Social history of post-war Britain (1945–1979)

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panic about the decline in British morality. Looking just at the population of unmarried young people between 15–25 years of age, there were 5,000,000 of them in 1960, and they controlled about 10% of all personal income in Britain. They had blue-collar jobs that paid fairly well after the austerity years had ended. They typically lived at home, and did not spend their allowances and wages on housing, groceries, taxes, appliances, furniture or savings for the future. Instead, came the immediate need to urgently keep up with the standards of their peers; the present moment mattered, not the next again year. New stylish clothes as worn by the trend-setters were promptly copied. The weekend dances and musical performances were very well attended. One estimate in 1959 calculated the teenagers spent 20% of their money on clothes, cosmetics and shoes; 17% on drink and cigarettes; 15% on sweets, snacks and soft drinks; the rest, almost half, went to many forms of pop entertainment, from cinemas and dance halls to sports, magazines and records. Spending was a device that gave a person a sense of belonging to the group.

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promised Britain a much improved welfare state after the war. The promises included the National Health Service, and expansion of education, housing, and a number of welfare programmes. It did not include the nationalisation of all industries, which was a Labour Party design. The Labour Party did not challenge the system of elite public schools—they became part of the consensus, as did comprehensive schools. Nor did Labour challenge the primacy of Oxford and Cambridge. However, the consensus did call for building many new universities to dramatically broaden educational base of society. Conservatives did not challenge the socialised medicine of the National Health Service; indeed, they boasted they could do better job of running it. In foreign policy, the consensus called for an anti-Communist

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widespread concern about bellicose American comic books that adolescents liked to read. Censorship was imposed on these books in 1955. By that point, the British media presented the teenagers in terms of generational rebellion, portraying them as rebellious and impulsive. Subcultures such as skinheads and Teddy Boys appeared very ominous to the older generations. The moral panic among politicians and the older generation was typically belied by the growth in intergenerational co-operation between parents and children. Many working-class parents, enjoying newfound economic prosperity, eagerly took the opportunity to encourage their teens to enjoy more adventurous lives. Schools were portrayed as dangerous blackboard jungles under the control of rowdy kids.

1833: 2368:, even though Britain's athletes won only three gold medals compared to 38 for the Americans. Budgets were tight and no new facilities were built. Athletes were given the same bonus rations as dockers and miners, 5,467 calories a day instead of the normal 2,600. Athletes were housed in existing accommodation. Male competitors stayed at nearby RAF and Army camps, while the women were housed in London dormitories. Sporting competitions were minimal during the war years, but by 1948, 40 million a year were watching football matches, 300,000 per week went to motorcycle speedways and half a million watched greyhound races. Cinemas were jammed and dance halls were filled. The great cricket hero 1252:" started to emerge that rejected old-line approaches. Socialism was in place, but it did not seem to make a major difference. Rank-and-file workers had long been motivated to support Labour by tales of the mistreatment of workers by foremen and management. The foremen and the managers were the same people as before, with much the same power over the workplace. There was no worker control of industry. The unions resisted government efforts to set wages. By the time of the general elections in 1950 and 1951, Labour seldom boasted about its nationalisations. Instead Conservatives decried the inefficiency and mismanagement, and promised to reverse the treatment of steel and trucking. 1112:

and the lack of money limited progress. Not including 150,000 temporary prefabricated units, the shortage reached 1,500,000 units by 1951. Legislation kept rents down but did not lead to an increase in the number of new homes. The ambitious New Towns project did not provide enough units. The Conservatives made housing a high priority and oversaw the building of 2,500,000 new units, two-thirds of them through local councils. Haste made for dubious quality and policy increasingly shifted towards renovation of existing properties rather than the construction of new ones. Slums were cleared, opening the way for gentrification in the inner cities.

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the total to 46 in 1970. Specialisation allowed national centres of excellence to emerge in Medicine at Edinburgh, engineering at Manchester, Science at Imperial College London, and Agriculture at Reading. Oxford and Cambridge; however, remained intellectually, culturally and politically dominant. They attracted top students from across the Commonwealth, but lost many of their best researchers to the United States, where salaries and research facilities were much more generous. Into the 1960s, student bodies remained largely middle and upper-class in origins; the average enrolment was only 2,600 in 1962.

1691:"rejuvenation by defeat", whereby Germany and Japan had been forced to re-equip, rethink and restructure their economies. The third approach emphasised the drag of "imperial distractions", saying that responsibilities to its large empire handicapped the home economy, especially through defence spending, and economic aid. Finally, the theory of "institutional failure" stressed the negative roles of discontinuity, unpredictability, and class envy. The last theory blamed trade unions, public schools, and universities for perpetuating an elitist anti-industrial attitude. 2606:

strategies of co-option and compromise in response to the growing political and cultural demands of young people. This approach was contrasted with the more reactionary and oppressive state resistance to the rising power of young people that occurred in other western democracies during this period. Marwick argued that, in taking a more conciliatory approach, the UK establishment was able to stymie much of the rising social and political tension which convulsed some other liberal democracies in 1968. Loughran, Mycock, and Tonge later argued that

101: 2032: 975:, noting that polls showed a steady Labour lead after 1942, points to the usual swing against the party in power; the Conservative loss of initiative; wide fears of a return to the high unemployment of the 1930s; the theme that socialist planning would be more efficient in operating the economy; and the mistaken belief that Churchill would continue as prime minister regardless of the result. The sense that all Britons had joined in a "People's War" and all deserved a reward animated voters. 406: 1646:

provision of household amenities steadily improved in the late decades of the century. From 1971–1983, households having the sole use of a fixed bath or shower rose from 88% to 97%, and those with an indoor toilet from 87% to 97%. In addition, the number of households with central heating almost doubled during that same period, from 34% to 64%. By 1983, 94% of all households had a refrigerator, 81% a colour television, 80% a washing machine, 57% a deep freezer, and 28% a tumble-drier.

