese commanders decided to agree to the terms. At

2362:. They proceeded south and built a massive fortress near 2189:

were appointed as his deputies. Now, the top rung of the

1933:'s main Burmese army was thoroughly routed by Ming Rui's 1582:'s army which had been guarding the western flank of the 1345:

In early 1765, a 20,000-strong Burmese army stationed at

665:

4,500 foot, 200 horse (RBA)Shan national archer army(400)

3794: 3725: 3581: 3548: 3546: 3493: 3491: 3410: 3408: 3378: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 1566:. The main Chinese army was now totally holed up in the 1306:

complained to China. In response, the Emperor appointed

4095:

Woodside, Alexander (2002). Willard J. Peterson (ed.).

3767: 1401:, an experienced frontier officer with long service in 3196: 3173: 3161: 1302:, was increasing its grip of the borderlands, and the 3755: 3543: 3488: 3476: 3443: 3405: 3306: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3248: 3144: 3125: 4078:

Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC – 1912 AD

3640: 3068: 2900: 2392:

A little over a month into the invasion, the entire

2215:

Ava now fully expected another major invasion. King

2007:, personally leading his men toward the front line. 1808:

Main battle routes of the third invasion (1767–1768)

1210: 5283:

Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory

2986:(1925) in the section Numerical Note (pp. 333–335). 1085:government's demand of higher taxes led to several 3983:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. 3976: 3671: 3593: 3260: 2504:hall, 14 Burmese and 13 Chinese officers signed a 2366:village, 12 miles east of the Burmese fortress at 1484:and posted at the easternmost Burmese garrison at 1101:, granting them Qing titles and powers, including 1480:in 1756). To reinforce them, another army led by 5539: 1176:raids that reached increasingly deeper parts of 4119:, Chapter 327, Biographies 114 《清史稿》卷327 列傳一百十四 3918:(3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. 3820:. Vol. 9. Canton: Printed for Proprietors. 2720:was stained with treachery; the great siege of 2099:had now assumed the overall command, replacing 1279:and tried to persuade Qing officials to invade 4683:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations 4099:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 4050:The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma 3996: 3242: 1952:Having smashed through the main Burmese army, 1679:, a son-in-law of his, as governor-general of 1412: 1275:) and their militias reportedly ran away into 636:Green Standard and Tai-Shan militias (balance) 5103:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China 5074:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 4142: 2683:borderlands, as far as Kenghung (present-day 2219:had now brought most of the troops back from 1645: 1329: 822: 730: 3966:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2330:musketeers and gunners under the command of 30:For other wars between China and Burma, see 4113: 3167: 2135: 1707:troops rushed down from northern China and 1444:directly. He reportedly planned to place a 4149: 4135: 2817:meant that the Chinese were vulnerable to 2778:saved the independence of other states in 2766:From a wider geopolitical standpoint, the 2077:with as many of his soldiers as possible. 1618:began resorting to lies. He reported that 829: 815: 737: 723: 685:Total: 150,000 royal Burma army Shan army 649:2,000 foot, 200 horse (Royal Burmese Army) 4763:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty 4028: 4015: 3974: 3877: 3800: 3773: 3734: 3719: 3622: 3587: 3575: 3514: 3470: 3345: 3230: 3102:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3056:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2555:, the Manipuris were defeated, and their 2130: 2018:, hundreds of miles away in the northern 1975: 1499: 1253:over two decades earlier, to reestablish 1201:Qing Imperial Illustration of Tributaries 1056:Qing consolidation of borderlands (1730s) 4612:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi 4094: 3818:Four Years' War between Burmah and China 3788: 3360: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2843:"These near simultaneous victories over 2416: 2281:. The first army would attack Bhamo and 2241: 2230: 1979: 1803: 1416: 1333: 1214: 1059: 986: 575:Total strength: 5,000 foot, 1,000 horse 5219:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries 4156: 4075: 4047: 3890: 3704: 3537: 3437: 3414: 3384: 3372: 3300: 3205: 3155: 3138: 3119: 3022: 2489:All prisoners of war would be released; 2073:, and instead tried to make it back to 1739: 1663:. For the Emperor, it was time for the 1650: 1163:Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture 744: 184: 140: 61:Burma and China prior to the war (1765) 27:Qing dynasty war of expansion (1765-69) 14: 5540: 4066: 3941: 3932: 3815: 3761: 3749: 3665: 3646: 3634: 3552: 3497: 3482: 3449: 3399: 3333: 3254: 3190: 3009: 3005: 2979: 2657: 2304: 2253: 2107:(Maymyo), about 50 miles northeast of 1850:forces a century earlier, chasing the 1606:Victorious Burmese armies returned to 319: 5517:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions 4758:Principles of the Constitution (1908) 4130: 3095: 3049: 2965: 2350:As the Burmese armies marched north, 1793:commanding two other Burmese armies. 