Sino-Burmese War - Knowledge

1050: 3001:, pp. 333–335). Burney citing Burmese sources gives the Chinese strength as 500,000-foot and 50,000 cavalry and states the Burmese strength to be 64,000-foot and 1200 cavalry. These numbers are certainly exaggerated. Per Harvey (pp. 333–335), the Burmese numbers should be reduced by an order of magnitude, which gives the Chinese strength as about 55,000 which is in line with the 60,000 figure from Chinese sources. Moreover, the Burmese figure of ~65,000 was also exaggerated though probably not by a factor of ten. Per Harvey's analysis, the most the Konbaung kings could have raised was 60,000, even that in early 19th century when they had a larger empire than Hsinbyushin's. Hsinbyushin could not have raised 60,000 since Burma had been at war since 1740 and many able men had already perished. The most he could have raised was no more than 40,000. 386: 177: 2232: 459: 2894: 371: 352: 163: 151: 46: 338: 318: 299: 282: 267: 247: 232: 215: 201: 133: 531: 448: 436: 424: 412: 400: 518: 1407: 1970: 274: 239: 493: 482: 2370:, as planned. But the commander of that army did not want to march far away from the base. When the Burmese army assigned to guard the west bank approached, the Chinese retreated back to the east bank. Likewise, the army assigned to march down the eastern bank also did not proceed. This left the Chinese flotilla exposed. The Burmese flotilla came up the river and attacked and sank all the Chinese boats. The Chinese armies now converged on attacking 2908: 2407: 1794: 1205: 2802:. Despite sending in 50,000 and 60,000 troops in the last two invasions, the Qing command lacked up-to-date information about invasion routes, and had to consult centuries-old maps to form their battle plan. This unfamiliarity exposed their supply and communication lines to repeated Burmese attacks, and allowed their main armies to be encircled in the last three invasions. The Burmese 977: 2221: 1324: 920:. Nonetheless, the war, which claimed the lives of over 70,000 Chinese soldiers and four commanders, is sometimes described as "the most disastrous frontier war that the Qing dynasty had ever waged", and one that "assured Burmese independence". Burma's successful defense laid the foundation for the present-day boundary between the two countries. 2347:. It clearly was a calculated gamble; he had wanted to strike before the Burmese arrived but he had also hoped that "miasma would not be everywhere." So in October 1768, towards the end of (but still during) the monsoon season, Fuheng launched the largest invasion yet. The three Chinese armies jointly attacked and captured 2092:. The smaller army, led by Maha Sithu, continued to pursue Ming Rui while the larger army led by Maha Thiha Thura advanced through the mountainous route to emerge directly behind the Chinese. Through careful maneuvering, the Burmese managed to achieve complete encirclement of the Chinese at modern-day 959:

for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades. The Burmese, too, were preoccupied with the Chinese threat, and kept a series of garrisons along the border. Twenty years later, when Burma and China resumed a diplomatic relationship in

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revolts at the border. Shan resistance leaders united people by saying "The lands and water are our properties. We could plow ourselves and eat our own produces. There is not a need to pay tributes to foreign government". In July 1732, a Shan army, mostly consisted of native mountaineers, laid siege

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The Chinese command, which had already lost 20,000 men, and a quantity of arms and ammunition, now asked for terms. The Burmese staff were averse to granting terms, saying that the Chinese were surrounded like cattle in a pen, they were starving, and in a few days, they could be wiped out to a man.

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army was completely annihilated. The slaughter was such that the Burmese could hardly grip their swords as the hilts were slippery with enemy blood. Of the original 30,000 men of the main army, only 2,500 of then remained alive and were captured. The rest had been killed either on the battlefield,

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since January 1766. Throughout 1767, when the Chinese were mobilizing for their most serious invasion yet, the Burmese were still focused on defeating the Siamese. Even after the Siamese capital was finally captured in April 1767, Hsinbyushin kept part of the troops in Siam during the rainy season

2443:

Comrades, unless we make peace, yet another invasion will come. And when we have defeated it, yet another will come. Our nation cannot go on just repelling invasion after invasion of the Chinese for we have other things to do. Let us stop the slaughter, and let their people and our people live in

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Governor Liu, in his embarrassment, first tried to conceal what had happened. When the Emperor became suspicious, he ordered Liu's immediate recall and demotion. Instead of complying, Liu committed suicide by slicing his throat with a stationery knife, writing as blood was pouring from his neck:

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himself was struck down by fever. More ominously for the Chinese, the Burmese army sent to cut the enemy line of communication also achieved its purpose, and closed in on the Chinese armies from the rear. By early December, the Chinese forces were completely encircled. The Burmese armies then

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The Burmese for years were preoccupied with another impending invasion by the Chinese, and kept a series of garrisons along the border. The high casualties of the war (in terms of the population size) and the ongoing need to guard the northern border seriously hampered the Burmese military's

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The Yunnan government reported the news to the Emperor in 1759, and the Qing court promptly issued an imperial edict ordering reconquest. At first, the Yunnan officials, who believed that "barbarians must be conquered using barbarians", tried to resolve the matter by supporting the defected

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armies. The Manchus saw themselves as a warlike and conquering race and the Chinese as an occupied people. He commissioned a study of the first two invasions, and the report reinforced his biases—that the low battle-worthiness of the Green Standard armies was the reason for the failures.

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He pointed out to his commanders that war with the Chinese was quickly becoming a cancer that would finally destroy the nation. Compared to Chinese losses, Burmese losses were light but considered in proportion to the population, they were heavy. The commanders were not convinced but

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for 90 days. The Yunnan government responded with an overwhelming force numbered around 5,000 and lifted the siege. The Qing army pursued further west but could not put down persistent local resistance. Finally, the Qing field commanders changed their tactics by allying with neutral

939:. Nonetheless, battle-hardened Burmese troops defeated the first two invasions of 1765–1766 and 1766–1767 at the border. The regional conflict now escalated to a major war that involved military maneuvers nationwide in both countries. The third invasion (1767–1768) led by the elite 2216:

in 1768 and went on to reconquer all of their territories throughout 1768 and 1769. For the Burmese, their hard-fought gains of the prior three years (1765–1767) in Siam had gone to waste but there was little they could do. The survival of their kingdom was now at stake.

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through disease or through execution after their surrender. Ming Rui himself was severely wounded in battle. Only a small group managed to break through and escaped the carnage. Ming Rui himself could have escaped with that group. Instead, he cut off his

2654:'s successful defense laid the foundation for the present-day boundary between the two countries. The border still was not demarcated, and the borderlands were still overlapping spheres of influence. After the war, Burma remained in possession of 951:

redeployed his armies from Siam to the Chinese front. The fourth and largest invasion got bogged down at the frontier. With the Qing forces completely encircled, a truce was reached between the field commanders of the two sides in December 1769.

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court had heard nothing, and then the news finally came. The Emperor was shocked and ordered an immediate halt to all military actions until he could decide what next to do. Generals returning from the front line cautioned that there was no way

2197:'s encouragement, made it clear that no compromise with the Burmese could be made. The dignity of the state demanded a full surrender. His aim was to establish direct Qing rule over all Burmese possessions. Emissaries were sent to Siam and 2517:

was not pleased with the treaty. He did not accept the Chinese commanders' explanation that the fourth stipulation—exchange of embassies bearing presents—amounted to Burmese submission and tribute. He did not permit the surrender of the

2327:, who had arrived back from the Siamese theater. Based on their troop movements, the Burmese knew at least the general direction from where the massive invasion force would come. Maha Thiha Thura moved upriver by boat toward 2535:

was furious that his generals had acted without his knowledge, and tore up his copy of the treaty. Knowing that the king was angry, the Burmese armies were afraid to return to the capital. In January 1770, they marched to

2019:. Ming Rui now resorted to defensive tactics, playing for time to enable the northern army to come to his relief. But it was not to be. The northern army had suffered heavy casualties in their repeated attacks against the 1712:

militias accompanied this force. Provinces throughout China were mobilized to provide supplies. The total strength of the invasion force was 50,000 men, the vast majority being infantry. The mountains and thick jungles of

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and other tropical diseases, and many perished as a result. This neutralized the Chinese advantage of superior numbers, and allowed the Burmese to engage the Chinese armies head-to-head towards the end of the campaigns.

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The main beneficiaries of the war were the Siamese, who took full advantage of the Burmese absence to reclaim their lost territories and independence. By 1770, they had reconquered most of the pre-1765 territories. Only

2054:. The Qing commander at Hsenwi committed suicide. The main Qing army was now cut off from all supplies. It was now March 1768. Thousands of Bannermen from the freezing grasslands along the Russian border, began dying of 1765:

As a result, when the invasion did come in November 1767, the Burmese defenses had not been upgraded to meet a much larger and a more determined foe. The Burmese command looked much like that of the second invasion.

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famously did not panic at the prospect of a large Chinese army, numbering around 30,000 men at his doorstep. The court urged the king to flee, but he scornfully refused, saying he and his brother princes, sons of

2497:(known as the Treaty of Kaungton). The Chinese burned their boats and melted down their cannon. Two days later, as the Burmese stood to arms and looked down, starved Chinese soldiers marched sullenly away up the 2853:

Yet it proved that there were limits to the Burmese military power. The Burmese learned that they could not fight two simultaneous wars, especially if one of them was against the world's largest military. King

4607: 2680:) of southern Yunnan remained as authority of Burma until British occupied the whole Burma in 1886. Likewise, the Chinese exercised a degree of control over the borderlands, including present-day northeastern 2011:. The Burmese guerrilla attacks on the long supply lines across the jungles of the Shan Hills were seriously hampering the Qing army's ability to proceed. Burmese guerrilla operations were directed by General 2310:

fort. In the last week of September, three Burmese armies were dispatched to meet the three Chinese armies head-on. A fourth army was organized with the sole purpose of cutting the enemy supply lines. King

2630:, the resumption was on equal terms, and they considered the exchange of presents as part of diplomatic etiquette, not as tribute. To the Chinese however, all of these diplomatic missions were considered 2763:, who hitherto had never faced defeat, now had to accept—albeit grudgingly—that there were limits to Qing power. A historian of Chinese military history, Marvin Whiting, writes that the Burmese success 2161:

at a time when most believed that war was too risky. On 14 April 1768, the imperial court announced the death of Ming Rui and the appointment of Fuheng as the new chief commander of the Burma campaign.

