Scandinavia - Knowledge

5108:, a bay, and means 'one who haunts a bay, creek or fjord'. In the 9th and 10th centuries it came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking Age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history… 64: 1963:

complicated by the historical attempts by Scandinavian majority peoples and governments in Norway and Sweden to assimilate the Sámi people into the Scandinavian culture and languages, making the inclusion of the Sámi as "Scandinavians" controversial among many Sámi. Modern Sámi politicians and organizations often stress the status of the Sámi as a people separate from and equal to the Scandinavians, with their own language and culture, and are apprehensive about being included as "Scandinavians" in light of earlier Scandinavian assimilation policies.

947: 1091: 7366: 722: 243: 2759: 2174: 231: 1751: 397: 2676:, the divisions into three Scandinavian kingdoms (Denmark, Sweden, Norway) makes sense geographically, as forests, mountains, and uninhabited land divided them from one another. Control of Norway was enabled through seapower, whereas control of the great lakes in Sweden enabled control of the kingdom, and control of Jutland was sufficient to control Denmark. The most contested area was the coastline from Oslo to Öresund, where the three kingdoms met. 296: 2056: 736: 750: 708: 255: 2200:, whose mother tongue is either Finnish (approximately 95%), Swedish or both. The Swedish-speakers live mainly on the coastline starting from approximately the city of Porvoo (Sw: Borgå) (in the Gulf of Finland) up to the city of Kokkola (Sw: Karleby) (in the Bay of Bothnia). The Swedish-speaking population is spread out in pockets in this coastal stretch and constitutes approximately 5% of the Finnish population. The coastal province of 267: 193: 1103: 764: 320: 308: 284: 205: 778: 217: 1616: 2910:. The cooperation was introduced for the Asian market in 1986, when the Swedish national tourist board joined the Danish national tourist board to coordinate intergovernmental promotion of the two countries. Norway's government entered one year later. All five Nordic governments participate in the joint promotional efforts in the United States through the Scandinavian Tourist Board of North America. 3550:, p. 8: "A second core area was the quasi-legendary 'Isle of Scanza', the vague indication of Scandinavia in classical ethnography, and a veritable 'hive of races and a womb of peoples' according to Jordanes' Gothic History. Not only the Goths were considered to have originated there, but also the Dacians/Danes, the Lombards, and the Burgundians—claims that are still subject to debate." 3153:, generally held to consist of the two countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Norway and Sweden, with the addition of Denmark. Some authorities argue for the inclusion of Finland on geologic and economic grounds and of Iceland and the Faroe Islands on the grounds that their inhabitants speak Scandinavian languages related to those of Norway and Sweden and also have similar cultures. 1646:'s "I am a Scandinavian" of 1839. After a visit to Sweden, Andersen became a supporter of early political Scandinavism. In a letter describing the poem to a friend, he wrote: "All at once I understood how related the Swedes, the Danes and the Norwegians are, and with this feeling I wrote the poem immediately after my return: 'We are one people, we are called Scandinavians! 2156:, Denmark have the greatest difficulty in understanding other Scandinavian languages. In the Faroe Islands and Iceland, learning Danish is mandatory. This causes Faroese people as well as Icelandic people to become bilingual in two very distinct North Germanic languages, making it relatively easy for them to understand the other two Mainland Scandinavian languages. 2512:, they reached as far as North America, being the first Europeans to do so. During this time Scandinavians were drawn to wealthy towns, monasteries and petty kingdoms overseas in places such as the British Isles, Ireland, the Baltic coast and Normandy, all of which made profitable targets for raids. Scandinavians, primarily from modern day Sweden, known as 2208:. Åland, an autonomous province of Finland situated in the Baltic Sea between Finland and Sweden, are entirely Swedish-speaking. Children are taught the other official language at school: for Swedish-speakers this is Finnish (usually from the 3rd grade), while for Finnish-speakers it is Swedish (usually from the 3rd, 5th or 7th grade). 2812:(14 January 1814) formally dissolved the Dano-Norwegian union and ceded the territory of Norway proper to the King of Sweden, but Denmark retained Norway's overseas possessions. However, widespread Norwegian resistance to the prospect of a union with Sweden induced the governor of Norway, crown prince Christian Frederick (later 2192:

are distantly related each other. Owing to the close proximity, there is still a great deal of borrowing from the Swedish and Norwegian languages in Finnish and the Sámi. The long history of linguistic influence of Swedish on Finnish is also due to the fact that that Swedish was the dominant language

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Additionally the term Scandinavian is used demonymically to refer to all modern inhabitants or citizens of Scandinavian countries. Within Scandinavia the demonymic term primarily refers to inhabitants or citizens of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In English usage inhabitants or citizens of Iceland, the

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and surrounding areas are not always easy to decipher. Writing in the capacity of a Roman admiral, he introduces the northern region by declaring to his Roman readers that there are 23 islands "Romanis armis cognitae" ("known to Roman arms") in this area. According to Pliny, the "clarissima" ("most

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industrialist Niels Poulsen) serve to promote market and tourism interests in the region. Today, the five Nordic heads of state act as the organization's patrons and according to the official statement by the organization its mission is "to promote the Nordic region as a whole while increasing the

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The North Germanic languages of Scandinavia are traditionally divided into an East Scandinavian branch (Danish and Swedish) and a West Scandinavian branch (Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese), but because of changes appearing in the languages since 1600 the East Scandinavian and West Scandinavian

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The Viking age in Scandinavia lasted from approximately 793–1066 AD and saw Scandinavians participate in large scale raiding, colonization, conquest and trading throughout Europe and beyond. The period saw a big expansion of Scandinavian-conquered territory and of exploration. Utilizing their

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The geography of the region is varied, from the Norwegian fjords in the west and Scandinavian mountains covering parts of Norway and Sweden, to the low and flat areas of Denmark in the south, as well as archipelagos and lakes in the east. Most of the population in the region live in the more

4841:, 14 November 2006. Samiskt Informationscentrum Sametinget: "The Scandinavian languages are Northern Germanic languages. Sami belongs to the Finno-Ugric language family. Finnish, Estonian, Livonian and Hungarian belong to the same language family and are consequently related to each other." 4102:

The main divisions of Germanic are: 1. East Germanic, including the Goths, both Ostrogoths and Visigoths. 2. North Germanic, including the Scandinavians, Danes, Icelanders, Swedes, "Norsemen." 3. West Germanic. The Old English (Anglo-Saxons) belong to this division, of which the continental

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Although Iceland was under the political control of Denmark until a much later date (1918), very little influence and borrowing from Danish has occurred in the Icelandic language. Icelandic remained the preferred language among the ruling classes in Iceland. Danish was not used for official

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who live in Norway and Sweden are generally included as Scandinavians in the demonymic sense; the Sámi of Finland may be included in English usage, but usually not in local usage; the Sámi of Russia are not included. However, the use of the term "Scandinavian" with reference to the Sámi is

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In modern times the region has prospered, with the economies of the countries being amongst the strongest in Europe. Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Finland all maintain welfare systems considered to be generous, with the economic and social policies of the countries being dubbed the

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The Viking period is, therefore, best defined as the period when Scandinavians played a large role in the British Isles and western Europe as raiders and conquerors. It is also the period in which Scandinavians settled in many of the areas they conquered, and in the Atlantic

2824:(14 August 1814) specified that king Christian Frederik had to resign, but Norway would keep its independence and its constitution within a personal union with Sweden. Christian Frederik formally abdicated on 10 August 1814 and returned to Denmark. The Norwegian parliament 1851:

in the narrow meaning), and by the fact that the question of whether a country belongs to Scandinavia is politicised. People from the Nordic world beyond Norway, Denmark and Sweden may be offended at being either included in or excluded from the category of "Scandinavia".

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In the east, Finland was a fully incorporated part of Sweden from medieval times until the Napoleonic wars, when it was ceded to Russia. Despite many wars over the years since the formation of the three kingdoms, Scandinavia has been politically and culturally close.

1642:, which asserted the common heritage and cultural unity of the Scandinavian countries and rose to prominence in the 1830s. The popular usage of the term in Sweden, Denmark and Norway as a unifying concept became established in the 19th century through poems such as 2193:

when Finland was part of Sweden. Finnish-speakers had to learn Swedish in order to advance to higher positions. Swedish spoken in today's Finland includes a lot of words that are borrowed from Finnish, whereas the written language remains closer to that of Sweden.

