Slab hut - Knowledge

594:). The bottom of the slab was merely set into a trench. When a wall bottom plate was used, it was also mortised. Each slab was slid in at one end of these plates; on the bottom plate, an extra piece was cut out at one end of the groove to widen it and allow each slab to be fitted in: this piece was replaced after the last slab was inserted. Another method was to make a much deeper mortise in the top plate. In this case, each slab was lifted up into the deep top groove and then dropped into the bottom one. A third method was to nail planks either side of the wall plates to form a channel to hold the slabs, instead of mortising. This was a much quicker method of construction, but it required the use of sawn and dressed timber, and nails. Slabs were sometimes 919: 632: 676: 3058: 726: 648: 1125: 614: 1139: 144: 662: 559:

length. Into these grooves were fitted the two ends of the eight-feet slabs we had split with the maul and wedges... The flooringboards... were six inches wide and one thick; timber being used so green, and the heat being so great, boards of any greater width turn up at the edges, so as in time to look like a row of spouts. The rooms were all joisted at top, and on the joists was spread a floor of bark, so as to form, over the whole top of the house, the settler's usual first rude

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wife to occupy 'That her ears should not be polluted by the worst language of the customers he ran up a partition... cutting off the slab-walled portion of the house, with its roof of stringy-bark, from the log and canvas front. He also stopped with putty the worst gaps between the slabs...' Geoffrey Hamlyn recollects 'the old slab hut' at Baroona 'now quite overwhelmed' by the new, long, low house, the result of 'dull, stupid prosperity'.

29: 140:(or 'dab') method: posts were set in the ground; thin branches were woven and set between these posts, and clay or mud was plastered over the weave to make a solid wall. Wattle and daub walls were easily destroyed by the drenching rains of Australia's severe summer storms, and for a time, walls of timber slabs took their place. These were soon replaced by brick structures; the Sydney Cove landscape was almost denuded of useful timber. 5040: 5050: 507: 824:... the least pleasing objects one meets with in this colony,' but her objections were chiefly to the poor initial construction and subsequent neglect of those dwellings. This arose, she claimed, from the high wages paid due to the shortage of labour, and therefore the idleness and drunkenness of the 'working classes'. Writing of a convict-owned and operated 563:. Squares of a couple of feet.. were left open in the wall in various places for windows... The chimneys were large, like those of old farm-houses, and, for security, had a little wall of rough stone and mortar run up inside about three feet; and in the middle of the fire-place was a large flag-stone, of a sort capable of resisting the fire, 444:. This plaster is composed of alluvial soil, mixed with a portion of cow-dung to prevent it from cracking, and with chopped grass to enable it to adhere, the coat being put on with a light spade and smoothed over with a plasterer's trowel. It is run over occasionally afterwards with the trowel to fill in the cracks; and on being quite dry, 582:, exclusive of plastering. The house was thatched, had a chimney, and was divided into four compartments; and with the additional plastering, whitewashing, and fitting of doors and windows, I do not think exceeded twenty pounds... A veranda tends materially to the coolness of the habitation, by sheltering the walls from the sun... 888:

The latter, deep and wide, extended nearly across the whole of one end, and formed almost a small compartment of its own. Its dimensions, however, were but in keeping with the supply of firewood outside; and it is only in the bush districts that such fireplaces are to be seen... Two small windows gave light to the apartment.

578:... by this means a wooden house may be put up without having more than a dozen nails in its composition. I have known the frame of a house of this description, twenty-four feet long by twelve broad, with a back-skilling, or lean-to, of the same length seven feet wide attached to it, put up for the small sum of eight 701:

The walls are erected by what is known as the drop-slab-panel system - upright panels formed of three-foot slabs cut from the outside slice of tree-trunks, and dropped horizontally, one above the other, between grooved posts - a simple arrangement, quickly run up and artistic in appearance - outside,

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Sybylla Melvyn grew up in a 'comfortable, wide-veranda'ed, irregularly built slab house' in the Timlinbilly Ranges and she was educated at 'Stringybark Hill Public... a little slab school house.' Richard Mahony hurriedly renovates his goldfields house and general store, so it will be fit for his new

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stretched across in place of glass... Almost the whole of one end of the hut consisted of fireplace. The chimney was built of wood. At the bottom large stones, cemented together with clay and mud, formed a rough lining and a protection from the flames... John's present country home was as rough and

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living trees in sheets of about six feet long and from two to four feet wide, laid upon rafters composed of small sapling poles just as they came from being cut in the bush. The sheets of bark, having holes pierced through each in pairs, were then tied on the rafters with cords twisted of the inner

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A large clearing opened out on the right, and a little way back from the road-line stood a slab hut—or wharé, as it is generally called in New Zealand... A building of but one apartment... constructed entirely of split timber, but neatly put together. The roof was of iron, as was also the chimney.

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roof, and space enough for two rooms, but the partition wasn't up. The floor was earth, but Dad had a mixture of sand and fresh cow-dung with which he used to keep it level. About once every month he would put it on, and everyone had to keep outside that day till it was dry. There were no locks on

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Ten pounds will go a long way towards putting up a sod hut; a cabin of outside slabs and refuse timber from the sawmills, or a serviceable tent with timber frame and sod chimney, sufficient to protect the inmates from the weather, and afford a temporary home at all events. There is, too, one great

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of about two feet deep... in which were placed posts ten feet high, squared on the four sides with the axe... Along the ground between these... were laid ground-plates and wall-plates... having a groove of about an inch and a half wide and two inches deep mortised into the flat sides their whole

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Since a majority of early settlers had formerly been manual labourers, they brought with them a sound practical ability and aptitude for 'making do'; other settlers observed or helped those more skilled and copied their techniques. The average settler could thus erect a basic hut in two or three

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A slab hut is actually a 'slab-walled' structure. Its walls were, strictly speaking, built from 'flitches'. Slabs are sawn from a trunk, flitches are split from it. Hut-builders felled selected trees, and sawed the trunks into suitable lengths. They then split these lengths into flitches using a

465:, even wallpaper, cretonne or chintz. Mrs Aeneas Gunn describes making 'a huge mosquito-netted dining room, big enough to enclose the table and chairs, so as to ensure our meals in comfort... we hoped to find a paradise at mealtimes in comparison with the purgatory of the last few months.' 702:

a horizontally fluted surface, formed by the natural curves of the timber, and inside, flat, smooth walls. As in every third panel there was a door or a window, and as the horizontal slabs stopped within two feet of the ceiling, the building was exceedingly airy, and open on all sides.

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and other substances to bind soil particles and form their mound: this type of flooring was known as 'ant bed'. All of these substances or mixes required regular maintenance, either by watering them to re-solidify the materials, or by spreading a new layer of mixture on top.

