707:
723:
739:
95:
112:
1672:
363:
377:
338:
23:
888:, but he was able to defeat and submit them as well. Herodotus's list of tribes who provided the Achaemenid army with soldiers included Thracians from both the coast and from the central Thracian plain, attesting that Mardonius's campaign had reconquered all the Thracian areas which were under Achaemenid rule before the Ionian Revolt.
862:
started, the
Thracians did not help the Greek rebels, and they instead saw Achaemenid rule as more favourable because the latter had treated the Thracians with favour and even given them more land, and also because they realised that Achaemenid rule was a bulwark against Greek expansion and Scythian
913:
for colonisation. Although Athens was now in control of the Aegean Sea and the
Hellespont following the defeat of the Persian invasion, the Persians were still able to control the southern coast of Thrace from a base in central Thrace and with the support of the Thracians. Thanks to the Thracians
583:
who lived just south of the Danube river and who in vain attempted to resist the
Achaemenid conquest. After the resistance of the Getae was defeated and they were forced to provide the Achaemenid army with soldiers, all the Thracian tribes between the
578:
found on the path of his army as well as to the many other
Thracian tribes over a wide area. All these peoples of Thrace, including the Odrysae, submitted to the Achaemenid king until his army reached the territory of Thracian tribe of the
1111:
531:
had however undergone a sound change due to which the sound /δ/ had evolved into /l/ by the time of the
Persian invasion, due to which the Scythian endonym in the Scythian language by then was pronounced as
905:, which was resisted by both the Thracians and the Persian forces. The Thracians kept on sending supplies to the governor of Eion when the Greeks besieged it. When the city fell to the Greeks in 475 BCE,
603:
Following Darius I's orders to create a new satrapy for the
Achaemenid Empire in the Balkans, Megabazus forced the Greek cities who had refused to submit to the Achaemenid Empire, starting with
914:
co-operating with the
Persians by sending supplies and military reinforcements down the Hebrus river route, Achaemenid authority in central Thrace lasted until around 465 BCE, and the governor
607:, after which led military campaigns throughout Thrace to impose Achaemenid rule over every city and tribe in the area. With the help of Thracian guides, Megabazus was able to conquer
1708:
1347:
615:
inhabiting these regions up to the Lake
Prasias to Thracians loyal to the Achaemenid Empire. The last endeavours of Megabazus included the conquest of the area between the
391:
324:
440:
in Europe between 510s BC and 479 BC. Its name is attested in
Persian and Egyptian inscriptions (an Egyptian record of c. 498–497 BC, and a list on the tomb of
761:
included both the Aegean coast of Thrace, as well as its Pontic coast till the Danube. In the interior, the
Western border of the satrapy consisted of the
1365:
643:
on the Strymon's east bank until Megabazus persuaded him to recall Histiaeus after he returned to Asia Minor, after which the Thracian tribe of the
329:
1387:
922:, the king of the Odrysae tribe, in whose territory the Hebrus flowed, was starting to organise the rise of his kingdom into a powerful state.
870:
crossed the Hellespont with a large fleet and army, re-subjugated Thrace without any effort and made Macedonia full part of the satrapy of
554:
due to early contacts between the Medes and the Scythians during the 7th century BC, before the sound change from /δ/ to /l/ was complete.
1682:
863:
attacks. During the revolt, Aristagoras of Miletus captured Myrcinus from the Edones and died trying to attack another Thracian city.
805:, which gave this region an important strategic value. Persian sources describe the province as being populated by three groups: the
1671:
631:, accepted to become a vassal of the Achaemenid Empire. Within the satrapy itself, the Achaemenid king Darius granted to the tyrant
416:
706:
1355:
1282:
1216:
1166:
1092:
596:, after which he returned back to Anatolia through Thrace and left a large army in Europe under the command of his general
1395:
40:
1380:
1316:
896:
852:
657:
to oversee the administrative division of the Hellespont, which extended on both sides of the sea and included the
1522:
592:
river had been subjected by the Achaemenid Empire. Once Darius had reached the Danube, he crossed the river and
36:
1338:
1235:
Chiron: Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
1728:
1526:
1373:
1270:
1118:[Kolaxais and his Brothers (Classical Tradition on the Origin of the Royal Power of the Scythians)].