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The modern division is based on the degree of mutual comprehensibility between the languages in the two branches. The populations of the Scandinavian countries, with common Scandinavian roots in language, can—at least with some training—understand each other's

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Norwegians are accustomed to variation and may perceive Danish and Swedish only as slightly more distant dialects. This is because they have two official written standards, in addition to the habit of strongly holding on to local dialects. The people of

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For the period when the existence of the Germanic tribes is first clearly recorded by Roman writers, archaeological evidence suggests five tribal groups, with perhaps five incipient distinct Germanic languages, as follows: (1) North Germanic tribes

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does not descend directly from the ancient Germanic term. Rather the word was brought into use in Europe by scholars borrowing the term from ancient sources like Pliny, and was used vaguely for Scania and the southern region of the peninsula.

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were adopted in the west during the early separate development of the Saami languages, but never spread to Kola Saami. These areal features thus emerged in a phase when Proto-Saami began to diverge into dialects anticipating the modern Saami

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people inhabiting the region. In modernity, Scandinavia is a peninsula, but between approximately 10,300 and 9,500 years ago the southern part of Scandinavia was an island separated from the northern peninsula, with water exiting the

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is the name used for their original home, separated by sea from the land of Europe (chapter 1, 4). Where Jordanes meant to locate this quasi-legendary island is still a hotly debated issue, both in scholarly discussions and in the

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is a recognized minority language in Denmark. Recent migrations has added even more languages. Apart from the Sámi languages and the languages of minority groups speaking a variant of the majority language of a neighboring state,

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as a historiographical name refers to the former political union consisting of the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, including the Norwegian dependencies of Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The corresponding adjective and

4599: 1310:(meaning "shadow"). John McKinnell comments that this etymology suggests that the goddess Skaði may have once been a personification of the geographical region of Scandinavia or associated with the underworld. 2339:. The belief that Scandinavia was an island became widespread among classical authors during the 1st century and dominated descriptions of Scandinavia in classical texts during the centuries that followed. 2139:

and standard German. That influence was due not only to proximity, but also to the rule of Denmark—and later Denmark-Norway—over the German-speaking region of Holstein, and to Sweden's close trade with the

3108:

A large peninsula in north-western Europe, occupied by Norway and Sweden A cultural region consisting of the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and sometimes also of Iceland, Finland, and the Faroe

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is a feature in both Finnish and northern Sámi dialects, but it is not present in southern Sámi, which is considered to have a different language history. According to the Sámi Information Centre of the

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visibility of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in New York City and the United States". The official tourist boards of Scandinavia sometimes cooperate under one umbrella, such as the

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also ventured east into what is now Russia raiding along river trade routes. During this period unification also took place between different Scandinavian kingdoms culminating in the peak of the

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in April 1814. The assembly drew up a liberal constitution and elected Christian Frederick to the throne of Norway. Following a Swedish invasion during the summer, the peace conditions of the

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relations with Sweden, Norway and Denmark. While Finland differs from other Nordic countries in this respect, some authors call it Scandinavian due to its economic and cultural similarities.

4928: 5178: 5326: 4480:". In Cultural Identity in Transition: Contemporary Conditions, Practices and Politics of a Global Phenomenon. Edited by Jari Kupiainen, Erkki Sevänen, John A. Stotesbury. Atlantic. 7410: 3182:

The term is sometimes used interchangeably with Scandinavia. Scandinavia is typically defined more restrictively, however, and refers primarily to Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.

5066: 2132:) are traditionally viewed as different languages, rather than dialects of one common language, is that each is a well-established standard language in its respective country. 1039:

has tundra climate (Et) as a result of a lack of summer warmth. The Scandinavian Mountains block the mild and moist air coming from the southwest, thus northern Sweden and the

4201:

Norse was the language spoken by the North Germanic peoples (Scandinavians) from the time when Norse first became differentiated from the speech of the other Germanic peoples

1664:

The Swedish king also proposed a unification of Denmark, Norway and Sweden into a single united kingdom. The background for the proposal was the tumultuous events during the

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The Uralic languages are linguistically unrelated to the Scandinavian languages. Finnish is the majority language in Finland, and a recognized minority language in Sweden.

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Scandinavia (ancient Scandia), name applied collectively to three countries of northern Europe—Norway, Sweden (which together form the Scandinavian Peninsula) and Denmark.

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is used unambiguously for Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland, including their associated territories Greenland, the Faroe Islands and the Åland Islands.

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other than by limited grammatical (particularly lexical) characteristics resulting from prolonged contact. Sámi is divided into several languages or dialects.

1927:, but also to some extent of immigrants and others who have been assimilated into that culture and language. In this sense the term refers primarily to native 3211: 2652:

Norway (including Bohuslän, Härjedalen, Jämtland and Idre and Särna on the Scandinavian Peninsula and its island colonies Iceland, Greenland, Faroe Islands,

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with Sweden. The dependent territories Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, historically part of Norway, remained with Denmark in accordance with the

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Olwig, Kenneth R. "Introduction: The Nature of Cultural Heritage, and the Culture of Natural Heritage—Northern Perspectives on a Contested Patrimony".

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The end of the Scandinavian political movement came when Denmark was denied the military support promised from Sweden and Norway to annex the (Danish)

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Etymologie, Entlehnungen und Entwicklungen: Festschrift für Jorma Koivulehto zum 70. Geburtstag. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 63

5295: 2354:), the Codanus Bay ("Codanus sinus") and the Cimbrian promontory. The geographical features have been identified in various ways. By some scholars, 4700: 1106:

The original areas inhabited (during the Bronze Age) by the peoples now known as Scandinavians included what is now Northern Germany (particularly

884:, when Scandinavian peoples participated in large-scale raiding, conquest, colonization and trading mostly throughout Europe. They also used their 4738: 3861: 3718: 7396: 4801: 3327: 5851: 5542:

Gron, Kurt J., and Lasse Sørensen. "Cultural and economic negotiation: a new perspective on the Neolithic Transition of Southern Scandinavia."

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Etymology, borrowings and developments: Festschrift for Jorma Koivulehto's 70th birthday. Memoirs of the Neophilological Society of Helsinki 63

5820:– a digital library that provides scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries as well as the Baltic region as a whole (archived) 3522: 4921: 2196:

Finland is officially bilingual, with Finnish and Swedish having mostly the same status at national level. Finland's majority population are

1035:(Dfc) further north and cool marine west coast climate (Cfc) along the northwestern coast. A small area along the northern coast east of the 5817: 3878: 1242: 7450: 5170: 3066: 1539:, the Sámi population. Older joik texts give evidence of the old Sámi belief about living on an island and state that the wolf is known as 5334: 3136: 904:

led Sweden to independence. It also saw numerous wars between the nations, which shaped the modern borders. The most recent union was the

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There is a certain ambiguity and political contestation as to which peoples should be referred to as Scandinavian in this broader sense.

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communications, most of the royal officials were of Icelandic descent and the language of the church and law courts remained Icelandic.

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Strand, Robert, R. Edward Freeman, and Kai Hockerts. "Corporate social responsibility and sustainability in Scandinavia: An overview."

5013: 5523: 5063: 3091: 1947:. The term is also used in this ethnic sense, to refer to the modern descendants of the Norse, in studies of linguistics and culture. 1703:

had been in personal union with Denmark. The Second war of Schleswig followed in 1864, a brief but disastrous war between Denmark and

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The sacred wedding and Norse royal ideology. An analysis of the hierogamy myth in Skírnismál, Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal and Hyndluljóð

1251: 7439: 7436: 7316: 3968: 2407:, which is not Latin) was born on the island of Scandinavia. The animal grazes, has a big upper lip and some mythical attributes. 7446: 7443: 4994: 4898: 4830: 3490: 3001: 7435: 7440: 7123: 7009: 5682: 5355: 4419: 3753:

Det hellige bryllup og norrøn kongeideologi. En analyse av hierogami-myten i Skírnismál, Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal og Hyndluljóð

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has a Swedish-speaking majority, whereas plenty of areas on this coastline are nearly unilingually Finnish, like the region of

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which comprised large parts of Scandinavia and Great Britain, though it was relatively short-lived. Scandinavia was eventually

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This expansion and conquest led to the formation of several kingdoms, earldoms and settlements throughout Europe such as the

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Contacts are not impossible also with the Northern Germanic peoples, i.e., with the Scandinavians directly across the sea...

