233:, in grief on seeing a hunter shoot down one of two birds in love. On seeing the sorrow (śoka) of the widowed bird, he was reminded of the sorrow Sītā felt on being separated from Shri Rama and began composing the Ramayana in shlokas. For this he is called the Ādikavi (first poet.)
669:
A Shloka has to be composed in a specific metre (chhanda), with a specific number of lines with a specific number of words per line, each word could be a mantra. For example, viṣṇu sahastranāma is in anuṣṭup chhanda (two lines of four words each).
504:
have been carried out to try to establish the preferences of various authors for different metrical patterns. It is believed that this may help to establish relative dates for the poems, and to identify interpolated passages.
677:(salutation) between the prefix and the suffix. No metre is prescribed. The lyrics in any Vārnic or matric metres are shlokas, but stanzas from Vedic hymns are not shloka, despite it being a common mistake to think this.
281:
1211:
771:
1280:
980:
107:
or quarter-verses, of eight syllables each, or (according to an alternative analysis) of two half-verses of 16 syllables each. The metre is similar to the
79:
in a broader sense, according to Monier-Williams's dictionary, is "any verse or stanza; a proverb, saying"; but in particular it refers to the 32-
673:
A mantra, on the other hand, is prefixed by omkara (primordial sound) and suffixed by the essential nama (name) and the salutary word
918:
1318:
1112:
1081:
353:
half-verses are arranged in the table above in order of frequency of occurrence. Out of 2579 half-verses taken from
373:
in this order claims the following share: 2289, 116, 89, 85; that is, 89% of the half-verses have the regular
935:
1102:
384:
s, in the order above, are known to scholars writing in
English as the first, second, third and fourth
1163:
1323:
595:
1196:
438:
Macdonell's chart given above is in fact too restrictive with regard the first four syllables in a
1338:
1206:
1333:
754:
462:– – – – ⏑ ⏑ ⏑ –. In the ma-vipulā, a caesura is not obligatory after the fifth syllable, e.g.,
17:
1174:
830:
1122:
1328:
1131:
594:
From the period of high classical
Sanskrit literature comes this benediction, which opens
8:
1260:
720:
280:
1135:
1200:
872:
845:
124:
175:, for example, features many verse metres in its chapters, but 95% of the stanzas are
1108:
1077:
914:
877:
824:
397:
38:
294:
is found. This occurs 28 times in the
Bhagavad Gita, that is, as often as the third
1069:
867:
857:
686:
483:
194:
161:
132:
112:
88:
1276:
976:
908:
389:
272:
The scheme below, given by
Macdonell, shows his understanding of the form of the
167:
260:
108:
84:
1298:
1292:
1281:"A brief introduction into the Indian metrical system for the use of students"
981:"A brief introduction into the Indian metrical system for the use of students"
223:
The traditional view is that this form of verse was involuntarily composed by
1312:
1191:
862:
600:
574:
522:
287:
131:, occurring as it does far more frequently than any other metre in classical
94:
881:
362:
58:
46:
1073:
696:
578:
265:
247:
206:
141:
103:
1228:
1217:
955:
276:
in the classical period of
Sanskrit literature (4th–11th centuries CE):
1192:
801:
691:
487:
metre typically had the iambic ending u – u x (where "x" represents an
633:
242:
714:
302:
is used, there is a word-break (caesura) after the fourth syllable:
1286:
740:, Appendix II, p. 232 (Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 1927).
701:
393:
354:
269:(II.) limits the possible patterns the first foot (I.) may assume.
229:
200:
185:
147:
80:
996:, Appendix II, p. 233 (Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 1927)
818:
816:
401:
366:
358:
224:
212:
152:
454:). Other examples are easy to find among classical poets, e.g.,
407:
respectively. In
Sanskrit writers, they are referred to as the
1218:"Characterizing Classical Anuṣṭup: A Study in Sanskrit Prosody"
664:
489:
156:
813:
473:
Noteworthy is the avoidance of an iambic cadence in the first
1145:
Colebrooke, H.T. (1873). "On
Sanskrit and Prakrit Poetry".
647:
is recited, performers sometimes leave a pause after each
220:
in a text is a marker that the text is likely post-Vedic.
639:
like a foundation pillar of a city that is the universe."
1050:
Translation from Daniel H. Ingalls (translator) (1965):
936:"[Advaita-l] Difference bet. slokas and Mantras"
198:
is found in Vedic texts, but its presence is minor, and
1262:
An introduction to the grammar of the
Sanskrit language
1170:. (Introduction to Alaṅkāraśāstra Sommersemester 2019.)
1149:. Vol. 2. London: Trübner and Co. pp. 57–146.
658:
98:
and many other works of classical
Sanskrit literature.