946:
593:
1239:
Chiron: Bulltin of the Commission for Ancient History and Epigraphy of the German Archaeological Institute
722:
1723:
930:
624:
562:
The first Achaemenid military incursion in southeast Europe started in 513 BCE, when the Achaemenid king
121:
1718:
1274:
1158:
566:
amassed an army and marched from Achaemenid-ruled Anatolia into Thrace, and from there he crossed the
94:
1661:
1418:
1292:
1192:
654:
567:
1303:
1628:
738:
574:
river. This was an act of conquest by Darius I, who during his march sent emissaries to the
1618:
1482:
1406:
951:
802:
647:
retook control of Myrcinus. Once Megabazus had returned to Asia Minor, he was succeeded in
628:
484:, from which was also derived the Akkadian and Greek names for the Scythians, respectively
411:
370:
343:
65:
1334:
8:
1497:
1176:
867:
840:
111:
1558:
1472:
1467:
1462:
937:
filled the ensuing power vacuum and formed their own spheres of influence in the area.
785:
river, where a route in the river valley connected the permanent Persian settlement of
1502:
1492:
1477:
1447:
1400:
1351:
1278:
1212:
1162:
892:
712:"Ionian with shield hat" (Macedonian) soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE.
608:
528:
437:
269:
117:
79:
1184:
1320:
1258:
1226:
1180:
1142:
1138:
926:
563:
441:
356:
181:
30:
1116:"Колаксай и его братья (античная традиция о происхождении царской власти у скифов"
1713:
1583:
1578:
1568:
971:
844:
798:
728:
Skudrian (Thracian or Macedonian) soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE.
545:
101:
1296:
1598:
1588:
1546:
1414:
1188:
1154:
918:
managed to resist many Greek attacks in Doriscus until then. Around this time,
848:
662:
616:
611:
up to but not including the area of Lake Prasias, and he gave the lands of the
445:
213:
1702:
1457:
1312:
1308:
1262:
966:
934:
859:
384:
236:
162:
1230:
1197:
The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250
1141:(1985). "The Rise of the Achaemenids and Establishment of Their Empire". In
900:
871:
822:
756:
648:
539:
469:
881:
858:
When Achaemenid control over its European possessions collapsed once the
814:
666:
465:
899:
by the Persian Empire in 479 BCE, they started attacking the satrapy of
1646:
1603:
1410:
585:
1552:
866:
Once the Ionian Revolt had been fully quelled, the Achaemenid general
744:"Saka beyond the sea", soldier of the Achaemenid army, circa 480 BCE.
653:
by a governor whose name is unknown, and Darius appointed the general
1687:
1531:
1517:
1452:
1150:
885:
843:. The three ethnicities (Saka, Macedonian, Thracian) enrolled in the
828:
818:
810:
794:
778:
682:
678:
674:
670:
632:
612:
604:
597:
575:
513:
475:
448:, c. 486 BC. It is believed to have comprised the lands now known as
57:
1593:
1563:
1438:
1115:
956:
915:
786:
766:
745:
729:
713:
658:
640:
434:
194:
148:
1623:
1608:
1573:
1507:
1340:
Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka
919:
836:
790:
782:
781:. The importance of this satrapy rested in that it contained the
636:
571:
453:
75:
1656:
1613:
1535:
1267:
Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c. 525 to 479 B.C
1208:
1204:
981:
976:
910:
877:
762:
690:
686:
620:
589:
449:
430:
129:
125:
925:
With the end of Achaemenid power in the Balkans, the Thracian
1512:
1487:
1422:
1200:
906:
770:
644:
580:
519:
669:
proper and its approaches. Otanes then proceeded to capture
1638:
1541:
961:
774:
505:
491:
155:
1120:Аристей: вестник классической филологии и античной истории
1021:
789:
with the Aegean coast, as well as with the port-cities of
1199:. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 2.
1080:
570:
river and then proceeded through the valley-route of the
424:
1709:
States and territories established in the 6th century BC
1033:
999:
997:
1348:
Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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533:
499:
485:
479:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
994:
623:
rivers, and at the end of his campaign, the king of
1009:
1045:
876:. Mardonius was however attacked at night by the
809:("Saka beyond the sea", the Persian term for all
1700:
839:with shield-like hats", is believed to refer to
1265:(1988). "Persia in Europe, apart from Greece".