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ceded the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland, Härjedalen and Idre and Särna, as well as the Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and

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The borders between Denmark, Norway and Sweden acquired their present shape in the middle of the 17th century: In the 1645

7437: 5316:"Treaty of Copenhagen" (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 November 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2711: 1668:

in the beginning of the century. This war resulted in Finland (formerly the eastern third of Sweden) becoming the Russian

7106: 7101: 7047: 2691:. In the aftermath of Sweden's secession from the Kalmar Union, civil war broke out in Denmark and Norway—the Protestant 2033:, sometimes considered as dialects of Finnish, are recognized minority languages in Sweden and Norway, respectively. The 1653:

The influence of Scandinavism as a Scandinavist political movement peaked in the middle of the 19th century, between the

7451: 5399: 4002: 6975: 5844: 4399: 4277: 4129: 3979:, ed. by Knut Helle, E. I. Kouri, and Jens E. Oleson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 1–14 (pp. 1–4). 3923: 2970: 3576: 3357:. PhD dissertation, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English), University of Cambridge, 1999. 1011:

dominates in Denmark, the southernmost part of Sweden and along the west coast of Norway reaching north to 65°N, with

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Raffield, Ben, Neil Price, and Mark Collard. "Religious belief and cooperation: a view from Viking-Age Scandinavia."

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Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway, Sweden—sometimes also considered to include Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, & Finland.

2798: 1795:) is ordinarily used locally for Denmark, Norway and Sweden as a subset of the Nordic countries (known in Norwegian, 1334:

The Latin names in Pliny's text gave rise to different forms in medieval Germanic texts. In Jordanes' history of the

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plateau in Norway receive little precipitation and have cold winters. Large areas in the Scandinavian mountains have

576: 7432: 3036: 7072: 7062: 7004: 6982: 6965: 6960: 6879: 3835:. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997, 25–71. Also published online at 3195: 2789:. During Danish rule, Norway kept its separate laws, coinage and army as well as some institutions such as a royal 1955:

demonymically as meaning any inhabitant of Scandinavia (which might be narrowly conceived or broadly conceived).

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would then mean "dangerous island", which is considered to refer to the treacherous sandbanks surrounding Scania.

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for exploration, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. These exploits saw the establishment of the

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forced Sweden to return Bornholm and Trøndelag to Denmark–Norway, and to give up its recent claims to the island

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North Germanic, or Scandinavian, or Norse, peoples, as they are variously called, became a distinctive people...

7452: 7444: 7026: 5368: 5138: 3858: 3847: 2890: 1998:, originally spoken by ancient Germanic tribes in southern Scandinavia. The Continental Scandinavian languages— 7449: 7434: 5431: 4712: 3559:

Goffart, Walter (2005), "Jordanes's Getica and the disputed authenticity of Gothic origins from Scandinavia".

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Rom-Jensen, Byron. "A Model of Social Security? The political usage of Scandinavia in Roosevelt's New Deal."

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Faroe Islands and Finland are sometimes included as well. English general dictionaries often define the noun

332: 7442: 5447: 3233: 2264:, southern Sámi may have originated in an earlier migration from the south into the Scandinavian Peninsula. 7477: 7369: 7021: 6646: 6373: 6078: 1908:

may be used with two principal meanings, in an ethnic or cultural sense and as a modern and more inclusive

1519:. It has been suggested that Skaði to some extent is modelled on a Sámi woman. The name for Skaði's father 469: 35: 7441: 4606:. Nordic Journal of Linguistics (2005), 28: 223–245 Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 9 November 2007. 3799: 3795: 3263:

Battaglia, Steven M. (2 January 2019). "Shifting Weather Patterns in a Warming Arctic: The Scandes Case".

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origin, originally denoting Scania. According to some scholars, the Germanic stem can be reconstructed as

7445: 6503: 5287: 2894: 2739: 1728: 681: 17: 3839: 2551:. The Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland were also settled by the Scandinavians during this time. The 7482: 6681: 6666: 5964: 5949: 5789:. Scandinavian Tourist Boards in North America, Globescope Internet Services, Inc. 2005. Archived from 5786: 5736:

Kröger, Teppo. "Local government in Scandinavia: autonomous or integrated into the welfare state?." in

5469: 5093: 4735: 4269: 4097: 3831:Østergård, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States". 3731: 3513: 2907: 2843:

in 1905, after which the Norwegians elected Prince Charles of Denmark as king of Norway: he reigned as

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The Conversion of Scandinavia: Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe

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excluded any possibility for a political union between Finland and any of the other Nordic countries.

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The North Germanic, or Scandinavian group, consists of the Norwegians, Danes, Swedes, and Icelanders.

2813: 2022:—on the other are only partially intelligible to speakers of the continental Scandinavian languages. 1028: 802: 5616: 4453: 1404: 6651: 6568: 6151: 5864: 5672: 5120: 4340: 3517: 2965: 2252: 2050: 1976: 1564: 1496: 962: 666: 5829: 5506: 3890: 2634: 7303: 6994: 6901: 6573: 6283: 6278: 5130: 4391: 4052: 2703:, entered into by the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway in 1536, lasted until 1814. Three sovereign 2427: 1643: 1235: 1197: 1137: 1062:(Sweden). The coldest month was February 1985 in Vittangi (Sweden) with a mean of −27.2 °C. 512: 3547: 2726:, signed in 1658, forced Denmark–Norway to cede the Danish provinces Scania, Blekinge, Halland, 1261: 7420: 7280: 7087: 6676: 6479: 3126: 3058: 2305: 1972: 1920: 1688:. Sweden and Norway were thus united under the Swedish monarch, but Finland's inclusion in the 1680:

treated as a province) becoming independent in 1814, but thereafter swiftly forced to accept a

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used by Pliny the Elder probably originated in the ancient Germanic languages, the modern form

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Another possibility is that all or part of the segments of the name came from the pre-Germanic

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The Nordic languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages

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The Nordic languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages

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Ethnic Identities in Global and Local Discourses: Contested Narratives of Sámi Ethnic Heritage

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The economies of the countries of Scandinavia are amongst the strongest in Europe. There is a

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Danish, Swedish and Norwegian have since medieval times been influenced to varying degrees by

7373: 7237: 7157: 6800: 6696: 6305: 5655: 4319: 3622: 3500:. Marine Geology Branch, Polish Geological Institute, 9 June 2003. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 2684: 2621:

on the Scandinavian Peninsula (including most of modern Finland, but excluding the provinces

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Usage in English is different from usage in the Scandinavian languages themselves (which use

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Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation

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The Oldest Europeans: Who Are We? Where Do We Come From? What Made European Women Different?

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The climate varies from north to south and from west to east: a marine west coast climate (

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Holmarsdottir, H. B. (2001). "Icelandic: A Lesser-Used Language in the Global Community".

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are sometimes used in a political sense to refer to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland.

8: 7388: 6896: 6556: 6493: 6469: 6300: 6161: 6107: 6048: 6019: 5959: 5954: 5073:. Ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff. Online version at Persus. Retrieved 2 October 2007. 5049:. Ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff. Online version at Persus. Retrieved 2 October 2007. 4379: 4070: 4062: 2446:

thus does not appear to be denoting the island Scadinavia in Pliny's text. The idea that

2256: 1712: 1654: 1602: 1247:, meaning "danger" or "damage". The second segment of the name has been reconstructed as 1036: 978: 941: 937: 833:, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. 4768: 4103:

representatives are the Teutonic peoples, High and Low Franks and Saxons, Alemanni, etc.

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Coexistence of Saami and Norse culture – reflected in and interpreted by Old Norse myths

3276: 896:, and the coming centuries saw various unions of Scandinavian nations, most notably the 459: 7184: 6805: 6768: 6641: 6087: 6009: 5969: 5944: 4890: 4780: 4384: 4223: 4087: 3809: 3288: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2821: 2802: 2794: 2777: 2723: 2715: 2688: 2019: 2003: 1818: 1708: 1696: 1610: 1606: 1440: 1107: 901: 640: 566: 484: 474: 464: 117: 104: 72:

Peninsula and Denmark, as well as other areas surrounding the Baltic Sea, in March 2002

4991: 4827: 4042:, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2019). Accessed 10 February 2020. 3005: 2395:

Pliny mentions Scandinavia one more time: in Book VIII he says that the animal called

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The southern regions of Scandinavia, which are also the most populous regions, have a

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of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, which lasted for over 100 years until the Swedish king

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Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia

3165: 2244: 2240: 2185: 2178: 2034: 1984: 1461: 969:

covering much of Norway and parts of Sweden, the flat, low areas in Denmark and the

159: 7346: 7341: 7331: 7260: 6937: 6891: 6834: 6763: 6621: 6515: 6464: 6442: 6295: 6242: 6181: 5787:"Scandinavia: Official Website of the Scandinavian Tourist Boards in North America" 5097: 4772: 3280: 2945: 2902: 2599: 2584: 2517: 2248: 2224: 2189: 2184:

The Scandinavian languages are (as a language family) unrelated to Finnish and the

2141: 2015: 2007: 1988: 1980: 1826: 1810: 1800: 1774: 1764: The extended usage in English, which includes Iceland and the Faroe Islands, 1432: 889: 870: 858: 676: 534: 517: 276: 122: 112: 94: 42: 4005:. Nordic Council of Ministers & Nordic Council. 1 October 2007. Archived from 3786: 3702:

Svennung, J. (1963). "Scandinavia und Scandia" [Scandinavia and Scandia].

