482:
3763:
563:(being definitely a mutually unintelligible, different language for them, not just a dialect of their own). This difference from all their language relatives may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups: Sireniki Eskimos may have been in contact only with speakers of unrelated languages for many centuries in the past, influenced especially by non-relative Chukchi.
43:
1228:
Sireniki had an unusual wide range of deictic distinctions between up to four distances (near, medial, far and out_of_view) which could be horizontal “una”>”igna”>”ikna”, vertical “mana”>”unygna”>”pikna”, marking a movement like approaching the speaker “ukna”, away from them “agna”,
2191:
An interesting feature: they can have person and number. The person of the dependent action need not coincide with that of the main action. An example (meant in the
British English usage of “shall / should” in the 1st person: here, conveying only conditional, but no necessity or morality):
2801:
The dependent action is expressed with an adverbial participle. The main action is conveyed by the verb. If also the main action is conditional (a typical usage), than it can be expressed with a verb of conditional mood. The persons need not coincide.
2132:
Sireniki has many kinds of participles in both categories. In the following, they will be listed, grouped by the relation between the “dependent action” and “main action” (or by other meanings beyond this, e.g.
1825:
makes it possible to build huge verbs whose meaning could be expressed (in most of widely known languages) as whole sentences (consisting of more words) . Sireniki – like the other Eskimo languages – has
2126:
1103:
a physical similarity exists between nominal and verbal personal suffix paradigms, i.e., in most cases, the respective person-number is expressed with the same sequence of phonemes at:
2168:, or expressed by the adjectival participle in the sentence element called attribute) relates somehow to the “main action” (expressed by the verb in the sentence element called
2679:
Sireniki Eskimo has several adverbial participles to express that. We can distinguish them according to the concerned condition (conveyed by the dependent action): it may be
1548:
It is just an excerpt for illustration: not all cases are shown, Sirenik language has more grammatical cases. The table illustrates also why
Sirenik language is treated as
1229:
refer to conversational topics be they definite “ugna”>”k’amna”>oov “amna” or indefinite “k’akymna”>”k’agna”>oov “akymna” or describe sth in the past “imna”.
2672:
Dependent action is conditional: it does not takes place, although it would (either really, or provided that some—maybe irreal—conditions would hold). Confer also
242:
1152:
Although person and number are expressed in a single suffix, sometimes it can be traced back to consist of a distinct person and a distinct number suffix.
2805:
An example (meant in the
British English usage of “shall / should” in the 1st person: here, conveying only conditional, but no necessity or morality):
2394:
89:
3361:
4618:
2164:
In an analogous way, in
Sireniki Eskimo language, the "dependent action" (expressed by the adverbial participle in the sentence element called
547:
relatives. The peculiarities amounted to mutual unintelligibility with even its nearest language relatives. This forced
Sirenik Eskimos to use
559:. Thus, any external contacts required using a different language for Sireniki Eskimos: they either resorted to use of lingua franca, or used
2122:
4268:
4055:
2137:) – following the terminology of Menovschikov (1964). A sentence with a participle can be imagined as simulating a subordinating
531:
to those in
Siberian Yupik. Also, the grammar has several peculiarities compared to other Eskimo languages, and even compared to
1655:
871:
1416:
of nouns are marked by suffixes, but also the person of possessor (use of possessive pronouns in
English) can be expressed by
4125:
4095:
3621:
4088:
Bicultural
Education in the North: Ways of Preserving and Enhancing Indigenous Peoples' Languages and Traditional Knowledge
1163:
can make a distinction in 3rd person for “self”, thus the mere personal suffix (of the verb or noun) can distinguish e.g.
571:
Although the number of its speakers was very few even at the end of the nineteenth century, the language had at least two
1867:
1080:
Although morphology will be treated grouped into a nominal and a verbal part, many Eskimo languages show features which “
918:
902:
346:
3437:
4608:
264:
Transcribed with
Cyrillic in old monographs (extended with diacritics), but new publications may appear also romanised
4044:
4018:
3451:
474:
This article is based on
Menovschikov (1964), with cited examples transliterated from Cyrillic transcription to the
4593:
4261:
3016:
2994:
1576:
1089:
795:
736:
4468:
3400:
2138:
779:
475:
336:
1638:
3474:
2154:
1184:. This notion concerns also other concepts in building larger parts of the sentence and the text, see section
3602:
2172:), and the participles will be listed below grouped by this relation (or by other meanings beyond this, e.g.
995:
990:
878:
3312:
298:
4598:
828:
787:
322:
3290:
3286:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3234:
3230:
3214:
3210:
3197:
3193:
3138:
3082:
3069:
2972:
2961:
2957:
2944:
2933:
2927:
2904:
2889:
2885:
2864:
2850:
2831:
2811:
2795:
2791:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2654:
2633:
2629:
2615:
2597:
2582:
2568:
2550:
2535:
2520:
2505:
2487:
2472:
2458:
2440:
2423:
2414:
2390:
2386:
2356:
2351:
2321:
2316:
2298:
2293:
2265:
2261:
2231:
2201:
2114:
2070:
2054:
2006:
2000:
1984:
1978:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1906:
1900:
1893:
1796:
1775:
1754:
1539:
1533:
1519:
1513:
1500:
1494:
1477:
1471:
1454:
1448:
1425:
1395:
1385:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1338:
1310:
1273:
1263:
1258:
1238:
1052:
938:
931:
4603:
4478:
4254:
4204:
4168:
4151:
3036:
1851:
1831:
983:
978:
592:
3369:
2940:
They can be used not only in attributive role (as in the above examples), but also in predicative role:
2110:
2787:
2260:
An adverbial participle “explaining reason, purpose or circumstance of action” is expressed by suffix -
1213:
1039:
1034:
909:
810:
729:
722:
540:
387:
4456:
4461:
3576:
1651:
1201:
803:
536:
399:
4451:
4446:
1093:
1065:
1007:
1002:
750:
696:
68:
2408:
524:
of Sireniki language is not settled yet, and some others regard it belonging to the Yupik branch.
4613:
4520:
4513:
4080:
1217:
846:
743:
560:
544:
517:
439:
237:
232:
17:
3031:
1847:
1835:
1827:
839:
588:
584:
85:
1854:
features mentioned above manifest themselves in most of the ways Sirenik language can express
459:
is the endonym for the eponymous settlement of Sireniki. The endonym for the people itself is
4485:
4297:
2401:) finishes just before the main action (expressed by the verb in the sentence element called
2102:
1081:
856:
665:
658:
4345:
4323:
4177:
4081:"Endangered Languages in Northeast Siberia: Siberian Yupik and other Languages of Chukotka"
4029:
4003:
3589:
2673:
2098:
1886:
1855:
1662:
1209:
1134:
2968:(than to the relation of dependent action and main action). It conveys meaning “able to”.