544:instead likely happened indirectly through the
548:, which had preserved the older Scythian form
1381:
1091:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDandamayev1999 (
1231:"The Extent of Persian Occupation in Thrace"
777:mountain ranges till the site of modern-day
116:Skudra was the westernmost territory of the
1683:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
847:, as shown in the Imperial tomb reliefs of
1388:
1374:
1333:
1257:
1175:
1086:
1027:
1003:
110:
1291:
1179:(1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In
1110:
1039:
1015:
835:. The latter term, which translates as "
755:The area included within the satrapy of
1225:
1062:
41:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1701:
1369:
1137:
1074:
13:
225:• Persian invasion of Thrace
14:
1740:
853:Second Persian invasion of Greece
270:Macedonia overthrows Persian rule
43: instead of cuneiform script.
1670:
737:
721:
705:
594:campaigned against the Scythians
538:. The derivation of Old Persian
389:
375:
361:
336:
322:
248:• Re-subjugation of Thrace
93:
21:
1317:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
801:on the Black Sea, and with the
507:
493:
281:• Evacuation of Doriscus
1:
1271:The Cambridge Ancient History
1147:The Cambridge History of Iran
1112:Bukharin, Mikhail Dmitrievich
987:
947:Scythian campaign of Darius I
258:• Conquest of Macedonia
901:
872:
827:themselves (most likely the
823:
813:peoples to the north of the
757:
649:
550:
540:
534:
514:
500:
486:
480:
470:
425:
7:
940:
693:for the Achaemenid Empire.
103:Standard of Cyrus the Great
10:
1745:
1275:Cambridge University Press
1159:Cambridge University Press
1103:
851:, and participated in the
557:
520:
506:
492:
415:
1679:
1668:
1433:
1193:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
301:
297:
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246:
233:
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209:
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188:
175:
171:
154:
142:
135:
120:, comprising the area of
109:
90:
85:
74:
50:
855:on the Achaemenid side.
897:second invasion attempt
474:, was derived from the
459:
58:
1004:Hammond & Fol 1988
935:Athenian thalassocracy
803:central Thracian plain
468:name of the province,
29:This article contains
1629:Hellespontine Phrygia
699:Ethnicities in Skudra
1729:Achaemenid satrapies
1304:Encyclopædia Iranica
1277:. pp. 246–253.
952:Achaemenid Macedonia
931:kingdom of Macedonia
371:Kingdom of Macedonia
344:Kingdom of Macedonia
1293:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
177:• 522–486 BCE
16:Achaemenid province
1724:Achaemenid Macedon
1643:Samaritan Province
1335:Szemerényi, Oswald
1211:. pp. 35–64.
1191:; Etemadi, G. F.;
1077:, p. 253–255.
429:) was a province (
190:• 486-465 BC
128:, to the north of
86:513 BCE–c. 465 BCE
1719:Achaemenid Thrace
1696:
1695:
1401:Achaemenid Empire
1399:Provinces of the
1357:978-3-700-10367-7
1284:978-0-521-22804-6
1259:Hammond, N. G. L.
1227:Hammond, N. G. L.
1218:978-9-231-02846-5
1181:Dani, Ahmad Hasan
1177:Dandamayev, M. A.
1168:978-0-521-20091-2
1143:Gershevitch, Ilya
909:gave its land to
529:Scythian language
438:Achaemenid Empire
423:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
349:
348:
144: • Type
118:Achaemenid Empire
80:Achaemenid Empire
51:Achaemenid Thrace
37:rendering support
1736:
1691:
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1321:Brill Publishers
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1097:
1096:
1084:
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1066:
1060:
1043:
1042:, p. 58-61.
1037:
1031:
1030:, p. 23–25.
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1007:
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927:Odrysian kingdom
904:
891:When the Greeks
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826:
760:
741:
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709:
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639:the district of
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442:Darius the Great
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422:romanized:
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357:Odrysian kingdom
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31:cuneiform script
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1652:Skudra (Thrace)
1633:Greater Phrygia
1429:
1428:
1394:
1364:
1358:
1343:
1325:
1323:
1285:
1273:. Vol. 4.
1248:
1246:
1219:
1189:Puri, Baij Nath
1185:Harmatta, János
1169:
1149:. Vol. 2.
1129:
1127:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1089:, p. 1999.
1087:Dandamayev 1999
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1028:Szemerényi 1980
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
995:
990:
972:Ionia (satrapy)
943:
884:and modern-day
880:in the area of
845:Achaemenid army
753:
752:
751:
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749:
742:
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546:Median language
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35:Without proper
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1415:Naqsh-e Rustam
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1263:Fol, Alexander
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1155:United Kingdom
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1122:(in Russian).