810: 718: 4738:Ministry of Posts and Communications 3987: 3913: 3599: 3321: 2805:too were less suited to fighting in 2469:The Chinese would surrender all the 1812: 905:Myanmar campaign of the Qing dynasty 836: 5486:History of Qing (People's Republic) 3946:(Illustrated ed.). Macmillan. 3937:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 3891:Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006). 3844: 3677: 3279: 2482:that had been historically part of 2080: 1476:gunners (captured at the battle of 1357:. With the main Burmese army gone, 1007:had long been vaguely defined. The 677:Total: ~30,000 foot, 2,000 cavalry 24: 5203:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor 4572:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 4565:1909 Provincial Assembly elections 4445:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874) 4269:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 3816:Burney, Col. Henry (August 1840). 2833:The war is considered the peak of 2699:consolidation drive of the 1730s. 2675:. At least down to the eve of the 2435:, who oversaw the annihilation of 1858:. The second army, led by General 1773:at the start of the rainy season. 1630:; and that the Burmese commander, 995:, where major campaigns took place 25: 5664: 5492:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty 5333:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) 5208:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty 4360:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war) 4067:Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (1884). 1249:), which had been annexed by the 1211:Burmese reassertion (1750s–1760s) 1121:ascended the Chinese throne, ten 652:Shan militia at Kengtung garrison 5303:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking 4619:Articles of Favourable Treatment 4375:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) 2917: 2903: 1353:, left Kengtung for yet another 540: 527: 502: 491: 468: 457: 445: 433: 421: 409: 395: 380: 361: 347: 327: 308: 291: 283: 276: 256: 248: 241: 224: 210: 186: 172: 160: 142: 73:December 1765 – 22 December 1769 55: 5558:Wars involving the Qing dynasty 4350:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 4236:Revolt of the Three Feudatories 4080:. iUniverse. pp. 480–481. 3880:SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research 3015: 2998: 2989: 2943:Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767) 2733: 2652: 2618:capability to renew warfare in 2045:The situation turned worse for 1562:easily retook the lightly held 1341:army in a 19th-century painting 1314:, Liu assessed that the use of 1019:(which covered the present-day 907:, was a war fought between the 591:Total: 25,000 foot, 2,500 horse 5004:Guest House of Imperial Envoys 4294:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas 4033:. Cambridge University Press. 3089: 3062: 3043: 2687:, Yunnan). But, Chiang Huang ( 2515: 1659:could resist the might of the 1225:In 1752, a new dynasty called 771:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas 13: 1: 5438:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank 5213:Islam during the Qing dynasty 5069:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty) 4753:Provincial military commander 4743:Nine Gates Infantry Commander 4728:Imperial Household Department 4555:Preparative Constitutionalism 4259:Sino-Russian border conflicts 4052:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 4029:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). 3032: 2401:attacked the Chinese fort at 1290:and his followers also fled. 982: 796:Campaigns against the Gurkhas 5197:Researches on Manchu Origins 4602:Mongolian Revolution of 1911 4212:Transition from Ming to Qing 4202:Later Jin invasion of Joseon 3037: 1601: 1231:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1190:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 613:30,000 bannermen and Mongols 114:Assured Burmese independence 42:Sino-Burmese War (1765–1769) 18:Sino–Burmese War (1765–1769) 7: 5563:Military history of Myanmar 5097:Changzhou School of Thought 4607:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang 4582:Railway Protection Movement 4560:1909 Parliamentary election 4545:British expedition to Tibet 4455:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang 4415:Self-Strengthening Movement 4390:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856) 4076:Whiting, Marvin C. (2002). 