3598: 3284: 2436:), but is used for a group of Northern European islands which he locates north of 1474: 1090: 7232: 6733: 6721: 6701: 6656: 6606: 6546: 6488: 6449: 6437: 6430: 6339: 6156: 6139: 6114: 5473: 5455: 5435: 5249: 5222: 5124: 5070: 5046: 4998: 4954: 4852: 4834: 4805: 4742: 4719: 4663: 4624: 4603: 4545: 4507: 4460: 4344: 4313: 4263: 4217: 4174: 4168: 4119: 4035: 3972: 3965: 3865: 3854: 3843: 3609: 3583: 3572: 3526: 3497: 3452: 3425: 3386: 3353: 3346: 3150: 2960: 2618: 2568: 2560: 2317: 2281: 2272: 1999: 1944: 1796: 1665: 1516: 1362: 1192: 1012: 830: 150: 145: 99: 30:

This article is about the cultural region of Scandinavia. For the peninsula, see

5496:

Families, Values, and the Transfer of Knowledge in Northern Societies, 1500–2000

3542:. Working Paper No. 3, Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam, 2707:

have subsequently emerged from this unequal union: Denmark, Norway and Iceland.

2038: 1994:

Most people in Scandinavia today speak Scandinavian languages that evolved from

1055: 950: 7377: 7326: 7225: 7189: 7169: 7152: 7092: 6856: 6748: 6726: 6716: 6711: 6563: 6541: 6425: 6420: 6405: 6400: 6327: 6273: 6225: 6196: 6102: 6092: 5171:"Solar storm confirms Vikings settled in North America exactly 1,000 years ago" 4336: 4309: 4115: 4091: 3748: 2955: 2809: 2700: 2556: 2548: 2473:), a mathematician, geographer and astrologer of Roman Egypt. He used the name 2124:

The reason Danish, Swedish and the two official written versions of Norwegian (

1689: 1685: 1681: 1209: 1040: 1008: 877:

temperate southern regions, with the northern parts having long, cold winters.

754: 740: 712: 581: 561: 5585:

Histories of Knowledge in Postwar Scandinavia: Actors, Arenas, and Aspirations

4776: 4213: 1959: 7466: 7351: 7220: 7212: 7179: 6916: 6866: 6758: 6753: 6743: 6588: 6551: 6459: 6454: 6356: 6261: 5662:

The Viking achievement: the society and culture of early medieval Scandinavia

5571: 5537:

Viking-Age Transformations: Trade, Craft and Resources in Western Scandinavia

4489:

Birgitta Jahreskog, The Sami national minority in Sweden, Rättsfonden, 2009,

4006: 3207: 2920: 2696: 2587: 2220: 2030: 2014:

and are considered mutually intelligible. The Insular Scandinavian languages—

1877: 1840:

is sometimes used as a synonym or near-synonym for what are known locally as

1724: 1716: 1586: 1044: 1016: 997: 989: 866: 782: 768: 289: 248: 140: 5087: 3915: 2626: 1885:, and excludes Denmark and other parts of the wider Nordic world. The terms 1556: 1484: 1019:(<5000 mm) in some areas in western Norway. The central part – from 826: 7255: 7194: 7174: 7164: 6874: 6846: 6596: 6334: 6268: 6237: 6186: 6058: 5987: 5924: 5914: 5757:

Rogerson, Richard. "Taxation and market work: is Scandinavia an outlier?."

4620: 4164: 4160: 2930: 2925: 2878: 2829: 2763: 2680: 2673: 2285: 1867: 1778: 1639: 1619: 1596: 1580: 913: 897: 671: 634: 556: 69: 5708:

Gallie, Duncan. "The quality of working life: is Scandinavia different?."

2735: 2611: 2216: 2026: 1491:'s island". Svennung considers the Sámi name to have been introduced as a 1136:, the southernmost province of Sweden) are both thought to go back to the 132: 7311: 7270: 7201: 6906: 6795: 6738: 6661: 6611: 6498: 6363: 6201: 6119: 6097: 6073: 5919: 5909: 5762: 5083: 4616: 3028: 2805:

of Denmark–Norway in its struggles to win elections as kings of Denmark.

2692: 2661: 2335: 2173: 1732: 1444: 1348: 1168: 993: 970: 2758: 2731: 2630: 2622: 1050:

The warmest temperature ever recorded in Scandinavia is 38.0 °C in

6841: 6810: 6631: 6626: 6290: 6251: 6213: 6131: 6004: 5889: 5884: 5703:

Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: Historical and contemporary perspectives

5513:

Egalitarianism in Scandinavia: Historical and contemporary perspectives

5358:. The Royal House of Norway. Official site. Retrieved 9 November 2006. 4028: 3846:. For the history of cultural Scandinavism, see Oresundstid's articles 2844: 2790: 2564: 2513: 2498: 2153: 1940: 1932: 1319: 1314: 1066: 881: 610: 539: 4661: 2055: 1530: 1051: 973:

of Finland, Norway and Sweden. Finland and Sweden have many lakes and

7288: 6947: 6921: 6851: 6829: 6822: 6601: 6378: 6312: 6208: 6031: 6014: 5899: 5894: 5868: 3886: 2437: 2365: 2205: 2149: 1995: 1750: 1323: 1290: 1221: 1178: 1110:), all of Denmark, southern Sweden, the southern coast of Norway and 1024: 615: 396: 313: 301: 5638:

Medieval Scandinavia: From conversion to reformation, circa 800–1500

4324:"Old Norse" was spoken by the North Germanic or Scandinavian peoples 3794:

On the basis of Scandinavian loanwords it can be inferred that both

1504: 1102: 1054:(Sweden). The coldest temperature ever recorded is −52.6 °C in 857:). In English usage, Scandinavia is sometimes used as a synonym for 180: 6815: 6415: 6351: 6322: 6232: 6191: 5999: 5979: 5859: 5715:

Green, Ken, Thorsteinn Sigurjónsson, and Eivind Åsrum Skille, eds.

5520:

A History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland

5428: 4265:

Variation in German: A Critical Approach to German Sociolinguistics

3509: 2935: 2825: 2817: 2727: 2719: 2665: 2653: 2642: 2591: 2509: 2228: 1924: 1546: 1492: 1358: 1225: 1098:, a formerly Danish region that became Swedish in the 17th century. 1059: 885: 544: 325: 5554:

The Cambridge history of Scandinavia. Volume 1, Prehistory to 1520

3977:

The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Volume I: Prehistory to 1520

2940: 1923:, who are mainly descendants of the peoples historically known as 1765: 1520: 1500: 1488: 1296: 1111: 961:

The geography of Scandinavia is extremely varied. Notable are the

236: 6787: 6520: 6410: 6368: 6256: 6068: 6063: 5992: 5752:

Crime and fantasy in Scandinavia: Fiction, film and social change

5701:

Bendixsen, Synnøve, Mary Bente Bringslid, and Halvard Vike, eds.

5583:Östling, Johan, Niklas Olsen, and David Larsson Heidenblad, eds. 5511:

Bendixsen, Synnøve, Mary Bente Bringslid, and Halvard Vike, eds.

4703:, Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. 2980: 2975: 2889:

Various promotional agencies of the Nordic countries such as the

2782: 2638: 2607: 2603: 2552: 2536: 2502: 2486: 2459: 2413: 2377: 2277: 2243:

are indigenous minority languages in Scandinavia. They belong to

2095:

branches are now usually reconfigured into Insular Scandinavian (

1909: 1882: 1862: 1704: 1436: 1415: 1341: 1230: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1074: 1070: 1069:

can give warm temperatures in narrow Norwegian fjords in winter.