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The interior might have a coating of plaster made from a variety of available ingredients: mud, clay, cow-dung. The inside face of the slabs might be whitewashed, or have newspaper pasted over them. More elaborate linings might cover the ceiling, and include

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I've bought that big block of land ten miles north of here. Shall want you to go up and manage it. Take up Tom Hardy with you. He'll look after the cattle and cook. Then those two contractor fellows will soon run you up a slab hut. A tent will do till it's

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became a popular roofing material, due to its cheapness and durability. Sometimes this was laid over the original shingles. Mrs Gunn noted that 'Great sheets of bark... were packed a foot deep above the rafters to break the heat reflected from the

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bark. The walls consisted of unplaned slabs of totara wood about six feet long, placed vertically side by side. There was no lining, and there were no flooring boards; only the hard dry clay. The window was a mere opening with a piece of white

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advantage the immigrants hampering themselves at first with only slender households, for they may very soon find it to their interest to change their place of abode, in order to secure higher wages or engage in more congenial occupations...

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were put in to keep them fast at night, and the slabs were not very close together, for we could easily see anybody coming on horseback by looking through them. Joe and I used to play at counting the stars through the cracks in the

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In time, buildings of timber slabs became a familiar feature of rural Australia. Some were public and long-lasting structures: shops, schools and churches; even substantial homesteads were built of slabs. Others were no more than

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unpretentious as it well could be. He was pursuing the wise course of putting every available penny into improvements that would bring in some profit... Time enough to build a good homestead when he had a good woolshed...

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New Zealand's European settlers also had to adapt to local circumstances, building with whatever materials were available, and employing tools of poor quality, or even none at all. Settlers tended to use the Maori word

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Floors might consist of the original ground upon which the hut was erected, but various mixtures of sand, clay, cow-dung, and similar materials were laid to make a firmer, more level, or harder-wearing indoor surface.

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Indeed, all kinds of ironwork were equally inaccessible, and instead of hinges to tie doors or window shutters, those appurtenances were all made to revolve on wooden pivots in holes, bored a short distance into the

853:. The house was relocated during her time there. Henning remarks, 'It is not much to move a slab house; all the woodwork takes down and puts up again; some of the roof may have to be new, but nothing else.' 356:

tree. The whole framing of the roof was secured as it was needed by wooden pins in order to save the expense of nails, which were then both too scarce and too dear to be used by the lower order of settlers.

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As workmanship and tools improved, the slab structure became more permanent and sophisticated, eventually to become an icon of Colonial Australia, as evocative of time and place and humble beginnings as the

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Henry Lawson commented, however, 'God forgive the man who invented galvanised iron, and the greed which introduced it into Australia: you could not get a worse roofing material for a hot country.' Lawson,

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Whether or not a slab hut was lined, inside or out, depended on the economic means, the energy and skill, and the taste of the occupants. Beyond the need for simple weatherproofing lay the desire for some

1065:(Fig. 5); the slab walls are of sawn timber, not flitches split from a trunk (Fig 2.); it uses the nailed 'channel' method of holding the slabs, not mortises; the spaces between the slabs are filled with 155:

made entirely from timber poles and large sheets of bark were easily erected, but these were often only temporary structures. Local timbers presented a fresh challenge to the European settler. Australian

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had to erect and occupy a dwelling on their land as soon as possible. On the goldfields, or timber-getting, only a temporary dwelling, produced quickly from available materials, was thought necessary.

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hut, a simple rectangular walled shelter with one door, and perhaps holes to allow air to enter. The interior spaces might later be partitioned off. To this design Australian settlers often added a

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says 'The theatre.... had few external charms. It was formed only of slabs and bark; yet the interstices of the walls being filled in with mud, and the whole of the interior whitewashed with

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at one or both ends to fit into the mortises. Each method took more time and labour, and used more material, but produced a progressively more sophisticated and permanent structure.

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Mrs Aeneas Gunn writes of the satisfaction derived from building their slab homestead, 'beginning at the beginning of things': choosing, felling and sawing their own timber. In his

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emphasizes the crudity of technique and bulkiness of the timbers. It also shows the timber fireplace and chimney. Strutt in 1856, also sketched a New Zealand settler's 'whorry'.

1237:) but another, writing in 1817 of his new slab home, noted 'My wife said that she didn't like me to call it a hut, so I made a memo, to call it a cottage.' (see Thornley 860:, Bert Facey describes his method of building a slab house for a farmer, having watched and helped others to build such structures several times during his life. 5109: 2713: 2519: 5104: 4923: 706:

In this case, too, instead of grooving the posts, a channel might be made by nailing battens either side of the uprights, and the slabs fitted inside these.

1021:, illustrations of rural towns and farms in Australian newspapers and magazines of the Colonial era often show slab huts and homes. Examples can be seen in 494:

Timber slabs might also be laid directly on the earth to form a floor. More sophisticated and permanent dwellings had properly sawn floorboards nailed onto

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were forced to build shelters using whatever skills they possessed, from whatever natural materials they could find. They tried the traditional British

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Mann's emigrant's guide to Australia : including the colonies of New South Wales, Port Philip, South Australia, Western Australia, and Moreton Bay

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strips (Fig. 5); no attempt has been made to line or clad the house (Fig. 3); it has no chimney or fireplace as part of the structure; the floor is of

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The working man's handbook to South Australia, with advice to the farmer, and detailed information for the several class of labourers and artisans.

778:, and Lawson remarks of this makeshift structure, '... the whole business reminds us of the "cubby house" style of architecture of our childhood.' 717:

had the advantage that shorter slabs (known as 'billets') of timber could be used, but more uprights had to be erected and mortised to hold these.

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were difficult to work, and tools were scarce or inadequate. Australia's colonists were forced to improvise again, and become their own craftsmen.

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Lewis 2.04.11, disputes the generality of the term 'drop-slab-system' for horizontal slabbing, and suggests that it derives from Mrs Gunn herself.

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In a letter dated 1844, a settler wrote that the word 'hut' was the preferred local usage over 'cottage', for her slab dwelling. (see Starr,

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The Australian Language: an examination of the English language and English speech as used in Australia, from convict days to the present

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would be fixed atop the slab walls, and a pitched roof erected. The dimensions of the hut would be kept small, to avoid the need for roof

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or plastered over entirely. All these measures were less to do with appearance than with preservation of the fabric of the building.

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The two preferred methods of slab hut construction differed chiefly in the placement of the wall slabs: vertically or horizontally.

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method, from the core of the trunk out towards the bark. There was neither time nor tools suitable to properly dress timber into

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with lime, plaster of Paris, or apple-tree ashes and sour milk, the latter forming a tolerable substitute for lime as whitewash.

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Australian enquiry book of household and general information : a practical guide for the cottage, villa and bush home.