2896: 2785: 2345: 2293:navy. To avoid a repeat of 1921:. In late December, at the 1413:Second invasion (1766–1767) 1161:(Kyaingyun) in present-day 923:(Myanmar). China under the 619:Tai-Shan militias (balance) 599:Tai-Shan militias (balance) 582:Tai-Shan militias (balance) 10: 5669: 5497:Legacy of the Qing dynasty 4385:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873) 4324:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) 4314:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 4284:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736) 4024:: Yangon University Press. 3855:Cambridge University Press 3809: 2948:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 2837:military power. Historian 2246:A Burmese war-boat on the 2084: 1901:'s main army occupied the 1816: 1646:Third invasion (1767–1768) 1528:, surrounded the Chinese. 1330:First invasion (1765–1766) 936:Green Standard Army troops 29: 5507:Names of the Qing dynasty 5450: 5418: 5375: 5368: 5237: 5155:Manchu Han Imperial Feast 5082: 5014: 4935: 4840: 4636: 4527: 4485:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896) 4480:Gongche Shangshu movement 4425:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) 4337: 4274:Chinese Rites controversy 4244: 4174: 4165: 4018:History of Union of Burma 3975:Htin Aung, Maung (1967). 3863:10.1017/s0026749x04001040 3008:, pp. 180–181) and ( 1732:forces to a minimum. The 1245:and northern and eastern 1188:revolted and founded the 1031:) came in 1557 when King 896: 888: 848: 756: 690: 564: 552: 482: 200: 133: 65: 54: 46: 41: 5428:Great Qing Treasure Note 5248:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) 4958:Administrative divisions 4775:Administrative divisions 4703:Flag of the Qing dynasty 3897:Harvard University Press 3402:, pp. 191–192, 201. 2958: 2933:Mongol invasion of Burma 2671:, the nine states above 2600:(who eventually died of 2412: 2204:. But the Emperor, with 2136:Intermission (1768–1769) 1586:, then marched north of 1355:Burmese invasion of Siam 1090:to the Qing garrison at 999:The long border between 979:to the Burmese in 1767. 853:Siege of Kengtung (1765) 633:40,000 bannermen/Mongols 5598:China–Myanmar relations 5024:Chengde Mountain Resort 4825:Three Eastern Provinces 4475:First Sino-Japanese War 4450:Northern Chinese Famine 4309:Lin Shuangwen rebellion 4207:Qing invasion of Joseon 4048:Myint-U, Thant (2006). 3997:George C. Kohn (2006). 2953:First Anglo-Burmese War 2716:'s crusade against the 2677:First Anglo-Burmese War 2449:was said to have said: 1508:troops easily captured 1488:(present-day Jinghong, 901:Qing invasions of Burma 897:တရုတ်-မြန်မာ စစ်ပွဲများ 786:Lin Shuangwen rebellion 5568:18th-century conflicts 5553:Wars involving Myanmar 5405:Great Qing Copper Coin 5293:Convention of Tientsin 5226:Annotated Bibliography 5174:Qing official headwear 4217:Battle of Shanhai Pass 3933:Harvey, G. E. (1925). 3096:Erika, Masuda (2007). 3050:Erika, Masuda (2007). 2427: 2250: 2239: 2131:Fourth invasion (1769) 2061:succeeded in retaking 1987: 1976:Burmese counter-attack 1819:Battle of Goteik Gorge 1809: 1500:Trap at Bhamo–Kaungton 1426: 1342: 1222: 1074: 996: 863:Battle of Goteik Gorge 201:Commanders and leaders 5613:18th century in Burma 5603:18th century in China 5479:Draft History of Qing 5338:Treaty of Shimonoseki 5119:performance criticism 4723:Imperial Commissioner 4713:Great Qing Legal Code 4512:Eight-Nation Alliance 4495:Third plague pandemic 4405:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars 4329:White Lotus Rebellion 4116:Draft History of Qing 3914:Hall, D.G.E. (1960). 2815:scorched earth policy 2759:states, and parts of 2420: 2245: 2234: 1983: 1897:. Within eight days, 1878:with the army led by 1856:Southern Ming dynasty 1807: 1524:, and another led by 1420: 1337: 1218: 1063: 990: 899:), also known as the 701:4th campaign: 20,000+ 699:3rd campaign: 30,000+ 697:2nd campaign: ~20,000 691:Casualties and losses 616:12,000 Green Standard 596:14,000 Green Standard 5410:Great Qing Gold Coin 5343:Treaty of Tarbagatai 5288:Convention of Peking 5168:Pentaglot Dictionary 5150:Literary inquisition 4860:Ever Victorious Army 4693:Deliberative Council 4597:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 4550:1905 Batang uprising 4490:Hundred Days' Reform 4380:Small Swords Society 4122:(in Chinese). China. 3847:Modern Asian Studies 2389:to scale the walls. 2034:fort. Its commander 1964:, 30 miles north of 1797:again commanded the 1740:Burmese mobilization 1651:Chinese mobilization 791:Invasion of Đại Việt 579:3,500 Green Standard 5648:Green Standard Army 5463:Anti-Qing sentiment 5313:Treaty of the Bogue 5253:Treaty of Nerchinsk 5185:Complete Tang Poems 4865:Green Standard Army 4748:Provincial governor 4718:Imperial Clan Court 4698:Diplomatic missions 4673:Consultative Bureau 4420:Tongzhi Restoration 4299:Afaqi Khoja revolts 4279:Ten Great Campaigns 4187:Jurchen unification 4071:. Trübner & co. 4001:. Checkmark Books. 