1314:. Private sector nationalisation focused on older, declining industries, most notably coal mining. Labour kept promising systematic economic planning, but never established adequate mechanisms. Much of the planning was forced upon them by the Marshall Plan, which insisted on a modernisation of business procedures and government regulations. The Keynesian model accepted by Labour emphasised that planning could be handled indirectly through national spending and tax policies. 1995:, started to allow for the possibility that women should be able to combine home duties with outside employment. Feminism was strongly connected to social responsibility and involved the well-being of society as a whole. This often came at the cost of the liberation and personal fulfillment of self-declared feminists. Even those women who regarded themselves as feminists strongly endorsed prevailing ideas about the primacy of children's needs, as advocated, for example, by 2451: 1409:, and generally enjoy a festival of national celebration. Up and down the land, lesser festivals enlisted much civic and voluntary enthusiasm. A people curbed by years of total war and half-crushed by austerity and gloom, showed that it had not lost the capacity for enjoying itself....Above all, the Festival made a spectacular setting as a showpiece for the inventiveness and genius of British scientists and technologists. 1431:. As Party Chairman 1946–55, he rebuilt its local organisations with an emphasis on membership, money and a unified national propaganda appeal on critical issues. To broaden the base of potential candidates, the national party provided financial aid and assisted local organisations in raising local money. Lord Woolton emphasised a rhetoric that characterised the opponents as "Socialist" rather than "Labour". The 1137:, on a definition of socialism that stressed moral as well as material improvement. The Attlee government was committed to rebuilding British society as an ethical commonwealth, using public ownership and controls to abolish extremes of wealth and poverty. Labour's ideology contrasted sharply with the contemporary Conservative Party's defence of individualism, inherited privileges, and income inequality. 1564:, attracting a worldwide audience of twenty million, plus tens of millions more by radio. Many middle-class people bought televisions to view the event. In 1950 just 1% owned television sets; by 1965 25% did, and many more were rented. As austerity receded after 1950 and consumer demand kept growing, the Labour Party hurt itself by shunning consumerism as the antithesis of the socialism it demanded. 31: 217: 2064:. The prosecutor's question, "Would you want your wife or servants to read this book?" highlighted how far society had changed, and how little some people had noticed. The book was seen as one of the first events in a general relaxation of sexual attitudes. The national media, based in London with its more permissive social norms, led in explaining and exploring the new permissiveness. 204: 1378:, scarcity, controls, austerity and omnipresent government bureaucracy. They used the dissatisfaction with their opponent's socialist and egalitarian policies to rally middle-class supporters and score a political victory at the 1951 general election. Their appeal was especially effective to housewives, who faced more difficult shopping conditions after the war than during it. 1382: 1549:. Britain maintained and increased its financial role in the world economy, and used the English language to promote its educational system to students from around the globe. With relatively low unemployment during this period, the standard of living continued to rise, with new private and council housing developments increasing and the number of slum properties diminishing. 2259:, rejecting the comprehensive school proposals favoured by many in the Labour Party as more equalitarian. Under the tripartite model, students who passed an exam were able to attend a prestigious grammar school. Those who did not pass the selection test attended secondary modern schools, or technical schools. The school leaving age was raised to fifteen years. The 2580:

macroeconomic policies, and full employment. Apart from the question of nationalisation of some industries, these policies were broadly accepted by the three major parties, as well as by industry, the financial community and the labour movement. Until the 1980s, historians generally agreed on the existence and importance of the consensus. Some historians such as

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not as a holy state or something to which a few may luckily attain, but rather as the best course, the simplest, and the easiest way of life for us all." Age at first marriage had also fallen consistently. By the end of the 1960s, men and women were marrying at the lowest average age recorded for the past century at 27.2 and 24.7 years respectively.

2275:. Left-wing critics attacked grammar schools as being elitist because a student had to pass a test at the age of eleven in order to enrol. Opponents, mostly in the Conservative Party, argued that grammar schools allowed pupils to obtain a good education through merit rather than through family income. By 1964, one in ten students were in 1714:'s term as premier. Labour, it seemed, was incapable of positive achievements. It was unable to control inflation, unable to control the unions, unable to solve the Irish problem, unable to solve the Rhodesian question, unable to secure its proposals for Welsh and Scottish devolution, unable to reach a popular 1265:, the Minister of Health, said at a party rally in 1948, "no amount of cajolery... can eradicate from my heart a deep burning hatred for the Tory Party.... They are lower than vermin." Bevan, a coal miner's son, had gone too far in a land that took pride in self-restraint, and he never lived down the remark. 2011:

relationships were always represented as equal partnerships without professional sacrifice on the part of the main character. However, it is important to note that the success of the career novel genre in UK was not as successful as its American counterpart, and some of the themes could be quite subtle.

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At the same time, women were increasingly interested in pursuing careers outside of the home, and this was certainly reflected in the politics of housewives' associations. Initially these organizations were formed to pressure local and national governments to pass policies that would protect mothers,

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lessons', which aimed to introduce girls to the kinds of domestic education they would have previously received at home. Classes such as cooking, sewing, and family budgeting were common. Many of these classes lasted well into the late twentieth-century, only being gradually phased out as an emphasis

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Relative to Europe, however, the UK was not keeping pace. Between 1950–1970, it was overtaken by most of the countries of the European Common Market in terms of telephones, refrigerators, television sets, cars and washing machines per household. Education grew, but not as fast as in rival nations. By

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Labour struggled to maintain its support. Realising the unpopularity of rationing, in 1948–49 the government ended the rationing of potatoes, bread, shoes, clothing and jam, and increased the petrol ration for summer drivers. However, meat was still rationed, and in very short supply, at high prices.

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There was a critical shortage of housing. Air raids had destroyed half a million housing units; upgrades and repairs on undamaged units had been postponed. Three-quarters of a million new dwellings were needed. compared to the maximum prewar rate of 350,000. However, shortages of builders, materials,

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In the late 1940s, Britain was still a Christian nation with its religiosity reinforced by the wartime experience. Peter Forster found that in answering pollsters, the British people reported an overwhelming belief in the truth of Christianity, a high respect for it, and a strong association between

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to increase by about 20% during the period, while economic growth continued at about 3%. The last food rations were ended in 1954, along with hire-purchase controls. As a result of these changes, large numbers of the working classes were able to participate in the consumer market for the first time.

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The post-war period witnessed a dramatic rise in the average standard of living, with a 40% rise in average real wages from 1950 to 1965. Workers in traditionally poorly paid semi-skilled and unskilled occupations saw a particularly marked improvement in their wages and living standards. Consumption

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in broadcasting (1927). The owners of corporate stock were given government bonds and the government took full ownership of each affected company, consolidating it into a national monopoly. The managers remained the same, only now they became civil servants working for the government. For the Labour

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Higher education expanded dramatically. Provincial university colleges were upgraded at Nottingham, Southampton and Exeter. By 1957, 21 universities were in existence. Expansion came even faster in the 1960s, with new universities such as: Keele, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and York — bringing

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The middle and upper-class populations were mostly still enrolled in school, so that much of the teenage phenomena of the post-war years was a product of the working-class. There are two dimensions of special importance, first the economics of teenage consumerism, and secondly; a middle-class moral

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In 1951, the proportion of adult women who were (or had been) married was 75%; more specifically, 84.8% of women between the ages of 45 and 49 were married. At that time: "marriage was more popular than ever before." In 1953, a popular book of advice for women states: "A happy marriage may be seen,

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argued that the UK political elite developed a uniquely liberal response to the radical challenge of youth culture during the 1960s (which peaked during the early 1970s), which he described as "measured judgement". He argued that this was an aspect of British exceptionalism that primarily involved