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From the very beginning of European settlement in Australia, improvised methods of building construction were in use. The

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Settlers and convicts, or, Recollections of sixteen years' labour in the Australian backwoods, by an emigrant mechanic.

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It is not clear which of these two methods was the more popular. Examples of each remain. The shearing shed shown in

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in the name of their agent or relatives (a 'dummy' owner), to discourage selectors by making good land hard to get.

1017:. Jolliffe also published detailed sketches of slab structures still standing, to preserve Australian heritage. In 850: 647: 249:

were used. The fireplace may have been given a lining of stones, sometimes covered with a plaster of mud or clay.

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The split timbers are put in quite rough, and chipped all over with the axe to insure adhesion of the coat of

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satisfaction, the wish to make one's dwelling place pleasing in appearance as well as comfortable to occupy.

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When settlement moved beyond Sydney Cove, an abundance of suitable forest timber became available. Huts and

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On a low hill-side, with a clump of bush close behind, stood the rough whare. The roof was thatched with

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Nov. 1878. The slab hut depicted in this issue near Stringybark Creek was allegedly occupied by the

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were used if available. Later, when crops were grown, straw was used. For a more permanent dwelling

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The usual slab hut was built entirely from timber and bark. Australian settlers found that the most

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Archer p. 68, claims the horizontal method was more favoured; Lewis, 2.04.11 suggests the opposite.

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Harris gives eight feet for this length (Harris, Chapter V) others give ten feet. (Lewis, 2.03.3)

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Chapter XII. He also describes several other slab structures, and the problems caused by use of

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The Garden of New South Wales: a history of the Illawarra & Shoalhaven Districts 1770-1900.

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Lewis, 5.02.1. Lewis also notes the local evolution of tools suited for Australian woodworking.

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1960s sketches of Tyrrell's Vineyard in the Hunter Valley include a slab hut dating from 1858.

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were not always laid, and a ceiling was not always included. A Queensland example can be seen

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has walls of both vertical and horizontal slabs; the latter may have been a later addition.

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Notes and Sketches of New South Wales: during a residence in the colony from 1839 to 1844.

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Recollections of Bush Life in Australia during a residence of eight years in the interior.

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recommends trees ten inches in diameter as likely to be both sound, and easiest to handle.

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It varies from the traditional design in several respects. It is raised off the ground on

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p. 19 observes that such a groove would fill with rainwater; a half-groove was preferred.

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Lewis notes that by the 1840s, traveling teams of sawyers could be hired for this work

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The exterior might then be painted, using mixes of materials as diverse as skim milk,

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The Farthest Promised Land — English Villagers, New Zealand Immigrants of the 1870s.

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Sydney J. Baker states that this Australian use of 'slab' dates from 1829. Baker,

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supports Louisa Meredith's observation about poor upkeep by many hut occupants.

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An account of the state of agriculture & grazing in New South Wales (1826)

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usually show one or more slab structures; Gill even illustrated the process of

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Some log huts were built, but 'the tradition had died out in Europe'. Lewis,

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might be nailed over the gaps between slabs, or the entire exterior might be

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Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities

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Volume IV "The Earth Abideth Forever" Melbourne University Press. pp. 167–8

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Australian country houses : homesteads, farmsteads and rural retreats.

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The Inked-in Image: a social and historical survey of Australian Comic Art

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is set in or around one. A horizontal-slab shearing shed is the scene for

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resistant. The chimney, too, was often made of wood, although sometimes

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Foreword by Manning Clark. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

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Dingle, T. "Necessity the Mother of Invention" in Troy, pp. 61–63

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The Great Australian Dream: the history of the Australian house.

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was used, the top of each slab was pushed up into the groove (a

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The basic slab hut derived its plan from the vernacular English

190:(house), instead of 'hut', for a temporary or pioneer dwelling. 16:

Kind of dwelling or shed made from slabs of split or sawn timber

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Child's model, settler's hut, 1857. Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.

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Images of works by these artists are available on-line at the

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Most slab-hut construction techniques could be described as

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A bark roof was common, and was quickly and easily erected.

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Pater and Knapton. Kangaroo Press, 1984 facsimile reprint.

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Stone fireplace in slab hut, Paynes Crossing Road, Wollombi

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This slab-walled house (Fig. 1) was built in 1992, in the

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roof, while beneath it the calico ceiling was tacked up.'

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described the vertical method of slab hut construction:

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The first step of its erection was digging post-holes,

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Australia's Home: its origins, builders and occupiers.

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In the Shadow of the Bush : a New Zealand romance

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International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

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More akin to traditional structures, the roof has no

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Angus and Robertson, Sydney. See 'In the beginning'.

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John Murray, London. Chapter II "Bush architecture"

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describes the first house his farming family built:

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Pettifer, Government Printer, Sydney. See pp xvi-ii

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See her letters of 18 October 1862; 10 August 1863.

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Holland, G. "The Comfortable House" in Troy, p. 201