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at the beginning of 1768. The only bright spot for the Burmese was that the northern invasion force, which was to come down the Irrawaddy to join up with Ming Rui's main army, had been held off at

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where other Chinese forces were stationed. The Chinese armies were now trapped inside the corridor between the Shwenyaungbin and Kaungton forts, completely surrounded by rings of Burmese forces.

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route again. The ultimate objective was for both armies to clamp themselves in a pincer action on the Burmese capital of Ava. The Burmese plan was to hold the second Chinese army in the north at

947:(Inwa). But the bannermen of northern China could not cope with unfamiliar tropical terrains and lethal endemic diseases, and were driven back with heavy losses. After the close call, King 4671: 1725:

court now seriously considered the threat of illnesses among its troops; as a precaution, the campaign was planned for the winter months when diseases were believed to be less prevalent.

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used a few minor trade disputes between local Chinese and Burmese merchants as the excuse to order an invasion of Kengtung in December 1765. The invasion force, which consisted of 3,500

1181:. By the mid-1740s, the authority of the Burmese king had largely dissipated. In 1752, the Toungoo dynasty was toppled by the forces of the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom which captured 2846:

The Burmese military proved that they were able and willing to take on a far superior enemy, using their familiarity with the terrain and the weather to their maximum advantage (the

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so as to minimize the Burmese guerrilla attacks on his supply lines. He also brought in a full regiment of carpenters who would build fortresses and boats along the invasion route.

1623:, after losing 10,000 men had sued for peace. He recommended that the emperor graciously accept the peace offer to restore the normal trade relations between the two countries. The 1737:

did not seem to realize the gravity of the situation. Throughout the first two invasions, he had steadfastly refused to recall the main Burmese armies, which had been battling in

5227: 2552:. The Burmese raised their nominee to the throne and returned. The king's anger had subsided; after all, they had won victories and preserved his throne. Still, the king sent 1378:"There is no way to pay back the emperor's favor. I deserve death with my crime". While this kind of suicide in the face of bureaucratic failure apparently was not unusual in 4505: 2573:, the Burmese did not return the 2,500 Chinese prisoners of war, who were resettled. The Qing had lost some of the generation's most important frontier experts, including 2113:

and sent it to the Emperor as a token of his loyalty by those who were escaping. He then hanged himself on a tree. In the end, only a few dozen of the main army returned.

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fort. Given that the main Burmese army was only about 7,000 strong, the entire Burmese defense at the start of the third invasion was most likely no more than 20,000.

817: 2286:'s mistake, he was determined to guard his supply and communication lines, and advance at a sustainable pace. He avoided an invasion route through the jungles of the 2084:

began his retreat, pursued by a Burmese army of 10,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. The Burmese then tried to encircle the Chinese by splitting the army into two.

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alone even as Siam continued to consolidate its gains (he was finally forced to send Burmese armies to Siam in 1775 in response to a Siamese-backed rebellion in

1688:). His appointment meant that this was no longer a border dispute but a full-fledged war. Ming Rui arrived in Yunnan in April. An invasion force consisting of 2274:

head-on, which he knew would be difficult. But two other larger armies would bypass Kaungton and march down the Irrawaddy, one on each bank of the river, to

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decided to impose a tighter control of Yunnan's border regions while the Burmese authority largely dissipated with the rapid decline of the Toungoo dynasty.

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army out of Kaungton fort, and Ne Myo Sithu's army from the north. The Chinese retreated eastwards and then northwards where another Burmese army led by

2634:. The Emperor viewed the resumption of relations as Burmese submission, and unilaterally claimed victory and included the Burma campaign in his list of 2567:

Although hostilities ceased, an uneasy truce ensued. None of the points in the treaty was honored by both sides. Because the Chinese did not return the

2024: 1848: 1992:, would fight the Chinese single-handed if they had to. Instead of defending the capital, Hsinbyushin calmly sent an army to take up position outside 1882:

At first, everything went according to plan for the Qing. The third invasion began in November 1767 as the smaller Chinese army attacked and occupied

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History of Burma: including Burma proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan. From the earliest time to the end of the first war with British India

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The emperor of China and the king of Burma would resume friendly relations, regularly exchanging embassies bearing letters of good will and presents.

2157:, Ming Rui's uncle. Back in the 1750s, Fuheng had been one of the few senior officials who had fully backed the Emperor's decision to eliminate the 4946: 3956: 3086: 3040: 4686: 1161:

was faced with multiple external raids and internal rebellions and could not take any reciprocal action. Throughout the 1730s, the dynasty faced

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1790, the Qing unilaterally viewed the act as Burmese submission, and claimed victory. Ultimately, the main beneficiaries of this war were the

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invasion force was bogged down at the border. Predictably, many Chinese soldiers and sailors fell ill, and began to die in large numbers.

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For the Burmese, the overall objective was to stop the enemy at the border, and prevent another Chinese penetration into their heartland.

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a supply base, and assigned 5,000 troops to remain at Hsenwi and guard the rear. He then led a 15,000-strong army in the direction of

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It would be another twenty years when Burma and China resumed a diplomatic relationship in 1790. The resumption was brokered by the

5546: 4438: 2858:'s reckless decision to fight a two-front war nearly cost the kingdom its independence. Moreover, their losses, while smaller than 2582: 2175: 2171: 1367: 3010:

The number is derived from the fact that only a few dozens of the 30,000 strong main army managed to return to Yunnan. (See e.g. (

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planned a two-pronged invasion as soon as the rainy season ended. The main Chinese army, led by Ming Rui himself, was to approach

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remained in Burmese hands. Preoccupied by the Chinese threat, and recovering from the depletion of manpower from the war, King

2278:. The twin invading armies on each side of the river would be accompanied by war boats manned by thousands of sailors from the 2003:

had overstretched himself, and was in no position to proceed any farther. He was now too far away from his main supply base at

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of the border who used to pay dual tributes, were increasingly siding with the more powerful Qing. By 1735, the year which the

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months in order to mop up the remaining Siamese resistance during the winter months later that year. He actually allowed many

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militias, laid siege to Kengtung but could not match battle-hardened Burmese troops at the Kengtung garrison, led by General

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as well as Burmese attacks in the furnace-like hot weather of central Burma. Ming Rui gave up all hope of proceeding toward

1544:. One Qing report stated that 800 out of 1,000 soldiers in one garrison had died of disease, and that another 100 were ill. 5586: 5551: 4975: 4726: 4639: 4363: 1461:, a few miles south of Bhamo on the Irrawaddy. The Kaungton fort had been especially equipped with the cannon corps led by 2862:

losses, were heavy in proportion to their much smaller size of population, hampering their military capability elsewhere.

4548: 4378: 1037:(chiefs) at the border regions paying tribute to both sides. The situation turned to China's favor in the 1730s when the 5191: 4560: 4433: 4257: 2141:

assuming an easy victory. He had begun making plans about how he would administer his newest territory. For weeks, the

1559:-Bhamo corridor, cut off from all supplies. The Burmese then proceeded to attack the main Chinese army from two sides— 1070:

attempts for tighter control of the border were initially met with fierce resistance by the local chiefs. In 1732, the

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and defeated other lightly held Chinese garrisons at the border. The Burmese armies proceeded to occupy eight Chinese

5480: 5321: 5196: 4553: 4130: 3995: 3893: 2454:, on his own responsibility, and without informing the king, demanded that the Chinese agree to the following terms: 718: 2971:, pp. 171–173); from Burmese sources; figures adjusted down by one magnitude per G.E. Harvey's analysis in his 2540:

where a rebellion had begun, taking advantage of Burmese troubles with the Chinese. After a three days' battle near

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in December 1766, and established a supply base. The Chinese then proceeded to lay siege to the Burmese garrison at

1192:, saying that all "barbarian" tribes under his rule must be studied and reported their natures and cultures back to 5291: 2603:

for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades.

1681: 1453:'s plan was to lure the Chinese into Burmese territory, and then surround them. The Burmese commander in the field 764: 1918:), the two main armies faced off and the first major battle of the third invasion ensued. Outnumbered two-to-one, 5556: 5541: 5408: 4651: 4338: 4224: 2744:

a year earlier). In the following decades, Siam would become a power in its own right, swallowing up Lan Na, the

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borderlands between 1380 and 1388, and stamped out local resistance by the mid-1440s. The Burmese control of the

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was the overall commander, the role which he had assumed since the second half of the third invasion. As usual,

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By then, the Qing control of the former borderlands was unquestioned. In 1752, the Emperor issued a manuscript,

5601: 5591: 4992: 4858: 4626: 4373: 4312: 4282: 4272: 2921: 2374:. But for four consecutive weeks, the Burmese put up a remarkable defense, withstanding gallant charges by the 2212:

to face the Chinese. With the Burmese fully preoccupied with the Chinese threat, the Siamese resistance retook

2189:. The Burmese also sent signals that they would like to give diplomacy a chance, given their preoccupations in 1644:

After the two defeats, the Qing emperor and his court could not comprehend how a relatively small country like

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The impasse did not favor the Chinese troops who were utterly unprepared to fight in the tropical weather of

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had also organized a flotilla of war boats to meet the Chinese war boats. The Burmese defenses now included

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Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)".