8:
4526:
4056:"Integrating Syntax and Pragmatics: Word Order and Transitivity Variations in Tunumiisut"
2965:
2402:
2173:
2169:
2134:
1962:
765:
716:
447:
4404:
3638:
2997:. For English-language materials treating this feature of Sireniki, see Vakhtin's book,
4277:
3142:
2146:
1918:
1713:
1709:
1697:
1560:
1197:
1142:
1138:
674:
618:
528:
395:
196:
98:
4409:
3217:- “explaining reason, purpose or circumstance of action” exemplified in another usage.
2790:. Sireniki can compress it into an adverbial participle: it is expressed with suffix -
314:
4542:
4121:
4091:
4040:
4014:
3447:
3180:
3026:
2106:
2040:
2028:
1705:
1606:
1553:
1466:
1181:
1106:
892:
820:
651:
638:
623:
4030:"Contemporary Studies of the Eskimo–Aleut Languages and Dialects: A Progress Report"
342:
4473:
4441:
4416:
4387:
4382:
4333:
4328:
4233:
4067:
2185:
2150:
2142:
1736:
1689:
1634:
1146:
1069:
633:
613:
548:
443:
431:
423:
415:
201:
174:
2085:
all of them are expressed by agglutination, thus, no separate words are required.
481:
4532:
4433:
4392:
4372:
4315:
4222:"Eskimo languages in Asia, 1791 on, and the Wrangel Island-Point Hope connection"
3625:
3021:
2158:
2118:
1693:
1610:
1586:
1443:
645:
628:
521:
513:
509:
505:
435:
327:
206:
188:
167:
31:
4201:
Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimoes, Vol. I, Chaplino Dialect
3444:
The Language of the Sirenik Eskimos: Texts, Grammatical and Dictionary materials
3389:
2529:
dependent action begins before main action, but they continue together till end
1117:
nomenverbum-like roots, becoming nominal or verbal only via the suffix they get;
4564:
4291:
3041:
3006:
2909:
person-number suffix for adverbial participles in the intransitive conjugation
2409:
Dependent action begins before main action, but they continue together till end
2058:
1170:“He/she takes his/her own dog” versus “He/she takes the dog of another person”.
712:
556:
532:
411:
407:
257:
3336:
2686:
or irreal (it would take place only if some other irreal condition would hold)
4587:
4547:
4537:
3457:
2024:
1810:
1701:
1643:
1625:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1549:
1527:
1508:
1462:
1417:
960:
861:
770:
687:
552:
291:
156:
58:
4421:
4397:
4362:
1666:
1180:
Thus, it can be translated into English (and some other languages) using a
1176:“He/she sees himself/herself” versus “He/she sees him/her (another person)”
757:
78:
2540:
person-number suffix for adverbial participle in intransitive conjugation
516:
groups (see a visual representation by tree and an argumentation based on
282:
4377:
1630:
1620:
1616:
1489:
1485:
972:
955:
4165:
Language of Sirenik Eskimos. Phonetics, morphology, texts and vocabulary
4161:Язык сиреникских эскимосов. Фонетика, очерк морфологии, тексты и словарь
3439:Язык сиреникских эскимосов: Тексты, грамматические и словарные материалы
3435:
3341:
2380:
2094:
1966:
1564:
1413:
1160:
1026:
965:
3566:
2393:-, the dependent action (expressed by the adverbial participle in the
1208:. Sireniki is, as mentioned above, peculiar in this aspect, alongside
504:
Some argue that the Sirenik language is a remnant of a third group of
4350:
4340:
4246:
4238:
4221:
2398:
2165:
1716:
of subject and object. Some examples (far from being comprehensive):
1015:
307:
275:
1680:
in a similar way as we use expressions like "on top of" in English.
4367:
4117:
4071:
3486:
3095:
1822:
1650:
To see why a single case can play such distinct roles at all, read
1389:
455:
391:
354:
135:
3606:
4355:
3316:
2184:
They can be translated into English e.g. by using an appropriate
1688:
Also at verbs, the morphology is very rich. Suffixes can express
1378:
1120:
Eskimo texts abound in various kinds of participles (see section
572:
350:
1892:
An example for negative polarity: the negation form of the verb
1196:
Although other Eskimo languages know more than the familiar two
3847:
3510:
3508:
3011:
1205:
403:
146:
3955:
3931:
3907:
3883:
3811:
3787:
3753:
3751:
3702:
3700:
3687:
3685:
3672:
3670:
3059:
Person and number in a single suffix, or in two distinct ones.
4574:
2: Some linguists classify Sirenik as under a separate branch
4197:Материалы по языку и фольклору эскимосов (чаплинский диалект)
3276:
Attribute versus predicative usage of adjectival participles.
3267:
Adverbial participles conveying conditional dependent action.
3712:
3537:
3535:
3505:
2268:- (followed by appropriate person-number suffix). Examples:
2255:
3979:
3967:
3943:
3919:
3895:
3871:
3859:
3835:
3823:
3799:
3775:
3748:
3724:
3697:
3682:
3667:
3655:
3520:
159:
region, mixed populations in settlements Sireniki and Imtuk
3736:
353:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4571:
1: The Inuit language 'family' is a continuum of dialects
3532:
3493:
3237:- (dependent action ends just before main action begins).
3200:- “explaining reason, purpose or circumstance of action”.
2222:
Another example (with a different adverbial participle):
1877:
See also Nicole Tersis and Shirley Carter-Thomas (2005).
485:
The Yupik settlement of Sireniki (the red and yellow dot)
3412:
3410:
3408:
2979:(A child who is able to walk moves around spontaneously)
4054:
Tersis, Nicole; Carter-Thomas, Shirley (October 2005).
3603:"Alaska Native Language Relationships and Family Trees"
3547:
3390:
OLAC resources in and about the Sirenik Yupik language
1309:
Predicative form of a noun can be built using suffix -
430:), died. Ever since that point, the language has been
3643:
3405:
2023:
The table illustrates also why Sirenik is treated as
2381:
Dependent action ends just before main action begins
1669:. Most of them are built as a combinations of cases
4190:] (in Russian). Moscow: Indrik. pp. 81–84.