482:when used as flooring material. Termites mix their 107:in Australia and New Zealand during their nations' 2739:New Zealand Heritage: Historic Black Spur Slab Hut 2178:Chapter XXXVI. "From Grave to Gay — A New Billet" 510:Slab Hut, Belle Vue Station, Glencoe, NSW c. 1898 5066: 2729:Early Settlers Homes and Bush Huts in Australia. 1936:The working man's handbook to South Australia... 2526:The Early Australian Architects and Their Work. 1189:The trees are being rapidly cleared and burned. 1039: 842:describes the construction of their slab-built 566:which constituted the hearth and baking-place. 103:. It was a common form of construction used by 5110:Wooden buildings and structures in New Zealand 2734:New Zealand Heritage: Historic Booth's Cottage 3399: 2785: 2563:Australian Building: A Cultural Investigation 2383: : Issue 36 Sept 2002. 'Slab Hut Skills' 1200:Australian Building: A Cultural Investigation 5105:Wooden buildings and structures in Australia 2687:A.N.U. : Colonial Slab Hut Construction 863: 277:huts or more permanent dwellings from clay, 2647:A History of European Housing in Australia. 2376:See Chapter VI: pp. 135–140, Second Edition 2311:. See 'Rural and Backblocks humour', p. 57. 2176:Frank Melton's Luck, Or, Off to New Zealand 720: 114: 3406: 3392: 2792: 2778: 2533:Early slab buildings of the Sydney region. 2250:. E-453-f-011-1 Alexander Turnbull Library 501: 180: 2664:Ralph Rashleigh, or, The life of an exile 2459:See Volume 2, Chapter VIII. Third edition 1092:(Fig. 4). The walls are kept square by a 972:The deterioration of the hut depicted by 119: 4914:Building and Wood Workers' International 2666:by Giacomo di Rosenberg (James Tucker). 2507:See Chapter V: 'How to Erect a Good Hut' 1307:This was to prevent 'dummying'. Wealthy 1186:A Direct North View of Sydney Cove, 1794 1043: 991:humour of Australian cartoonists of the 947:shows the tools used to build it, while 924:Diggings in the Mount Alexander district 917: 736:Slab-built farm buildings set the scene. 724: 537:weeks, adding to or modifying it later. 505: 310:, nor to season the timber; it was used 203: 142: 2321:Dictionary of Australian Artists Online 2288:Newcastle and Hunter Valley Sketch Book 1165: 384:was found most suitable, and later the 5067: 2626:On Our Selection and Our New Selection 2018:A roughly built slabbed shearing shed. 3387: 2773: 2572:Sydney : Angus & Robertson, 1435:Freeland, p. 18; Herman, pp. 5–6; 10. 317: 5049: 2691: 1892:Mann's emigrant's guide to Australia 5039: 4899:American Association of Woodturners 2759:Australia Heritage Places Inventory 2714:Kell's Hut, Kosciusko National Park 2693:"The Allan Slab Hut (entry 601934)" 2495:Pelican, 1974. See "The Primitives" 2439:Rude timber buildings in Australia. 2094:The Recollections of Geoffry Hamlyn 1675:Lewis, Miles. "Making Do" in Troy, 740:The slab hut is mentioned often in 13: 2753: 2465:Australian Traditional Bush Crafts 2437:Cox, P., & Freeland, J. 1969. 2420:See "Settlement - Clearing Leases" 1593:Splitting Slabs for a Humpy, 1911. 1326:Australian Traditional Bush crafts 954:Interior of Settlers Hut Australia 364:corresponding parts of the frames. 27: 14: 5131: 4929:National Wood Carvers Association 2806:designs and semi-permanent human 2719:The Pioneering of South Gippsland 2680: 2597:See 'Huts of the Working Classes' 2425:Australian Colonial Architecture. 914:In Australian and New Zealand art 764:lives in a slab hut; so does his 241:. Some of these species are also 99:made from slabs of split or sawn 5048: 5038: 5029: 5028: 4904:Architectural Woodwork Institute 3365: 3354: 3353: 3065: 3056: 2621:Chapter 13 "New Zealand – Arden" 2330:Bibliography and further reading 2248:Back settler's whorry. Jan. 1856 1151: 1137: 1123: 1109: 674: 660: 646: 630: 612: 66:Timber, bark, mud, clay, stone, 5100:Wooden buildings and structures 3413: 2423:Cox, P., & Lucas, C. 1978. 2314: 2293: 2280: 2253: 2240: 2228: 2214: 2198: 2183: 2167: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2114: 2101: 2083: 2065: 2044: 2022: 2011: 1997: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1940: 1928: 1917: 1897: 1884: 1875: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1827: 1818: 1806: 1791: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1704: 1691: 1682: 1669: 1656: 1647: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1586: 1572: 1559: 1546: 1535: 1526: 1514: 1508:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 1500: 1491: 1480: 1469: 1377: 1365: 1349: 1340: 1331: 1318: 1301: 1288: 1279: 1270: 1257: 1244: 1227: 1214: 1100:, making the house in effect a 693:Mrs Aeneas Gunn wrote of their 654:Corner post of undressed timber 401:Linings, plasters and claddings 368:Thatching was less common, but 4909:British Woodworking Federation 2589:London : William Strange. 2481:Flannel Flower Press, Sydney. 2337:The Letters of Rachel Henning. 2077:The Fortunes of Richard Mahony 1834:Ant-bed as a building material 1786:The Letters of Rachel Henning, 1460: 1451: 1438: 1429: 1416: 1403: 1239:The Adventures of an Immigrant 1205: 1192: 1176: 1009:often included slab huts as a 729:Police duel with bushrangers: 1: 4919:Caricature Carvers of America 2701:. Queensland Heritage Council 2592:Meredith, Louisa Anne. 1861. 2412:Illawarra Historical Society 2352:The Trees of New South Wales. 2339:Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 2237:National Library of Australia 2225:National Library of Australia 2134:The Letters of Rachel Henning 1870:Slab hut and floor plan, 1840 1740:Lewis, 2.04.3-2.04.6; 5.03.08 1487:Slab school house, Stanthorpe 798:It was a slabbed house, with 281:, wattle and daub, or stone. 173:of an English village or the 2698:Queensland Heritage Register 2649:Cambridge University Press, 2456:Two Years in New South Wales 2261:Colonial Painters, 1788-1880 1664:Two years in New South Wales 1040:A contemporary slab dwelling 602:Vertical slab walled church 221:timbers were the Eucalypts: 199: 7: 2405:See "Materials and Methods" 1424:Early Australian Architects 941:splitting timber for slabs. 81:, shops, farm outbuildings. 10: 5136: 2568:McCrae, Hugh. (ed.) 1992. 2493:Architecture in Australia. 2286:White, C.J. ('Unk') 1960. 1802:The Great Australian Dream 1788:10 August; 15 October 1863 1373:Alexander Turnbull Library 1023:The Australasian Sketcher, 965:, Frances Mary Hodges and 208:Rear of slab hut, Wollombi 5024: 4998: 4947: 4934:Society of Wood Engravers 4891: 4805: 4755: 4712: 4584: 4577: 4465: 4352: 4294: 4113: 4104: 4047: 3718: 3637: 3628: 3452: 3421: 3349: 3273: 3183: 3130: 3082: 3054: 2814: 2550:Lansdowne Press, Sydney. 2467:. Adelaide, Rigby, 1984. 