2783:, the war highlighted limits to their military power. The Emperor blamed the low battle-worthiness of his 5102: 5085: 4595: 4570: 4533: 4443: 4403: 4155: 3977:

Jung, Richard J. K. (1971). "The Sino-Burmese War, 1766–1770: War and Peace Under the Tributary System".

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was waiting. The two other Burmese armies also followed up, and the Chinese army was destroyed entirely.

5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5485: 4931: 4020:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland

3843: 2031:. The commander was later publicly shamed and executed (sliced to death) on the orders of the Emperor. 1840: 2701:"Their other victories were over states on their own level such as Siam; this was won over an empire. 5631: 5536: 5495: 5214: 5143: 4936: 4468: 4393: 4262: 4180: 1059: 3826: 2684:. Overall, the Burmese were able to push back the line of control up to one that existed before the 2432:

in 1768, realized that another wipe-out would merely stiffen the resolve of the Chinese government.

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authority. (Nearer Shan States had been reacquired since 1754). Three of the ten farther Shan state

5416: 5236: 4970: 4941: 4691: 3885: 2875: 2564:. He would not allow them to see him. He also exiled ministers who dared to speak on their behalf. 1162: 1094:

captainships and regional commanderships. To complete the agreements, the third ranking officer of

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could be conquered. But there was no real choice but to press on. Imperial prestige was at stake.

1386:(the Chinese word for "Burmese") was now a matter of imperial prestige. The Emperor now appointed 1028:

conquered all of the Shan States. The border was never demarcated in the modern sense, with local

964:, who reclaimed most of their territories in the next three years after having lost their capital 5621: 5606: 5012: 4478: 4463: 4297: 4195: 2941: 2665: 1856: 1852: 943:

nearly succeeded, penetrating deep into central Burma within a few days' march from the capital,

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themselves to come into the picture. He had always doubted the battle-worthiness of his Chinese

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and other rebels and fugitives from Burmese justice who had taken shelter in Chinese territory;

1911: 1807: 851: 3933:

Fighting techniques of the Oriental world, AD 1200–1860: equipment, combat skills, and tactics

2394:, which fell after a fierce battle. The fleeing Chinese troops fell back into the pocket near 2366:

But almost nothing went according to plan. One army did cross over to the western bank of the

5467: 5326: 5286: 4953: 4915: 4803: 4783: 4701: 4500: 4483: 4348: 4317: 4252: 4104: 2803: 2719:, though he described the Sino-Burmese war "a righteous war of defense against the invader". 2185:

Before any fighting resumed, some on the Chinese side sent out peace feelers to the court of

1844: 749: 3014:, pp. 102–103).) This figure does not include casualties suffered by the northern army. 106:

Siam regained independence from Burma since the war forced the Burmese to withdraw from Siam

45: 5398: 5365: 5331: 5276: 5156: 5138: 4848: 4778: 4585: 4368: 2556:, the decorated general, whose daughter was married to Hsinbyushin's son and heir-apparent 1930:

too was repulsed at Hsenwi. The news of the disaster at the Goteik Gorge reached Ava. King

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again assigned the same commanders of the second invasion to face off against the Chinese.

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With the Chinese army greatly weakened, the Burmese then launched their offensive. First,

1509:'s defenses held off repeated Chinese assaults. Meanwhile, two Burmese armies, one led by 109:

Solidified tripartite division of Mainland Southeast Asia between Burma, Siam, and Vietnam

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finally realized the gravity of the situation, and urgently recalled Burmese armies from

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launched four invasions of Burma between 1765 and 1769, which were considered one of his

735: 497: 37: 5336: 5047: 5042: 4868: 4808: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4612: 4458: 4277: 3950: 3855: 3814: 2611:. It would be another five years when the Burmese sent another invasion force to Siam. 1429:, which was located far away from the Burmese heartland, Yang was determined to strike 769: 535: 3834:

Dai, Yingcong (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty".

2984:~20,000 at the beginning, plus additional 10,000 men and 2,000 cavalry towards the end 2866:'s military power would plateau in the following decades. It made no progress against 1774:

led the main Burmese army, and was the overall commander of the Chinese theater, with

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had begun to arrive back. Bolstered by the reinforcements, two Burmese armies led by

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cuts. Perhaps most importantly, the Qing soldiers proved ill-suited to fight in the

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The Burmese now faced the largest Chinese army yet mobilized against them. Yet King

1521:'s army also arrived and took position near Bhamo to block the escape route back to 1370:, and defeated them there. Ne Myo Sithu left a reinforced garrison, and returned to 698:

Burmese Royal horse army (3,000), Shan local army (500-2,000), Burmese army (10,000)

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of Burma. In the last three invasions, thousands of Chinese troops became ill with

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expeditions to form his battle plan, which called for a three-pronged invasion via

2130: 2101: 2085: 2075: 2043: 2016: 1927: 1876: 1775: 1746: 1624: 1564: 1518: 1470: 1411: 1339: 1215: 1107: 1054: 965: 913: 905: 881: 873: 856: 462: 404: 360: 326: 307: 287: 255: 220: 206: 182: 167: 3087:"The Fall of Ayutthaya and Siam's Disrupted Order of Tribute to China (1767-1782)" 3041:"The Fall of Ayutthaya and Siam's Disrupted Order of Tribute to China (1767-1782)" 2153:

The Emperor turned to one of his most trusted advisers, the chief grand councilor

1287:. But the strategy did not work. In 1764, a Burmese army, which was on its way to 931:. The Qing invasion came as the majority of Burmese forces were deployed in their 5515: 5461: 5311: 5296: 5120: 4575: 4538: 4488: 4448: 4398: 4343: 4212: 3059: 2410: 2367: 2360: 2267: 2236: 1950: 1701: 1572: 1442: 1158: 1025: 2787:

armies for the first two failed invasions. But he was to concede later that his

5378: 5251: 5017: 4980: 4428: 4418: 4358: 2913: 2768: 2599:. Nonetheless, the Emperor kept a heavy military lineup in the border areas of 2359:. As planned, the carpenters duly built hundreds of war boats to sail down the 2344: 2343:, against the advice of his officers, decided not to wait until the end of the 2198: 2158: 1677: 1426: 1406: 1273: 1135: 1099: 961: 3851: 1299:, a respected scholarly minister from the capital to sort out the matters. At 5530: 5490: 5456: 5421: 5037: 5027: 4843: 4234: 2871: 2791: 2788: 2391: 2375: 2352: 2316: 2163: 2138: 2105: 1945:

pressed on full-steam ahead, overrunning one town after another, and reached

1923: 1836: 1693: 1612: 1529: 1462: 1430: 1253: 1174: 1166: 1080: 940: 485: 273: 238: 3931:

Haskew, Michael E., Christer Joregensen, Eric Niderost, Chris McNab (2008).

5510: 5207: 5149: 4838: 4820: 4676: 4146: 2899: 2859: 2850:

is now a military case study of infantry fighting against a larger army.).

2780: 2756: 2685: 2681: 2498: 2494: 2382: 2255: 2224: 2179: 2142: 2047: 1899: 1895: 1868: 1828: 1779: 1722: 1649: 1620: 1548: 1514: 1494: 1434: 1379: 1363: 1261: 1239: 1231: 1127: 1123: 1067: 1038: 1009: 997: 897: 428: 138: 76: 2626:

officials who wanted to see trade resume. To the Burmese, then under King

2524:

or other fugitives nor the resumption of trade between the two countries.

1457:

was ordered to give up Bhamo, and instead stay at the Burmese stockade at

5446: 5167: 4888: 4883: 2855: 2807: 2733: 2696: 2695:. Their victory over the Qing is described as a moral victory. Historian 2619: 2615: 2561: 2532: 2468: 2312: 2254:

in April, 1769 to take command of a 60,000-strong force. He studied past

2205: 1984: 1931: 1891: 1871:, and meet the main Chinese army in the northeast with two armies led by 1793: 1767: 1751: 1734: 1709: 1705: 1580: 1482: 1450: 1359: 1355: 1308: 1304: 1227: 1075: 1029: 1017: 1005: 948: 546: 391: 84: 3061:

A History of Myanmar since Ancient Times: Traditions and Transformations

1449:. The Burmese knew the route of invasion in advance, and were prepared. 1437:

claimant on the Burmese throne. Yang's planned path of invasion was via

5114: 4958: 4908: 4878: 4721: 2870:. Its later conquests came only against smaller kingdoms to the west — 2841: 2706: 2702: 2406: 2303: 2287: 2201:

states informing them of the Chinese ambition and seeking an alliance.

2182:

military establishment prepared for a final showdown with the Burmese.