4053:
4028:Menovshchikov, Georgy (= Г. А. Меновщиков) (1990).
3853:
3246:
Intransitive conjugation of adverbial participles -
2424:/nukɨl̥piɣt͡ʃɨʁaʁɨmaninɨqȷ̊amiqamt͡ʃɨnitiɣɨmɨra(x)/
1424:Excerpt from cases and personal possessive form of
1185:
466:
460:
4144:Грамматиκа языка азиатских эскимосов. Часть первая
2683:either real (possible to take place in the future)
2337:Another example, with a somewhat different usage:
2117:for detailed description of these concepts; or in
1969:like "want to", "wish to" etc. do not even exist:
4148:Grammar of the Language of Asian Eskimos. Vol. I.
2993:Sireniki is (just like many Eskimo languages) an
2812:/mɨŋaiŋɨjaxtɨk-t͡ʃɨ-ʁɨjɨqɨɣɨ-ma,ajvɨʁaʁjuʁuχtɨki/
2661:when he/she sings, they keep frightening him/her
2202:/mɨŋaiŋɨjaxtɨk-t͡ʃɨ-ʁɨjɨqɨɣɨ-ma,ajvɨʁaʁjuʁuχtɨki/
2188:. There are many of them, with various meanings.
1889:can be expressed by adding a suffix to the verb.
1223:
595:features (just like the other Eskimo languages).
84:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
4585:
3624:. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from
3605:. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from
1128:
2876:
2145:relates somehow to the action described in the
3483:Support for Siberian Indigenous Peoples Rights
2871:
2252:They will be discussed in more details below.
1582:Cases (listed using Menovščikov's numbering):
527:Many words are formed from entirely different
4262:
4175:
4158:
4141:
4090:. Münster: Waxmann Verlag. pp. 159–173.
4060:International Journal of American Linguistics
4027:
3985:
3973:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3757:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3691:
3676:
3661:
3541:
3526:
3514:
3499:
3225:
3223:
2818:If I were a marksman, we should kill walrus.
2703:-, let us see e.g. a paradigm beginning with
1402:
1304:
390:. It was spoken in and around the village of
4188:Languages of the world: Paleoasian languages
3446:] (in Russian). Munchen: Lincom-Europa.
2590:singular, 3rd person, self: “his/her own …”
1683:
1376:
1232:
1145:) are applicable to both verbal and nominal
1068:is rather complex. A description grouped by
539:is not known in Sireniki Eskimo, while most
3619:
2928:/imtuɡnuaʁaqt͡ʃɨχqɨmɨl̥ɨʁaχutɨχt͡ʃɨmɨt͡ʃɨχ/
2155:reason, purpose, condition, succession etc.
1841:
4269:
4255:
3559:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3220:
930:Some consonants can be palatalized, e.g.:
543:have dual, including even its neighboring
4237:
2918:
2256:Reason, purpose or circumstance of action
1676:combined with relative (used as genitive)
1407:
1084:” any such groupings in several aspects:
410:has been a long process, ending in total
4203:] (in Russian). Moscow • Leningrad:
4194:
4167:] (in Russian). Moscow • Leningrad:
4150:] (in Russian). Moscow • Leningrad:
4111:
3901:
3769:
3613:
3176:
3174:
2430:the boy, going out , took his sledge )
2179:
2105:) makes sense in Sireniki (just like in
1871:
1591:Relative case, playing the role of both
1097:
480:
4078:
3600:
3553:
3469:
3467:
3422:
3416:
2895:the suffix of the adverbial participle
2526:the suffix of the adverbial participle
347:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
4586:
4276:
4219:
4001:
3649:
3632:
3479:Поддержка прав коренных народов Сибири
3155:
3153:
3151:
3124:
3122:
2988:
1834:features, in many forms, among others
454:
134:
4619:Languages extinct in the 20th century
4250:
4182:[Sireniki Eskimo language].
4013:. Vendôme: UNESCO. pp. 131–158.
3171:
2716:
2642:past tense (not the “near past” one)
1253:Indicative mood, singular 3rd person
1092:structure at verbs is similar to the
1075:
1064:Like all other Eskimo languages, the
179:1997, with the death of Valentina Wye
3594:
3583:
3464:
3356:
3354:
3081:Predicative form of a noun (suffix -
2964:conveys a meaning related rather to
465:"Sirenikites"; the singular form is
450:report up to 5 speakers of Sirenik.
446:. Despite this, censuses as late as
36:
4039:. Vendôme: UNESCO. pp. 69–76.
4004:"The Language of the Alaskan Inuit"
3148:
3119:
2093:A distinction between two kinds of
24:
3639:Ethnologue Report for Eskimo–Aleut
3485:] (in Russian). Archived from
3330:
2141:where the action described in the
1241:- meaning “to be similar to sth”:
1204:, Sireniki uses only singular and
74:for transliterated languages, and
54:of its non-English content, using
25:
4630:
4213:
4114:Die seltsamsten Sprachen der Welt
3401:Sireniki Yupik Sea-Ice Dictionary
3351:
3072:- meaning “to be similar to sth”.
2655:/ɨ̆l̥tɨʁinɨqȷ̊an,upʃuχtɨqɨχtɨʁij/
2232:/ɨ̆l̥tɨʁinɨqȷ̊an,upʃuχtɨqɨχtɨʁij/
1038:
1033:
1006:
1001:
994:
989:
982:
977:
937:Sounds are heard as variants of
917:
908:
901:
877:
870:
845:
838:
827:
809:
802:
794:
786:
778:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
695:
673:
664:
657:
489:
4184:Языки мира. Палеоазиатские языки
4035:. In Dirmid R. F. Collis (ed.).
4009:. In Dirmid R. F. Collis (ed.).
2385:Using the adverbial participle -
2161:can express many meanings, too.
1121:
1096:structure at nouns (see section
92:may also be used - notably
41:
4205:Academy of Sciences of the USSR
4169:Academy of Sciences of the USSR
4152:Academy of Sciences of the USSR
3854:Tersis & Carter-Thomas 2005
3279:
3270:
3261:
3240:
3203:
3186:
3162:
3131:
3110:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3053:
2543:subject of singular 3rd person
2413:It can be expressed by suffix -
1861:
1186:#Usage of third person suffixes
494:
476:International Phonetic Alphabet
418:of the language, a woman named
4037:Arctic Languages. An Awakening
4011:Arctic Languages. An Awakening
3394:
3383:
3305:
2923:There are more kinds of them.