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rejected and reversed it. The concept claims there was a widespread consensus that covered support for a coherent package of policies that were developed in the 1930s, promised during the Second World War, and enacted under Attlee. The policies dealt with a mixed economy, Keynesianism, and a broad

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Education also played a major role in the indoctrination of young girls into traditional gender roles. With greater funding and focus on public education, more and more British girls were being enrolled beyond primary school. However, the government took advantage of this for furthering a national

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received vocational training, compared with 40% in the United Kingdom. By the mid-1980s, over 80% of pupils in the United States and West Germany and over 90% in Japan stayed in education until the age of eighteen, compared with barely 33% of British pupils. In 1987, only 35% of 16-to-18-year-olds

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Keynesian economic management enabled British workers to enjoy a golden age of full employment which, combined with a more relaxed attitude towards working mothers, led to the spread of the two-income family. Inflation was around 4 per cent, money wages rose from an average of £8 a week in 1951 to

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argues that the Labour Party under Attlee was led by conservative parliamentarians who always worked through constitutional parliamentary channels; they saw no need for large demonstrations, boycotts or symbolic strikes. The result was a solid expansion and coordination of the welfare system, most

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On the whole nationalisation went smoothly, with two exceptions. Nationalising hospitals was strongly opposed by practising physicians. Compromises allowed them also to have a private practice, and the great majority decided to work with the National Health Service. Much more controversial was the

1103:, faced urgent problems. Half of the wartime economy had been devoted to mobilising soldiers, warplanes, bombs and munitions; a transition to a peacetime budget was begun while attempting inflation. New loans from the US and Canada to replace Lend Lease were essential to sustain living conditions. 1081:, which built upon the comprehensive system of social security originally set up in 1911. People of working age had to pay a weekly contribution (by buying a stamp) and in return were entitled to a wide range of benefits, including a pension, health and unemployment benefits, and widows' benefits. 1029:

continued and was for the first time extended to bread in order to feed the German civilians in the British sector of occupied Germany. During the war the government had banned ice cream and had rationed sweets such as chocolates and confections; all sweets were rationed until 1954. Rationing was

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from the US in December 1945. Rebuilding necessitated fiscal austerity in order to maximise export earnings, while Britain's colonies and other client states were required to keep their reserves in pounds as "sterling balances". An additional $ 3.2 billion – which did not have to be repaid – came

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developed a series of plans that became especially attractive as the wartime government promised a much better post-war Britain and saw the need to engage every sector of society. The coalition government during the war, headed by Churchill and Attlee, signed off on a series of white papers that

2145:; when it was abolished in 1960, the young men who would have reached conscription age had eighteen more months of freedom. The widespread use of washing machines, vacuum cleaners, kitchen appliances and prepared foods meant that teenage girls were no longer needed for so many household chores. 2010:

Career novels were a child and young adult genre that became very popular during this period. These novels had a strong emphasis on working women with drive and ambition for their careers. Of course, realism was important, and many of the novels' heroines still married and found love, but these

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Economists provided four overlapping explanations. The "early start" theory said that Britain's rivals were doing so well because they were still moving large numbers of farm workers into more lucrative employment, which Britain had done in the nineteenth century. A second theory emphasised the

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Various fringe benefits became more common. In 1955, 96% of manual labourers were entitled to two weeks' holiday with pay, compared with 61% in 1951. By the end of the 1950s, Britain had become one of the world's most affluent countries, and by the early Sixties, most Britons enjoyed a level of

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By 1963, 82% of all private households had a television, 72% a vacuum cleaner, 45% a washing machine, and 30% a refrigerator. John Burnett notes that ownership had spread down the social scale so that the gap between consumption by professional and manual workers had considerably narrowed. The

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The model states that from 1945 until the arrival of Thatcher in 1979, there was a broad multi-partisan national consensus on social and economic policy, especially regarding the welfare state, nationalised health services, educational reform, a mixed economy, government regulation, Keynesian

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to fall on average by three or four months every decade, for well over a century. Young people aged between 12–20 were physically much more mature than before. They were better-educated, and their parents had more money. National Service—the conscription of young men aged 17–21 for compulsory

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was practically unchanged. The new law was widely praised by the Conservatives because it honoured religion and social hierarchy, and by Labour because it opened new opportunities for the working-class, and also by the general public; because it ended the fees they previously had to pay. The

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the counterculture's various strands developed from earlier artistic and political movements. On both sides of the Atlantic the 1950s "Beat Generation" had fused existentialist philosophy with jazz, poetry, literature, Eastern mysticism and drugs – themes that were all sustained in the 1960s

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broke out in time of dramatic social change. Bouts of them appeared often in the Sexual Revolution and other events that widely changed social norms. Teenager troubles first came to public attention during the war years, when there was a surge of juvenile delinquency. By the 1950s, there was

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The feminist movement drew inspiration primarily from the United States, and from the experience of left-wing British women experiencing discrimination by male activists. Efforts to form a national movement in the mid-1970s foundered on a bitter split between the (predominantly heterosexual)

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agreed, noting that "the Protestant churches, Anglican, and more especially non-conformist, all felt the pressure of falling numbers and of secular challenges.... Even the drab Sabbath of Wales and Scotland was under some threat, with pressure for opening cinemas in Wales and golf-courses in

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Britain faced severe financial constraints, lacking cash for needed imports. It responded by reducing its international entanglements as in Greece, and by sharing the hardships of an "age of austerity". Early fears that the US would veto nationalisation or welfare policies proved groundless.

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in 1948–52. However the Plan did require Britain to modernise its business practices and remove trade barriers. Britain was an enthusiastic supporter of the Marshall Plan and used it as a lever to more directly promote European unity. Britain was an enthusiastic co-founder of the

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complained bitterly that the post-war reforms were an inadequate reward for the wartime sacrifices, and a cynical betrayal of the people's hope for a more just post-war society. In recent years, there has been a historiographical debate on whether such a consensus ever existed.

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In the 1970s, the exuberance and the radicalism of the 1960s ebbed. Instead a mounting series of economic crises, including many trade union strikes, pushed the British economy further and further behind European and world growth. The result was a major political crisis, and a

1248:, nationalisation of industry and centralised planning. They were now disappointed, as the nationalised industries seemed identical to the old private corporations, and national planning was made virtually impossible by the government's financial constraints. At Oxford a " 2022:

was passed by a Labour government with support from the Conservatives; it took effect in 1975. Women's wages for like work rose sharply from 64% in 1970 to 74% by 1980, then stalled because of high unemployment, and public-sector cuts that hit women working part-time.