3791:, pp. 265–266. 3752:, pp. 257–258. 3722:, pp. 181–183. 3707:, pp. 103–104. 3637:, pp. 196–198. 3625:, pp. 178–179. 3578:, pp. 314–318. 3540:, pp. 102–103. 3517:, pp. 177–178. 3473:, pp. 310–314. 3440:, pp. 100–101. 3363:, pp. 256–262. 3303:, pp. 101–110. 3243:George C. Kohn 2006 3233:, pp. 180–183. 3122:, pp. 480–481. 2938:Ten Great Campaigns 2658:Territorial changes 2647:Ten Great Campaigns 2305:Burmese battle plan 2254:Chinese battle plan 2010:It turned out that 1363:Green Standard Army 1324:Green Standard Army 929:Ten Great Campaigns 761:Conquest of Dzungar 748:Ten Great Campaigns 509:Green Standard Army 49:Ten Great Campaigns 5348:Treaty of Tientsin 5059:Western Qing tombs 5054:Eastern Qing tombs 4880:Peking Field Force 4624:Manchu Restoration 4517:Declaration of war 4470:Jindandao incident 4289:Lhasa riot of 1750 4016:Kyaw Thet (1962). 3999:Dictionary of wars 3979:A History of Burma 3668:, p. 255–257. 3375:, pp. 99–100. 3336:, p. 254–258. 3075:. Reaktion Books. 2724:was a magnificent 2643:tributary missions 2428: 2251: 2240: 1988: 1810: 1427: 1365:troops along with 1343: 1229:rose to challenge 1223: 1075: 997: 781:Jinchuan campaigns 766:Amursana rebellion 547:Royal Burmese Army 533:Royal Siamese Army 497:Eight Banners Army 111:Treaty of Kaungton 5593:Conflicts in 1769 5588:Conflicts in 1768 5583:Conflicts in 1766 5578:Conflicts in 1767 5573:Conflicts in 1765 5535: 5534: 5446: 5445: 5358:Treaty of Whampoa 5353:Treaty of Wanghia 5328:Treaty of Nanking 5298:Li–Lobanov Treaty 5273:Chefoo Convention 5268:Burlingame Treaty 5139:Kangxi Dictionary 5044:Old Summer Palace 4875:Firearm Battalion 4678:Cup of Solid Gold 4632: 4631: 4577:Manchurian plague 4540:Late Qing reforms 4531:(1901–1912) 4465:Sikkim expedition 4395:Panthay Rebellion 4365:Taiping Rebellion 4341:(1801–1900) 4319:Sino-Nepalese War 4264:Dzungar–Qing Wars 4250:(1683–1799) 4178:(1616–1683) 4106:978-0-521-24334-6 4087:978-0-595-22134-9 4059:978-0-374-16342-6 4040:978-0-521-80496-7 3953:978-0-312-38696-2 3925:978-1-4067-3503-1 3387:, pp. 59–80. 3348:, pp. 61–63. 3324:, pp. 27–29. 3193:, pp. 27–31. 3082:978-1-86189-939-2 2422:Military Minister 2225:Ayutthaya Kingdom 2024:Teingya Minkhaung 1870:) was to try the 1813:Chinese offensive 1349:, led by General 1153:) in present-day 876: 875: 858:Siege of Kaungton 804: 803: 713: 712: 668:Kaungton garrison 519:Tai-Shan militias 464:Teingya Minkhaung 247:Yang Yingju 167:Ayutthaya Kingdom 129: 128: 32:Sino-Burmese wars 16:(Redirected from 5660: 5643:Qianlong Emperor 5548:Konbaung dynasty 5512:New Qing History 5395:Qianlong Tongbao 5373: 5372: 5318:Treaty of Canton 5258:Unequal treaties 5064:Fuling Mausoleum 4663:Advisory Council 4592:Wuchang Uprising 4532: 4435:Tianjin Massacre 4400:Second Opium War 4342: 4304:Sino-Burmese War 4251: 4229:Battle of Penghu 4197:Seven Grievances 4179: 4172: 4171: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4110: 4091: 4072: 4063: 4044: 4025: 4012: 3993: 3984: 3982: 3971: 3965: 3957: 3938: 3929: 3910: 3887: 3874: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3708: 3702: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3556: 3550: 3541: 3535: 3518: 3512: 3501: 3495: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3418: 3412: 3403: 3397: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3304: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3209: 3203: 3194: 3188: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3142: 3136: 3123: 3117: 3106: 3105: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3047: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984:History of Burma 2976: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2859:Battle of Maymyo 2839:Victor Lieberman 2823:tropical climate 2772:Qianlong Emperor 2565:Maha Thiha Thura 2526:Qianlong Emperor 2463:Maha Thiha Thura 2447:Maha Thiha Thura 2441:Battle of Maymyo 2433:Maha Thiha Thura 2332:Pierre de Milard 2311:Maha Thiha Thura 2142:Qianlong Emperor 2113:Battle of Maymyo 2097:Maha Thiha Thura 2087:Battle of Maymyo 2081:Battle of Maymyo 2055:Maha Thiha Thura 2028:Maha Thiha Thura 1939:Maha Thiha Thura 1913:. Ming Rui made 1888:Maha Thiha Thura 1787:Maha Thiha Thura 1728:kept the use of 1715:from Yunnan and 1695:(in present-day 1636:Qianlong Emperor 1576:Maha Thiha Thura 1530:Maha Thiha Thura 1504:As planned, the 1482:Maha Thiha Thura 1423:Qianlong Emperor 1379:Pu'er Prefecture 1351:Ne Myo Thihapate 1283:. The nephew of 1119:Qianlong Emperor 1066:Qianlong Emperor 1011:first conquered 952:Manchu Bannermen 925:Qianlong Emperor 917:Konbaung dynasty 898: 890: 881:Sino-Burmese War 868:Battle of Maymyo 843: 841: 840:Sino–Burmese War 831: 824: 817: 808: 807: 776:Sino-Burmese War 751: 749: 739: 732: 725: 716: 715: 682:Fourth invasion: 658:Second invasion: 625:Fourth invasion: 588:Second invasion: 545: 544: 543: 