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months. As the inoculum is spread, the younger sugarcane buds just coming out of the soil will be the most susceptible. Water is necessary for the spores to germinate, and irrigation methods have been shown to be a factor in spreading the disease. Therefore, special precautions need to be taken during irrigation to prevent spreading the smut.
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For the sugarcane crop to be infected by the disease, large spore concentrations are needed. The fungus includes a structure known as a 'smut-whip', a curved black structure which emerges from the leaf whorl, which helps to spread the disease to the other plants, usually over a period of about three
258:. This can be done by either soaking the sugarcane in fungicide before planting it, or spraying with fungicide after planting. Pre-plant soaking has been proven to give the best results in preventing the disease, but post-plant spraying is a practical option for large sugarcane cultivations.
405:
Kijpornyongpan, T.; Mondo, S.J.; Barry, K.; Sandor, L.; Lee, J.; Lipzen, A.; Pangilinan, J.; LaButti, K.; Hainaut, M.; Henrissat, H.; Grigoriev, I.V.; Aime, M.C. (2018). "Broad
Genomic Sampling Reveals a Smut Pathogenic Ancestry of the Fungal Clade Ustilaginomycotina".
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is a species of fungus in the
Ustilaginaceae, the same genus as those that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This smut is only able to grow on Manchurian wild rice
169:– the host's cells increase in size and number. (The fungus also destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed, but the plants can still be propagated asexually by
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in China, and as makomotake in Japan. It is popular for its flavor and texture; the taste resembles fresh bamboo shoots. It can be eaten raw or cooked, and it stays crisp when
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Manchurian wild rice is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia – not for its grain, as with other wild rice species, but for the stems. The success of the crop depends on
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Begerow, D.; Schäfer, A.M.; Kellner, R.; Yurkov, A.; Kemler, M.; Oberwinkler, F.; Bauer, R. (2014). "Ustilaginomycotina.". In McLaughlin, D.J.; Spatafora, J.W. (eds.).
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Bakkeren, G. and
Schirawski, J. 2008. Sex in smut fungi: Structure, function and evolution of mating-type complexes. Fungal Genetics and Biology, Vol. 45 (1) S15-S21
311:) it is not accepted as a food. The amount of protein in corn smut is greater than what was in the original corn, and also greater than that of oats and clover hay.
173:.) In an environment such as a rice paddy, new sprouts of wild rice are easily infected by spores; the fungus can also be transmitted directly through the rhizome.
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sold in the markets for use in various dishes including soups, stews, steak sauces, and crepes, while in other parts of the world (including the
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which infect other plants nearby. Before infection can occur, the smuts need to undergo a successful mating to form dikaryotic hyphae (two
51:. The smuts get their name from a Germanic word for 'dirt' because of their dark, thick-walled, and dust-like teliospores. They are mostly
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crop. Sugarcane smut has recently been found in the eastern seaboard areas of
Australia, one of the world's highest-yielding sugar areas.
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Olufolaji, D.B. 1993. Evaluation of some relatively new fungicides for smut control in sugarcane. Crop
Protection. Vol. 12 (4) 293-295.
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Schumann G. L., D'Arcy C. J,. 2006. Essential Plant
Pathology. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul. Pp. 28-29.
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The wild rice stems, which grow into juicy galls when infected with the smut, are harvested as a vegetable, known as
291:. It grows in the ears of the crop and converts the kernels into black, powdery fungal tissues. The smut, called
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59:) and comprise seven of the 15 orders of the subphylum. Most described smuts belong to two orders,
469:) in Kenya: I. Epidemiology. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. Vol. 52 (1) 139-151.
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McMeekin, D. 1999. Different perceptions of the Corn Smut fungus. Mycologist. 13 (4). 180-183.
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and can infect a broad range of hosts in several monocot and dicot plant families.
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Another way to prevent the disease from occurring in the sugarcane is to use
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because of their commonalities concerning sexual reproduction.
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The Mycota. Vol. VII Part A. Systematics and
Evolution
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that most notably affect members of the grass family (
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165:. When the smut invades the host plant it causes
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67:. The smuts are normally grouped with the other
35:with smut fungus affecting individual seeds
126:which darken and burst, releasing fungal
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98:). Economically important hosts include
47:characterized by their large numbers of
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509:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
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235:is caused by the fungus
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237:Sporisorium scitamineum
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239:, previously known as
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134:cells fuse to form a
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18:Smut (disambiguation)
384:Tilletia controversa
16:For other uses, see
504:Fungus common names
467:Ustilago scitaminea
303:, is a delicacy in
241:Ustilago scitaminea
186:traditional Chinese
363:Claviceps purpurea
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178:simplified Chinese
163:Ustilago esculenta
148:Ustilago esculenta
43:are multicellular
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378:Potato smut
337:Common bunt
297:cuitlacoche
293:huitlacoche
167:hypertrophy
128:teliospores
65:Tilletiales
49:teliospores
498:Categories
392:References
387:(TCK smut)
369:Loose smut
352:T. foetida
287:) infects
222:stir-fried
96:Cyperaceae
348:T. laevis
344:T. caries
281:Corn smut
276:Corn smut
268:Corn smut
262:Corn smut
256:fungicide
245:sugarcane
116:sugarcane
88:pathogens
315:See also
217:jiāo bāi
199:jiāo sǔn
136:dikaryon
55:(phylum
299:by the
204:Chinese
171:rhizome
132:haploid
92:Poaceae
350:(syn.
346:) and
342:(syn.
305:Mexico
301:Aztecs
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212:pinyin
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194:pinyin
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118:, and
104:barley
358:Ergot
289:maize
124:galls
108:wheat
100:maize
75:Hosts
45:fungi
41:smuts
112:oats
63:and
39:The
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202:or
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208:茭白
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190:茭筍
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182:茭笋
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