2018:, when the Labour Party's Manifesto proposed a charter of rights including: "the right to equal pay for equal work". Polls in 1968-9 showed public opinion moving in favour of equal pay for equal work; nearly three-quarters of those polled favoured the principle. The 1960:

through superior suburban infrastructure and more affordable homegoods. However, by the end of the century their goals had shifted significantly to be more in line with demands made by working women, although their policy stances varied by organisation. The

1816:. British leaders feared their withdrawal would lead to a "doomsday scenario", with widespread communal strife, followed by the mass exodus of hundreds of thousands of refugees. The UK Parliament in London shut down Northern Ireland's parliament and imposed 1485:

Let us be frank about it: most of our people have never had it so good. Go round the country, go to the industrial towns, go to the farms and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my lifetime – nor indeed in the history of this

1423:, which emphasised the importance of removing unnecessary controls, while going far beyond the laissez-faire attitude of old towards industrial social problems. Churchill was party leader, but he brought in a Party Chairman to modernise the institution. 1366:, primarily to enhance Britain's security and also its status as a superpower. A handful of top elected officials made the decision in secret, ignoring the rest of the cabinet, in order to forestall the Labour Party's pacifist and anti-nuclear wing. 4895: 2326:

explains that the decline was caused by structural shifts: the major Fleet Street papers became properties of large, diversified capital empires with more interest in profits than politics. The provincial press virtually collapsed, with only the

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Party leadership, nationalisation was a way to consolidate economic planning. It was not designed to modernise old industries, make them efficient, or transform their organisational structure. There was no money for modernisation, although the

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in 1949. NATO was primarily aimed as a defensive measure against Soviet expansion, while helping bring its members closer together and enabled them to modernise their forces along parallel lines, also encouraging arms purchases from Britain.

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nationalisation of the iron and steel industry—unlike coal, it was profitable and highly efficient. Nationalisation was opposed by industry owners and executives, the business community as a whole and the Conservative Party as a whole. The

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and predicted that White "native" English citizens would be unable to access social services and be overwhelmed by foreign cultures. While political, social and cultural elites were harshly critical of Powell and he was removed from the

1983:

argues: "Ironically here, as with the vote, success was sometimes the worst enemy of organised feminism, as the achievement of each goal brought to an end the campaign which had been organised around it, leaving nothing in its place."

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In addition to superior economic performance, other social indexes were higher in the golden age; for example, the proportion of Britain's population saying they are "very happy" registered at 52% in 1957 but fell to just 36% in 2005.

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The war almost bankrupted Britain, while the country maintained a global empire in an attempt to remain a global power. It operated a large air force and a conscript army. Without Lend Lease, bankruptcy loomed. The government secured

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made his run gaily and with a smile. His happy demeanour and his good looks completed a picture of the beau ideal of a sportsman. I doubt if any game at any period has thrown up anyone to match his popular appeal in the England of

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playing a national role; in 1964 it relocated to London. Growing competition arose from non-political journalism and from other media such as the BBC; independent press lords emerged who were independent of the political parties.

1964:(WI) positioned themselves more conservatively, opting for 'married women' shift patterns that would have women work only during the school day and have more flexibility with time off should their child be sick. By contrast, the 1934:, a cooking show host during this 50s and 60s, became a household name. Her shows discussed ideal recipes for women to use during a time when rationing was still very much in place by incorporating easily accessible ingredients. 2136:"Teenager" is an American word that first appeared in the British social scene in the late 1930s. National attention focused on them from the 1950s onwards. Improved nutrition across the entire population was causing the age of 1915:

meant to subsidise families, that is, to support women in their "capacity as wife and mother". Sue Bruley argues that "the progressive vision of the New Britain of 1945 was flawed by a fundamentally conservative view of women".

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During the war, surveys showed public opinion moving to the left and in favour of a wider social reform. The public associated the Conservative Party with the poverty and mass unemployment of the inter-war years. Historian

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The anti-war movement in Britain was fuelled by the counterculture. It collaborated with American counterparts, moving from an emphasis on nuclear war with Russia, to support for insurgents in the Southeast Asian jungles.

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and racial tensions. Nevertheless, British youth readily identified with their American counterparts' desire to cast off the older generation's social mores. Music was a powerful force. British groups and stars such as

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In comparing economic prosperity (using gross national product per person), the British record was one of steady downward slippage from seventh place in 1950, to twelfth in 1965, to twentieth in 1975. Labour politician

1859:

argued that long-held attitudes did not stop change; by mid-century "Britain was still a Christian country only in a vague attitudinal sense, belief generally being more a residual husk than the kernel of conviction."

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with the Common Market, unable even to maintain itself in power until it could go to the country and the date of its own choosing. It was little wonder, therefore, that Mrs. Thatcher resoundingly defeated it in 1979.

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magazine declared that "Britain has launched into an age of unparalleled lavish living." Average wages were high while jobs were plentiful, and people saw their personal prosperity climb even higher. Prime Minister

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reduced its power to delay legislation to just one year. Finally in 1951, iron and steel were nationalised, but then Labour lost the general election that year. The Conservatives privatised iron and steel in 1955.

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Opportunities in life, if not equal, were distributed much more fairly than ever before and the weekly wage-earner, in particular, had gained standards of living that would have been almost unbelievable in the

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beneficial for many of the poor because their rationed diet was of greater nutritional value than their pre-war diet. Housewives organised to oppose the austerity. The Conservatives gained support by attacking

2515:, a Conservative MP, broke from the broad consensus supporting immigration in April 1968 to warn of long-term violence, unrest and internal discord should immigration continued from non-White countries. His 4887: 2916: 2287:, one in three schools were comprehensives; the proportion doubled by 1974, despite her efforts to resist the trend against grammar schools. By 1979, over 90% of schools in the UK were comprehensives. 4326: 1820:. By the 1990s, the failure of the IRA campaign to win mass public support or achieve its aim of a British withdrawal led to negotiations that in 1998 produced what is commonly referred to as the ' 1608:

prosperity that had previously been the privilege of only a small minority. For the first time in decades, the young and unattached had spare cash for leisure, clothes and even luxuries. In 1959,

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The United Kingdom has had a significant film industry for over a century. While film output peaked in 1936, the "golden age" of British cinema occurred in the 1940s, during which the directors

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During the period, unemployment in Britain averaged only 2%. As prosperity returned after the war, Britons became more family-centred. Leisure activities became more accessible to more people.