752:
615:
608:
550:
543:
536:
529:
515:
1258:
888:
748:
746:
1222:
Annals of the
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
822:
496:Statistical studies examining the frequency of the
442:verse. For example, the first quarter verse of the
910:The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay
843:
772:"श्लोक (zloka) - KST (Online Sanskrit Dictionary)"
743:
617:trailokya-nagarārambha- mūla-stambhāya śambhave //
844:Vishwakarma, Richa; Goswami, PradipKumar (2013).
286:In poems of the intermediate period, such as the
1310:
1137:Sanskrit prosody and numerical symbols explained
318: –, | – u –
610:namas-tuṅga-śiraś-cumbi- candra-cāmara-cārave /
427:, known as the minor Ionic, in which the first
159:, and scientific treatises of Hinduism such as
1224:, Vol. 84 (2003), pp. 101–115. (On JSTOR)
759:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1029–1030.
500:s and the patterns in the earlier part of the
127:, and may be considered the Indian verse form
53:
1158:. Teach Yourself Books. Hodder and Stoughton.
1107:. Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009).
1183:Hopkins, E.W. (1901). "Epic versification".
906:
431:ends | u u – x |, is sometimes found in the
259:("extended") forms. The form of the second
64:
1255:, Vol. 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. 225–278.
1144:
1052:Sanskrit Poetry, from Vidyākara's Treasury
627:| – – u u | u – – u | – – – – | u – u – ||
624:| u – – u | u – – u | – u – u | u – u – ||
1104:Vedic Metre in its historical development
913:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 101–102.
871:
861:
577:said:) In the place of righteousness, at
846:"A review through Charaka Uttara-Tantra"
826:A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature
632:"Praise be to Śambhu, beautified by the
341:, in syllables 2–4, – u – is not allowed
139:is the verse-form generally used in the
1205:(2 ed.). Longmans, Green. p.
1182:
1153:
972:
970:
968:
894:
732:
730:
728:
651:, at other times only after the second
369:, each of the four admissible forms of
334:, in syllables 2–3, u u is not allowed.
14:
1311:
1100:
807:
584:gathered together and desiring battle,
477:. By comparison, syllables 5–8 of any
101:In its usual form it consists of four
1130:
1063:
1293:Chanting of opening of Bhagavad Gita
965:
933:
725:
659:Difference between shloka and mantra
236:
24:
521:is the following, which opens the
255:("normal") form or one of several
25:
1350:
1270:
829:. Williams and Norgate. pp.
810:, p. 11, 50 with note ii(a).
721:OLD Sanskrit Shlokas with Meaning
326:Two rules that always apply are:
245:(half-verse), of two 8-syllable
1287:Introduction to Sanskrit prosody
1202:A Sanskrit grammar for beginners
1176:A History of Sanskrit Literature
1041:Brockington (1998), pp. 117–130.
962:Vol. 5, No. 1 (1961), pp. 19-35.
279:
116:metre, but with stricter rules.
27:Sanskrit verse in Anustubh metre
1187:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
1094:
1064:Yelle, Robert A. (2004-03-01).
1057:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
994:A Sanskrit Grammar for Students
986:
948:
934:Vyas, Jaldhar H. (2004-03-10).
927:
900:
753:Monier Monier-Williams (1923).
738:A Sanskrit Grammar for Students
183:type, and most of the rest are
1259:Wilson, Horace Hayman (1841).
1101:Arnold, Edward Vernon (1905).
837:
788:
763:
587:my sons and the sons of Pandu,
446:(critical edition) contains a
13:
1:
1299:3 ślokas read by Dr R. Ganesh
1173:Keith, A. Berriedale (1928).
823:Friedrich Max Müller (1860).
796:Oxford Dictionary of Hinduism
756:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
707:
636:moon touching his lofty head;
1179:. (Oxford University Press).
7:
1162:D'Avella, Victor B. (2019)
1140:. London: Trübner & Co.
1014:Morton Smith (1961), p. 19.
769:For other definitions see:
680:
616:
609:
590:what did they do, Sanjaya?"
551:
544:
537:
530:
516:
508:
450:and scans ⏑ – – – ⏑ ⏑ ⏑ – (
216:. A dominating presence of
59:
47:
10:
1355:
1319:Sanskrit words and phrases
1121:Brockington, John (1998).
662:
1216:Murthy, G. S. S. (2003).
1154:Coulson, Michael (1976).
954:Morton Smith, R. (1961).
531:dharma-kṣetre kuru-kṣetre
54:
42:
1301:(including the one from
1197:Arthur Anthony Macdonell
863:10.4103/0974-8520.115438
655:. (See External links.)
83:verse, derived from the
1227:Sharma, Arvind (2000).