974: 862: 854: 838: 424: 417: 411: 272: 260: 198: 175: 165: 5790: 5466: 2107:) featuring Icelandic and Faroese and Continental Scandinavian ( 2037:

are indigenous minority languages in Scandinavia, spoken by the

1447: 1426: 1420: 1408: 1172: 7293: 6392: 6346: 6053: 6040: 5559:

Mikkelsen, Flemming, Knut Kjeldstadli, and Stefan Nyzell, eds.

2657: 2646: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2121:

as they appear in print and are heard on radio and television.

1936: 1615: 1512: 1128: 1115: 1095: 846: 842: 435: 430: 222: 210: 7430: 4713:

Faroese and Norwegians best at understanding Nordic neighbours

2292:

are amongst those protected in parts of Scandinavia under the

1896: 992:, but has relatively mild weather for its latitude due to the 7144: 7039: 6578: 5876: 5860: 3836: 3777:. In Hyvärinen, Irma; Kallio, Petri; Korhonen, Jarmo (eds.). 3368:

The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to Their History.

2743: 2520:

which included large parts of Scandinavia and Great Britain.

2197: 1928: 1508: 1335: 1939:

as well as descendants of Scandinavian settlers such as the

1711:

was conquered by Prussia and after Prussia's success in the

1329: 1264:

in Scania, with its long Falsterbo reef, has the same stem (

6173: 5823: 5811: 5561:

Popular struggle and democracy in Scandinavia: 1700–present

4597:"Variation in subject case marking in Insular Scandinavian" 3196:"Scandinavian Wine? A Warming Climate Tempts Entrepreneurs" 2304:

For a more in-depth look at the history of the region, see

1464: 1020: 7418: 5494:

Aatsinki, Ulla, Johanna Annola, and Mervi Kaarninen, eds.

4595:

Jónsson, Jóhannes Gísli and Thórhallur Eythórsson (2004).

4067:

English Language Reader: Introductory Essays and Exercises

1881:), which includes the Scandinavian Peninsula, Finland and 1738: 1567:

studies, Sámi linguists have examined the initial cluster

5805: 3370:

Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976.

2793:. Norway's old royal line had died out with the death of 2583:

and state formation in the 10th–13th centuries, numerous

2485:

islands, which according to him were all located east of

2316:

A key ancient description of Scandinavia was provided by

1573:- in words used in the Sámi languages and concluded that 1151: 953:

is the highest point in Scandinavia and is a part of the

365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 344: 340: 5826:– site with useful information for expats in Scandinavia 5631:

The Languages of Scandinavia: Seven Sisters of the North

3706:(in German). Almqvist & Wiksell/Harrassowitz: 54–56. 3388:

The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520

2699:

was abolished—it assembled for the last time in 1537. A

1638:

The term was popularised by the linguistic and cultural

853:(which excludes Denmark but includes a part of northern 4615: 4547:

Aschehoug og Gyldendals store norske leksikon: Nar – Pd

3772:"An essay on substrate studies and the origin of Saami" 1455: 1234:. It is believed that the name used by Pliny may be of 5199:"Franques Royal Annals" cited in Sawyer, Peter (2001) 2679:

The three Scandinavian kingdoms joined in 1397 in the

1574: 1568: 1549: 1540: 1524: 1204:

Various references to the region can also be found in

5814:– site established by the Nordic Council of Ministers 5808:– official site for co-operation in the Nordic region 5743:

Lappi-Seppälä, Tapio. "Penal policy in Scandinavia."

5645:

Kings and vikings: Scandinavia and Europe AD 700–1100

5014:"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 148" 4367:

Northern Germanic peoples, i.e. the Scandinavians...

1302: 1256:, meaning "land on the water" or "island". The name 1248: 1239: 1143: 5535:Glørstad, Zanette T., and Kjetil Loftsgarden, eds. 4810:

Nations and Nationalities in Historical Perspective

4505: 2294:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1758: Scandinavia according to the local definition 1545:, meaning "the strong one on the island". The Sámi 1534: 1468: 5530:Ibsen, Scandinavia and the making of a world drama 4586:Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International 4383: 4056: 3730:, 11th Saga Conference Sydney 2000. Archived from 1398: 1351:discourse of various European countries. The form 4662:Iben Stampe Sletten; Nordisk Ministerråd (2005). 3450: 2881:in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. 2695:followed. When things had settled, the Norwegian 7464: 5319: 5102:The term 'Viking' is derived from the Old Norse 4261: 2571:all emerged from these Scandinavian expansions. 1478: 869:are sometimes included in Scandinavia for their 5503:Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era: 1760–1815 5467:The Scandinavian Tourist Board of North America 5126:Scandinavians and the English in the Viking Age 5103: 4850: 2102: 1294: 1284: 1182: 5476:. Official Website. Retrieved 2 February 2007. 5280: 4922:"The Swedish language in education in Finland" 4799:Icelandic Nationalism: A Non-Violent Paradigm? 4045: 3995: 3785:]. Helsinki. pp. 5–34. Archived from 3423: 1187:. The earliest identified source for the name 7404: 5845: 5717:Sport in Scandinavia and the Nordic countries 5201:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings 4754: 4315:The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind 4262:Barbour, Stephen; Stevenson, Patrick (1990). 3662: 3620: 2342:Pliny begins his description of the route to 2113:), comprising Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. 2108: 2096: 1804: 1773:Further information on this terminology: 1271: 1265: 996:. Many of the Scandinavian mountains have an 803: 5220: 4952: 4335: 4159: 3827: 3825: 3256: 2479:for the biggest, most easterly of the three 5594:Pulsiano, Phillip, and Paul Leonard Acker. 5438:. Official site. Retrieved 2 February 2007. 5193: 5113: 3669:. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. 3417: 3149:Scandinavia, historically Scandia, part of 2832:of Sweden as king of Norway on 4 November. 2687:. Sweden left the union in 1523 under King 2480: 2474: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2425: 2419: 2411: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2381: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2328: 2321: 2044: 1676:in union with Denmark since 1387, although 1392: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1352: 1339: 1162: 1156: 1094:Scandinavia originally referred vaguely to 1080: 7411: 7397: 5852: 5838: 5624:Scandinavia and the great powers 1890–1940 5429:About The American-Scandinavian Foundation 5254:. Princeton University Press. p. 29. 5006: 4668:. Nordic Council of Ministers. p. 2. 4609: 3837:Danish Institute for International Studies 3814:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3763: 3747: 3563:. A Journal of Medieval Studies 80, 379–98 3427:Meeting the other in Norse myth and legend 3384: 3322: 3320: 3029:"Swedish becomes official 'main language'" 2177:Historically verified distribution of the 1971:Two language groups have coexisted on the 810: 796: 4919: 3990:International Journal of Heritage Studies 3822: 3262: 1915:In the ethnic or cultural sense the term 1875:) refers to the Fennoscandian Shield (or 1529:, "the waterman"; and her son with Odin, 1467:texts written down refer to the world as 1330:Appearance in medieval Germanic languages 1073:has recorded 17.9 °C in January and 162:(official in Sámi administrative areas) 5724:The Nordic Model: Scandinavia since 1945 5696:Democracy and citizenship in Scandinavia 4822: 4820: 4818: 4406:North Germanic (Scandinavian) peoples... 4308: 4114: 3701: 3695: 3658: 3656: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3193: 3086: 3084: 2757: 2172: 2054: 1749: 1614: 1533:, can be interpreted as a descendant of 1101: 1089: 945: 5754:(University of Washington Press, 2011). 5660:Wilson, David Mackenzie, and P. Foote. 5568:Scandinavia during the Second World War 4920:Institute, Mercator (5 November 2020). 4736:Aðalnámskrá grunnskóla: Erlend tungumál 4051: 3444: 3317: 2348:by referring to the mountain of Saevo ( 2311: 981:, which ended about ten millennia ago. 14: 7465: 5694:Anderson, Jorgen, and Jens Hoff, eds. 5119: 4086: 3992:, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 3–7. 3716: 3710: 3666:Heathen gods in Old English literature 3328:"Lägsta uppmätta temperatur i Sverige" 3307:"Högsta uppmätta temperatur i Sverige" 3092:"Definition of Scandinavia in English" 3026: 3020: 2994: 2753: 1065:Southwesterly winds further warmed by 7392: 5833: 5596:Medieval Scandinavia: an encyclopedia 5397: 5247: 5082: 5076: 4901:from the original on 23 December 2020 4815: 4582:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. 4378: 3982: 3926:from the original on 19 December 2007 3920:The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 3883:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 3769: 3653: 3373: 3094:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from 3081: 3069:from the original on 21 November 2022 3039:from the original on 24 February 2021 2816:), to call a constituent assembly at 880:The region became notable during the 849:. It can sometimes also refer to the 5379:from the original on 27 January 2020 5181:from the original on 7 November 2021 4992:www.eng.samer.se – The Sami dialects 4655: 4212: 3405:from the original on 2 February 2023 3121: 3119: 3117: 3004:. Nordic Cooperation. Archived from 2899:The American-Scandinavian Foundation 2327:famous") of the region's islands is 2059:Continental Scandinavian languages: 1836:However, in English usage, the term 1731:, established in 1873, lasted until 1456:Possible influence on Sámi languages 1031:(Dfb), which gradually gives way to 5356:The Monarchy: Historical Background 4959:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2115. 4584:Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 4219:Old Estonia, The People and Culture 4058:"The Indo-European Language Family" 3833:The Cultural Construction of Norden 2801:became an important factor for the 2163: 1787:(sometimes specified in English as 1699:, which together with the (German) 1554:means "the island's threshold" and 1301:, may be related to Proto-Germanic 988:. Scandinavia extends north of the 24: 5740:(Routledge, 2019) pp. 95–108. 5528:Fulsås, Narve, and Tore Rem, eds. 5522:(George Allen & Unwin, 1979). 5483: 5298:from the original on 26 March 2023 5268:from the original on 23 April 2023 5147:from the original on 23 April 2023 4973:from the original on 23 April 2023 4934:from the original on 14 April 2021 4871:from the original on 23 April 2023 4812:. Pisa: Edizioni Plus, 2001, p. 3. 4726:, Nordic Council, 13 January 2005. 4682:from the original on 23 April 2023 4665:Nordens sprog med rødder og fødder 4643:from the original on 23 April 2023 4564:from the original on 23 April 2023 4526:from the original on 23 April 2023 4412: 4357:from the original on 23 April 2023 4286:from the original on 23 April 2023 4240:from the original on 23 April 2023 4191:from the original on 23 April 2023 4138:from the original on 23 April 2023 3958: 3941: 3759:] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Solum. 3683:from the original on 23 April 2023 3641:from the original on 23 April 2023 3519:The Origins and Deeds of the Goths 3471:from the original on 23 April 2023 3244:from the original on 14 April 2021 3214:from the original on 11 April 2021 2971:Scandinavian family name etymology 2797:in 1387, but Norway's remaining a 2594:were unified into three kingdoms: 2574: 2458:islands was instead introduced by 2333:, of unknown size. There live the 2267: 1921:speakers of Scandinavian languages 279:that are not part of Scandinavia: 25: 7494: 5779: 5733:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2006). 5652:Scandinavia in the Age of Vikings 5400:"The Nordic Model: Pros and Cons" 4757:International Review of Education 3704:Lateinisch-nordische Namenstudien 3624:Studien zur englischen Philologie 3491:"How the Baltic Sea was changing" 3451:J. F. Del Giorgio (24 May 2006). 3194:Alderman, Liz (9 November 2019). 3114: 2360:is thought to be the mountainous 2234: 1979:(Scandinavian languages) and the 1407:, an Anglo-Saxon historian, used 7365: 7364: 6692:West South Central United States 5410:from the original on 12 May 2019 5333:. 28 August 2019. Archived from 4857:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 323. 4626:The changing languages of Europe 4121:Our Heritage of World Literature 4040:Oxford English Dictionary Online 3139:from the original on 11 May 2015 2614:) on the Scandinavian Peninsula) 2078:Insular Scandinavian languages: 1622:—a Norwegian, a Dane and a Swede 776: 762: 748: 734: 720: 706: 395: 318: 306: 294: 282: 265: 253: 241: 229: 215: 203: 191: 62: 6912:Latin America and the Caribbean 6778:Latin America and the Caribbean 5664:(Sidgwick & Jackson, 1970). 5613:Scandinavian Journal of History 5460: 5441: 5422: 5391: 5361: 5349: 5310: 5241: 5214: 5163: 5052: 5028: 4985: 4946: 4913: 4883: 4844: 4826:Inez Svonni Fjällström (2006). 4791: 4748: 4729: 4706: 4694: 4629:. Oxford University Press, US. 4589: 4576: 4538: 4499: 4483: 4470: 4446: 4429: 4372: 4329: 4302: 4255: 4206: 4153: 4108: 4080: 4021: 4003:"Facts about the Nordic region" 3908: 3871: 3741: 3614: 3592: 3566: 3553: 3532: 3503: 3483: 3360: 3338: 3299: 2841:union between Sweden and Norway 2730:and the Norwegian provinces of 2223:are Finnish dialects spoken in 1897:Different meanings of the term 1201:, dated to the 1st century AD. 906:union between Sweden and Norway 5603:Religion, Brain & Behavior 4509:Arctic languages: an awakening 4454:Scandinavian 2. countable noun 3538:Hoppenbrouwers, Peter (2005). 3391:. Cambridge University Press. 3344:Anderson, Carl Edlund (1999). 3226: 3187: 3158: 3051: 2891:Norwegian Trekking Association 2418:, later used as a synonym for 2211:Finnish speakers constitute a 13: 1: 5731:Scandinavia in world politics 5640:(U of Minnesota Press, 1993). 5598:(Taylor & Francis, 1993). 5580:(U of Minnesota Press, 2000). 5539:(Taylor & Francis, 2017). 5505:(U of Minnesota Press, 1986) 5488: 4351:Linguistic Society of America 3285:10.1080/00431672.2019.1538761 3234:"Scandinavian Countries 2021" 3027:Landes, David (1 July 2009). 2987: 2767: 2492: 2463: 128:Recognized minority languages 6374:Middle East and North Africa 6079:Middle East and North Africa 5710:European Sociological Review 5369:"GDP Ranked by Country 2020" 5177:. Reuters. 20 October 2021. 