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849:Naqsh-e Rostam
833:Yauna Takabara
807:Saka Paradraya
765:river and the
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446:Naqsh-e Rustam
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39:, you may see
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1425:inscriptions)
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1313:United States
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1295:(1994). "3".
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1040:Bukharin 2013
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1016:Shahbazi 1994
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312:Succeeded by
311:
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1139:Cook, J. M.
882:Lake Doiran
841:Macedonians
466:Old Persian
412:Old Persian
307:Preceded by
242:499-493 BCE
66:Old Persian
1703:Categories
1647:Sattagydia
1604:Massagetae
1555:(Gandhara)
1483:Cappadocia
1437:Akaufaka (
1411:Persepolis
1326:2022-07-12
1249:20 January
1130:2022-07-13
988:References
933:, and the
667:Hellespont
665:, and the
586:Aegean Sea
508:𒊍𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀
494:𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀
417:𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼
285:c. 465 BCE
136:Government
54:𐎿𐎤𐎢𐎭𐎼
1688:Herodotus
1681:See also
1619:Phoenicia
1532:Eber-Nari
1527:2nd Egypt
1523:1st Egypt
1518:Drangiana
1498:Chorasmia
1473:Babylonia
1453:Arachosia
1151:Cambridge
1075:Cook 1985
886:Valandovo
868:Mardonius
795:Mesembria
791:Apollonia
779:Kostenets
683:Lamponeia
679:Antandrus
675:Chalcedon
671:Byzantium
663:Propontis
633:Histiaeus
629:Amyntas I
625:Macedonia
613:Paeonians
605:Perinthus
598:Megabazus
576:Thracians
433:) of the
122:Macedonia
1594:Margiana
1564:Hyrcania
1559:Gedrosia
1493:Carmania
1439:Quhistan
1407:Behistun
1337:(1980).
1229:(1980).
1195:(eds.).
1114:(2013).
957:Doriscus
941:See also
916:Mascames
893:defeated
829:Thracian
811:Scythian
787:Doriscus
767:Belasica
746:Xerxes I
730:Xerxes I
714:Xerxes I
659:Bosporus
641:Myrcinus
588:and the
568:Arteskos
564:Darius I
501:Askuzaya
487:Iškuzaya
478:endonym
476:Scythian
195:Xerxes I
182:Darius I
149:Monarchy
1624:Phrygia
1609:Parthia
1574:Hindush
1553:Gandāra
1549:(Nubia)
1508:Colchis
1503:Cilicia
1478:Bactria
1468:Assyria
1463:Armenia
1444:Amyrgoi
1245:: 53–61
1241:].
1145:(ed.).
1126:: 20–80
1104:Sources
920:Teres I
837:Ionians
815:Caspian
799:Odessos
637:Miletus
617:Strymon
609:Paeonia
558:History
515:Skuthai
512:), and
454:Macedon
435:Persian
431:satrapy
275:479 BCE
268:•
262:492 BCE
252:492 BCE
235:•
229:513 BCE
184:(first)
78:of the
76:Satrapy
1714:Skudra
1657:Sogdia
1614:Persis
1536:Levant
1448:Arabia
1354:
1298:Darius
1281:
1215:
1209:UNESCO
1205:France
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982:Skydra
977:Kausia
929:, the
911:Athens
902:Skudra
878:Bryges
873:Skudra
824:Skudra
783:Hebros
758:Skudra
691:Lemnos
689:, and
687:Imbros
661:, the
655:Otanes
650:Skudra
590:Danube
572:Hebros
541:Skudra
521:Σκυθαι
498:) and
481:*Skuδa
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450:Thrace
426:Skudra
408:Skudra
197:(last)
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130:Greece
126:Thrace
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1662:Yehud
1599:Media
1584:Lydia
1579:Libya
1569:Ionia
1513:Dahae
1488:Caria
1423:Daeva
1344:(PDF)
1237:[
1201:Paris
907:Cimon
819:Black
771:Pirin
763:Axius
645:Edoni
621:Axius
581:Getae
551:Skuδa
535:Skula
1639:Saka
1589:Maka
1547:Kush
1542:Elam
1458:Aria
1419:Susa
1352:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1251:2022
1213:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1093:help
962:Eion
817:and
797:and
775:Rila
619:and
527:The
464:The
460:Name
452:and
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