2263:Lansdowne, Dee Why West. 2211:NZ Electronic Text Centre 2195:NZ Electronic Text Centre 2180:NZ Electronic Text Centre 1924:Selector's Hut, Gippsland 1800:p. 162. Cited in Archer, 1542:Termite resistant timbers 1411:Architecture in Australia 1385:The Australasian Sketcher 1254:Chapter IV: 3 'Dwellings' 1222:Australian Country Houses 1096:, reached by an internal 945:sketch of a settler's hut 881:In the Shadow of the Bush 864:In New Zealand literature 732:The Australasian Sketcher 711:this illustration c. 1890 468: 74: 62: 54: 50:Australia and New Zealand 46: 26: 3043:Wigwam, wickiup and wetu 2531:Kingston, Daphne. 1985. 2335:Adams, David. ed. 1986. 2072:Richardson, Henry Handel 2037:29 February 2012 at the 1839:16 February 2011 at the 1767:Cunningham, Chapter VIII 1556:Chapter V; Lewis, 4.06.4 1476:Butcher shop, Tambaroora 721:In Australian literature 682:Battens nailed over gaps 668:Saw-marks in corner post 284: 115:Huts, humpies and hovels 5120:Vernacular architecture 3336:Vernacular architecture 2672:Wilkinson, G. B. 1849. 2512:Haygarth, Henry William 2386:Baker, Sidney J. 1966. 2371:Atkinson, James. 1844. 2361:HarperCollins, Pymble. 2050:Franklin, Miles. 1946. 1798:The Australian Enquirer 1265:Australian Enquiry Book 1252:The Australian Language 502:Design and construction 181:The New Zealand settler 5090:Housing in New Zealand 5011:Frameless construction 4092:Wood-plastic composite 2633:Pioneering New England 2524:Herman, Morton. 1954. 2491:Freeland, J. M. 1974. 2381:Australian Wood Review 2350:Anderson, R. H. 1956. 2303:Hutchinson, Richmond. 2290:Rigby, Adelaide. p. 26 2205:Harry B. Vogel, 1898. 1905:A History of Australia 1235:Pioneering New England 1051: 928: 911: 890: 878: 810: 737: 704: 584: 568: 511: 450: 366: 209: 197: 148: 120:The Australian settler 32: 2863:Clochán (beehive hut) 2676:London : Murray. 2645:Troy, P. (ed.) 2000. 2174:Thomas Cottle, 1891. 2146:We of the Never-Never 2054:Angus and Robertson. 1992:We of the Never-Never 1964:Cunningham, pp. 162–3 1860:Lewis, 2.03.4; 4.06.2 1813:We of the Never-Never 1711:We of the Never-Never 1554:Settlers and Convicts 1446:Rude Timber Buildings 1047: 963:John Barr Clark Hoyte 921: 897: 885: 873: 796: 728: 715:The horizontal method 699: 576: 553: 509: 438: 346: 341:were almost unknown. 207: 192: 146: 31: 5085:Housing in Australia 4939:Timber Framers Guild 3793:Australian Blackwood 2908:Icelandic turf house 2815:Traditional immobile 2744:Cressbrook Homestead 2624:Rudd, Steele. 1954. 2570:Georgiana's Journal. 2560:Lewis, Miles. 2006. 2546:Lucas, Clive. 1987. 2479:The Australian Home. 2463:Edwards, Ron. 1984. 2397:Pelican, Melbourne. 2357:Archer, John. 1996. 2222:Mr. Cowell's farm... 1699:Early Slab Buildings 1532:Cox, 1969. pp. 26–32 1166:Notes and references 1104:structure (Fig. 3). 1058:of New South Wales. 818:Louisa Anne Meredith 772:A Day on a Selection 689:Horizontal slab wall 4659:Hammer-headed tenon 4178:Janka hardness test 2749:Gracemere Homestead 2631:Starr, Joan. 1978. 2441:Thames and Hudson. 2393:Boyd, Robin. 1968. 2299:Lindesay, V. 1980. 2157:Facey, Bert. 1990. 2052:My Career Goes Bung 2030:My Brilliant Career 1994:, Chapter Thirteen. 1881:Cox, 1978. pp. 8–11 1311:bought up multiple 1088:and filled in with 926:of Victoria in 1852 869:Frank Melton's Luck 640:to fit bottom plate 298:. Timber was split 35:Original Slab Hut, 23: 3520:Japanese carpentry 3341:Village des Bories 3083:Traditional mobile 2583:Mann, Robert James 2499:Harris, Alexander. 2477:Evans, Ian. 1983. 2408:Cousins, A. 1994. 2390:Currawong, Sydney. 2272:The Buffalo Ranges 2259:Gleeson, J. 1976. 2122:Notes and Sketches 2098:Project Gutenberg. 2041:Project Gutenberg. 1052: 974:Nicholas Chevalier 949:John Skinner Prout 931:The landscapes of 929: 738: 695:Northern Territory 621:St Matthews Church 544:Vertical slab wall 512: 388:. In later years, 380:would be cut. The 318:Roofs and ceilings 210: 177:of Early America. 149: 33: 21: 5062: 5061: 5016:Green woodworking 4873:Wood preservation 4801: 4800: 4704:Tongue and groove 4684:Mortise and tenon 4573: 4572: 4271:Warrington hammer 4100: 4099: 3788:African Blackwood 3580:Segmented turning 3381: 3380: 3281:Cabanes du Breuil 2635:Adelaide, Rigby. 2616:Rollo D. Arnold: 2601:Rawson, L. 1894. 2246:Strutt, William. 2190:John Bell, 1899. 2109:Our New Selection 1955:Harris, Chapter V 1903:Clarke, C. M. H. 1688:Cox, 1969. p. 59. 1457:Cox, 1969. p. 51. 1361:unseasoned timber 967:Charles Blomfield 943:William Strutt's 792:Our New Selection 382:cabbage tree palm 132:were scarce. The 85: 84: 5127: 5052: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5032: 5031: 4582: 4581: 4251:Thickness planer 4111: 4110: 3905:(lime, basswood) 3635: 3634: 3495:Chainsaw carving 3408: 3401: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3369: 3357: 3356: 3291:Earth sheltering 3075: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3060: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2535:Kangaroo Press. 2323: 2318: 2312: 2297: 2291: 2284: 2278: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2218: 2212: 2202: 2196: 2187: 2181: 2171: 2165: 2159:A Fortunate Life 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2136:18 October 1862. 2131: 2125: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2099: 2090:Kingsley, Henry. 2087: 2081: 2069: 2063: 2048: 2042: 2026: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1982:Cox, 1978. p. 47 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1901: 1895: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1831: 1825: 1824:Cox, 1969. p. 50 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1749:Cox, 1969. p. 49 1747: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1677:European Housing 1673: 1667: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1613:Cox, 1969, p. 47 1611: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1576: 1570: 1567:Typha orientalis 1563: 1557: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1504: 1498: 1497:Cox, 1969. p. 47 1495: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1420: 1414: 1407: 1391: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1322: 1316: 1305: 1299: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1261: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1231: 1225: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1196: 1190: 1182:See for example 1180: 1155: 1141: 1127: 1113: 1098:spiral staircase 1084:are framed with 1001:, Percy Leason, 959:William Swainson 858:A Fortunate Life 820:considered such 782:Miles Franklin's 767:Bush Undertaker, 678: 664: 650: 634: 616: 572:Peter Cunningham 549:Alexander Harris 257:Settlers used a 171:thatched cottage 24: 20: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5020: 5006:Frame and panel 4994: 4943: 4887: 4797: 4756:Surface piecing 4751: 4708: 4629:Crown of thorns 4569: 4555:Smoothing plane 4461: 4348: 4290: 4193:Milling machine 4096: 