4828:"A language with deep roots" 4506:Dirmid R. F. Collis (1990). 4170:An Introduction to Old Norse 3868:. Retrieved 19 January 2007. 3627:. Max Niemeyer. p. 99. 2897:, and in the United States ( 2722:(in Estonia) to Sweden. The 2392:can also be the same place. 1966: 1443:'s travel accounts used the 1357:as the original home of the 1085: 919: 36:Scandinavia (disambiguation) 27:Subregion of Northern Europe 7: 5633:(U of Chicago Press, 2017). 4953:Oskar Bandle (March 2005). 4550:. Kunnskapsforlaget. 1999. 3889:. 1997–2007. Archived from 3489:Uścinowicz, Szymon (2003). 2913: 2901:established in 1910 by the 2895:Swedish Tourist Association 2372:peninsula is thought to be 1729:Scandinavian Monetary Union 1587:Reintroduction of the term 1583:structure of alien origin. 1560:means "the island's back". 1369:, but in other versions of 1276:, which means "sandbanks". 1118:found itself in the centre. 10: 7499: 6667:Northeastern United States 5769:Journal of Business Ethics 5448:Scandinavian Tourist Board 5094:Cambridge University Press 4476:Mathisen, Stein R. 2004. " 4270:Cambridge University Press 4098:Princeton University Press 3514:Charles Christopher Mierow 2908:Scandinavian Tourist Board 2884: 2854: 2850: 2496: 2424:, also appears in Pliny's 2401:(given in the accusative, 2303: 2299: 2168: 2048: 1772: 1600: 1594: 1167:), which appears later in 1114:in Finland while namesake 1077:18.9 °C in February. 923: 40: 29: 7427: 7360: 7302: 7279: 7246: 7210: 7143: 7037: 6945: 6936: 6865: 6786: 6587: 6391: 6172: 6130: 6039: 6030: 5978: 5935: 5875: 5688: 5373:worldpopulationreview.com 4797:Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur. 4701:"Urban misunderstandings" 4424:Lexico: Powered By Oxford 4088:Spaeth, John Duncan Ernst 3953:Lexico: Powered by Oxford 3859:The Roots of Scandinavism 3853:27 September 2007 at the 3848:The Literary Scandinavism 3599:History of the Langobards 3582:23 September 2021 at the 3540:Medieval Peoples Imagined 3430:. Ds Brewer. p. 63. 3238:worldpopulationreview.com 2814:Christian VIII of Denmark 2598:Denmark, forged from the 2452:may have been one of the 2380:, Denmark. As described, 2364:coast at the entrance to 2320:, though his mentions of 2262:Sámi Parliament of Sweden 2251:and are unrelated to the 2041:in northern Scandinavia. 1228:, usually in the form of 1029:humid continental climate 331: 186: 174: 77: 61: 52: 7153:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 6152:Transantarctic Mountains 5729:Ingebritsen, Christine. 5546:92.364 (2018): 958–974. 5002:Sapmi: The Sami dialects 4891:"Population and Society" 4851:Suzanne Romaine (1995). 4718:25 December 2008 at the 4459:27 November 2019 at the 4386:A History of the Vikings 4337:Bolling, George Melville 4053:Kennedy, Arthur Garfield 3971:18 November 2022 at the 3949:Scandinavia, proper noun 3842:14 November 2007 at the 3496:12 December 2007 at the 2966:Scandinavian colonialism 2617:Sweden, forged from the 2253:North Germanic languages 2051:North Germanic languages 2045:North Germanic languages 1977:North Germanic languages 1919:traditionally refers to 1707:(supported by Austria). 1497:North Germanic languages 1397:. Frankish sources used 1155:represented in Latin by 1081:Scandinavia as a concept 837:most commonly refers to 41:Not to be confused with 6902:Caribbean South America 5726:(Reaktion books, 2008). 5650:Sigurdsson, Jon Vidar. 5454:17 January 2008 at the 5434:29 October 2015 at the 5131:University of Cambridge 5104: 5064:Book VIII, chapter XVII 4997:20 January 2009 at the 4839:Sápmi: Language history 4777:10.1023/A:1017918213388 4741:20 October 2017 at the 4512:. Unipub. p. 440. 4392:Oxford University Press 3424:John McKinnell (2005). 3132:Encyclopædia Britannica 2879:generous welfare system 2672:According to historian 1789:Continental Scandinavia 1644:Hans Christian Andersen 1575: 1569: 1550: 1541: 1525: 1479: 1448: 1427: 1421: 1409: 1399: 1322:through the area where 1304: 1295: 1285: 1250: 1241: 1183: 1173: 1145: 908:, which ended in 1905. 7421:history of Scandinavia 6677:Southern United States 6480:Scandinavian Peninsula 5669:The Age of the Vikings 5578:Scandinavia since 1500 5566:Nissen, Henrik S. ed. 5248:Bagge, Sverre (2014). 5040:Book IV, chapter XXXIX 4833:5 October 2007 at the 4804:1 October 2008 at the 4161:Gordon, Eric Valentine 3663:Richard North (1997). 3621:Erik Björkman (1973). 3577:Historia Langobardorum 3366:Haugen, Einar (1976). 2774: 2481: 2475: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2426: 2420: 2412: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2382: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2329: 2322: 2306:History of Scandinavia 2249:Uralic language family 2215:in Sweden and Norway. 2181: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 1973:Scandinavian Peninsula 1830: 1822: 1814: 1805: 1770: 1719:was created and a new 1670:Grand Duchy of Finland 1623: 1535: 1469: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1371:Historia Langobardorum 1367:Historia Langobardorum 1353: 1340: 1272: 1266: 1163: 1157: 1119: 1099: 967:Scandinavian Mountains 958: 955:Scandinavian Mountains 851:Scandinavian Peninsula 34:. For other uses, see 32:Scandinavian Peninsula 7158:Antarctic Convergence 6697:Western United States 5747:36.1 (2007): 217–295. 5671:(Princeton UP, 2016) 5643:Sawyer, Peter Hayes. 5626:(Cambridge UP, 2002). 5615:42.4 (2017): 363–388 5556:(Cambridge UP, 2003). 5532:(Cambridge UP, 2018). 5227:. Mouton De Gruyter. 5221:Oskar Bandle (2002). 4745:, ISMennt, EAN, 1999. 4320:Philosophical Library 3792:on 16 February 2008. 3588:Bibliotheca Augustana 3525:24 April 2006 at the 3352:22 March 2021 at the 2761: 2685:Margaret I of Denmark 2649:of modern-day Sweden) 2176: 2058: 1975:since prehistory—the 1753: 1727:was established. The 1640:Scandinavist movement 1618: 1105: 1093: 949: 692:Scandinavian Airlines 507:Chronological history 6219:Greater Central Asia 5761:32.1 (2007): 59–85. 5738:Social Care Services 5576:Nordstrom, Byron J. 4063:Lee, Donald Woodward 4034:28 July 2020 at the 3864:13 June 2016 at the 3728:University of Bergen 3608:6 April 2010 at the 3603:Northvegr Foundation 3334:on 28 December 2008. 2740:Treaty of Copenhagen 2738:to Sweden. The 1660 2525:Kingdom of the Isles 2312:Ancient descriptions 1793:mainland Scandinavia 1672:in 1809 and Norway ( 1659:Second Schleswig War 1657:(1848–1850) and the 1523:is known in Sámi as 1015:giving more mm/year 934:Geography of Iceland 930:Geography of Finland 926:Geography of Denmark 7478:Geography of Europe 7370:Continents of Earth 6897:Brazilian Highlands 6301:Indian subcontinent 6162:Antarctic Peninsula 5960:Southern Hemisphere 5955:Northern Hemisphere 5771:127.1 (2015): 1–15 5750:Nestingen, Andrew. 5712:19.1 (2003): 61–79. 5654:(Cornell UP, 2021) 5501:Barton, H. Arnold. 5472:4 June 2013 at the 5069:14 May 2008 at the 5045:14 May 2008 at the 5016:. Council of Europe 4769:2001IREdu..47..379H 3717:Mundel, E. (2000). 3385:Knut Helle (2003). 3277:2019Weawi..72a..23B 3098:on 24 December 2016 2754:Scandinavian unions 2712:Treaty of Brömsebro 2579:During a period of 2376:, the north tip of 2257:Consonant gradation 1713:Franco-Prussian War 1655:First Schleswig War 1603:Politics of Denmark 1591:in the 18th century 1431:are used while the 1338:(AD 551), the form 942:Geography of Sweden 938:Geography of Norway 7185:Great Barrier Reef 6806:Mainland Australia 5970:Western Hemisphere 5945:Eastern Hemisphere 5719:(Routledge, 2018). 5605:9.1 (2019): 2–22. 5587:(Routledge, 2020) 5498:(Routledge, 2019). 5398:McWhinney, James. 5337:on 6 December 2020 5288:"The Kalmar Union" 5060:Naturalis Historia 5036:Naturalis Historia 4602:4 May 2016 at the 4420:Scandinavian, noun 4297:(Scandinavians)... 4224:Indiana University 4124:. Cordon Company. 4093:Old English Poetry 4009:on 8 February 2018 3893:on 28 October 2009 3770:Aikio, A. (2004). 3313:on 26 August 2010. 3200:The New York Times 3166:"Nordic countries" 2869:Economy of Iceland 2865:Economy of Finland 2861:Economy of Denmark 2822:Convention of Moss 2799:hereditary kingdom 2775: 2724:Treaty of Roskilde 2689:Gustav I of Sweden 2471: 168 AD 2428:Naturalis Historia 2182: 2119:standard languages 2092: 1771: 1709:Schleswig-Holstein 1697:Duchy of Schleswig 1626:Although the term 1624: 1611:Politics of Sweden 1607:Politics of Norway 1120: 1108:Schleswig-Holstein 1100: 977:, legacies of the 959: 455:History by country 277:Nordic territories 90:Official languages 7483:Regions of Europe 7460: 7459: 7386: 7385: 7266:Mediterranean Rim 7139: 7138: 7078:Mediterranean Sea 6932: 6931: 6885:Amazon Rainforest 6707:Canadian Prairies 6672:Pacific Northwest 6533:Iberian Peninsula 6509:Italian Peninsula 6318:Arabian Peninsula 6145:Antarctic Plateau 5905:Three/Four Worlds 5824:Expat Scandinavia 5745:Crime and justice 5705:(Springer, 2017). 5698:(Springer, 2001). 5681:(Yale UP, 2012). 5677:Winroth, Anders. 5667:Winroth, Anders. 5629:Sanders, Ruth H. 5622:Salmon, Patrick. 5563:(Springer, 2017). 5552:Helle, Knut, ed. 5515:(Springer, 2017). 5450:. Official site. 5327:"Finnish history" 5261:978-1-4008-5010-5 5234:978-3-11-014876-3 5058:Pliny the Elder. 5034:Pliny the Elder. 4966:978-3-11-017149-5 4864:978-0-631-19539-9 4675:978-92-893-1041-3 4636:978-0-19-929734-4 4557:978-82-573-0703-5 4519:978-92-3-102661-4 4437:Scandinavian noun 4184:978-0-19-811105-4 3676:978-0-521-55183-0 3634:978-3-500-28470-5 3464:978-980-6898-00-4 3437:978-1-84384-042-8 3398:978-0-521-47299-9 2951:Nordic cross flag 2873:Economy of Norway 2857:Economy of Sweden 2803:Oldenburg dynasty 2545:Duchy of Normandy 2541:Kingdom of Dublin 2533:Scandinavian York 2529:Earldom of Orkney 2229:Norwegian Lapland 2213:language minority 2137:Middle Low German 2012:dialect continuum 1701:Duchy of Holstein 1373:appear the forms 1289:, along with the 1270:) combined with - 1033:subarctic climate 986:temperate climate 820: 819: 374: 373: 109:Sometimes also: 84:List of languages 16:(Redirected from 7490: 7419:Timeline of the 7413: 7406: 7399: 7390: 7389: 7368: 7367: 7347:Global Southwest 7342:Global Southeast 7332:Global Northwest 7327:Global Northeast 7317:Global Heartland 7261:Indian Ocean Rim 6943: 6942: 6835:Island Melanesia 6521:Balkan Peninsula 6296:Himalayan states 6243:Russian Far East 6037: 6036: 5965:Water Hemisphere 5854: 5847: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5636:Sawyer, Birgit. 