531: 530: 507: 506: 505: 495: 494: 474:Pierre de Milard 472: 471: 462: 461: 460: 450: 449: 448: 438: 437: 436: 426: 425: 424: 416:Maha Thiha Thura 414: 413: 412: 400: 399: 398: 385: 384: 383: 376: 366: 365: 364: 352: 351: 350: 342: 332: 331: 330: 321: 313: 312: 311: 303: 296: 295: 294: 287: 282:E'erdeng'e 281: 280: 279: 271: 261: 260: 259: 252: 246: 245: 244: 236: 229: 228: 227: 218:Qianlong Emperor 215: 214: 213: 196: 192: 190: 189: 179:Thonburi Kingdom 177: 176: 175: 165: 164: 163: 156:Co-belligerents: 152: 148: 146: 145: 107:Burmese victory 67: 66: 59: 39: 38: 21: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5527:Willow Palisade 5473:Chuang Guandong 5442: 5414: 5364: 5323:Treaty of Kulja 5308:Treaty of Aigun 5241: 5233: 5132:History of Ming 5084: 5078: 5016: 5010: 4936:Special regions 4931: 4870:Imperial Guards 4836: 4628: 4587:1911 Revolution 4533: 4530: 4523: 4500:Boxer Rebellion 4460:Sino-French War 4410:Amur Annexation 4355:First Opium War 4343: 4340: 4333: 4252: 4249: 4240: 4224:Great Clearance 4180: 4177: 4161: 4155: 4107: 4088: 4060: 4041: 4009: 3992:. Vol. 24. 3990:Papers on China 3959: 3958: 3954: 3926: 3907: 3833: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3812: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3684: 3680:, pp. 178. 3676: 3672: 3664: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3559: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3521: 3513: 3504: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3421: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3307: 3299: 3286: 3278: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3212: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3174: 3168:Qing Chronicles 3166: 3162: 3154: 3145: 3137: 3126: 3118: 3109: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3020: 3016: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2977: 2966: 2961: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2788: 2736: 2660: 2655: 2518: 2439:'s army at the 2415: 2348: 2307: 2279:Irrawaddy River 2256: 2248:Irrawaddy River 2138: 2133: 2127: 2091:In March 1768, 2089: 2083: 1978: 1962:Irrawaddy River 1842:, and down the 1821: 1815: 1742: 1713:Green Standards 1711:. Thousands of 1653: 1648: 1604: 1584:Irrawaddy River 1502: 1454:Irrawaddy River 1415: 1385:in April 1766. 1332: 1213: 1180:. In 1740, the 1170:Toungoo dynasty 1133:in present-day 1058: 1037:Toungoo dynasty 985: 944:latest invasion 877: 872: 844: 839: 837: 835: 805: 800: 752: 747: 745: 743: 704: 702: 700: 698: 684: 679: 676: 674:Third invasion: 671: 660: 655: 629: 627: 622: 609: 607: 605:Third invasion: 602: 592: 590: 585: 574: 572:First invasion: 541: 539: 528: 524: 523: 503: 501: 492: 478: 469: 458: 456: 446: 444: 434: 432: 422: 420: 410: 408: 396: 394: 381: 379: 378: 372: 362: 360: 359: 358: 348: 346: 338: 328: 326: 309: 307: 299: 292: 290: 277: 275: 267: 257: 255: 242: 240: 232: 225: 223: 211: 209: 187: 185: 173: 171: 170: 161: 159: 158: 154: 143: 141: 98: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5666: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:1760s in Burma 5630: 5625: 5620: 5618:1760s in China 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5390:Kangxi Tongbao 5387: 5381: 5379: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5263:Boxer Protocol 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5029:Forbidden City 5026: 5020: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5006: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4992:General of Ili 4989: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4975:List of ambans 4972: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4642: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4440:Margary Affair 4437: 4432: 4430:Mudan incident 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4370:Nian Rebellion 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4111: 4105: 4092: 4086: 4073: 4064: 4058: 4045: 4039: 4026: 4020:(in Burmese). 4013: 4007: 3994: 3985: 3972: 3952: 3939: 3930: 3924: 3911: 3905: 3888: 3875: 3842: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3803:, p. 184. 3801:Lieberman 2003 3793: 3778: 3774:Lieberman 2003 3766: 3764:, p. 259. 3754: 3739: 3737:, p. 182. 3735:Htin Aung 1967 3724: 3720:Htin Aung 1967 3709: 3682: 3670: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3623:Htin Aung 1967 3604: 3592: 3590:, p. 178. 3588:Htin Aung 1967 3580: 3576:Kyaw Thet 1962 3557: 3555:, p. 253. 3542: 3519: 3515:Htin Aung 1967 3502: 3500:, p. 195. 3487: 3485:, p. 192. 3475: 3471:Kyaw Thet 1962 3454: 3452:, p. 250. 3442: 3419: 3404: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3350: 3346:Fernquest 2006 3338: 3326: 3305: 3284: 3282:, p. 145. 3259: 3257:, p. 258. 3247: 3235: 3231:Htin Aung 1967 3210: 3208:, p. 102. 3195: 3172: 3160: 3158:, p. 101. 3143: 3141:, p. 103. 