2093: 2089: 2008: 1989: 1919: 1872: 1783: 1771: 1568: 1560: 1510: 1506: 1454: 1235: 1223: 1222:, and went on to reunite much of the kingdom by 1758. In 1758–59, King 1208: 1170: 1143: 1021: 1013: 981: 923:

At first, the Qing emperor envisaged an easy war, and sent in only the

507: 440: 416: 72: 4115: 2467:

The Chinese would undertake to respect Burmese sovereignty over those

1631:. On his arrival, Yang committed suicide at the order of the Emperor. 1421:

arrived in the summer of 1766 to take command. Unlike the invasion of

1382:

China, it reportedly enraged the Emperor nonetheless. Sorting out the

703: 4903: 4893: 3882:

Asian borderlands: the transformation of Qing China's Yunnan frontier

2656: 2627: 2557: 1697: 1680:

in the northwest and was in command of the strategically key post of

1627:

however realized the falsity of the report, and ordered Yang back to

1576: 1537: 1395: 1311:

militias alone was not working, and that he needed to commit regular

2560:, a woman's dress to wear, and exiled him and other generals to the 1102:

personally and held a ceremony of allegiance. By the mid-1730s, the

322: 5388: 5133: 5080: 5022: 4898: 4873: 4086:

The Cambridge history of China: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Volume 9

2867: 2833: 2799: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2692: 2677: 2673: 2608: 2501:

valley; they began to perish of hunger by thousands in the passes.

2486: 2395: 2371: 2356: 2307: 2271: 2209: 2190: 2039: 2020: 1958: 1935: 1864: 1787: 1742: 1685: 1676:, and head of the Burma campaign. Ming Rui had seen battle against 1665: 1556: 1502: 1474: 1466: 1458: 1391: 1335: 1288: 1139: 795: 356: 2840:(1765–1769) testified to a truly astonishing elan unmatched since 976: 112:

Resumption of diplomatic relations between Burma and China in 1790

5373: 3384: 3382: 2815: 2795: 2714: 2651: 2590: 2578: 2569: 2537: 2520: 2510: 2490: 2472: 2460: 2425: 2283: 2259: 2147: 2134: 2081: 2055: 2051: 2035: 2004: 2000: 1942: 1903: 1887: 1812: 1718: 1714: 1689: 1673: 1645: 1628: 1600: 1541: 1533: 1481:), was ordered to march to the Bhamo theater across the northern 1300: 1269: 1243: 1193: 1131: 1115: 1033: 989: 251: 1226:, the founder of the dynasty, sent an expedition to the farther 1157:

While the Qing were consolidating their hold at the border, the

4010: 3704: 3702: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 2741: 2669: 2623: 2600: 2586: 2413: 2386: 2340: 2279: 2251: 2247: 2194: 2154: 2063: 2028: 1915: 1824: 1820: 1745:

since January 1765, and laying siege to the Siamese capital of

1669: 1653: 1599:

with the captured guns, muskets and prisoners in early May. At

1584: 1532:. Thousands of Chinese soldiers reportedly were struck down by 1522: 1478: 1265: 1248: 1114:

had sided with the Qing. The annexed border states ranged from

1095: 1086: 1071: 1001: 956: 928: 375: 303: 80: 3773: 3771: 3379: 3345: 3343: 2489:, on 13 December 1769 (or 22 December 1769), under a 7-roofed 1053:

Myanmar (缅甸国) delegates in Peking in 1761, at the time of the

5097: 4656: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 2879: 2837: 2661: 2549: 2348: 2328: 2263: 2038:. By early 1768, battle-hardened Burmese reinforcements from 1993: 1946: 1883: 1860: 1835:. The main invasion route was the same route followed by the 1608: 1552: 1498: 1438: 1366:. The Burmese lifted the siege and pursued the invaders into 1257: 1204: 1119: 993: 955:

The Qing kept a heavy military lineup in the border areas of

909: 901: 542: 3734: 3732: 3699: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3594: 3547: 3492: 3444: 3225: 3200: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3058:

Aung-Thwin, Michael; Aung-Thwin, Maitrii (15 October 2013).

2593:

in 1770). The war cost the Qing treasury 9.8 million silver

2220: 2027:, against the express orders of Ming Rui, retreated back to 1664:

In 1767, the Emperor appointed the veteran Manchu commander

1044: 5267:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

4756: 3768: 3719: 3717: 3340: 2595: 2545: 2528: 2275: 2186: 2167: 2097: 2059: 1980: 1973: 1954: 1907: 1816: 1755: 1738: 1596: 1446: 1371: 1327: 1323: 1182: 944: 342: 3924:

History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824

3672: 3509: 3409: 3328: 3274: 2691:

However, the war also forced the Burmese to withdraw from

2100:. Over the course of three days of bloody fighting at the 1611:

had been occupied; that its inhabitants had begun wearing

3729: 3641: 3617: 3355: 3316: 3190: 3188: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3097: 2668:

in 1824, the Burmese exerted authority over the southern

2485:

The Chinese commanders decided to agree to the terms. At

2351:. They proceeded south and built a massive fortress near 2178:

were appointed as his deputies. Now, the top rung of the

1922:'s main Burmese army was thoroughly routed by Ming Rui's 1571:'s army which had been guarding the western flank of the 1334:

In early 1765, a 20,000-strong Burmese army stationed at

654:

4,500 foot, 200 horse (RBA)Shan national archer army(400)

3783: 3714: 3570: 3537: 3535: 3482: 3480: 3399: 3397: 3367: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 1555:. The main Chinese army was now totally holed up in the 1295:

complained to China. In response, the Emperor appointed

4084:

Woodside, Alexander (2002). Willard J. Peterson (ed.).

3756: 1390:, an experienced frontier officer with long service in 3185: 3162: 3150: 1291:, was increasing its grip of the borderlands, and the 3744: 3532: 3477: 3465: 3432: 3394: 3295: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3237: 3133: 3114: 4067:

Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC – 1912 AD

3629: 3057: 2889: 2381:

A little over a month into the invasion, the entire

2204:

Ava now fully expected another major invasion. King

1996:, personally leading his men toward the front line. 1797:

Main battle routes of the third invasion (1767–1768)

1199: 5272:

Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory

2975:(1925) in the section Numerical Note (pp. 333–335). 1074:government's demand of higher taxes led to several 3972:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. 3965: 3660: 3582: 3249: 2493:hall, 14 Burmese and 13 Chinese officers signed a 2355:village, 12 miles east of the Burmese fortress at 1473:and posted at the easternmost Burmese garrison at 1090:, granting them Qing titles and powers, including 1469:in 1756). To reinforce them, another army led by 5528: 1165:raids that reached increasingly deeper parts of 4108:, Chapter 327, Biographies 114 《清史稿》卷327 列傳一百十四 3907:(3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. 3809:. Vol. 9. Canton: Printed for Proprietors. 2709:was stained with treachery; the great siege of 2088:had now assumed the overall command, replacing 1268:and tried to persuade Qing officials to invade 4672:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations 4088:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 4039:The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma 3985: 3231: 1941:Having smashed through the main Burmese army, 1668:, a son-in-law of his, as governor-general of 1401: 1264:) and their militias reportedly ran away into 625:Green Standard and Tai-Shan militias (balance) 5092:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China 5063:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 4131: 2672:borderlands, as far as Kenghung (present-day 2208:had now brought most of the troops back from 1634: 1318: 811: 719: 3955:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2319:musketeers and gunners under the command of 19:For other wars between China and Burma, see 4102: 3156: 2124: 1696:troops rushed down from northern China and 1433:directly. He reportedly planned to place a 4138: 4124: 2806:meant that the Chinese were vulnerable to 2767:saved the independence of other states in 2755:From a wider geopolitical standpoint, the 2066:with as many of his soldiers as possible. 1607:began resorting to lies. He reported that 818: 804: 726: 712: 674:Total: 150,000 royal Burma army Shan army 638:2,000 foot, 200 horse (Royal Burmese Army) 4752:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty 4017: 4004: 3963: 3866: 3789: 3762: 3723: 3708: 3611: 3576: 3564: 3503: 3459: 3334: 3219: 3091:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3045:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2544:, the Manipuris were defeated, and their 2119: 2007:, hundreds of miles away in the northern 1964: 1488: 1242:over two decades earlier, to reestablish 1190:Qing Imperial Illustration of Tributaries 1045:Qing consolidation of borderlands (1730s) 4601:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi 4083: 3807:Four Years' War between Burmah and China 3777: 3349: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2832:"These near simultaneous victories over 2405: 2270:. The first army would attack Bhamo and 2230: 2219: 1968: 1792: 1405: 1322: 1203: 1048: 975: 564:Total strength: 5,000 foot, 1,000 horse 5208:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries 4145: 4064: 4036: 3879: 3693: 3526: 3426: 3403: 3373: 3361: 3289: 3194: 3144: 3127: 3108: 3011: 2478:All prisoners of war would be released; 2062:, and instead tried to make it back to 1728: 1652:. For the Emperor, it was time for the 1639: 1152:Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture 733: 173: 129: 50:Burma and China prior to the war (1765) 16:Qing dynasty war of expansion (1765-69) 5529: 4055: 3930: 3921: 3804: 3750: 3738: 3654: 3635: 3623: 3541: 3486: 3471: 3438: 3388: 3322: 3243: 3179: 2998: 2994: 2968: 2646: 2293: 2242: 2096:(Maymyo), about 50 miles northeast of 1839:forces a century earlier, chasing the 1595:Victorious Burmese armies returned to 308: 5506:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions 4747:Principles of the Constitution (1908) 4119: 3084: 3038: 2954: 2339:As the Burmese armies marched north, 1782:commanding two other Burmese armies. 799: 707: 4727:Ministry of Posts and Communications 3976: 3902: 3588: 3310: 2794:too were less suited to fighting in 2458:The Chinese would surrender all the 1801: 894:Myanmar campaign of the Qing dynasty 825: 5475:History of Qing (People's Republic) 3935:(Illustrated ed.). Macmillan. 3926:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 3880:Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006). 3833: 3666: 3268: 2471:that had been historically part of 2069: 1465:gunners (captured at the battle of 1346:. With the main Burmese army gone, 996:had long been vaguely defined. The 666:Total: ~30,000 foot, 2,000 cavalry 13: 5192:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor 4561:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 4554:1909 Provincial Assembly elections 4434:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874) 4258:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 3805:Burney, Col. Henry (August 1840). 2822:The war is considered the peak of 2688:consolidation drive of the 1730s. 2664:. At least down to the eve of the 2424:, who oversaw the annihilation of 1847:. The second army, led by General 1762:at the start of the rainy season. 1619:; and that the Burmese commander, 984:, where major campaigns took place 14: 5653: 5481:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty 5322:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) 5197:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty 4349:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war) 4056:Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (1884). 1238:), which had been annexed by the 1200:Burmese reassertion (1750s–1760s) 1110:ascended the Chinese throne, ten 641:Shan militia at Kengtung garrison 5292:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking 4608:Articles of Favourable Treatment 4364:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) 2906: 2892: 1342:, left Kengtung for yet another 529: 516: 491: 480: 457: 446: 434: 422: 410: 398: 384: 369: 350: 336: 316: 297: 280: 272: 265: 245: 237: 230: 213: 199: 175: 161: 149: 131: 62:December 1765 – 22 December 1769 44: 5547:Wars involving the Qing dynasty 4339:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 4225:Revolt of the Three Feudatories 4069:. iUniverse. pp. 480–481. 3869:SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research 3004: 2987: 2978: 2932:Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767) 2722: 2641: 2607:capability to renew warfare in 2034:The situation turned worse for 1551:easily retook the lightly held 1330:army in a 19th-century painting 1303:, Liu assessed that the use of 1008:(which covered the present-day 896:, was a war fought between the 580:Total: 25,000 foot, 2,500 horse 4993:Guest House of Imperial Envoys 4283:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas 4022:. Cambridge University Press. 3078: 3051: 3032: 2676:, Yunnan). But, Chiang Huang ( 2504: 1648:could resist the might of the 1214:In 1752, a new dynasty called 760:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas 1: 5427:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank 5202:Islam during the Qing dynasty 5058:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty) 4742:Provincial military commander 4732:Nine Gates Infantry Commander 4717:Imperial Household Department 4544:Preparative Constitutionalism 4248:Sino-Russian border conflicts 4041:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 4018:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). 3021: 2390:attacked the Chinese fort at 1279:and his followers also fled. 971: 785:Campaigns against the Gurkhas 5186:Researches on Manchu Origins 4591:Mongolian Revolution of 1911 4201:Transition from Ming to Qing 4191:Later Jin invasion of Joseon 3026: 1590: 1220:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1179:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 602:30,000 bannermen and Mongols 103:Assured Burmese independence 31:Sino-Burmese War (1765–1769) 7: 5552:Military history of Myanmar 5086:Changzhou School of Thought 4596:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang 4571:Railway Protection Movement 4549:1909 Parliamentary election 4534:British expedition to Tibet 4444:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang 4404:Self-Strengthening Movement 4379:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856) 4065:Whiting, Marvin C. (2002). 2885: 2774: 2334: 2282:navy. To avoid a repeat of 1910:. In late December, at the 1402:Second invasion (1766–1767) 1150:(Kyaingyun) in present-day 912:(Myanmar). China under the 608:Tai-Shan militias (balance) 588:Tai-Shan militias (balance) 571:Tai-Shan militias (balance) 10: 5658: 5486:Legacy of the Qing dynasty 4374:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873) 4313:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) 4303:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 4273:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736) 4013:: Yangon University Press. 3844:Cambridge University Press 3798: 2937:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 2826:military power. Historian 2235:A Burmese war-boat on the 2073: 1890:'s main army occupied the 1805: 1635:Third invasion (1767–1768) 1517:, surrounded the Chinese. 