2667:
2088:
1965:can be expressed by suffixes.
1673:lative or locative or ablative
1224:Deictic demonstrative pronouns
1220:relatives having dual number.
578:
90:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
4159:Menovshchikov, G.A. (1964).
4142:Menovshchikov, G.A. (1962).
3622:"Comparative Yupik and Inuit"
3299:
2951:
2872:building a verb out of a noun
2695:It is expressed with suffix -
2081:s Kitugi go to the reindeer.)
2061:which is spoken by Ungazigmit
1129:Common grammatical categories
1059:
603:
27:Extinct Eskimo–Aleut language
4176:Menovshchikov, G.A. (1997).
4002:Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1990).
3017:Ergative–absolutive language
2995:ergative–absolutive language
2832:/iŋɨjaxtɨk-t͡ʃɨ-ʁɨjɨqɨɣɨ-ma/
2587:possessive suffix for nouns
1577:absolutive–ergative language
1216:, with even its neighboring
1214:Eskimo–Aleut language family
598:
7:
4220:Krauss, E. Michael (2005).
3037:Incorporation (linguistics)
3000:
2977:pijɨxtɨqɨχtɨχ l̥mɨnɨŋ/
2934:/juɣqavɨl̥ɨʁɨχnɨŋɨsɨmɨrɨqa/
2711:(if you get off / depart):
2075:-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ʁakɨtuɣiqurŋi-nu/
1973:Suffix -jux- (to want to):
1956:
1880:
566:
522:genealogical classification
499:
10:
4635:
4179:Сиреникских эскимосов язык
2788:counterfactual conditional
2459:/nuˈkɨ l̥piɣˈt͡ʃɨʁaχ/
2441:/nukɨ l̥piɣt͡ʃɨʁaʁɨm/
1403:Nominal lexical categories
1305:Predicative form of a noun
557:neighboring Eskimo peoples
467:
461:
29:
4609:Extinct languages of Asia
4556:
4505:
4432:
4314:
4307:
4284:
4195:Rubtsova, E. S. (1954).
4112:Haarmann, Harald (2021).
4086:. In Erich Kasten (ed.).
4079:Vakhtin, Nikolai (1998).
3577:Inuit Circumpolar Council
3107:Personal possessive form.
2983:
2781:
2731:
2718:
2707:(if I get off / depart);
2328:(he/she) having stood up
2312:
2289:
2276:
2273:
2246:keep frightening him/her
1913:
1870:. (Remember also section
1740:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1684:Verbal lexical categories
1652:morphosyntactic alignment
1324:
1321:
1318:
1250:Becomes verbal by suffix
1233:Building verbs from nouns
1191:
1155:
988:
945:
855:
764:
711:
644:
610:
427:
400:Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
333:
321:
305:
289:
273:
268:
254:
225:
185:
173:
163:
152:
142:
130:
125:
120:
4196:
4183:
4178:
4160:
4143:
3567:
3436:Николай Вахтин (2000).
3128:Negation form of a verb.
3047:
2936:(I saw a sleeping man.)
2824:The example in details:
2034:
561:Siberian Yupik languages
4594:Agglutinative languages
3347:(subscription required)
3285:Adjectival participle -
2956:Adjectival participle -
2930:(The sledge returned.)
2834:(if I were a marksman)
2690:
2226:“he/she” versus “they”
1909:(the man does not walk)
1570:
518:comparative linguistics
414:. In January 1997, the
3229:Adverbial participle -
3209:Adverbial participle -
3192:Adverbial participle -
3032:Polysynthetic language
2947:(The man is sleeping.)
2919:Adjectival participles
2623:he/she took something
1856:grammatical categories
1842:Grammatical categories
1836:polypersonal agreement
1704:), and also negation,
1656:a short table about it
1408:Grammatical categories
1135:grammatical categories
585:morphological typology
541:Eskimo–Aleut languages
520:). In fact, the exact
486:
335:This article contains
126:Сиӷы́ных, Uqeghllistun
2343:Adverbial participle
2282:Adverbial participle
2180:Adverbial participles
2103:adjectival participle
2001:/aftalʁaχ-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ŋ/
1755:/aʁaʁɨ-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-mkɨn/
1663:grammatical functions
484:
388:Eskimo–Aleut language
4226:Études/Inuit/Studies
2674:conditional sentence
2305:(I) having stood up
2099:adverbial participle
1901:/juɣaʁaχ-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-χ/
1887:grammatical polarity
1872:#Ergative–absolutive
1866:For background, see
1807:Singular 1st person
1804:Singular 2nd person
1786:Singular 2nd person
1783:Singular 1st person
1765:Singular 2nd person
1762:Singular 1st person
1665:are expressed using
1398:(I travel to Imtuk.)
1333:Singular 3rd person
1330:Singular 2nd person
1098:#Ergative–absolutive
52:specify the language
50:This article should
30:For the people, see
4599:Languages of Russia
4527:Inuktitut syllabics
4479:St. Lawrence Island
3904:, pp. 121–123.
3477:[Eskimos].
3319:on 10 December 2012
2989:Ergative–absolutive
2912:subject 1st person
2835:
2600:
2553:
2490:
2488:/aninɨq ȷ̊ami/
2443:
2227:
2216:should kill walrus
2197:
1974:
1963:linguistic modality
1429:
1198:grammatical numbers
1107:possessive suffixes
1055:may also range to .
555:when speaking with
416:last native speaker
4604:Eskaleut languages
4278:Eskaleut languages
3986:Menovshchikov 1964
3974:Menovshchikov 1964
3962:Menovshchikov 1964
3950:Menovshchikov 1964
3938:Menovshchikov 1964
3926:Menovshchikov 1964
3914:Menovshchikov 1964
3890:Menovshchikov 1964
3878:Menovshchikov 1964
3866:Menovshchikov 1964
3842:Menovshchikov 1964
3830:Menovshchikov 1964
3818:Menovshchikov 1964
3806:Menovshchikov 1964
3794:Menovshchikov 1964
3782:Menovshchikov 1964
3758:Menovshchikov 1964
3743:Menovshchikov 1964
3731:Menovshchikov 1962
3719:Menovshchikov 1964
3707:Menovshchikov 1990
3692:Menovshchikov 1964
3677:Menovshchikov 1964
3662:Menovshchikov 1964
3590:Menovshchikov 1997
3542:Menovshchikov 1964
3527:Menovshchikov 1964
3515:Menovshchikov 1964
3500:Menovshchikov 1964
3181:Grammatical voices
2830:
2827:Dependent action:
2596:
2549:
2486:
2439:
2363:To examine him/her
2225:
2195:
2043:are mentioned in:
2041:grammatical voices
1972:
1919:Grammatical aspect
1815:Negative polarity
1801:Don't you see me?