3124: 3107: 3088: 3081: 3061: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3014: 2997: 2988: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2925:Myanmar portal 2914: 2898: 2895: 2796:Green Standard 2787: 2784: 2780:Southeast Asia 2735: 2732: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2517: 2514: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2476: 2458: 2457: 2414: 2411: 2356:monsoon season 2347: 2344: 2334:, governor of 2317:commanded the 2306: 2303: 2255: 2252: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2085:Main article: 2082: 2079: 2026:, a deputy of 1977: 1974: 1866:, or possibly 1852:Yongli Emperor 1817:Main article: 1814: 1811: 1769:battalions to 1741: 1738: 1689:Turkic peoples 1669:Green Standard 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1603: 1600: 1501: 1498: 1414: 1411: 1331: 1328: 1212: 1209: 1147:Kengtung State 1103:Green Standard 1057: 1054: 991:Topography of 984: 981: 874: 873: 871: 870: 865: 860: 855: 849: 846: 845: 834: 833: 826: 819: 811: 802: 801: 799: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 757: 754: 753: 742: 741: 734: 727: 719: 711: 710: 707: 706:2,500 captured 703:Total: 70,000+ 693: 692: 688: 687: 670: 669: 666: 654: 653: 650: 643:First invasion 639: 638: 637: 634: 628:Total: 250,000 621: 620: 617: 614: 601: 600: 597: 584: 583: 580: 567: 566: 562: 561: 550: 549: 537: 536: 535: 522: 521: 516: 511: 499: 488: 485: 484: 483:Units involved 480: 479: 477: 476: 466: 454: 442: 430: 418: 406: 391: 389: 357: 356: 344: 324: 305: 288: 273: 253: 238: 221: 206: 203: 202: 198: 197: 182: 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 125: 124: 121: 118: 115: 112: 104: 100: 99: 81: 79: 75: 74: 71: 63: 62: 52: 51: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5665: 5654: 5653:Eight Banners 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638:1765 in Burma 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5628:1769 in China 5626: 5624: 5623:1765 in China 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5608:1760s in Asia 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502:Manchu people 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5468:Canton System 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5433:Hubu Guanpiao 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5083:Society & 5081: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5049:Summer Palace 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5039:Mukden Palace 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5015:Palaces & 5013: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4855:Eight Banners 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4708:Grand Council 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4528:20th century 4526: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4338:19th century 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4008:0-8160-6578-0 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3906:0-674-02171-1 3902: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3827: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3789:Woodside 2002 3785: 3783: 3776:, p. 32. 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3649:, p. 29. 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3602:, p. 28. 3601: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3417:, p. 68. 3416: 3411: 3409: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3361:Woodside 2002 3357: 3355: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3251: 3245:, p. 82. 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2992: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2915: 2912: 2901: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2403:Shwenyaungbin 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:Shwenyaungbin 2361: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452:and down the 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1419: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241:(present-day 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1217: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 994: 989: 980: 978: 974: 969: 964: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 938:stationed in 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 894: 886: 882: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 847: 842: 832: 827: 825: 820: 818: 813: 812: 809: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 755: 750: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 721: 720: 717: 708: 705: 695: 694: 689: 686: 683: 678: 675: 667: 664: 663: 662: 659: 651: 648: 647: 646: 644: 640: 635: 632: 631: 630: 626: 618: 615: 612: 611: 610: 608:Total: 70000, 606: 598: 595: 594: 593: 589: 581: 578: 577: 576: 573: 569: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 548: 538: 534: 526: 525: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 500: 498: 490: 489: 487: 486: 481: 475: 467: 465: 455: 453: 443: 441: 431: 429: 419: 417: 407: 405: 404: 