4057:Cross-laminated 4043: 3714: 3624: 3595:Spindle turning 3585:Shingle weaving 3555:Pallet crafting 3448: 3417: 3412: 3382: 3377: 3345: 3306:Skellig Michael 3286:Circular linhay 3269: 3253:Alpine club hut 3179: 3126: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3052: 3008:Sassi di Matera 2948:Musgum mud huts 2810: 2798: 2704: 2702: 2683: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2215: 2203: 2199: 2188: 2184: 2172: 2168: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2115: 2106: 2102: 2088: 2084: 2070: 2066: 2049: 2045: 2039:Wayback Machine 2027: 2023: 2016: 2012: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1918: 1902: 1898: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841:Wayback Machine 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1776:Freeland, p. 22 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722:Cox, 1969. p 48 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1670: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1642:Ralph Rashleigh 1639: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622:Cox, 1978. p. 8 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523:26 August 1874. 1519: 1515: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1481: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1357:Ralph Rashleigh 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1245: 1232: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1197: 1193: 1184:Thomas Watling 1181: 1177: 1168: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1094:mezzanine floor 1050: 1042: 1027:The Sydney Mail 997:school such as 925: 916: 866: 830:Ralph Rashleigh 735: 730: 723: 684: 683: 679: 670: 669: 665: 656: 655: 651: 642: 641: 639: 638:Slabs chamfered 635: 626: 625: 622: 617: 608: 504: 471: 390:galvanised iron 320: 287: 202: 183: 138:wattle and daub 122: 117: 68:Galvanized iron 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5133: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5046: 5036: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4985:Quarter sawing 4982: 4977: 4975:Wood splitting 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4883:Wood finishing 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4843:Paint stripper 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4550:Shoulder plane 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4525:Moulding plane 4522: 4517: 4515:Japanese plane 4512: 4507: 4505:Grooving plane 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4319:Flooring clamp 4316: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4276:Winding sticks 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4256:Timber-framing 4253: 4248: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4082:Particle board 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4062:Glue laminated 4059: 4053: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3643: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3600:Timber framing 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3570:Relief carving 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3470:Bush carpentry 3467: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3363: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3274:Related topics 3271: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3248:Wilderness hut 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3100:Shepherd's hut 3097: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3073:Housing portal 3055: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2797: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2689: 2682: 2681:External links 2679: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2668:See Chapter XI 2657: 2643: 2629: 2622: 2613: 2599: 2590: 2580: 2566: 2558: 2544: 2529: 2522: 2509: 2496: 2489: 2475: 2461: 2452:Cunningham, P. 2449: 2435: 2421: 2406: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2369: 2355: 2348: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2313: 2292: 2279: 2252: 2239: 2227: 2213: 2197: 2182: 2166: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2113: 2100: 2082: 2064: 2043: 2021: 2010: 1996: 1984: 1975: 1973:Cox, pp. 47–48 1966: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1927: 1916: 1896: 1883: 1874: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1826: 1817: 1805: 1790: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1703: 1690: 1681: 1668: 1655: 1646: 1644:, Chapter XIII 1633: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1595:Oxley Library. 1585: 1580:Encyc. of N.Z. 1571: 1558: 1545: 1534: 1525: 1521:Timaru Herald, 1513: 1499: 1490: 1479: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1437: 1428: 1415: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1376: 1364: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1317: 1300: 1287: 1278: 1269: 1256: 1243: 1226: 1213: 1204: 1191: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1056:Watagan Ranges 1048: 1041: 1038: 994:Smith's Weekly 978:Buffalo Ranges 933:Augustus Earle 915: 912: 865: 862: 840:Rachel Henning 757:Henry Lawson's 722: 719: 691: 690: 686: 685: 681: 680: 673: 671: 667: 666: 659: 657: 653: 652: 645: 643: 637: 636: 629: 627: 619: 618: 611: 607: 600: 546: 545: 527:bush carpentry 503: 500: 476:Termite mounds 470: 467: 422:weatherboards. 403: 402: 372:(rushes), and 319: 316: 286: 283: 255: 254: 253:In New Zealand 215: 214: 201: 198: 182: 179: 121: 118: 116: 113: 83: 82: 76: 72: 71: 64: 60: 59: 56: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5132: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5055: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5035: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4955:Chainsaw mill 4953: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892:Organizations 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4848:Steam bending 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4818:French polish 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4689:Rabbet/Rebate 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4674:Mason's mitre 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4520:Jointer plane 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4490:Compass plane 4488: 4486: 4485:Chamfer plane 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4475:Bedrock plane 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4261:Veneer hammer 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4173:Impact driver 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3989:Red Quebracho 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3465:Bow and arrow 3463: 3461: 3460:Boat building 3458: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 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2795: 