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Substantial educational reform took place in this period with developments which included raising the age at which students could leave school, the introduction of the modern day split between

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In May 1945 the governing coalition dissolved, triggering the long-overdue 1945 general election. Labour won just under 50% of the vote and a majority of 145 seats. The new Prime Minister

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Spectator sports became increasingly fashionable in post-war Britain, as attendance soared across the board. Despite the omnipresent austerity, the government were very proud to host the

1735:

While economic historians concentrate on statistical parameters, cultural historians added to the list of factors to explain Britain's long-term relative economic decline. According to

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In the 1950s, rebuilding continued, and immigrants from Commonwealth nations, mostly from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent, began arriving in a steady flow. The shock of the

1923:. In the 1950s, women's magazines had considerable influence on forming opinion in all walks of life, including the attitude to women's employment. A book published in 1950 called 953: 982:

suddenly and unexpectedly ended, the Treasury was near bankruptcy and Labour's new programmes would be expensive. The economy did not reach prewar levels until the 1950s. Due to

1199:, which was a special case because it was a manufacturing industry. Altogether, about one-fifth of the economy was taken over. Labour dropped the notion of nationalising farms. 3240: 1911:

While at the end of the war, childcare facilities were closed and assistance for working women became limited, the social reforms implemented by the new welfare state included

1014:, especially of food, continued in the post-war years as the government tried to control demand and normalise the economy. Anxieties were heightened when the country suffered 1686:

sense of restriction, yes, even of decline, the old country always teetering on the edge of a crisis, trying to keep up appearances, with no confident vision of the future.

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After decades of low immigration, new arrivals became a significant factor after 1945. In the decades after the Second World War immigration was greatest from the former

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In the 1960s, the generations divided sharply regarding sexual freedoms demanded by youth that disrupted long-held norms such as no sex before marriage, and no adultery.

1232:, operated separately by American planners, did force many British businesses to adopt modern managerial techniques. Hard line British Marxists were fervent believers in 894:

or the loss of heavy industry, especially coal mining, shipbuilding and manufacturing, grew worse after 1970 as the British economy shifted to services. London and the

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was an answer to surging social and educational demands created by the war and the widespread demands for social reform that approached utopianism. It was prepared by

1800:. The increasing pressures from nationalists for reform and from unionists for "No surrender" led to the appearance of the civil rights movement under figures such as 1641:£15 a week by 1961, home-ownership spread from 35 per cent in 1939 to 47 per cent by 1966, and the relaxation of credit controls boosted the demand for consumer goods. 812:

in 1947. Most of the other major overseas colonies became independent in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The UK collaborated closely with the United States during the

786:, but victory was costly in social and economic terms. Thus, the late 1940s was a time of austerity and economic restraint, which gave way to prosperity in the 1950s. 725: 321: 1458:

for scrap. They were conciliatory towards unions and retained nationalisation and the welfare state, while privatising the steel and road haulage industries in 1953.

1272:

with a majority of five seats. Defence became one of the divisive issues for Labour itself, especially defence spending, which reached 14% of GDP in 1951 during the

2197:

and many others gained huge followings in the UK and around the world, leading young people to question convention in everything from clothing to the class system.

8803: 7314: 668: 296: 2908: 1556:, which had first opened in the 1930s, became popular holiday destinations in the 1950s – and people increasingly had the ability to pursue personal hobbies. The 7362: 4088: 730: 434: 326: 212: 7390: 967:

proclaimed, "This is the first time in the history of the country that a labour movement with a socialist policy has received the approval of the electorate."

1938:

agenda focused on returning to a pre-war family home by " gendered curricula in secondary modern education". Distinctions became particularly evident during '

3579: 1342:

in 1948. It drew Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg into an arrangement for collective security, opening the way for the formation of

765: 1723:

Bright spots included large deposits of oil that were found in the North Sea, allowing Britain to become a major oil exporter to Europe in the era of the

7881: 7846: 7836: 1443:

was apparent in the younger generation, but that took another quarter century to have a policy impact. By 1951, Labour's factions were bitterly divided.

1223:

chaired the Committee on the Socialisation of Industries. He followed the model that was already in place of setting up public corporations such as the

8339: 7891: 7412: 2885: 361: 3544: 3283: 1968:(NCW) accepted research that childcare facilities did not have negative impacts on the wellbeing of children, and thus advocated for their expansion. 1595:

became more equal, especially as the landed gentry was pressed to pay its taxes and had to reduce its level of consumption. The rise in wages spurred

1450:, although Labour got considerably more votes. Most of the new programmes passed by Labour were accepted by the Conservatives and became part of the " 8239: 7554: 7347: 2817: 1900:. Women were expected to raise children and maintain the home while their husbands worked. The result was the popularization of the term 'occupation 316: 1303:) to resign. A decade of turmoil ensued in the Party, much to the advantage of the Conservatives who won again and again by ever larger majorities. 7841: 7402: 1930:

Daytime television also served to reinforce gender roles. As men were frequently at work during the day, programmes were primarily aimed at women.

1130: 356: 5382:

David Geiringer, "Catholic Understandings of Female Sexuality in 1960s Britain". Twentieth Century British History (2016) doi: 10.1093/tcbh/hww051

5290: 4940:

The Practical Home Handywoman: A Book of Basic Principles for the Self-Reliant Woman Dealing with All the Problems of Home-Making and Housekeeping

7831: 7259: 4142: 2505:

The new immigrants generally entered tight-knit ethnic communities. For example, the new Irish arrivals became integrated within a working-class

8127: 7938: 7454: 5164: 5036: 2214: 371: 3486: 8818: 7903: 7549: 7327: 5095: 1655:

were in full-time education or training, compared with 80% in the United States, 77% in Japan, 69% in France, and 49% in the United Kingdom.

987: 688: 306: 207: 2687: 2296: 8763: 8234: 8013: 7617: 5255: 1961: 2260: 8798: 8179: 7990: 2584:

expressed disappointment that the consensus was a modest or even conservative package that blocked a fully socialised society. Historian

2576:

policy, decolonisation, close ties to NATO, the United States, and the Commonwealth, and slowly emerging ties to the European Community.

2509:

environment that shaped their behaviour whilst maintaining a distinct ethnic identity in terms of religion, culture and Labour politics.

1951: 1196: 1015: 794: 427: 351: 2271:

While the new law formed a part of the widely accepted Post-war consensus agreed to in general by the major parties, one part generated

1121: 8189: 8132: 7664: 7607: 2729: 1965: 8528: 7422: 3228: 2847: 2628: 2416:

produced their most highly acclaimed work. Many post-war British actors achieved international fame and critical success, including:

391: 376: 366: 6886: 5577:"Inside the 'blackboard jungle' male teachers and male pupils at English secondary modern schools in fact and fiction, 1950 to 1959" 8813: 8174: 8033: 7985: 2445: 1710:

If Wilson's record as prime minister was soon felt to have been one of failure, that sense of failure was powerfully reinforced by

922: 909:

school and expanding and eventually dismantling the grammar school system. Liberalising social reforms took place in areas such as

758: 5366: 2243:

from enrolment at about five years old until leaving school in their early teens. The newly-elected Labour government adopted the

7755: 7564: 7395: 1699:

in the winter of 1978–79, when widespread strikes by public sector trade unions seriously inconvenienced and angered the public.