393: 392: 390: 388: 377: 375: 369: 355: 345: 343: 341: 335: 325: 322: 316: 306: 304: 302: 289: 286: 274: 272: 270: 264: 254: 251: 239: 237: 235: 230:Liu Zao 222: 220: 219: 208: 207: 205: 204: 199: 195: 183: 180: 168: 157: 153: 151: 138: 137: 132: 122: 119: 116: 113: 110: 109: 108: 105: 102: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 80: 77: 76: 72: 69: 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5522:Treaty ports 5484: 5477: 5451:Other topics 5224: 5217: 5195: 5183: 5166: 5161:Peiwen Yunfu 5159: 5137: 5130: 5101: 4850:Beiyang Army 4832:Zongli Yamen 4688:Da-Qing Bank 4505:Red Lanterns 4303: 4158:Qing dynasty 4120: 4114: 4096: 4077: 4068: 4049: 4030: 4017: 3998: 3989: 3978: 3943: 3934: 3915: 3892: 3883: 3879: 3850: 3846: 3817: 3796: 3769: 3757: 3705:Myint-U 2006 3673: 3642: 3630: 3595: 3583: 3538:Myint-U 2006 3478: 3445: 3438:Myint-U 2006 3415:Giersch 2006 3385:Giersch 2006 3380: 3373:Giersch 2006 3368: 3341: 3329: 3301:Giersch 2006 3250: 3238: 3206:Giersch 2006 3163: 3156:Giersch 2006 3139:Giersch 2006 3120:Whiting 2002 3101: 3091: 3071: 3064: 3055: 3045: 3023:Myint-U 2006 3017: 3000: 2991: 2983: 2911:China portal 2863: 2842: 2832: 2789: 2775: 2765: 2737: 2734:Geopolitical 2711: 2701: 2693:Kachin State 2666: 2661: 2653:Significance 2624: 2616: 2605: 2579: 2577: 2537: 2530: 2519: 2510:Taping River 2506:peace treaty 2495: 2470: 2459: 2453: 2445: 2429: 2391: 2376: 2349: 2308: 2257: 2214: 2195: 2163: 2139: 2126: 2105:Pyin Oo Lwin 2090: 2059:Ne Myo Sithu 2044: 2009: 1989: 1951: 1923:Goteik Gorge 1892: 1880:Ne Myo Sithu 1822: 1791:Ne Myo Sithu 1775: 1770: 1743: 1674: 1654: 1632:Ne Myo Sithu 1605: 1572:Balamindin's 1560:Ne Myo Sithu 1557: 1538: 1526:Ne Myo Sithu 1503: 1428: 1425:'s bannermen 1394: 1387: 1375:Ne Myo Sithu 1344: 1303: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1258: 1243:Kachin State 1224: 1200: 1198: 1167: 1159:Sipsongpanna 1139:Hsenwi State 1135:Kachin State 1122: 1114: 1109:traveled to 1096: 1076: 1069: 1050:Qing dynasty 1043: 1021:Kachin State 1009:Ming dynasty 998: 965: 933: 909:Qing dynasty 904: 900: 880: 878: 696: 681: 680: 673: 672: 661:Total:10000 657: 656: 642: 641: 624: 623: 604: 603: 587: 586: 571: 570: 440:Ne Myo Sithu 401: 373: 339: 300: 297:Aligui 268: 233: 216: 169:(until 1767) 155: 139: 134:Belligerents 106: 88:Kachin State 36: 5458:Aisin Gioro 5420:Paper money 5179:Qing poetry 4900:Wuwei Corps 4895:Shuishiying 4656:Family tree 3857:: 145–189. 3834:|work= 3762:Harvey 1925 3750:Harvey 1925 3666:Harvey 1925 3647:Haskew 2008 3635:Phayre 1884 3553:Harvey 1925 3498:Phayre 1884 3483:Phayre 1884 3450:Harvey 1925 3400:Phayre 1884 3334:Harvey 1925 3255:Harvey 1925 3191:Haskew 2008 3010:Harvey 1925 3006:Burney 1840 2980:Burney 1840 2867:Hsinbyushin 2847:(1767) and 2819:supply line 2745:Hsinbyushin 2708:G.E. Harvey 2633:nobles and 2586:Yang Yingju 2573:Shan states 2544:Hsinbyushin 2480:Shan states 2324:Hsinbyushin 2261:arrived in 2217:Hsinbyushin 1996:Hsinbyushin 1943:Hsinbyushin 1903:Shan states 1844:Namtu River 1779:Hsinbyushin 1746:Hsinbyushin 1616:Yang Yingju 1592:Shan states 1541:Upper Burma 1494:Shan states 1462:Hsinbyushin 1442:Upper Burma 1430:Yang Yingju 1399:Yang Yingju 1239:Shan States 1186:Lower Burma 1178:Upper Burma 1029:Kayah State 1017:Shan States 960:Hsinbyushin 645:Total:2500 403:Hsinbyushin 181:(from 1767) 96:Upper Burma 82:Modern-day 5542:Categories 5126:Four Wangs 5017:mausoleums 4970:Golden Urn 4943:Inner Asia 4920:Xiang Army 4890:Hushenying 4815:Liangguang 4795:Liangjiang 4733:Lifan Yuan 4638:Government 3033:References 2853:Bayinnaung 2770:, and the 2741:Tenasserim 2714:Alaungpaya 2553:Langthabal 2315:Balamindin 2299:Shan Hills 2101:Maha Sithu 2036:E'erdeng'e 2020:Shan Hills 2001:Alaungpaya 1931:Maha Sithu 1925:(south of 1884:Maha Sithu 1860:E'erdeng'e 1795:Balamindin 1783:Maha Sithu 1771:demobilize 1703:and elite 1580:Maha Sithu 1522:Maha Sithu 1518:Balamindin 1466:Balamindin 1247:Shan State 1235:Alaungpaya 1220:Alaungpaya 1165:, Yunnan. 1155:Shan State 1151:Kyaingtong 1033:Bayinnaung 1025:Shan State 993:Shan State 983:Background 452:Balamindin 428:Maha Sithu 84:Shan State 4948:Manchuria 4915:Huai Army 4905:Yong Ying 4790:Shaan-Gan 4246:High Qing 4192:Later Jin 3962:cite book 3871:145784397 3836:ignored ( 3826:cite book 3600:Hall 1960 3322:Hall 1960 3038:Citations 2803:Bannermen 2722:Ayutthaya 2668:Koshanpye 2639:Bodawpaya 2516:Aftermath 2387:Bannermen 2379:Irrawaddy 2372:Irrawaddy 2177:generals 2150:Bannermen 2144:had sent 2117:Bannerman 1935:Bannermen 1758:Ayutthaya 1709:Manchuria 1602:Aftermath 1588:Myitkyina 1549:dysentery 1407:Guangzhou 977:Ayutthaya 5400:Hongqian 5369:Currency 5239:Treaties 5145:Kaozheng 5092:Booi Aha 5034:Hetu Ala 4987:Timeline 4982:Xinjiang 4953:Mongolia 4910:Chu Army 4885:New Army 4842:Military 4780:Viceroys 3678:Dai 2004 3280:Dai 2004 2897:See also 2875:Konbaung 2841:writes: 2835:Konbaung 2811:Xinjiang 2809:than in 2790:For the 2786:Military 2776:probably 2761:Cambodia 2710:writes: 2689:Jinghong 2685:Jinghong 2590:Ming Rui 2559:fled to 2498:Kaungton 2437:Ming Rui 2407:Kaungton 2383:Kaungton 2368:Kaungton 2346:Invasion 2319:Kaungton 2295:Ming Rui 2283:Kaungton 2277:and the 2238:flotilla 2170:Dzungars 2148:and his 2146:Ming Rui 2093:Ming Rui 2047:Ming Rui 2032:Kaungton 2012:Ming Rui 1970:Kaungton 1954:Ming Rui 1899:Ming Rui 1876:Kaungton 1830:through 1824:Ming Rui 1799:Kaungton 1697:Xinjiang 1677:Ming Rui 1628:pigtails 1568:Kaungton 1514:Kaungton 1486:Kenghung 1478:Thanlyin 1470:Kaungton 1438:Kengtung 1403:Xinjiang 1347:Kengtung 1326:troops. 