5477: 5464: 5458: 5445: 5439: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5218: 5212: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5121:Sawyer, Peter H. 5117: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5080: 5074: 5056: 5050: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5010: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4848: 4842: 4824: 4813: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4752: 4746: 4733: 4727: 4724:Nordisk Sprogråd 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4613: 4607: 4593: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4503: 4497: 4487: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4450: 4444: 4433: 4427: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4389: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4362: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4245: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4060: 4049: 4043: 4029:Fennoscandia, n. 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3962: 3956: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3875: 3869: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3776: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3725: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3618: 3612: 3596: 3590: 3570: 3564: 3557: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3507: 3501: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3382: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3330:. 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Archived from 3303: 3297: 3296: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3123: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2998: 2946:Nordic countries 2772: 2769: 2705:successor states 2600:lands of Denmark 2581:Christianization 2518:North Sea Empire 2484: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2431: 2423: 2417: 2406: 2400: 2391: 2385: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2332: 2325: 2190:Uralic languages 2164:Uralic languages 2142:Hanseatic League 2112: 2106: 2100: 2088: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2063: 1981:Uralic languages 1891:Fennoscandinavia 1873:Fennoscandinavia 1856:Nordic countries 1842:Nordic countries 1808: 1775:Nordic countries 1763: 1757: 1741:Nordic countries 1723:-balance in the 1649: 1578: 1572: 1553: 1544: 1538: 1528: 1482: 1472: 1451: 1430: 1424: 1412: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1356: 1345: 1326:is now located. 1309: 1300: 1288: 1275: 1269: 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5794: 5785: 5782: 5759:Economic theory 5691: 5491: 5486: 5484:Further reading 5481: 5480: 5474:Wayback Machine 5465: 5461: 5456:Wayback Machine 5446: 5442: 5436:Wayback Machine 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5262: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5150: 5148: 5141: 5118: 5114: 5081: 5077: 5071:Wayback Machine 5057: 5053: 5047:Wayback Machine 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4999:Wayback Machine 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4967: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4865: 4849: 4845: 4835:Wayback Machine 4825: 4816: 4806:Wayback Machine 4796: 4792: 4753: 4749: 4743:Wayback Machine 4734: 4730: 4720:Wayback Machine 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4676: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4637: 4614: 4610: 4604:Wayback Machine 4594: 4590: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4558: 4544: 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the 2241:Sámi languages 2236: 2235:Sámi languages 2233: 2186:Sámi languages 2179:Sámi languages 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2085: 2079: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2049:Main article: 2046: 2043: 2035:Sámi languages 1968: 1965: 1901: 1895: 1760: 1754: 1747: 1737: 1690:Russian Empire 1686:Treaty of Kiel 1682:personal union 1595:Main article: 1592: 1585: 1551:Sulliidčielbma 1507:stepmother of 1457: 1454: 1331: 1328: 1210:Pomponius Mela 1138:Proto-Germanic 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1041:Finnmarksvidda 1009:western Europe 921: 918: 818: 817: 815: 814: 807: 800: 792: 789: 788: 787: 786: 772: 758: 744: 730: 716: 699: 698: 695: 694: 689: 684: 682:Monetary Union 679: 674: 669: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 651: 650: 649: 648: 643: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 619: 618: 613: 608: 603: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 585: 584: 582:Nordic Council 579: 574: 569: 567:Denmark–Norway 564: 559: 554: 553: 552: 547: 537: 532: 531: 530: 525: 520: 503: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 453: 448: 447: 444: 443: 439: 438: 433: 428: 421: 414: 408: 405: 404: 401: 400: 392: 391: 385: 384: 372: 371: 369: 368: 351: 337: 335: 329: 328: 188: 184: 183: 178: 172: 171: 169: 168: 163: 160:Sámi languages 157: 148: 143: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 107: 102: 97: 92: 83: 82: 81: 79: 75: 74: 67: 59: 58: 54: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7495: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7409: 7407: 7402: 7400: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7180:Pacific Ocean 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7114:Pacific Ocean 7112: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7068:Caribbean Sea 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7036: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7010:by population 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6983:South America 6981: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6966:North America 6964: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6917:Southern Cone 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6892:Andean States 6890: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6867:South America 6864: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6752: 6750: 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6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6357:Levantine Sea 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Mediterranean 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 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K. 5517: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5507:online review 5504: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5244: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5217: 5210: 5209:0-19-285434-8 5206: 5202: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133:. p. 3. 5132: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5109: 5106: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5015: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4949: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4847: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4585: 4579: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4502: 4496: 4495:9780391026872 4492: 4486: 4479: 4473: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4368: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4298: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4251: 4239: 4235: 4233:9780877501909 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4165:Taylor, A. R. 4162: 4156: 4149: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3964:Knut Helle, ' 3961: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916:"Scandinavia" 3911: 3904: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3879:"Scandinavia" 3874: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3705: 3698: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3659: 3657: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457:. A J Place. 3456: 3455: 3447: 3439: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3172:. 14 May 2024 3171: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3127:"Scandinavia" 3122: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2921:Baltic region 2919: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2835:The Storting 2833: 2831: 2828:elected king 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2765: 2760: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:privy council 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2477: 2461: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2175: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2152:, Sweden and 2151: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2083: Faroese 2076: Swedish 2057: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1878:Baltic Shield 1874: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1776: 1767: 1752: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725:Baltic region 1722: 1718: 1717:German Empire 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1475:Northern Sámi 1471: 1470:Skadesi-suolu 1466: 1463: 1460:The earliest 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1349:nationalistic 1344: 1343: 1337: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1299: 1298: 1293:goddess name 1292: 1287: 1282: 1281:Sca(n)dinavia 1277: 1274: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1236:West Germanic 1233: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1045:alpine tundra 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:precipitation 1014: 1010: 1007:) typical of 1006: 1001: 999: 998:alpine tundra 995: 991: 990:Arctic Circle 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 956: 952: 948: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 917: 915: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 894:Christianized 891: 887: 883: 878: 874: 872: 868: 867:Faroe Islands 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 813: 808: 806: 801: 799: 794: 793: 791: 790: 784: 773: 770: 759: 756: 745: 742: 731: 728: 727:Faroe Islands 717: 714: 703: 702: 701: 700: 693: 690: 688: 687:Defence Union 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 658: 657: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 636: 633: 632: 626: 625: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 592: 591: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 572:Sweden–Norway 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 538: 536: 533: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 510: 509: 508: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 470:Faroe Islands 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 451: 446: 445: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 426: 422: 420: 419: 415: 413: 410: 409: 403: 402: 398: 394: 393: 390: 387: 386: 382: 378: 377: 367: 363: 359: 355: 352: 350: 346: 342: 339: 338: 336: 334: 330: 327: 315: 303: 291: 290:Bouvet Island 280: 278: 274: 262: 250: 249:Faroe Islands 238: 224: 212: 200: 189: 185: 182: 179: 177: 173: 167: 164: 161: 158: 156: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 138: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 80: 76: 71: 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