6784: 6053:

Henrietta Ewart, "'Coventry Irish': Community, Class, Culture and Narrative in the Formation of a Migrant Identity, 1940–1970".

3398: 8516: 8090: 7819: 7787: 7627: 7612: 7602: 7427: 7417: 7407: 7380: 5707:

Sylvia A. Ellis, "Promoting solidarity at home and abroad: the goals and tactics of the anti-Vietnam War movement in Britain".

3648: 3509: 1874: 1363: 420: 386: 381: 346: 234: 8808: 8209: 7782: 7232: 7003: 6982: 6945: 6872: 6851: 6808: 6770: 6738: 6717: 6695: 6642: 6620: 6578: 6556: 6528: 6504: 6483: 6462: 6438: 6414: 6390: 6369: 6289: 6262: 6233: 6186: 6118: 6021: 5965: 5692: 5665: 5640: 5619: 5128: 4964: 4845: 4818: 4792: 4704: 4677: 4650: 4606: 4567: 4540: 4430: 4386: 4359: 4305: 4284: 4202: 4175: 4121: 3954: 3834: 3787: 3316: 3034: 2607: 2240: 274: 4970: 1018:: the coal and railway systems failed, factories closed, and a large proportion of the population suffered due to the cold. 925:. The status of women slowly improved. A youth culture emerged from the 1960s with such iconic international celebrities as 8076: 7898: 7559: 7532: 2284: 2015: 1447: 1269: 947: 890:

eased some financial pressures, but the 1970s saw slow economic growth, rising unemployment, and escalating labour strife.

805: 801: 92: 49: 41: 8249: 8194: 8137: 8056: 8000: 7968: 7802: 7487: 7252: 7097: 7085: 7017: 6445: 2454:

Demonstration in June 1978, after the killing by racists of Altab Ali, a young Bangladeshi man, in May 1978, against the

1545:

The 1950s and 1960s experienced continued modernisation of the economy. Representative was the construction of the first

898:

maintained prosperity, as London became the leading financial centre in Europe and played a major role in world affairs.

751: 3456: 8224: 8204: 8147: 8112: 7760: 7728: 7692: 5861:

The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979–2001

3341: 2966: 2664: 1849: 1786: 4084: 4037:

Toye, Richard (2013). "From 'Consensus' to 'Common Ground': The Rhetoric of the Postwar Settlement and its Collapse".

1904:', which emphasized a woman finding full-time work inside the home through childcare, cooking, cleaning and shopping. 854:

Prosperity returned in the 1950s, reaching the middle class and, to a large extent, the working class across Britain.

8219: 8117: 7772: 7765: 7632: 7597: 7582: 7482: 1809: 918: 67: 3368: 1330:, who looked for innovative ways to bring western Europe together in a military alliance. One early attempt was the 1140:

Attlee's government nationalised major industries and utilities. It developed and implemented the "cradle to grave"

1092:

free hospital and medical care for everyone in the country, regardless of income. Labour went on to expand low cost

8304: 7856: 7814: 7738: 7733: 7637: 7515: 2110:, eased up a little, especially as the membership disregarded the bishops' teaching that contraception was sinful. 1832: 698: 19: 6674: 3567: 8367: 8184: 8122: 8048: 7743: 7592: 7539: 7502: 7467: 7441: 7342: 4720:

Forster, Peter G. (1972). "Secularization in the English Context : Some Conceptual and Empirical Problems".

3170: 2210: 1375: 1300: 1011: 983: 534: 524: 311: 5844:

Dennis Dean, "Circular 10/65 Revisited: The Labour Government and the 'Comprehensive Revolution' in 1964‐1965".

5561:

Selina Todd, and Hilary Young. "Baby-Boomers to 'Beanstalkers' Making the Modern Teenager in Post-War Britain".

2623: 2283:(from 1965) crusaded to speed up the process. When Margaret Thatcher was appointed as Minister for Education in 1490:

Unemployment figures show that unemployment was significantly lower during the Golden Age than before or after:

8314: 8102: 8028: 7923: 7876: 7792: 7712: 7672: 7462: 7245: 2092: 1878: 1817: 910: 511: 18:

This article is about the social history of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1979. For a political outline, see

6928: 8756: 8523: 8329: 8259: 8229: 8199: 8164: 8066: 8038: 7956: 7864: 7748: 7527: 7277: 5495:

Eileen Yeo, "'The Boy is the Father of the Man': Moral Panic Over Working-Class Youth, 1850 to The Present".

3427: 2881: 2272: 1220: 1188: 1159:

However the Labour Party had developed no detailed nationalisation plans. Improvising, they started with the

790: 243: 3066:

Richard Farmer, "'A Temporarily Vanished Civilisation': Ice Cream, Confectionery and Wartime Cinema-Going",

1919:

Women's commitment to traditional marriage was echoed by the popular media: films, radio, books and popular

1077:

of the coal, gas, electricity, railways and other primary industries. The welfare state was expanded by the

8642: 8566: 8538: 8484: 8287: 8277: 8214: 8169: 8142: 7995: 7980: 7677: 7652: 7587: 7477: 5001:"What Do Women Want? Housewives' Associations, Activism and Changing Representations of Women in the 1950s" 3987:

Zweiniger-Bargileowska, Ina (1994). "Rationing, austerity and the Conservative party recovery after 1945".

3279: 3103:

Zweiniger-Bargileowska, Ina (1994). "Rationing, austerity and the Conservative party recovery after 1945".

2391: 1455: 1454:" that lasted until the 1970s. The Conservatives ended rationing and reduced controls, and sold the famous 1406: 1184: 1180: 1134: 809: 5552:

Mike Brake, "The skinheads: An English working class subculture". Youth & Society 6.2 (1974): 179–200.

8533: 8511: 8479: 8474: 8456: 8397: 8319: 8309: 8244: 8107: 8071: 7869: 7647: 7286: 2343: 2315: 2100: 1792:

tried to reform the system and give a greater voice to Catholics, who comprised 40% of the population of

1277: 1078: 824: 741: 261: 2614:

to 18 fits with Marwick’s interpretation of establishment co-option strategy, among other explanations.

1927:

was a guide for the 'occupational housewife' on topics including sewing, cooking, and basic carpentry.

8593: 8494: 8334: 5738:

Francis, Martin (1995). "A socialist policy for education?: Labour and the secondary school, 1945-51".

3080:

Hinton, James (1994). "Militant Housewives: The British Housewives' League and the Attlee Government".