2790: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:Tucker, James 2658: 2656: 2655:0-521-77733-X 2652: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2641:0-7270-0882-X 2638: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2611:0-86417-056-4 2608: 2604: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2578:0-207-17564-0 2575: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2556:0-7018-1974-X 2553: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2541:0-86417-040-8 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2487:0-9594923-2-1 2484: 2480: 2476: 2474: 2473:0-7270-2042-0 2470: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2447:0-500-34035-8 2444: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2433:1-86302-343-7 2430: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2418:0-909164-17-7 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2403:0-522-84358-1 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2367:0-207-19003-8 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2345:0-207-14981-X 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2309:0-09-135460-9 2306: 2302: 2296: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2269:0-7018-0731-8 2266: 2262: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2236: 2235:Bushman's Hut 2231: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2210: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2179: 2177: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2123: 2117: 2110: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2080:Chapter Nine. 2079: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2060:0-207-14684-5 2057: 2053: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1913:0-522-84147-3 1910: 1906: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1857: 1851:Lewis, 3.06.2 1848: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1694: 1685: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1659: 1650: 1643: 1637: 1631:Lewis, 2.01.8 1628: 1619: 1610: 1604:Lewis, 2.03.3 1601: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1538: 1529: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1503: 1494: 1488: 1483: 1477: 1472: 1466:Lewis, 2.04.2 1463: 1454: 1447: 1441: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1412: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1291: 1282: 1273: 1266: 1260: 1253: 1247: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1223: 1217: 1208: 1201: 1195: 1188: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1154: 1149: 1140: 1135: 1126: 1121: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090:weatherboards 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1046: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007:Eric Jolliffe 1004: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 927: 920: 910: 907: 902: 896: 894: 889: 884: 882: 877: 872: 870: 861: 859: 854: 852: 849: 845: 841: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 809: 806: 801: 795: 793: 790: 789:Steele Rudd's 786: 783: 779: 777: 773: 769: 768: 763: 762: 761:Drover's Wife 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 733: 727: 718: 716: 712: 707: 703: 698: 696: 688: 687: 677: 672: 663: 658: 649: 644: 633: 628: 624: 623:The Oaks, NSW 615: 610: 609: 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 583: 581: 575: 573: 567: 564: 562: 556: 552: 550: 543: 542: 541: 538: 534: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 508: 499: 497: 492: 489: 485: 481: 477: 466: 464: 460: 456: 449: 447: 443: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 409: 400: 399: 398: 396: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 365: 362: 358: 355: 349: 345: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 252: 251: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 212: 211: 206: 196: 191: 189: 178: 176: 172: 167: 161: 159: 154: 145: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 91:is a kind of 90: 80: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 38: 30: 25: 19: 4823:Heat bending 4768:Edge banding 4540:Router plane 4535:Rebate plane 4495:Finger plane 4226: 3930: 3924: 3904: 3898:Lignum vitae 3656: 3650: 3615:Wood carving 3590:Shipbuilding 3575:Root carving 3535:Log building 3500:Chip carving 3371: 3359: 3326:Transhumance 3258:Mountain hut 3237: 3221:Jamesway hut 3120:Ger district 3115:Yurt and ger 2983:Quiggly hole 2938:Menstruation 2758: 2703:. Retrieved 2696: 2673: 2663: 2646: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2602: 2593: 2586: 2569: 2562: 2547: 2532: 2525: 2520:Google Books 2515: 2502: 2492: 2478: 2464: 2455: 2438: 2424: 2409: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2358: 2351: 2336: 2316: 2300: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2271: 2260: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2230: 2221: 2216: 2209:Chapter VII. 2207:A Maori Maid 2206: 2200: 2191: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2162:Solid Advice 2161: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2124:Chapter VII. 2121: 2116: 2108: 2103: 2096:Chapter XXII 2093: 2085: 2075: 2067: 2051: 2046: 2029: 2024: 2013: 2005: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1935: 1930: 1919: 1904: 1899: 1891: 1890:Mann, 1849. 1886: 1877: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1829: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1758:Lewis, 2.4.8 1754: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1693: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1662:Cunningham, 1658: 1653:Lewis, 2.6.2 1649: 1641: 1636: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1600: 1588: 1579: 1574: 1566: 1561: 1553: 1548: 1537: 1528: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1502: 1493: 1482: 1471: 1462: 1453: 1445: 1440: 1431: 1423: 1418: 1410: 1405: 1384: 1379: 1367: 1356: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1325: 1320: 1303: 1296: 1290: 1281: 1272: 1264: 1259: 1251: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1221: 1216: 1207: 1199: 1194: 1185: 1178: 1075: 1060: 1053: 1033:Sydney Punch 1031: 1025: 1022: 992: 989:'backblocks' 986: 977: 971: 953: 930: 923: 898: 893:A Maori Maid 892: 891: 886: 880: 879: 874: 868: 867: 855: 838: 829: 822:'habitations 814:biographical 811: 797: 791: 787: 780: 775: 771: 770:and much of 766: 760: 751:In works of 750: 739: 731: 708: 705: 700: 692: 603: 585: 577: 569: 565: 557: 554: 547: 539: 535: 524: 513: 493: 472: 451: 439: 412: 404: 367: 363: 359: 352:rind of the 350: 347: 343: 321: 300:tangentially 288: 256: 216: 213:In Australia 193: 184: 162: 150: 123: 88: 86: 58:c. 1790–1920 18: 5115:Woodworking 5075:House types 5044:WikiProject 4990:Rift sawing 4980:Flat sawing 4868:Wood drying 4545:Scrub plane 4530:Razee plane 4480:Block plane 4334:Mitre clamp 4281:Wood scribe 4232:Combination 3974:Purpleheart 3670:Douglas fir 3620:Woodturning 3453:Occupations 3415:Woodworking 3311:Stilt house 3263:Winter room 3243:Twynham hut 3216:Quonset hut 2878:Earth lodge 2427:Lansdowne. 