1285:Kengtung 1227:Konbaung 1174:Manipuri 915:and the 565:Strength 368:Ekkathat 78:Location 47:Part of 5385:Zhiqian 5377:Coinage 5114:Economy 5085:culture 4820:Yun-Gui 4810:Min-Zhe 4805:Sichuan 4800:Huguang 4646:Emperor 4167:History 3810:Sources 2887:Manipur 2827:malaria 2757:Laotian 2726:dacoity 2602:malaria 2581:sawbwas 2549:Manipur 2542:, King 2532:sawbwas 2522:Beijing 2502:pyathat 2472:sawbwas 2210:Laotian 2067:malaria 1994:, King 1960:on the 1854:of the 1767:Laotian 1730:cavalry 1685:Guizhou 1665:Manchus 1640:Beijing 1626:-style 1612:Kunming 1594:within 1553:malaria 1545:cholera 1434:Liu Zao 1359:Liu Zao 1312:Kunming 1308:Liu Zao 1304:sawbwas 1296:sawbwas 1265:Mogaung 1260:sawbwas 1255:Burmese 1205:Beijing 1143:Theinni 1127:Mogaung 1123:sawbwas 1115:sawbwas 1098:sawbwas 1045:sawbwas 1035:of the 973:Siamese 903:or the 893:Burmese 885:Chinese 514:Mongols 374:† 340:† 317: ( 301:† 269:† 263:Mingrui 234:† 4999:Taiwan 4175:Early 4160:topics 4103: 4084: 4056: 4037: 4022:Yangon 4005: 3950: 3922: 3903: 3869: 3079: 2883:Arakan 2800:Manchu 2753:Lan Na 2681:Yunnan 2635:Yunnan 2612:Yunnan 2598:Fuheng 2596:, and 2594:Aligun 2524:, the 2455:peace. 2425:Fuheng 2398:Fuheng 2352:Fuheng 2328:French 2291:Fujian 2271:Mongol 2263:Yunnan 2259:Fuheng 2206:Fuheng 2187:Suhede 2183:Aligun 2175:Manchu 2166:Fuheng 2115:, the 2075:Yunnan 2063:Hsenwi 2040:Yunnan 2016:Hsenwi 1927:Hsipaw 1915:Hsenwi 1911:Hsipaw 1907:Hsenwi 1848:Manchu 1840:Hsipaw 1836:Lashio 1832:Hsenwi 1705:Manchu 1701:Mongol 1681:Yunnan 1624:Manchu 1596:Yunnan 1551:, and 1534:Yunnan 1516:. But 1490:Yunnan 1474:French 1288:sawbwa 1277:Yunnan 1273:Hsenwi 1145:) and 1107:Yunnan 1083:Yunnan 1013:Yunnan 968:Yunnan 940:Yunnan 887:: 560:levies 387:Taksin 370: 336: 334:Arigūn 315:Fuheng 265: 191: 147: 103:Result 92:Yunnan 5191:Queue 5109:Dibao 4965:Tibet 4785:Zhili 4668:Amban 3916:Burma 3867:S2CID 2959:Notes 2891:Assam 2849:China 2807:Burma 2747:left 2673:Bhamo 2663:Burma 2607:taels 2569:Singu 2561:Assam 2484:Burma 2413:Truce 2360:Bhamo 2340:Bhamo 2275:Bhamo 2159:Burma 2122:queue 2005:Singu 1958:Singu 1895:Bhamo 1872:Bhamo 1726:Burma 1657:Burma 1620:Bhamo 1564:Bhamo 1510:Bhamo 1450:Bhamo 1281:Burma 1269:Bhamo 1131:Bhamo 1111:Simao 1092:Pu'er 1071:万国来朝图 1005:China 1001:Burma 921:Burma 913:China 554:Bamar 194:Burma 150:China 4927:Navy 4768:Ejen 4651:List 4101:ISBN 4082:ISBN 4054:ISBN 4035:ISBN 4003:ISBN 3968:link 3948:ISBN 3920:ISBN 3901:ISBN 3886:(2). 3838:help 3077:ISBN 2889:and 2879:Siam 2871:Qing 2845:Siam 2792:Qing 2768:Qing 2749:Siam 2718:Mons 2704:Siam 2697:Qing 2631:Shan 2620:Siam 2557:raja 2431:But 2394:Qing 2336:Tabe 2269:and 2267:Ming 2236:Qing 2221:Siam 2202:Siam 2191:Qing 2185:and 2179:Agui 2154:Qing 2140:The 2057:and 2051:Siam 1947:Siam 1909:and 1886:and 1868:額爾景額 1864:額爾登額 1838:and 1789:and 1765:and 1763:Shan 1754:Siam 1752:and 1750:Laos 1734:Qing 1721:Shan 1683:and 1661:Qing 1506:Qing 1446:Qing 1421:The 1405:and 1395:Mien 1391:Qing 1371:Shan 1320:Shan 1300:Siam 1251:Qing 1129:and 1087:Shan 1079:Qing 1077:The 1041:Shan 1027:and 1003:and 948:Siam 889:清緬戰爭 879:The 558:Shan 556:and 354:Agui 70:Date 3859:doi 2627:Tai 2540:Ava 2538:At 2520:At 2287:Ava 2198:Ava 2109:Ava 2071:Ava 1992:Ava 1990:At 1985:Ava 1966:Ava 1919:Ava 1905:of 1828:Ava 1717:Tai 1693:Ili 1608:Ava 1458:Ava 1456:to 1436:in 1383:Ava 1367:Tai 1339:Ava 1316:Tai 1194:Ava 1184:of 1182:Mon 1157:to 1137:to 956:Ava 946:of 919:of 911:of 320:DOW 5544:: 3964:}} 3960:{{ 3899:. 3895:. 3882:. 3865:. 3853:. 3851:38 3849:. 3830:: 3828:}} 3824:{{ 3781:^ 3742:^ 3727:^ 3712:^ 3685:^ 3654:^ 3607:^ 3560:^ 3545:^ 3522:^ 3505:^ 3490:^ 3457:^ 3422:^ 3407:^ 3392:^ 3353:^ 3308:^ 3287:^ 3262:^ 3213:^ 3198:^ 3175:^ 3146:^ 3127:^ 3110:^ 3100:. 3054:. 2967:^ 2893:. 2885:, 2855:." 2782:. 2763:. 2649:. 2592:, 2588:, 2374:. 2342:. 2181:, 1972:. 1949:. 1937:. 1890:. 1834:, 1614:, 1598:. 1547:, 1536:. 1496:. 1409:. 1271:, 1267:, 1207:. 1196:. 1068:. 1023:, 895:: 891:; 94:, 90:, 86:, 4150:e 4143:t 4136:v 4109:. 4090:. 4062:. 4043:. 4011:. 3970:) 3956:. 3928:. 3909:. 3884:4 3873:. 3861:: 3840:) 3170:. 3104:. 3085:. 3058:. 3004:( 2978:( 2728:" 2629:- 2486:; 1862:( 1719:- 1369:- 1318:- 1263:( 1149:( 1141:( 883:( 830:e 823:t 816:v 738:e 731:t 724:v 323:) 34:. 20:)

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