1319:First invasion (1765–1766) 925:Green Standard Army troops 18: 5496:Names of the Qing dynasty 5439: 5407: 5364: 5357: 5226: 5144:Manchu Han Imperial Feast 5071: 5003: 4924: 4829: 4625: 4516: 4474:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896) 4469:Gongche Shangshu movement 4414:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) 4326: 4263:Chinese Rites controversy 4233: 4163: 4154: 4007:History of Union of Burma 3964:Htin Aung, Maung (1967). 3852:10.1017/s0026749x04001040 2997:, pp. 180–181) and ( 1721:forces to a minimum. The 1234:and northern and eastern 1177:revolted and founded the 1020:) came in 1557 when King 885: 877: 837: 745: 679: 553: 541: 471: 189: 122: 54: 43: 35: 30: 5417:Great Qing Treasure Note 5237:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) 4947:Administrative divisions 4764:Administrative divisions 4692:Flag of the Qing dynasty 3886:Harvard University Press 3391:, pp. 191–192, 201. 2947: 2922:Mongol invasion of Burma 2660:, the nine states above 2589:(who eventually died of 2401: 2193:. But the Emperor, with 2125:Intermission (1768–1769) 1575:, then marched north of 1344:Burmese invasion of Siam 1079:to the Qing garrison at 988:The long border between 968:to the Burmese in 1767. 842:Siege of Kengtung (1765) 622:40,000 bannermen/Mongols 5587:China–Myanmar relations 5013:Chengde Mountain Resort 4814:Three Eastern Provinces 4464:First Sino-Japanese War 4439:Northern Chinese Famine 4298:Lin Shuangwen rebellion 4196:Qing invasion of Joseon 4037:Myint-U, Thant (2006). 3986:George C. Kohn (2006). 2942:First Anglo-Burmese War 2705:'s crusade against the 2666:First Anglo-Burmese War 2438:was said to have said: 1497:troops easily captured 1477:(present-day Jinghong, 890:Qing invasions of Burma 886:တရုတ်-မြန်မာ စစ်ပွဲများ 775:Lin Shuangwen rebellion 5557:18th-century conflicts 5542:Wars involving Myanmar 5394:Great Qing Copper Coin 5282:Convention of Tientsin 5215:Annotated Bibliography 5163:Qing official headwear 4206:Battle of Shanhai Pass 3922:Harvey, G. E. (1925). 3085:Erika, Masuda (2007). 3039:Erika, Masuda (2007). 2416: 2239: 2228: 2120:Fourth invasion (1769) 2050:succeeded in retaking 1976: 1965:Burmese counter-attack 1808:Battle of Goteik Gorge 1798: 1489:Trap at Bhamo–Kaungton 1415: 1331: 1211: 1063: 985: 852:Battle of Goteik Gorge 190:Commanders and leaders 5602:18th century in Burma 5592:18th century in China 5468:Draft History of Qing 5327:Treaty of Shimonoseki 5108:performance criticism 4712:Imperial Commissioner 4702:Great Qing Legal Code 4501:Eight-Nation Alliance 4484:Third plague pandemic 4394:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars 4318:White Lotus Rebellion 4105:Draft History of Qing 3903:Hall, D.G.E. (1960). 2804:scorched earth policy 2748:states, and parts of 2409: 2234: 2223: 1972: 1886:. Within eight days, 1867:with the army led by 1845:Southern Ming dynasty 1796: 1513:, and another led by 1409: 1326: 1207: 1052: 979: 888:), also known as the 690:4th campaign: 20,000+ 688:3rd campaign: 30,000+ 686:2nd campaign: ~20,000 680:Casualties and losses 605:12,000 Green Standard 585:14,000 Green Standard 5399:Great Qing Gold Coin 5332:Treaty of Tarbagatai 5277:Convention of Peking 5157:Pentaglot Dictionary 5139:Literary inquisition 4849:Ever Victorious Army 4682:Deliberative Council 4586:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 4539:1905 Batang uprising 4479:Hundred Days' Reform 4369:Small Swords Society 4111:(in Chinese). China. 3836:Modern Asian Studies 2378:to scale the walls. 2023:fort. Its commander 1953:, 30 miles north of 1786:again commanded the 1729:Burmese mobilization 1640:Chinese mobilization 780:Invasion of Đại Việt 568:3,500 Green Standard 5637:Green Standard Army 5452:Anti-Qing sentiment 5302:Treaty of the Bogue 5242:Treaty of Nerchinsk 5174:Complete Tang Poems 4854:Green Standard Army 4737:Provincial governor 4707:Imperial Clan Court 4687:Diplomatic missions 4662:Consultative Bureau 4409:Tongzhi Restoration 4288:Afaqi Khoja revolts 4268:Ten Great Campaigns 4176:Jurchen unification 4060:. Trübner & co. 3990:. Checkmark Books. 3780:, pp. 265–266. 3741:, pp. 257–258. 3711:, pp. 181–183. 3696:, pp. 103–104. 3626:, pp. 196–198. 3614:, pp. 178–179. 3567:, pp. 314–318. 3529:, pp. 102–103. 3506:, pp. 177–178. 3462:, pp. 310–314. 3429:, pp. 100–101. 3352:, pp. 256–262. 3292:, pp. 101–110. 3232:George C. Kohn 2006 3222:, pp. 180–183. 3111:, pp. 480–481. 2927:Ten Great Campaigns 2647:Territorial changes 2636:Ten Great Campaigns 2294:Burmese battle plan 2243:Chinese battle plan 1999:It turned out that 1352:Green Standard Army 1313:Green Standard Army 918:Ten Great Campaigns 750:Conquest of Dzungar 737:Ten Great Campaigns 498:Green Standard Army 38:Ten Great Campaigns 5337:Treaty of Tientsin 5048:Western Qing tombs 5043:Eastern Qing tombs 4869:Peking Field Force 4613:Manchu Restoration 4506:Declaration of war 4459:Jindandao incident 4278:Lhasa riot of 1750 4005:Kyaw Thet (1962). 3988:Dictionary of wars 3968:A History of Burma 3657:, p. 255–257. 3364:, pp. 99–100. 3325:, p. 254–258. 3064:. Reaktion Books. 2713:was a magnificent 2632:tributary missions 2417: 2240: 2229: 1977: 1799: 1416: 1354:troops along with 1332: 1218:rose to challenge 1212: 1064: 986: 770:Jinchuan campaigns 755:Amursana rebellion 536:Royal Burmese Army 522:Royal Siamese Army 486:Eight Banners Army 100:Treaty of Kaungton 5582:Conflicts in 1769 5577:Conflicts in 1768 5572:Conflicts in 1766 5567:Conflicts in 1767 5562:Conflicts in 1765 5524: 5523: 5435: 5434: 5347:Treaty of Whampoa 5342:Treaty of Wanghia 5317:Treaty of Nanking 5287:Li–Lobanov Treaty 5262:Chefoo Convention 5257:Burlingame Treaty 5128:Kangxi Dictionary 5033:Old Summer Palace 4864:Firearm Battalion 4667:Cup of Solid Gold 4621: 4620: 4566:Manchurian plague 4529:Late Qing reforms 4520:(1901–1912) 4454:Sikkim expedition 4384:Panthay Rebellion 4354:Taiping Rebellion 4330:(1801–1900) 4308:Sino-Nepalese War 4253:Dzungar–Qing Wars 4239:(1683–1799) 4167:(1616–1683) 4095:978-0-521-24334-6 4076:978-0-595-22134-9 4048:978-0-374-16342-6 4029:978-0-521-80496-7 3942:978-0-312-38696-2 3914:978-1-4067-3503-1 3376:, pp. 59–80. 3337:, pp. 61–63. 3313:, pp. 27–29. 3182:, pp. 27–31. 3071:978-1-86189-939-2 2411:Military Minister 2214:Ayutthaya Kingdom 2013:Teingya Minkhaung 1859:) was to try the 1802:Chinese offensive 1338:, led by General 1142:) in present-day 865: 864: 847:Siege of Kaungton 793: 792: 702: 701: 657:Kaungton garrison 508:Tai-Shan militias 453:Teingya Minkhaung 236:Yang Yingju 156:Ayutthaya Kingdom 118: 117: 21:Sino-Burmese wars 5649: 5632:Qianlong Emperor 5537:Konbaung dynasty 5501:New Qing History 5384:Qianlong Tongbao 5362: 5361: 5307:Treaty of Canton 5247:Unequal treaties 5053:Fuling Mausoleum 4652:Advisory Council 4581:Wuchang Uprising 4521: 4424:Tianjin Massacre 4389:Second Opium War 4331: 4293:Sino-Burmese War 4240: 4218:Battle of Penghu 4186:Seven Grievances 4168: 4161: 4160: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4099: 4080: 4061: 4052: 4033: 4014: 4001: 3982: 3973: 3971: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3927: 3918: 3899: 3876: 3863: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3810: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3727: 3721: 3712: 3706: 3697: 3691: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3545: 3539: 3530: 3524: 3507: 3501: 3490: 3484: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3407: 3401: 3392: 3386: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3293: 3287: 3272: 3266: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3198: 3192: 3183: 3177: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3131: 3125: 3112: 3106: 3095: 3094: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3036: 3015: 3008: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973:History of Burma 2965: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2848:Battle of Maymyo 2828:Victor Lieberman 2812:tropical climate 2761:Qianlong Emperor 2554:Maha Thiha Thura 2515:Qianlong Emperor 2452:Maha Thiha Thura 2436:Maha Thiha Thura 2430:Battle of Maymyo 2422:Maha Thiha Thura 2321:Pierre de Milard 2300:Maha Thiha Thura 2131:Qianlong Emperor 2102:Battle of Maymyo 2086:Maha Thiha Thura 2076:Battle of Maymyo 2070:Battle of Maymyo 2044:Maha Thiha Thura 2017:Maha Thiha Thura 1928:Maha Thiha Thura 1902:. Ming Rui made 1877:Maha Thiha Thura 1776:Maha Thiha Thura 1717:kept the use of 1704:from Yunnan and 1684:(in present-day 1625:Qianlong Emperor 1565:Maha Thiha Thura 1519:Maha Thiha Thura 1493:As planned, the 1471:Maha Thiha Thura 1412:Qianlong Emperor 1368:Pu'er Prefecture 1340:Ne Myo Thihapate 1272:. The nephew of 1108:Qianlong Emperor 1055:Qianlong Emperor 1000:first conquered 941:Manchu Bannermen 914:Qianlong Emperor 906:Konbaung dynasty 887: 879: 870:Sino-Burmese War 857:Battle of Maymyo 832: 830: 829:Sino–Burmese War 820: 813: 806: 797: 796: 765:Sino-Burmese War 740: 738: 728: 721: 714: 705: 704: 671:Fourth invasion: 647:Second invasion: 614:Fourth invasion: 577:Second invasion: 534: 533: 532: 520: 519: 496: 495: 494: 484: 483: 463:Pierre de Milard 461: 460: 451: 450: 449: 439: 438: 437: 427: 426: 425: 415: 414: 413: 405:Maha Thiha Thura 403: 402: 401: 389: 388: 387: 374: 373: 372: 365: 355: 354: 353: 341: 340: 339: 331: 321: 320: 319: 310: 302: 301: 300: 292: 285: 284: 283: 276: 271:E'erdeng'e 270: 269: 268: 260: 250: 249: 248: 241: 235: 234: 233: 225: 218: 217: 216: 207:Qianlong Emperor 204: 203: 202: 185: 181: 179: 178: 168:Thonburi Kingdom 166: 165: 164: 154: 153: 152: 145:Co-belligerents: 141: 137: 135: 134: 96:Burmese victory 56: 55: 48: 28: 27: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5516:Willow Palisade 5462:Chuang Guandong 5431: 5403: 5353: 5312:Treaty of Kulja 5297:Treaty of Aigun 5230: 5222: 5121:History of Ming 5073: 5067: 5005: 4999: 4925:Special regions 4920: 4859:Imperial Guards 4825: 4617: 4576:1911 Revolution 4522: 4519: 4512: 4489:Boxer Rebellion 4449:Sino-French War 4399:Amur Annexation 4344:First Opium War 4332: 4329: 4322: 4241: 4238: 4229: 4213:Great Clearance 4169: 4166: 4150: 4144: 4096: 4077: 4049: 4030: 3998: 3981:. Vol. 24. 