2062:. Chapter 1 1934:Wilkinson, 1444:Cox, 1969. 1389:Kelly Gang. 1220:See Lucas, 1067:foam-rubber 999:Alex Gurney 982:Unk White's 922:S. T Gill, 803:the doors. 744:Australian 697:homestead: 446:whitewashed 374:blady grass 231:stringybark 130:ironmongery 126:First Fleet 5069:Categories 4999:Techniques 4948:Conversion 4878:Wood stain 4806:Treatments 4594:Birdsmouth 4560:Spokeshave 4510:Jack plane 4500:Fore plane 4339:Pipe clamp 4304:Band clamp 4228:Carpenters 4049:Engineered 3999:Rubberwood 3848:Eucalyptus 3652:Calocedrus 3565:Pyrography 3530:Kohlrosing 3331:Tree house 3228:Romney hut 3211:Nissen hut 3201:Hopper hut 3140:Beach fale 2998:Roundhouse 2824:(Nipa hut) 2822:Bahay kubo 2274:, Victoria 2120:Meredith, 2006:Stragglers 1815:Chapter 11 1713:Chapter 13 1697:Kingston, 1409:Freeland, 1397:References 1297:Stragglers 1102:two-storey 1082:gable-ends 1019:journalism 1003:Stan Cross 848:Queensland 816:writings, 776:Stragglers 746:literature 586:If only a 461:, calico, 426:quick-lime 261:of raupo, 239:turpentine 63:Materials: 4788:Parquetry 4783:Oystering 4778:Marquetry 4619:Butterfly 4286:Workbench 4218:Sandpaper 4198:Mitre box 4143:Drawknife 4133:Burnisher 4118:Abrasives 4067:Hardboard 3728:Afromosia 3610:Whittling 3560:Parquetry 3545:Marquetry 3490:Certosina 3485:Carpentry 3475:Cabinetry 3422:Overviews 3321:Thatching 3191:Beach hut 3048:Zemlyanka 3028:Tongkonan 3018:Sod house 2968:Pit-house 2928:Log cabin 2164:, p. 245. 2148:Chapter X 2032:Chapter 1 1894:pp. 22–23 1413:pp. 11–13 1324:Edwards, 1309:squatters 1071:chipboard 1013:to their 937:S.T. Gill 846:on their 844:homestead 596:chamfered 588:top plate 531:selectors 516:crofter's 455:sailcloth 430:lampblack 408:aesthetic 354:kurrajong 275:tree-fern 223:blackbutt 200:Materials 175:log cabin 158:hardwoods 134:colonists 111:periods. 79:dwellings 5034:Category 4813:Adhesive 4793:Purfling 4773:Intarsia 4714:Profiles 4639:Dovetail 4578:Geometry 4417:Hand saw 4402:Crosscut 4387:Circular 4382:Chainsaw 4329:Holdfast 3994:Rosewood 3926:American 3921:Mahogany 3893:Jelutong 3863:Hornbeam 3828:Cocobolo 3823:Chestnut 3738:Andiroba 3550:Millwork 3515:Intarsia 3510:Fretwork 3505:Ébéniste 3434:Glossary 3360:Category 3238:Slab hut 3233:Rondavel 3206:Iris hut 3196:Hexayurt 3132:Open-air 3013:Shieling 2993:Rondavel 2988:Quinzhee 2828:Barabara 2808:shelters 2804:dwelling 2662:. 1952. 2585:. 1849. 2514:. 1848. 2035:Archived 2004:Lawson, 1837:Archived 1640:Tucker, 1552:Harris, 1422:Herman, 1355:Tucker, 1263:Rawson, 1011:backdrop 895:(1898): 883:(1899): 871:(1891): 834:pipeclay 800:shingled 570:Surgeon 520:verandah 480:concrete 463:osnaburg 378:shingles 370:cumbungi 235:ironbark 109:colonial 105:settlers 93:dwelling 89:slab hut 37:Wollombi 22:Slab Hut 5095:Joinery 5054:Commons 4970:Whipsaw 4965:Sawmill 4858:Varnish 4853:Thermal 4828:Lacquer 4763:Binding 4732:Chamfer 4599:Biscuit 4565:Surform 4457:Whipsaw 4427:Keyhole 4412:Fretsaw 4392:Compass 4377:Bucksaw 4367:Bandsaw 4362:Backsaw 4344:Sawbuck 4314:F-clamp 4309:C-clamp 4183:Jointer 4087:Plywood 4039:Zebrano 3979:Ovankol 3944:Meranti 3932:African 3903:Linden 3858:Hickory 3813:Cedrela 3808:Camphor 3803:Bubinga 3798:Boxwood 3778:Bilinga 3763:Avodire 3680:Juniper 3665:Cypress 3540:Luthier 3429:History 3165:Pergola 3150:Chickee 3110:Yaranga 2963:Palloza 2705:13 July 1426:pp. 3–7 1241:p. 43). 1202:2.02.10 976:in his 851:station 826:theatre 753:fiction 742:classic 592:mortise 561:granary 496:bearers 459:hessian 442:plaster 414:Battens 386:she-oak 327:trusses 323:Rafters 243:termite 227:bluegum 219:fissile 166:hovels. 153:humpies 55:Period: 47:Places: 4960:Hewing 4699:Splice 4654:Halved 4649:Groove 4644:Finger 4624:Coping 4609:Bridle 4586:Joints 4467:Planes 4452:Veneer 4442:Scroll 4437:Ripsaw 4422:Jigsaw 4397:Coping 4296:Clamps 4223:Square 4213:Shaper 4208:Router 4188:Mallet 4163:Gimlet 4138:Chisel 4034:Willow 4024:Walnut 4014:Totara 4004:Sapele 3969:Poplar 3954:Padauk 3916:Merbau 3888:Jarrah 3873:Imbuia 3868:Idigbo 3833:Cumaru 3818:Cherry 3743:Anigre 3705:Spruce 3658:Cedrus 3525:Khatam 3480:Caning 3443:lumber 3372:Portal 3184:Modern 3175:Toguna 3170:Ramada 3160:Palapa 3155:Gazebo 3145:Cabana 3033:Trullo 3023:Sukkah 2978:Qarmaq 2943:Mitato 2933:Maloca 2893:Goahti 2873:Dugout 2868:Crotto 2848:Burdei 2843:Bunong 2653: 2639: 2609: 2576: 2554: 2539: 2501:1969. 2485: 2471: 2454:1828. 2445: 2431: 2416: 2401: 2365: 2343: 2307: 2267: 2107:Rudd, 2058: 1911: 1872:N.L.A. 1666:p. 161 1159:Fig. 5 1145:Fig. 4 1131:Fig. 3 1117:Fig. 2 1078:joists 1063:stumps 1049:Fig. 1 935:, and 901:totara 876:ready. 580:pounds 488:faeces 484:saliva 469:Floors 434:cement 339:storey 331:Joists 308:planks 304:radial 294:and a 263:toitoi 259:thatch 101:timber 4838:Paint 4747:Ovolo 4742:Ogive 4727:Bevel 4694:Scarf 4679:Miter 4447:Table 4432:Miter 4407:Frame 4324:Gripe 4240:Speed 4236:Miter 4168:Gauge 4158:Float 4153:Fence 4148:Drill 4106:Tools 4029:Wenge 4019:Utile 3984:Ramin 3939:Maple 3911:Lovoa 3883:Iroko 3853:Hazel 3838:Ebony 3783:Birch 3773:Beech 3768:Balsa 3758:Aspen 3753:Apple 3733:Alder 3690:Kauri 3685:Larch 3647:Cedar 3630:Woods 3605:Treen 3296:Shack 3095:Lavvu 3038:Tukul 2973:Qargi 2923:Kapar 2918:Jacal 2913:Igloo 2903:Humpy 2898:Hogan 2888:Girna 2883:Funco 2858:Cleit 2838:Bothy 2276:1864. 2111:p. 3. 1679:p. 41 1448:p. 39 1171:Notes 1086:studs 906:linen 808:roof. 604:circa 420:with 312:green 296:wedge 285:Walls 188:whare 75:Uses: 5080:Huts 4737:Ogee 4722:Bead 4664:Knee 4634:Dado 4614:Butt 4354:Saws 4266:Vise 4203:Rasp 4128:Adze 4009:Teak 3964:Plum 3959:Pear 3720:Hard 3700:Rimu 3695:Pine 3639:Soft 3439:Wood 3316:Tent 3301:Shed 3105:Tipi 3090:Chum 3003:Ruka 2958:Orri 2853:Bure 2707:2015 2651:ISBN 2637:ISBN 2607:ISBN 2574:ISBN 2552:ISBN 2537:ISBN 2483:ISBN 2469:ISBN 2443:ISBN 2429:ISBN 2414:ISBN 2399:ISBN 2363:ISBN 2341:ISBN 2305:ISBN 2265:ISBN 2056:ISBN 1909:ISBN 1701:p. 8 1582:1966 1510:1966 1383:See 1313:lots 1030:and 1015:gags 1005:and 987:The 805:Pegs 734:1879 606:1838 432:and 418:clad 395:iron 335:here 292:maul 279:sods 271:fern 267:flax 247:sods 237:and 97:shed 4863:Wax 4833:Oil 4669:Lap 4604:Box 4372:Bow 4244:Try 4123:Axe 4077:OSB 4072:MDF 3949:Oak 3878:Ipê 3843:Elm 3748:Ash 3710:Yew 3675:Fir 2953:Oca 2801:Hut 951:'s 812:In 95:or 40:NSW 5071:: 4242:, 4238:, 4234:, 4230:, 3929:, 3655:, 2761:. 2757:. 2695:. 2074:. 1073:. 961:, 828:, 755:, 748:. 522:. 498:. 486:, 457:, 428:, 329:. 314:. 269:, 265:, 233:, 229:, 225:, 87:A 4247:) 4225:( 3935:) 3923:( 3661:) 3649:( 3445:) 3441:( 3407:e 3400:t 3393:v 2793:e 2786:t 2779:v 2765:. 2709:. 1035:. 70:.

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Index