2809: 2314:, the central post-war mission was to block threats from American private broadcasting and to continue 2256: 2052: 1912: 1813: 4138: 8729: 8489: 8294: 8267: 7777: 7657: 6309: 5000: 3613:

Francis, Martin (1 January 1995). "Economics and EthicsThe Nature of Labour's Socialism, 1945–1951".

2359: 2142: 1706:

and Chris Cook summarise the general consensus of historians regarding Labour in power in the 1970s:

3478: 1045:

held in London. Reconstruction had begun in London but no funding was available for new facilities.

8823: 8627: 8157: 7797: 7544: 7227:

Porion, Stéphane. "Reassessing a Turbulent Decade: the Historiography of 1970s Britain in Crisis".

5419:

Youth culture in modern Britain, c. 1920-c. 1970: from ivory tower to global movement-a new history

5060:"Reflections on the 'site of struggle': girls' experience of secondary education in the late 1950s" 3540: 2547:

is a historians' model of political agreement from 1945 to 1979, when newly elected Prime Minister

2084: 1164: 2683: 2552:

welfare state. In recent years the validity of the interpretation has been debated by historians.

2060:

in 1960. Although first printed in 1928, the release in 1960 of an inexpensive paperback prompted

804:

in an unexpected landslide and formed their first ever majority government. Labour governed until

8772: 8685: 8506: 8441: 8152: 7809: 5059: 2252: 2224: 2160: 1619:

claimed that "the luxuries of the rich have become the necessities of the poor." As summed up by

1233: 1172: 1149: 1085: 1070: 875: 863: 840: 6709:

The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958-c.1974

6310:"A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds" 6281:

The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958-c.1974

1975:

for teachers (1952) and for men and women in the civil service (1954), thanks to activists like

1362:) in 1948. In January 1947, the government decided to proceed with the development of Britain's 8622: 7687: 5219: 4111: 2516: 2107: 6925:

From Anger to Apathy: The Story of Politics, Society and Popular Culture in Britain since 1975

6862: 6749: 5722: 4420: 3971: 3804: 3699: 1892:. In the aftermath of World War II, a new emphasis was placed on traditional marriage and the 986:, the immediate post-war years were called the Age of Austerity, (not to be confused with the 8777: 8617: 8573: 8436: 8022: 5859: 4623: 3263: 3051: 2061: 1836: 1821: 895: 601: 410: 6176: 5940:

Peter J. Beck, "The British government and the Olympic movement: the 1948 London Olympics".

5791:

Jeffereys, Kevin (1984). "R. A. Butler, the Board of Education and the 1944 Education Act".

5682: 3192:

Penrose, Sefryn (2012). "London 1948: the sites and after-lives of the austerity Olympics".

2721: 2124:(1970) called on women to rebel against marriage and instead live in heterosexual communes. 1338:

in 1947. Bevin's commitment to the West European security system made him eager to sign the

8637: 8578: 8543: 8431: 8404: 7915: 3820: 2882:"BBC – History – British History in depth: Britain, the Commonwealth and the End of Empire" 2634: 2413: 2365: 2276: 1920: 1696: 1668: 1633: 1604:. Ownership went from 18 per cent in 1955 to 29 per cent in 1958 and 60 per cent in 1966. 1285: 1042: 2938:

Grant Jr, Philip A. (1995). "President Harry S. Truman and the British Loan Act of 1946".

2839: 2231:

after wide consultation. The Act took effect in 1947 and created the modern split between

8: 8714: 8632: 8610: 8605: 8588: 8583: 8561: 8451: 8409: 6590:

A History of Religion in Britain: Practice and Belief from Pre-Roman Times to the Present

2564: 2455: 2329: 2236: 1724: 1390: 1241: 1208: 1168: 995: 891: 886:, regulation of business, and nationalisation of many older industries. The discovery of 828: 470: 5657:

Meet the Beatles: A Cultural History of the Band That Shook Youth, Gender, and the World

3334:

Political Economy and the Labour Party: The Economics of Democratic Socialism, 1884–2005

2114:

socialists, and the (predominantly lesbian) radicals. The most visible spokesperson was

1824:'. This won popular support and largely ended the most violent aspects of The Troubles. 1478:. This led to decolonisation, and a withdrawal from almost all of its colonies by 1970. 8709: 8665: 8446: 8424: 8419: 8387: 8299: 7472: 7216: 7071: 6337: 5901: 5804: 5363: 5345:

Andrew August, "Gender and 1960s Youth Culture: The Rolling Stones and the New Woman",

5313: 5247: 5220:"Women's dilemmas in postwar Britain: career stories for adolescent girls in the 1950s" 5158: 5087: 5028: 4737: 4733: 4255: 4247: 4054: 4004: 3925: 3806:

The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952

3209: 3128: 3120: 3085: 2791: 2783: 2560: 2538: 2405: 2265: 2239:

at the age of eleven years, previously, state educated children had often attended the

2220: 2182: 2096: 2019: 1789: 1580: 1576: 1451: 1415: 1374:

In the late 1940s the Conservative Party exploited and incited growing public anger at

1339: 1058: 930: 871: 614: 454: 6066:

Amy Whipple, "Revisiting the 'Rivers of Blood' Controversy: Letters to Enoch Powell".

1393:

in summer 1951, a national exhibition and fair held throughout the country. Historian

8724: 8670: 8272: 7220: 7067: 6999: 6978: 6941: 6868: 6847: 6804: 6766: 6734: 6713: 6691: 6638: 6616: 6574: 6552: 6524: 6500: 6479: 6458: 6434: 6410: 6386: 6365: 6341: 6329: 6285: 6258: 6229: 6182: 6157: 6114: 6017: 5961: 5688: 5661: 5615: 5317: 5251: 5239: 5134: 5124: 5091: 5079: 5032: 5020: 4960: 4841: 4814: 4788: 4741: 4700: 4673: 4646: 4602: 4563: 4536: 4426: 4382: 4355: 4280: 4259: 4198: 4171: 4117: 4058: 4008: 3950: 3830: 3783: 3630: 3337: 3312: 3213: 3132: 3030: 2962: 2795: 2660: 2568: 2548: 2351: 2244: 2232: 2120: 2068: 1976: 1931: 1861: 1596: 1402: 1394: 1145: 1026: 867: 497: 169: 149: 3652: 2128:

concludes, "in popular culture, feminism was generally treated as a bit of a joke."

100: 8719: 8702: 8697: 8680: 8660: 8466: 7319: 7208: 7199:

Black, Lawrence (2012). "An Enlightening Decade? New Histories of 1970s' Britain".