3979:Papers on China 3948: 3947: 3943: 3915: 3896: 3822: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3673: 3669:, pp. 178. 3665: 3661: 3653: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3548: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3510: 3502: 3493: 3485: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3410: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3296: 3288: 3275: 3267: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3163: 3157:Qing Chronicles 3155: 3151: 3143: 3134: 3126: 3115: 3107: 3098: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3056: 3052: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3009: 3005: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2966: 2955: 2950: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2777: 2725: 2649: 2644: 2507: 2428:'s army at the 2404: 2337: 2296: 2268:Irrawaddy River 2245: 2237:Irrawaddy River 2127: 2122: 2116: 2080:In March 1768, 2078: 2072: 1967: 1951:Irrawaddy River 1831:, and down the 1810: 1804: 1731: 1702:Green Standards 1700:. Thousands of 1642: 1637: 1593: 1573:Irrawaddy River 1491: 1443:Irrawaddy River 1404: 1374:in April 1766. 1321: 1202: 1169:. In 1740, the 1159:Toungoo dynasty 1122:in present-day 1047: 1026:Toungoo dynasty 974: 933:latest invasion 866: 861: 833: 828: 826: 824: 794: 789: 741: 736: 734: 732: 693: 691: 689: 687: 673: 668: 665: 663:Third invasion: 660: 649: 644: 618: 616: 611: 598: 596: 594:Third invasion: 591: 581: 579: 574: 563: 561:First invasion: 530: 528: 517: 513: 512: 492: 490: 481: 467: 458: 447: 445: 435: 433: 423: 421: 411: 409: 399: 397: 385: 383: 370: 368: 367: 361: 351: 349: 348: 347: 337: 335: 327: 317: 315: 298: 296: 288: 281: 279: 266: 264: 256: 246: 244: 231: 229: 221: 214: 212: 200: 198: 176: 174: 162: 160: 159: 150: 148: 147: 143: 132: 130: 87: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5655: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5622:1760s in Burma 5619: 5614: 5609: 5607:1760s in China 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5379:Kangxi Tongbao 5376: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5252:Boxer Protocol 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5018:Forbidden City 5015: 5009: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4981:General of Ili 4978: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4964:List of ambans 4961: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4631: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4429:Margary Affair 4426: 4421: 4419:Mudan incident 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4359:Nian Rebellion 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4100: 4094: 4081: 4075: 4062: 4053: 4047: 4034: 4028: 4015: 4009:(in Burmese). 4002: 3996: 3983: 3974: 3961: 3941: 3928: 3919: 3913: 3900: 3894: 3877: 3864: 3831: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3792:, p. 184. 3790:Lieberman 2003 3782: 3767: 3763:Lieberman 2003 3755: 3753:, p. 259. 3743: 3728: 3726:, p. 182. 3724:Htin Aung 1967 3713: 3709:Htin Aung 1967 3698: 3671: 3659: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3612:Htin Aung 1967 3593: 3581: 3579:, p. 178. 3577:Htin Aung 1967 3569: 3565:Kyaw Thet 1962 3546: 3544:, p. 253. 3531: 3508: 3504:Htin Aung 1967 3491: 3489:, p. 195. 3476: 3474:, p. 192. 3464: 3460:Kyaw Thet 1962 3443: 3441:, p. 250. 3431: 3408: 3393: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3339: 3335:Fernquest 2006 3327: 3315: 3294: 3273: 3271:, p. 145. 3248: 3246:, p. 258. 3236: 3224: 3220:Htin Aung 1967 3199: 3197:, p. 102. 3184: 3161: 3149: 3147:, p. 101. 3132: 3130:, p. 103. 3113: 3096: 3077: 3070: 3050: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3003: 2986: 2977: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2914:Myanmar portal 2903: 2887: 2884: 2785:Green Standard 2776: 2773: 2769:Southeast Asia 2724: 2721: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2506: 2503: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2465: 2447: 2446: 2403: 2400: 2345:monsoon season 2336: 2333: 2323:, governor of 2306:commanded the 2295: 2292: 2244: 2241: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2074:Main article: 2071: 2068: 2015:, a deputy of 1966: 1963: 1855:, or possibly 1841:Yongli Emperor 1806:Main article: 1803: 1800: 1758:battalions to 1730: 1727: 1678:Turkic peoples 1658:Green Standard 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1592: 1589: 1490: 1487: 1403: 1400: 1320: 1317: 1201: 1198: 1136:Kengtung State 1092:Green Standard 1046: 1043: 980:Topography of 973: 970: 863: 862: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 838: 835: 834: 823: 822: 815: 808: 800: 791: 790: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 746: 743: 742: 731: 730: 723: 716: 708: 700: 699: 696: 695:2,500 captured 692:Total: 70,000+ 682: 681: 677: 676: 659: 658: 655: 643: 642: 639: 632:First invasion 628: 627: 626: 623: 617:Total: 250,000 610: 609: 606: 603: 590: 589: 586: 573: 572: 569: 556: 555: 551: 550: 539: 538: 526: 525: 524: 511: 510: 505: 500: 488: 477: 474: 473: 472:Units involved 469: 468: 466: 465: 455: 443: 431: 419: 407: 395: 380: 378: 346: 345: 333: 313: 294: 277: 262: 242: 227: 210: 195: 192: 191: 187: 186: 171: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 114: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 93: 89: 88: 70: 68: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 41: 40: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5654: 5643: 5642:Eight Banners 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627:1765 in Burma 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5617:1769 in China 5615: 5613: 5612:1765 in China 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597:1760s in Asia 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Manchu people 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5457:Canton System 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5422:Hubu Guanpiao 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5072:Society & 5070: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5038:Summer Palace 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5028:Mukden Palace 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5004:Palaces & 5002: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4844:Eight Banners 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4697:Grand Council 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4517:20th century 4515: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4327:19th century 4325: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3997:0-8160-6578-0 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3895:0-674-02171-1 3891: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3816: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3778:Woodside 2002 3774: 3772: 3765:, p. 32. 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3638:, p. 29. 3637: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3591:, p. 28. 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3473: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3406:, p. 68. 3405: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3350:Woodside 2002 3346: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3240: 3234:, p. 82. 3233: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3031: 3013: 3007: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2904: 2901: 2890: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2392:Shwenyaungbin 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353:Shwenyaungbin 2350: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1441:and down the 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1408: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230:(present-day 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1206: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 983: 978: 969: 967: 963: 958: 953: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 927:stationed in 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 883: 875: 871: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 839: 836: 831: 821: 816: 814: 809: 807: 802: 801: 798: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 744: 739: 729: 724: 722: 717: 715: 710: 709: 706: 697: 694: 684: 683: 678: 675: 672: 667: 664: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 640: 637: 636: 635: 633: 629: 624: 621: 620: 619: 615: 607: 604: 601: 600: 599: 597:Total: 70000, 595: 587: 584: 583: 582: 578: 570: 567: 566: 565: 562: 558: 557: 552: 548: 544: 540: 537: 527: 523: 515: 514: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 489: 487: 479: 478: 476: 475: 470: 464: 456: 454: 444: 442: 432: 430: 420: 418: 408: 406: 396: 394: 393: 382: 381: 379: 377: 366: 364: 358: 344: 334: 332: 330: 324: 314: 311: 305: 295: 293: 291: 278: 275: 263: 261: 259: 253: 243: 240: 228: 226: 224: 219:Liu Zao 211: 209: 208: 197: 196: 194: 193: 188: 184: 172: 169: 157: 146: 142: 140: 127: 126: 121: 111: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 