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months. As the inoculum is spread, the younger sugarcane buds just coming out of the soil will be the most susceptible. Water is necessary for the spores to germinate, and irrigation methods have been shown to be a factor in spreading the disease. Therefore, special precautions need to be taken during irrigation to prevent spreading the smut.
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For the sugarcane crop to be infected by the disease, large spore concentrations are needed. The fungus includes a structure known as a 'smut-whip', a curved black structure which emerges from the leaf whorl, which helps to spread the disease to the other plants, usually over a period of about three
269:. This can be done by either soaking the sugarcane in fungicide before planting it, or spraying with fungicide after planting. Pre-plant soaking has been proven to give the best results in preventing the disease, but post-plant spraying is a practical option for large sugarcane cultivations.
416:
Kijpornyongpan, T.; Mondo, S.J.; Barry, K.; Sandor, L.; Lee, J.; Lipzen, A.; Pangilinan, J.; LaButti, K.; Hainaut, M.; Henrissat, H.; Grigoriev, I.V.; Aime, M.C. (2018). "Broad
Genomic Sampling Reveals a Smut Pathogenic Ancestry of the Fungal Clade Ustilaginomycotina".
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is a species of fungus in the
Ustilaginaceae, the same genus as those that cause corn smut, loose smut of barley, false loose smut, covered smut of barley, loose smut of oats, and other grass diseases. This smut is only able to grow on Manchurian wild rice
180:– the host's cells increase in size and number. (The fungus also destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed, but the plants can still be propagated asexually by
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in China, and as makomotake in Japan. It is popular for its flavor and texture; the taste resembles fresh bamboo shoots. It can be eaten raw or cooked, and it stays crisp when
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Manchurian wild rice is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia – not for its grain, as with other wild rice species, but for the stems. The success of the crop depends on
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Begerow, D.; Schäfer, A.M.; Kellner, R.; Yurkov, A.; Kemler, M.; Oberwinkler, F.; Bauer, R. (2014). "Ustilaginomycotina.". In McLaughlin, D.J.; Spatafora, J.W. (eds.).
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Bakkeren, G. and
Schirawski, J. 2008. Sex in smut fungi: Structure, function and evolution of mating-type complexes. Fungal Genetics and Biology, Vol. 45 (1) S15-S21
322:) it is not accepted as a food. The amount of protein in corn smut is greater than what was in the original corn, and also greater than that of oats and clover hay.
184:.) In an environment such as a rice paddy, new sprouts of wild rice are easily infected by spores; the fungus can also be transmitted directly through the rhizome.
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sold in the markets for use in various dishes including soups, stews, steak sauces, and crepes, while in other parts of the world (including the
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which infect other plants nearby. Before infection can occur, the smuts need to undergo a successful mating to form dikaryotic hyphae (two
62:. The smuts get their name from a Germanic word for 'dirt' because of their dark, thick-walled, and dust-like teliospores. They are mostly
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crop. Sugarcane smut has recently been found in the eastern seaboard areas of
Australia, one of the world's highest-yielding sugar areas.
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Olufolaji, D.B. 1993. Evaluation of some relatively new fungicides for smut control in sugarcane. Crop
Protection. Vol. 12 (4) 293-295.
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Schumann G. L., D'Arcy C. J,. 2006. Essential Plant
Pathology. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul. Pp. 28-29.
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The wild rice stems, which grow into juicy galls when infected with the smut, are harvested as a vegetable, known as
302:. It grows in the ears of the crop and converts the kernels into black, powdery fungal tissues. The smut, called
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70:) and comprise seven of the 15 orders of the subphylum. Most described smuts belong to two orders,
480:) in Kenya: I. Epidemiology. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. Vol. 52 (1) 139-151.
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McMeekin, D. 1999. Different perceptions of the Corn Smut fungus. Mycologist. 13 (4). 180-183.
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and can infect a broad range of hosts in several monocot and dicot plant families.
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The Mycota. Vol. VII Part A. Systematics and
Evolution
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that most notably affect members of the grass family (
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176:. When the smut invades the host plant it causes
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78:. The smuts are normally grouped with the other
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137:which darken and burst, releasing fungal
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109:). Economically important hosts include
58:characterized by their large numbers of
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520:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
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248:Sporisorium scitamineum
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250:, previously known as
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145:cells fuse to form a
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29:Smut (disambiguation)
395:Tilletia controversa
27:For other uses, see
515:Fungus common names
478:Ustilago scitaminea
314:, is a delicacy in
252:Ustilago scitaminea
197:traditional Chinese
374:Claviceps purpurea
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189:simplified Chinese
174:Ustilago esculenta
159:Ustilago esculenta
54:are multicellular
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166:Zizania latifolia
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389:Potato smut
348:Common bunt
308:cuitlacoche
304:huitlacoche
178:hypertrophy
139:teliospores
76:Tilletiales
60:teliospores
509:Categories
403:References
398:(TCK smut)
380:Loose smut
363:T. foetida
298:) infects
233:stir-fried
107:Cyperaceae
18:Smut fungi
359:T. laevis
355:T. caries
292:Corn smut
287:Corn smut
279:Corn smut
273:Corn smut
267:fungicide
256:sugarcane
127:sugarcane
99:pathogens
326:See also
228:jiāo bāi
210:jiāo sǔn
147:dikaryon
66:(phylum
310:by the
215:Chinese
182:rhizome
143:haploid
103:Poaceae
361:(syn.
357:) and
353:(syn.
316:Mexico
312:Aztecs
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223:pinyin
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205:pinyin
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129:, and
115:barley
369:Ergot
300:maize
135:galls
119:wheat
111:maize
86:Hosts
56:fungi
52:smuts
123:oats
74:and
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213:or
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219:茭白
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