1733:Person, number of
1728:Grammatical notes
1692:of the verb (e.g.
1561:grammatical gender
1542:(like your child)
1480:(from your child)
1423:
1396:/imtux-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ŋ/
1147:lexical categories
1076:Nominal and verbal
1070:lexical categories
487:
456:[siˈʁənəx]
396:Chukotka Peninsula
233:Proto-Eskimo–Aleut
136:[siˈʁənəx]
96:for Sirenik Yupik.
4581:
4580:
4565:extinct languages
4543:Kaktovik numerals
4501:
4500:
4413:
4127:978-3-406-76726-5
4097:978-3-89325-651-8
3964:, pp. 92–93.
3940:, pp. 91–92.
3916:, pp. 90–91.
3892:, pp. 78–80.
3820:, pp. 44–45.
3796:, pp. 66–67.
3620:Lawrence Kaplan.
3345:(18th ed., 2015)
3094:Verbs built from
3027:Intransitive verb
2916:
2915:
2898:irreal condition
2822:
2821:
2779:
2778:
2665:
2664:
2648:Another example:
2646:
2645:
2594:
2593:
2547:
2546:
2484:
2483:
2434:
2433:
2378:
2377:
2335:
2334:
2250:
2249:
2220:
2219:
2212:were a marksman,
2149:. In English, an
2139:compound sentence
2115:melléknévi igenév
2021:
2020:
1819:
1818:
1776:/aʁaʁɨ-ɕuk-ɨ-mɕi/
1690:grammatical moods
1546:
1545:
1414:grammatical cases
1377:Verbs built from
1374:
1373:
1322:Predicative form
1302:
1301:
1200:, by having also
1182:reflexive pronoun
1167:a nominal example
1048:
1047:
927:
926:
895:
864:
823:
773:
690:
654:
508:, in addition to
422:(Valentina Wye) (
361:
360:
343:rendering support
339:phonetic symbols.
116:
115:
16:(Redirected from
4626:
4529:(writing system)
4469:Central Siberian
4407:
4383:Kangiryuarmiutun
4312:
4311:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4239:10.7202/013938ar
4232:(1–2): 163–185.
4208:
4191:
4172:
4155:
4131:
4101:
4085:
4075:
4050:
4034:
4024:
4008:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3598:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3456:. Archived from
3433:
3420:
3414:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3368:. Archived from
3358:
3349:
3348:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3315:. Archived from
3309:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3146:
3141:for slow action
3140:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3057:
2978:
2963:
2959:
2946:
2935:
2929:
2906:
2891:
2887:
2877:predicative form
2866:
2852:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2793:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2635:
2631:
2617:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2584:
2570:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2537:
2522:
2507:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2474:
2460:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2395:sentence element
2392:
2388:
2367:(another being)
2358:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2323:
2318:
2300:
2295:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2203:
2198:
2196:“I” versus “we”
2194:
2186:adverbial clause
2151:adverbial clause
2143:dependent clause
2111:határozói igenév
2076:
2057:that variant of
2056:
2012:
2002:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1951:
1943:
1931:
1908:
1907:/juɣaʁaʁ-ɨ-tɨ-χ/
1902:
1895:
1821:The rich set of
1798:
1797:/nɨŋɨ-sɨɣɨŋ-sɨn/
1780:Let me lead you
1777:
1756:
1719:
1718:
1635:Prosecutive case
1563:(or gender-like
1541:
1536:(like my child)
1535:
1522:(at your child)
1521:
1515:
1503:(to your child)
1502:
1496:
1479:
1474:(from my child)
1473:
1456:
1450:
1438:Sing 2nd person
1435:Sing 1st person
1430:
1427:
1422:
1397:
1387:
1370:he/she is a man
1356:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1279:
1269:
1260:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1173:a verbal example
1112:verbal suffixes;
1054:
1042:
1037:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
986:
981:
950:
949:
940:
933:
921:
912:
905:
893:
881:
874:
862:
849:
842:
831:
821:
813:
806:
798:
790:
782:
771:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
699:
686:
677:
668:
661:
650:
608:
607:
506:Eskimo languages
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
434:; nowadays, all
429:
317:
301:
285:
278:
260:
191:
138:
118:
117:
111:
108:
102:
95:
83:
77:
73:
67:
63:
57:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4552:
4533:Inuit phonology
4497:
4447:Central Alaskan
4428:
4410:Iñupiaq Braille
4303:
4280:
4275:
4216:
4211:
4198:
4185:
4180:
4162:
4145:
4128:
4098:
4083:
4047:
4032:
4021:
4006:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3721:, pp. 6–7.
3717:
3713:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3633:
3618:
3614:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3584:
3569:
3568:Языки эскимосов
3565:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3454:
3434:
3423:
3415:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3373:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3346:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3256:/inɨq ȷ̊a/
3245:
3241:
3228:
3221:
3208:
3204:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3149:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3022:Transitive verb
3003:
2991:
2986:
2954:
2945:/juɣqavɨl̥ɨʁɨχ/
2921:
2784:
2759:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-pɨɕi/
2693:
2670:
2521:/inɨq ȷ̊a/
2411:
2383:
2373:
2366:
2331:he/she went in
2299:itχɨ-mɨ-t͡ʃɨ-ŋ/
2258:
2182:
2159:relative clause
2091:
2064:middle (medial)
2037:
1959:
1916:
1903:(the man walks)
1883:
1864:
1844:
1686:
1609:, used also in
1575:Sireniki is an
1573:
1410:
1405:
1382:
1307:
1235:
1226:
1194:
1158:
1131:
1078:
1062:
948:
606:
601:
581:
569:
535:. For example,
502:
497:
492:
462:сиӷы́ныгмы̄́ӷий
436:Sirenik Eskimos
341:Without proper
313:
297:
294:
281:
274:
261:
256:
250:
228:
221:
192:
189:Language family
187:
180:
168:Sirenik Eskimos
112:
106:
103:
97:
93:
81:
75:
71:
69:transliteration
65:
61:
55:
46:
42:
35:
32:Sirenik Eskimos
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4632:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4614:Siberian Yupik
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4521:Proto-Eskimoan
4517:
4514:Proto-Eskaleut
4509:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4457:Nunivak Cup'ig
4454:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4320:
4318:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4215:
4214:External links
4212:
4210:
4209:
4192:
4173:
4156:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4096:
4076:
4072:10.1086/501248
4066:(4): 473–500.