91: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 66: 65: 61: 58: 57: 53: 47: 42: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 5511:Treaty ports 5473: 5466: 5440:Other topics 5213: 5206: 5184: 5172: 5155: 5150:Peiwen Yunfu 5148: 5126: 5119: 5090: 4839:Beiyang Army 4821:Zongli Yamen 4677:Da-Qing Bank 4494:Red Lanterns 4292: 4147:Qing dynasty 4109: 4103: 4085: 4066: 4057: 4038: 4019: 4006: 3987: 3978: 3967: 3932: 3923: 3904: 3881: 3872: 3868: 3839: 3835: 3806: 3785: 3758: 3746: 3694:Myint-U 2006 3662: 3631: 3619: 3584: 3572: 3527:Myint-U 2006 3467: 3434: 3427:Myint-U 2006 3404:Giersch 2006 3374:Giersch 2006 3369: 3362:Giersch 2006 3357: 3330: 3318: 3290:Giersch 2006 3239: 3227: 3195:Giersch 2006 3152: 3145:Giersch 2006 3128:Giersch 2006 3109:Whiting 2002 3090: 3080: 3060: 3053: 3044: 3034: 3012:Myint-U 2006 3006: 2989: 2980: 2972: 2900:China portal 2852: 2831: 2821: 2778: 2764: 2754: 2726: 2723:Geopolitical 2700: 2690: 2682:Kachin State 2655: 2650: 2642:Significance 2613: 2605: 2594: 2568: 2566: 2526: 2519: 2508: 2499:Taping River 2495:peace treaty 2484: 2459: 2448: 2442: 2434: 2418: 2380: 2365: 2338: 2297: 2246: 2203: 2184: 2152: 2128: 2115: 2094:Pyin Oo Lwin 2079: 2048:Ne Myo Sithu 2033: 1998: 1978: 1940: 1912:Goteik Gorge 1881: 1869:Ne Myo Sithu 1811: 1780:Ne Myo Sithu 1764: 1759: 1732: 1663: 1643: 1621:Ne Myo Sithu 1594: 1561:Balamindin's 1549:Ne Myo Sithu 1546: 1527: 1515:Ne Myo Sithu 1492: 1417: 1414:'s bannermen 1383: 1376: 1364:Ne Myo Sithu 1333: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1247: 1232:Kachin State 1213: 1189: 1187: 1156: 1148:Sipsongpanna 1128:Hsenwi State 1124:Kachin State 1111: 1103: 1098:traveled to 1085: 1065: 1058: 1039:Qing dynasty 1032: 1010:Kachin State 998:Ming dynasty 987: 954: 922: 898:Qing dynasty 893: 889: 869: 867: 685: 670: 669: 662: 661: 650:Total:10000 646: 645: 631: 630: 613: 612: 593: 592: 576: 575: 560: 559: 429:Ne Myo Sithu 390: 362: 328: 289: 286:Aligui 257: 222: 205: 158:(until 1767) 144: 128: 123:Belligerents 95: 77:Kachin State 25: 5447:Aisin Gioro 5409:Paper money 5168:Qing poetry 4889:Wuwei Corps 4884:Shuishiying 4645:Family tree 3846:: 145–189. 3823:|work= 3751:Harvey 1925 3739:Harvey 1925 3655:Harvey 1925 3636:Haskew 2008 3624:Phayre 1884 3542:Harvey 1925 3487:Phayre 1884 3472:Phayre 1884 3439:Harvey 1925 3389:Phayre 1884 3323:Harvey 1925 3244:Harvey 1925 3180:Haskew 2008 2999:Harvey 1925 2995:Burney 1840 2969:Burney 1840 2856:Hsinbyushin 2836:(1767) and 2808:supply line 2734:Hsinbyushin 2697:G.E. Harvey 2622:nobles and 2575:Yang Yingju 2562:Shan states 2533:Hsinbyushin 2469:Shan states 2313:Hsinbyushin 2250:arrived in 2206:Hsinbyushin 1985:Hsinbyushin 1932:Hsinbyushin 1892:Shan states 1833:Namtu River 1768:Hsinbyushin 1735:Hsinbyushin 1605:Yang Yingju 1581:Shan states 1530:Upper Burma 1483:Shan states 1451:Hsinbyushin 1431:Upper Burma 1419:Yang Yingju 1388:Yang Yingju 1228:Shan States 1175:Lower Burma 1167:Upper Burma 1018:Kayah State 1006:Shan States 949:Hsinbyushin 634:Total:2500 392:Hsinbyushin 170:(from 1767) 85:Upper Burma 71:Modern-day 5531:Categories 5115:Four Wangs 5006:mausoleums 4959:Golden Urn 4932:Inner Asia 4909:Xiang Army 4879:Hushenying 4804:Liangguang 4784:Liangjiang 4722:Lifan Yuan 4627:Government 3022:References 2842:Bayinnaung 2759:, and the 2730:Tenasserim 2703:Alaungpaya 2542:Langthabal 2304:Balamindin 2288:Shan Hills 2090:Maha Sithu 2025:E'erdeng'e 2009:Shan Hills 1990:Alaungpaya 1920:Maha Sithu 1914:(south of 1873:Maha Sithu 1849:E'erdeng'e 1784:Balamindin 1772:Maha Sithu 1760:demobilize 1692:and elite 1569:Maha Sithu 1511:Maha Sithu 1507:Balamindin 1455:Balamindin 1236:Shan State 1224:Alaungpaya 1209:Alaungpaya 1154:, Yunnan. 1144:Shan State 1140:Kyaingtong 1022:Bayinnaung 1014:Shan State 982:Shan State 972:Background 441:Balamindin 417:Maha Sithu 73:Shan State 4937:Manchuria 4904:Huai Army 4894:Yong Ying 4779:Shaan-Gan 4235:High Qing 4181:Later Jin 3951:cite book 3860:145784397 3825:ignored ( 3815:cite book 3589:Hall 1960 3311:Hall 1960 3027:Citations 2792:Bannermen 2711:Ayutthaya 2657:Koshanpye 2628:Bodawpaya 2505:Aftermath 2376:Bannermen 2368:Irrawaddy 2361:Irrawaddy 2166:generals 2139:Bannermen 2133:had sent 2106:Bannerman 1924:Bannermen 1747:Ayutthaya 1698:Manchuria 1591:Aftermath 1577:Myitkyina 1538:dysentery 1396:Guangzhou 966:Ayutthaya 5389:Hongqian 5358:Currency 5228:Treaties 5134:Kaozheng 5081:Booi Aha 5023:Hetu Ala 4976:Timeline 4971:Xinjiang 4942:Mongolia 4899:Chu Army 4874:New Army 4831:Military 4769:Viceroys 3667:Dai 2004 3269:Dai 2004 2886:See also 2864:Konbaung 2830:writes: 2824:Konbaung 2800:Xinjiang 2798:than in 2779:For the 2775:Military 2765:probably 2750:Cambodia 2699:writes: 2678:Jinghong 2674:Jinghong 2579:Ming Rui 2548:fled to 2487:Kaungton 2426:Ming Rui 2396:Kaungton 2372:Kaungton 2357:Kaungton 2335:Invasion 2308:Kaungton 2284:Ming Rui 2272:Kaungton 2266:and the 2227:flotilla 2159:Dzungars 2137:and his 2135:Ming Rui 2082:Ming Rui 2036:Ming Rui 2021:Kaungton 2001:Ming Rui 1959:Kaungton 1943:Ming Rui 1888:Ming Rui 1865:Kaungton 1819:through 1813:Ming Rui 1788:Kaungton 1686:Xinjiang 1666:Ming Rui 1617:pigtails 1557:Kaungton 1503:Kaungton 1475:Kenghung 1467:Thanlyin 1459:Kaungton 1427:Kengtung 1392:Xinjiang 1336:Kengtung 1315:troops. 1274:Kengtung 1216:Konbaung 1163:Manipuri 904:and the 554:Strength 357:Ekkathat 67:Location 36:Part of 5374:Zhiqian 5366:Coinage 5103:Economy 5074:culture 4809:Yun-Gui 4799:Min-Zhe 4794:Sichuan 4789:Huguang 4635:Emperor 4156:History 3799:Sources 2876:Manipur 2816:malaria 2746:Laotian 2715:dacoity 2591:malaria 2570:sawbwas 2538:Manipur 2531:, King 2521:sawbwas 2511:Beijing 2491:pyathat 2461:sawbwas 2199:Laotian 2056:malaria 1983:, King 1949:on the 1843:of the 1756:Laotian 1719:cavalry 1674:Guizhou 1654:Manchus 1629:Beijing 1615:-style 1601:Kunming 1583:within 1542:malaria 1534:cholera 1423:Liu Zao 1348:Liu Zao 1301:Kunming 1297:Liu Zao 1293:sawbwas 1285:sawbwas 1254:Mogaung 1249:sawbwas 1244:Burmese 1194:Beijing 1132:Theinni 1116:Mogaung 1112:sawbwas 1104:sawbwas 1087:sawbwas 1034:sawbwas 1024:of the 962:Siamese 892:or the 882:Burmese 874:Chinese 503:Mongols 363:† 329:† 306: ( 290:† 258:† 252:Mingrui 223:† 4988:Taiwan 4164:Early 4149:topics 4092: 4073: 4045: 4026: 4011:Yangon 3994: 3939: 3911: 3892: 3858: 3068: 2872:Arakan 2789:Manchu 2742:Lan Na 2670:Yunnan 2624:Yunnan 2601:Yunnan 2587:Fuheng 2585:, and 2583:Aligun 2513:, the 2444:peace. 2414:Fuheng 2387:Fuheng 2341:Fuheng 2317:French 2280:Fujian 2260:Mongol 2252:Yunnan 2248:Fuheng 2195:Fuheng 2176:Suhede 2172:Aligun 2164:Manchu 2155:Fuheng 2104:, the 2064:Yunnan 2052:Hsenwi 2029:Yunnan 2005:Hsenwi 1916:Hsipaw 1904:Hsenwi 1900:Hsipaw 1896:Hsenwi 1837:Manchu 1829:Hsipaw 1825:Lashio 1821:Hsenwi 1694:Manchu 1690:Mongol 1670:Yunnan 1613:Manchu 1585:Yunnan 1540:, and 1523:Yunnan 1505:. But 1479:Yunnan 1463:French 1277:sawbwa 1266:Yunnan 1262:Hsenwi 1134:) and 1096:Yunnan 1072:Yunnan 1002:Yunnan 957:Yunnan 929:Yunnan 876:: 549:levies 376:Taksin 359: 325: 323:Arigūn 304:Fuheng 254: 180: 136: 92:Result 81:Yunnan 5180:Queue 5098:Dibao 4954:Tibet 4774:Zhili 4657:Amban 3905:Burma 3856:S2CID 2948:Notes 2880:Assam 2838:China 2796:Burma 2736:left 2662:Bhamo 2652:Burma 2596:taels 2558:Singu 2550:Assam 2473:Burma 2402:Truce 2349:Bhamo 2329:Bhamo 2264:Bhamo 2148:Burma 2111:queue 1994:Singu 1947:Singu 1884:Bhamo 1861:Bhamo 1715:Burma 1646:Burma 1609:Bhamo 1553:Bhamo 1499:Bhamo 1439:Bhamo 1270:Burma 1258:Bhamo 1120:Bhamo 1100:Simao 1081:Pu'er 1060:万国来朝图 994:China 990:Burma 910:Burma 902:China 543:Bamar 183:Burma 139:China 4916:Navy 4757:Ejen 4640:List 4090:ISBN 4071:ISBN 4043:ISBN 4024:ISBN 3992:ISBN 3957:link 3937:ISBN 3909:ISBN 3890:ISBN 3875:(2). 3827:help 3066:ISBN 2878:and 2868:Siam 2860:Qing 2834:Siam 2781:Qing 2757:Qing 2738:Siam 2707:Mons 2693:Siam 2686:Qing 2620:Shan 2609:Siam 2546:raja 2420:But 2383:Qing 2325:Tabe 2258:and 2256:Ming 2225:Qing 2210:Siam 2191:Siam 2180:Qing 2174:and 2168:Agui 2143:Qing 2129:The 2046:and 2040:Siam 1936:Siam 1898:and 1875:and 1857:額爾景額 1853:額爾登額 1827:and 1778:and 1754:and 1752:Shan 1743:Siam 1741:and 1739:Laos 1723:Qing 1710:Shan 1672:and 1650:Qing 1495:Qing 1435:Qing 1410:The 1394:and 1384:Mien 1380:Qing 1360:Shan 1309:Shan 1289:Siam 1240:Qing 1118:and 1076:Shan 1068:Qing 1066:The 1030:Shan 1016:and 992:and 937:Siam 878:清緬戰爭 868:The 547:Shan 545:and 343:Agui 59:Date 3848:doi 2616:Tai 2529:Ava 2527:At 2509:At 2276:Ava 2187:Ava 2098:Ava 2060:Ava 1981:Ava 1979:At 1974:Ava 1955:Ava 1908:Ava 1894:of 1817:Ava 1706:Tai 1682:Ili 1597:Ava 1447:Ava 1445:to 1425:in 1372:Ava 1356:Tai 1328:Ava 1305:Tai 1183:Ava 1173:of 1171:Mon 1146:to 1126:to 945:Ava 935:of 908:of 900:of 309:DOW 5533:: 3953:}} 3949:{{ 3888:. 3884:. 3871:. 3854:. 3842:. 3840:38 3838:. 3819:: 3817:}} 3813:{{ 3770:^ 3731:^ 3716:^ 3701:^ 3674:^ 3643:^ 3596:^ 3549:^ 3534:^ 3511:^ 3494:^ 3479:^ 3446:^ 3411:^ 3396:^ 3381:^ 3342:^ 3297:^ 3276:^ 3251:^ 3202:^ 3187:^ 3164:^ 3135:^ 3116:^ 3099:^ 3089:. 3043:. 2956:^ 2882:. 2874:, 2844:." 2771:. 2752:. 2638:. 2581:, 2577:, 2363:. 2331:. 2170:, 1961:. 1938:. 1926:. 1879:. 1823:, 1603:, 1587:. 1536:, 1525:. 1485:. 1398:. 1260:, 1256:, 1196:. 1185:. 1057:. 1012:, 884:: 880:; 83:, 79:, 75:, 4139:e 4132:t 4125:v 4098:. 4079:. 4051:. 4032:. 4000:. 3959:) 3945:. 3917:. 3898:. 3873:4 3862:. 3850:: 3829:) 3159:. 3093:. 3074:. 3047:. 2993:( 2967:( 2717:" 2618:- 2475:; 1851:( 1708:- 1358:- 1307:- 1252:( 1138:( 1130:( 872:( 819:e 812:t 805:v 727:e 720:t 713:v 312:) 23:.

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