1185:The Great Epic of India
1164:"Notes on the Sanskrit
1156:Teach Yourself Sanskrit
210:metres dominate in the
992:Macdonell, Arthur A.,
794:W. J. Johnson (2010),
736:Macdonell, Arthur A.,
568:| u u – u | u – u u ||
562:| u u – – | u – u – ||
545:māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāś caiva
460:manyur dehāvadhir ayaṃ
1193:Müller, Friedrich Max
1132:Brown, Charles Philip
1074:10.4324/9780203483381
1005:Keith (1920), p. 421.
907:Kireet Joshi (1991).
598:'s biographical poem
565:| – u – – | u – – u |
559:| – – – – | u – – – |
452:tapaḥsvādhyāyanirataṃ
1253:Indo-Iranian Journal
1245:preeminently in the
1147:Miscellaneous Essays
1032:Morton Smith (1961).
960:Indo-Iranian Journal
776:kosha.sanskrit.today
552:kim akurvata sañjaya
251:, can take either a
227:, the author of the
538:samavetā yuyutsavaḥ
435:, although rarely.
92:metre, used in the
1124:The Sanskrit Epics
1066:Explaining Mantras
956:Ślokas and Vipulas
604:(7th century CE):
468:yiyakṣamāṇenāhūtaḥ
125:Indian epic poetry
1295:(starts at 0:46).
1289:LearnSanskrit.Org
920:978-81-208-0889-8
481:in the old Vedic
470:⏑ – ⏑ – – – – –.
337:2. In the second
241:Each 16-syllable
123:is the basis for
16:(Redirected from
1346:
1324:Genres of poetry
1266:
1210:
1188:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1118:
1088:
1087:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:Hopkins, p. 222.
1021:
1015:
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997:
990:
984:
974:
963:
952:
946:
945:
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760:
750:
741:
734:
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687:Sanskrit prosody
619:
612:
554:
547:
540:
533:
519:
283:
237:Metrical pattern
162:Sushruta Samhita
78:
75:
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66:
62:
57:
56:
52:, from the root
50:
44:
21:
1354:
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511:
239:
168:Charaka Samhita
133:Sanskrit poetry
76:
73:
70:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1339:Indian poetics
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1272:
1271:External links
1269:
1268:
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1214:
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1128:
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1114:978-1113224446
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1016:
1007:
998:
985:
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897:, p. 192.
887:
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238:
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129:par excellence
26:
9:
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2:
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1335:
1334:Poetic rhythm
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1241:: Why is the
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1083:9780203483381
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523:Bhagavad Gita
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464:Śiśupālavadha
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288:Bhagavad Gita
284:
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263:of the first
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95:Bhagavad Gita
91:
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40:
36:
32:
19:
1303:Harṣacaritam
1302:
1277:Michael Hahn
1261:
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1234:
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1184:
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1155:
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1103:
1095:Bibliography
1065:
1059:
1054:. (Harvard).
1051:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
993:
988:
977:Michael Hahn
959:
950:
939:. Retrieved
929:
909:
902:
895:Hopkins 1901
890:
856:(1): 17–20.
853:
849:
839:
825:
803:
795:
790:
779:. Retrieved
775:
765:
755:
737:
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601:Harṣacaritam
599:
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380:The various
379:
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298:. When this
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100:
93:
87:
45:
34:
30:
29:
1329:Hindu texts
1243:Mahābhārata
808:Arnold 1905
697:Vedic metre
575:Dhṛtaraṣṭra
493:syllable).
433:Mahābhārata
330:1. In both
290:, a fourth
173:Mahabharata
142:Mahabharata
1313:Categories
941:2020-01-19
781:2023-04-23
708:References
692:Subhashita
663:See also:
596:Bāṇabhaṭṭa
579:Kurukṣetra
513:A typical
456:Rāmacarita
423:. A fifth
394:choriambic
1265:. Madden.
448:na-vipulā
421:ra-vipulā
388:, or the
322: ||
243:hemistich
1247:Anuṣṭubh
1199:(1886).
1134:(1869).
1127:. Brill.
882:24049400
702:Anustubh
681:See also
509:Examples
484:anuṣṭubh
444:Rāmayaṇa
402:trochaic
398:molossic
355:Kalidasa
306:|
230:Rāmāyaṇa
201:triṣṭubh
195:anuṣṭubh
186:tristubh
181:anuṣṭubh
148:Ramayana
113:anuṣṭubh
89:anuṣṭubh
81:syllable
39:Sanskrit
1249:Metre?"
873:3764873
643:When a
634:chowrie
390:paeanic
367:Bilhana
359:Bharavi
314:
310:
225:Vālmīki
213:Rigveda
207:gāyatrī
179:of the
157:Smritis
153:Puranas
68:
1239:Ślokas
1237:, and
1231:Śūdras
1111:
1080:
917:
880:
870:
665:mantra
498:vipulā
490:anceps
440:vipulā
425:vipulā
419:, and
405:vipulā
400:, and
386:vipulā
382:vipulā
377:form.
375:pathyā
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