4051:
4045:
4025:
4019:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3696:
3681:
3666:
3654:
3652:, p. 136.
3642:
3631:
3628:on 2011-08-05.
3612:
3609:on 2011-04-29.
3593:
3582:
3575:(in Russian).
3558:
3556:, p. 161.
3546:
3531:
3519:
3517:, p. 195.
3504:
3492:
3489:on 2007-08-30.
3463:
3460:on 2007-09-10.
3452:
3421:
3419:, p. 162.
3404:
3393:
3382:
3350:
3329:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3239:
3219:
3202:
3185:
3170:
3168:Present tense.
3161:
3147:
3130:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3042:Language death
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Siberian Yupik
3002:
2999:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-mɨŋ/
2771:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-mta/
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2482:
2481:
2480:relative case
2478:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2410:
2407:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2181:
2178:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:Siberian Yupik
2051:
2048:
2036:
2033:
2019:
2018:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1982:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1882:
1879:
1863:
1860:
1843:
1840:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1600:
1589:
1572:
1569:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1530:(comparative)
1524:
1523:
1517:
1516:(at my child)
1511:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1497:(to my child)
1492:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:you are a man
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:Siberian Yupik
1193:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1157:
1154:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1101:
1077:
1074:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
944:
943:
942:
935:
925:
924:
922:
915:
913:
906:
899:
897:
889:
888:
886:
884:
882:
875:
868:
866:
859:
853:
852:
850:
843:
836:
834:
832:
825:
817:
816:
814:
807:
800:
791:
784:
775:
768:
762:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
709:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
693:
691:
683:
682:
680:
678:
671:
669:
662:
655:
648:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
605:
602:
600:
597:
580:
577:
568:
565:
545:Siberian Yupik
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:Classification
488:
468:сиӷы́ныгмы̄́ӷа
440:Siberian Yupik
412:language death
408:language shift
394:(Сиреники) in
386:is an extinct
368:Sireniki Yupik
359:
358:
345:, you may see
331:
330:
325:
319:
318:
311:
303:
302:
295:
290:
287:
286:
279:
271:
270:
269:Language codes
266:
265:
262:
258:Writing system
255:
252:
251:
249:
248:
247:
246:
231:
229:
226:
223:
222:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
195:
193:
186:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
154:
150:
149:
144:
143:Native to
140:
139:
132:
128:
127:
123:
122:
114:
113:
107:September 2024
88:. Knowledge's
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4631:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4549:
4548:Yugtun script
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4538:Inuit grammar
4536:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4462:Chevak Cup’ik
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4206:
4202:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4116:(in German).
4115:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4046:92-3-102661-5
4042:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4020:92-3-102661-5
4016:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3988:, p. 97.
3987:
3982:
3976:, p. 95.
3975:
3970:
3963:
3958:
3952:, p. 91.
3951:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3928:, p. 99.
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3902:Rubtsova 1954
3898:
3891:
3886:
3880:, p. 68.
3879:
3874:
3868:, p. 72.
3867:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3844:, p. 89.
3843:
3838:
3832:, p. 86.
3831:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3808:, p. 67.
3807:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3784:, p. 66.
3783:
3778:
3771:
3770:Haarmann 2021
3766:
3760:, p. 61.
3759:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3733:, p. 11.
3732:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3709:, p. 70.
3708:
3703:
3701:
3694:, p. 81.
3693:
3688:
3686:
3679:, p. 38.
3678:
3673:
3671:
3664:, p. 42.
3663:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3601:Gary Holton.
3597:
3591:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3529:, p. 31.
3528:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3455:
3453:9783895869518
3449:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3386:
3372:on 2018-02-06
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3243:
3226:
3224:
3206:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3113:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3078:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2772:
2769:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-mi/
2767:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2754:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-pi/
2752:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2739:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-ma/
2737:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2709:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-pi/
2705:/aʁa-qɨɣɨ-ma/
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2641:
2639:tense suffix
2638:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:/tiɣɨmɨra(x)/
2589:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:-. Examples:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2369:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:itχɨ-mɨ-tɨ-χ/
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2269:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2071:/malikamaʁaχ-
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2027:(rather than
2026:
2025:agglutinative
2016:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:incorporative
1849:
1848:polysynthetic
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:incorporative
1829:
1828:polysynthetic
1824:
1814:
1812:
1811:Interrogative
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:interrogative
1695:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:postpositions
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1646:(comparative)
1645:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:ergative case
1594:
1593:genitive case
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1552:(rather than
1551:
1550:agglutinative
1538:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:(your child)
1453:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1418:agglutination
1415:
1412:Not only the
1394:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1350:/juɣɨt͡ʃɨtɨn/
1348:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:, within the
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
997:
992:
985:
980:
976:
974:
971:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
951:
936:
929:
928:
923:
920:
916:
914:
911:
907:
904:
900:
898:
896:
891:
890:
887:
885:
883:
880:
876:
873:
869:
867:
865:
860:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
841:
837:
835:
833:
830:
826:
824:
819:
818:
815:
812:
808:
805:
801:
797:
792:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:
748:
745:
741:
738:
734:
731:
727:
724:
720:
718:
714:
710:
707:
705:
703:
701:
698:
694:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
679:
676:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
653:
649:
647:
643:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
609:
596:
594:
593:incorporative
590:
589:polysynthetic
586:
576:
575:in the past.
574:
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:lingua franca
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
483:
479:
477:
472:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:Sirenik Yupik
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
338:
332:
329:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
310:
309:
304:
300:
296:
293:
292:Linguist List
288:
284:
280:
277:
272:
267:
263:
259:
253:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
235:
234:
230:
224:
214:
211:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
198:
194:
190:
184:
178:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
158:
157:Bering Strait
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:Pronunciation
129:
124:
119:
110:
100:
91:
87:
80:
70:
60:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4560:
4519:
4512:
4491:
4490:
4422:Uummarmiutun
4398:Utkuhiksalik
4363:Inuvialuktun
4346:North Baffin
4298:Mednyj Aleut
4296:
4229:
4225:
4200:
4187:
4164:
4147:
4113:
4087:
4063:
4059:
4036:
4010:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3765:
3745:, p. 9.
3738:
3726:
3714:
3657:
3645:
3634:
3626:the original
3615:
3607:the original
3596:
3585:
3573:ICC Chukotka
3572:
3561:
3554:Vakhtin 1998
3549:
3522:
3502:, p. 7.
3495:
3487:the original
3482:
3478:
3458:the original
3443:
3438:
3417:Vakhtin 1998
3396:
3385:
3374:. Retrieved
3370:the original
3365:
3340:
3332:
3321:. Retrieved
3317:the original
3307:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3242:
3205:
3188:
3164:
3133:
3112:
3103:
3090:
3077:
3064:
3055:
2992:
2974:
2973:/taŋaʁaχpijɨ
2955:
2939:
2922:
2851:/iŋˈɨːjaxta/
2826:
2823:
2804:
2800:
2785:
2694:
2678:
2671:
2647:
2477:case suffix
2435:
2412:
2384:
2352:/nɨŋitul̥ɨku
2336:
2317:/jɨfkɨ-lɨ-mi
2294:/jɨfkɨ-lɨ-ma
2259:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2190:
2183:
2163:
2153:may express
2131:
2123:деепричастие
2092:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2038:
2022:
2014:
2011:-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ŋ/
2008:
1992:
1986:
1960:
1945:
1942:-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-χ/
1939:
1933:
1927:
1917:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1868:transitivity
1865:
1862:Transitivity
1845:
1820:
1687:
1679:
1660:
1649:
1639:"motion via"
1607:Instrumental
1581:
1574:
1559:There is no
1558:
1547:
1540:/taŋaχpɨtɨn/
1478:/taŋaχpɨnɨŋ/
1467:Instrumental
1411:
1364:to be a man
1308:
1295:
1288:
1275:
1274:/mɨtɨχlʲ̥ux-
1265:
1264:/mɨtɨχlʲ̥ux-
1259:/mɨtɨχlʲ̥ux/
1236:
1227:
1195:
1179:
1159:
1151:
1132:
1122:#Participles
1079:
1063:
582:
570:
526:
503:
495:Genealogical
473:
452:
419:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
334:
306:
238:Proto-Eskimo
212:
104:
86:ISO 639 code
82:}}
76:{{
72:}}
66:{{
62:}}
56:{{
51:
4378:Inuinnaqtun
4329:Kalaallisut
4324:Greenlandic
3772:, p. .
3650:Kaplan 1990
3116:Imperative.
2668:Conditional
2551:/qamt͡ʃɨni/
2147:main clause
2095:participles
2089:Participles
1979:/aftalʁaχ-/
1967:Modal verbs
1789:Imperative
1768:Indicative
1759:I lead you
1661:Some finer
1654:, and also
1633:, see also
1631:Vialis case
1613:structures.
1520:/taŋaχpɨni/
1501:/taŋaχpɨnu/
1451:(my child)
1355:/juɣɨt͡ʃɨχ/
1298:to a raven
1291:to a raven
1210:Greenlandic
857:Approximant
583:As for its
579:Typological
537:dual number
384:Sirenikskiy
372:Old Sirenik
349:instead of
243:Proto-Yupik
227:Early forms
4588:Categories
3475:"ЭСКИМОСЫ"
3376:2024-07-04
3362:"tab6.xls"
3342:Ethnologue
3323:2024-03-07
3300:References
3293:(able to).
2890:/majɨqɨɣɨ/
2886:/ɣɨjɨqɨɣɨ/
2845:Semantics
2839:Phonology
2796:/majɨqɨɣɨ/
2792:/ɣɨjɨqɨɣɨ/
2616:/tɨɣɨˈraχ/
2610:Semantics
2604:Phonology
2569:/ˈqamt͡ʃa/
2563:Semantics
2557:Phonology
2500:Semantics
2494:Phonology
2453:Semantics
2447:Phonology
2405:) begins.
2308:I went in
2007:/aftalʁaʁ-
1985:/aftalʁaʁ-
1981:(to work)
1950:/aftalʁa-/
1944:(he works
1722:Phonology
1694:imperative
1611:accusative
1587:Absolutive
1565:noun class
1534:/taŋamtɨn/
1472:/taŋamnɨŋ/
1444:Absolutive
1344:/juɣɨt͡ʃɨ/
1294:he/she is
1109:(at nouns)
1094:possessive
1066:morphology
1060:Morphology
604:Consonants
328:Sirenikski
4563:indicate
4351:Inuttitut
4341:Inuktitut
3313:"Sirenik"
3159:Modality.
3139:/qɨstaχ-/
2858:marksman
2724:Singular
2415:/inɨqȷ̊a/
2403:predicate
2399:adverbial
2357:pɨjɨkɨŋa/
2277:Sentence
2170:predicate
2166:adverbial
2127:причастие
2107:Hungarian
2067:causative
2017:to work)
2003:(I work)
1995:to work)
1952:(to work)
1938:/aftalʁa-
1932:(to work
1926:/aftalʁa-
1896:(to go):
1885:Even the
1823:morphemes
1567:system).
1514:/taŋamni/
1495:/taŋamnu/
1455:/taŋaʁɨn/
1325:Examples
1161:Paradigms
1072:follows.
863:voiceless
772:voiceless
766:Fricative
717:Affricate
688:voiceless
599:Phonology
587:, it has
453:Сиӷы́ных
308:Glottolog
276:ISO 639-3
164:Ethnicity
4506:See also
4474:Chaplino
4417:Qawiaraq
4393:Netsilik
4388:Kivalliq
4368:Siglitun
4334:Tunumiit
4308:Eskimoan
4118:C.H.Beck
3137:Suffix -
3096:toponyms
3068:Suffix -
3001:See also
2966:modality
2952:Modality
2879:of noun
2313:3rd—3rd
2290:1st—1st
2274:Persons
2174:modality
2157:, and a
2135:modality
2077:(Malika
2029:fusional
1957:Modality
1948:), from
1881:Polarity
1746:subject
1725:Meaning
1702:optative
1644:Equative
1626:Locative
1603:Ablative
1554:fusional
1528:Equative
1509:Locative
1463:Ablative
1449:/taŋaqa/
1428:(child)
1392:: Imtuk)
1379:toponyms
1237:Suffix -
1090:ergative
1082:crosscut
619:Alveolar
573:dialects
567:Internal
500:External
392:Sireniki
355:Help:IPA
315:sire1246
197:Eskaleut
181:5 (2010)
4561:Italics
4492:Sirenik
4442:Alutiiq
4405:Iñupiaq
4373:Aivilik
4356:Inuktun
4136:Russian
3996:English
3337:Sirenik
3291:/qajux/
3287:/kajux/
3070:/ɕuɣɨn/
2962:/qajux/
2958:/kajux/
2870:suffix
2842:Syntax
2786:Confer
2732:Person
2727:Plural
2719:Number
2607:Syntax
2560:Syntax
2514:go out
2497:Syntax
2450:Syntax
2397:called
2242:sings,
2119:Russian
2053:confer
2050:passive
1894:/aʁaʁ-/
1749:object
1741:Others
1426:/taŋaχ/
1390:toponym
1386:/imtuk/
1296:similar
1289:similar
1239:/ɕuɣɨn/
1051:Sounds
961:Central
639:Glottal
624:Palatal
549:Chukchi
444:Russian
432:extinct
424:Russian
380:Sirenik
351:Unicode
213:Sirenik
175:Extinct
121:Sirenik
99:See why
18:Sirenik
4486:Naukan
4452:Yugtun
4124:
4106:German
4094:
4043:
4017:
3450:
3366:gks.ru
3196:- / -
3143:aspect
3083:/t͡ʃɨ/
3012:Eskimo
2984:Syntax
2865:/t͡ʃɨ/
2782:Irreal
2701:/kɨɣɨ/
2697:/qɨɣɨ/
2436:where
2370:he/she
2240:he/she
2121:, see
2109:, see
2055:-/ɕi/-
2047:active
1946:slowly
1940:qɨstaχ
1936:) and
1934:slowly
1928:qɨstaχ
1914:Aspect
1714:person
1712:, the
1710:aspect
1637:, and
1621:Lative
1617:Dative
1490:Lative
1486:Dative
1311:/t͡ʃɨ/
1287:to be
1284:raven
1278:-tɨ-χ/
1206:plural
1192:Number
1156:Person
1143:number
1139:person
1137:(e.g.
1053:/ɨ,ɨː/
946:Vowels
894:voiced
822:voiced
652:voiced
634:Uvular
614:Labial
438:speak
406:. The
404:Russia
376:Vuteen
370:(also
202:Eskimo
153:Region
147:Russia
4434:Yupik
4316:Inuit
4292:Aleut
4285:Aleut
4199:[
4186:[
4163:[
4146:[
4084:(PDF)
4033:(PDF)
4007:(PDF)
3481:[
3442:[
3250:- / -
3233:- / -
3215:/l̥ɨ/
3213:- / -
3198:/l̥ɨ/
3048:Notes
2975:kajux
2888:- / -
2855:noun
2794:- / -
2699:- / -
2634:/ɨmɨ/
2632:- / -
2620:verb
2576:sled
2573:noun
2511:root
2463:noun
2389:- / -
2374:went
2346:Verb
2285:Verb
2266:/l̥ɨ/
2264:- / -
2238:when
2039:Four
2035:Voice
1961:Also
1706:tense
1339:/juɣ/
1319:Root
1276:ɕuɣɨn
1266:ɕuɣɨn
1247:Root
1133:Some
973:Close
956:Front
939:/v,s/
932:/lʲ̥/
646:Nasal
629:Velar
551:as a
533:Aleut
529:roots
514:Inuit
510:Yupik
420:Vyjye
382:, or
207:Yupik
4122:ISBN
4092:ISBN
4041:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3254:-, -
3252:/ɕa/
3248:/ja/
3235:/ɕa/
3231:/ja/
3211:/lɨ/
3194:/lɨ/
2905:/ma/
2765:3rd
2750:2nd
2735:1st
2691:Real
2630:/mɨ/
2583:/ni/
2536:/mi/
2506:/an/
2473:/ɨm/
2466:boy
2391:/ɕa/
2387:/ja/
2262:/lɨ/
2244:they
2125:and
2113:and
2101:and
2079:make
2015:want
1993:want
1991:(to
1850:and
1846:The
1830:and
1737:Mood
1595:and
1571:Case
1361:man
1202:dual
1141:and
1088:the
1027:Open
966:Back
713:Stop
591:and
512:and
448:2010
428:Выйе
59:lang
4234:doi
4068:doi
3339:at
3289:/ -
3085:-).
2960:/ -
2798:-.
2208:If
2176:).
2129:).
2073:ɕaχ
2031:).
2013:(I
2009:jux
1987:jux
1874:.)
1556:).
1388:(a
1313:-:
1016:Mid
737:t͡ʃ
471:).
442:or
378:),
374:or
337:IPA
323:ELP
299:ysr
283:ysr
94:ysr
79:IPA
4590::
4230:29
4228:.
4224:.
4120:.
4064:71
4062:.
4058:.
3750:^
3699:^
3684:^
3669:^
3571:.
3534:^
3507:^
3466:^
3424:^
3407:^
3364:.
3353:^
3258:-.
3222:^
3173:^
3150:^
3121:^
2892:-
2867:-
2676:.
2636:-
2523:-
2508:-
2214:we
1989:-/
1930:-/
1921::
1858:.
1838:.
1708:,
1700:,
1696:,
1658:.
1619:/
1605:/
1579:.
1488:/
1465:/
1420:.
1346:-
1270:-
1188:.
1149:.
1124:);
1100:);
1040:aː
1008:uː
996:ɨː
984:iː
879:j̊
872:l̥
799:)
783:)
697:n̥
478:.
426::
402:,
398:,
366:,
245:?
64:,
4412:)
4408:(
4270:e
4263:t
4256:v
4242:.
4236::
4207:.
4171:.
4154:.
4130:.
4100:.
4074:.
4070::
4049:.
4023:.
3856:.
3579:.
3544:.
3379:.
3326:.
3183:.
3145:.
3098:.
2903:-
2884:-
2863:-
2628:-
2581:-
2534:-
2519:-
2471:-
2372:1
2365:2
2210:I
2097:(
1599:.
1268:/
1035:a
1003:u
991:ɨ
979:i
941:.
934:.
919:w
910:j
903:l
847:ʁ
840:ɣ
829:v
811:χ
804:x
796:ʃ
793:(
788:s
780:f
777:(
758:ʔ
751:q
744:k
730:t
723:p
715:/
675:ŋ
666:n
659:m
357:.
209:?
109:)
105:(
101:.
34:.
20:)
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