6321: 6147: 6089: 5916:

The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain. Vol. II, The Twentieth Century

5897: 5827: 5800: 5747: 5588: 5305: 5231: 5071: 5012: 4729: 4239: 4046: 3996: 3917: 3890: 3622: 3201: 3112: 2775: 2722:"BBC Bitesize – National 5 History – Social Impact of WWII in Britain – Revision 2" 2347: 2319: 2280: 2091:

in 1967. The incidence of divorce and abortion rose along with a resurgence of the

2004: 2000: 1939: 1793: 1675: 1616: 1610: 1560:'s early television service was given a major boost in 1953 with the coronation of 1428: 1216: 906: 783: 678: 301: 164: 6325: 5593: 5576: 5016: 3908:

Baylis, John (1984). "Britain, the Brussels Pact and the continental commitment".

8392: 8282: 7973: 7933: 6993: 6972: 6935: 6841: 6798: 6760: 6728: 6707: 6685: 6632: 6610: 6568: 6546: 6518: 6494: 6473: 6452: 6428: 6404: 6380: 6359: 6279: 6250: 6223: 6206: 6108: 6038: 6011: 5994: 5955: 5655: 5609: 5370: 4954: 4835: 4780: 4694: 4667: 4642:

Northern Ireland at the Crossroads: Ulster Unionism in the O'Neill Years, 1960–69

4640: 4596: 4557: 4530: 4476: 4403: 4376: 4349: 4274: 4192: 4165: 3944: 3824: 3777: 3745: 3728: 3568:"British New Town Planning: A Wave of the Future or a Ripple across the Atlantic" 3431: 3306: 3205: 3024: 1711: 1601: 1572: 1436: 1160: 1093: 1074: 554: 184: 5075: 8005: 7886: 7824: 7385: 7268: 6595: 6202: 5888:

Garnham, Nicholas (1994). "The broadcasting market and the future of the BBC".

3391:"BBC – Standard Grade Bitesize History – Urban housing : Revision, Page 3" 2602: 2581: 2521: 2506: 2467: 2401: 2355: 2248: 2172:

The UK did not experience the intense social turmoil produced in the US by the

2115: 2047: 2036: 2031: 1893: 1856: 1736: 1664: 1475: 1354:

when it granted independence to India and Pakistan in 1947, followed by Burma (

1351: 1331: 1306: 1281: 1245: 1204: 1126: 964: 956: 902: 858:

remained a world centre of finance and culture, but the nation was no longer a

836: 797: 779: 154: 7212: 6603: 5235: 4251: 4000: 3894: 3116: 3053:

Britain, Germany and the Cold War: The Search for a European Détente 1949–1967

2779: 2318:

of cultural uplift. The BBC remained a powerful force, despite the arrival of

823:

Following a long debate and initial scepticism, the United Kingdom joined the

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Women in European Culture and Society: Gender, Skill, and Identity from 1700

3881:

Baylis, John (1982). "Britain and the Dunkirk Treaty: The Origins of NATO".

2555:

The historians' model of the post-war consensus was most fully developed by

1413:

The Conservative Party restored its credibility on economic policy with the

1034:, austerity, rationing and economic controls and returned to power in 1951. 7928: 7299: 6152: 6135: 6110:

The Road To 1945: British Politics and the Second World War Revised Edition

6093: 3773: 3626: 3394: 2986:

Manipulating Hegemony: State Power, Labour and the Marshall Plan in Britain

2657:

Coalition: The Politics and Personalities of Coalition Government from 1850

2585: 2556: 2512: 2491: 2433: 2425: 2417: 2323: 2279:

that did not sort children at the age of eleven. Labour education minister

2190: 2152: 2125: 1780: 1651: 1588: 1561: 1553: 1424: 1327: 1176: 1061:

stamp, which workers had to purchase to contribute to benefits and pensions

626: 588: 576: 544: 269: 179: 159: 133: 7237: 6791:

Identities and Social Change in Britain since 1940: The Politics of Method

6161: 5118: 3973:

Security With Nuclear Weapons: Different Perspectives on National Security

8414: 8344: 3360: 2178: 2173: 2163:

spread from the United States like a wildfire. Bill Osgerby argues that:

1996: 1992: 1988: 1808:. Clashes escalated out of control, as the army could barely contain the 1797: 1568: 1467: 1432: 1100: 926: 883: 636: 279: 105: 7167: 7081: 6903: 6816: 6511: 6421: 6397: 5818:

Simon, Brian (1986). "The 1944 Education Act: A Conservative Measure?".

5724:

The Politics of Crisis: An Interpretation of British Politics, 1931–1945

4916:

Martin Pugh, "Domesticity and the Decline of Feminism 1930–1950". p 158"

2046:

Sexual morals changed rapidly. One notable event was the publication of

1389:

The Labour Party kept slipping, interrupted by good moments such as the

5532:

A Haunt of Fears, the Strange History of British Horror Comics Campaign

4230:

Gurney, Peter (2005). "The Battle of the Consumer in Postwar Britain".

3929: 3826:

State and Society: A Social and Political History of Britain since 1870

3124: 3089: 2787: 2611: 2479: 2459: 2409: 2397: 2228: 2194: 2076: 1584: 1471: 1420: 1273: 1237: 979: 859: 88: 3162: 112:

who became synonyms with the cultural changes of the 1960s, arrive in

8692: 8600: 6883:

Austerity in Britain: Rationing, Controls, and Consumption, 1939-1955

6406:

Britain Since the Seventies: Politics and Society in the Consumer Age

4459: 3862:

Williamson, James (2008). "British Socialism and the Marshall Plan".

3308:

Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945–1951

3011:

Austerity in Britain: Rationing, Controls, and Consumption, 1939–1955

2599:

The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy and the US

2499: 2487: 2450: 2080: 1972: 1901: 1801: 1703: 1397:

says the Festival was a "triumphant success" as every day thousands:

1359: 1192: 1031: 879: 128: 109: 6965:

The new look: a social history of the forties and fifties in Britain

6136:"Why Britain's conservatives support a socialist health care system" 3921: 3421:

Rebuilding Britain's Blitzed Cities: Hopeful Dreams, Stark Realities

1583:

springing up along major roads. These problems led to the idea of a

8553: 7078:

Never Had It So Good: A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles

5458:

Never Had It So Good: A history of Britain from Suez to the Beatles

4351:

Never Had It So Good: A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles

4320: 4243: 3452: 2573: 2483: 2137: 2072: 1889: 1575:. Cars became a significant part of British life, with city-centre 1546: 1385:

The 300-foot Skylon hung in midair at the Festival of Britain, 1951

1292: 1249: 1053: 848: 813: 6308:

Loughran, Thomas; Mycock, Andrew; Tonge, Jonathan (3 April 2021).

5684:

British Rock Modernism, 1967-1977: The Story of Music Hall in Rock

3424: 8379: 5611:

British Counter-Culture 1966–73: A Study Of The Underground Press

3229:"Clement Attlee and the foundations of the British welfare state" 2471: 2186: 1796:. His goals were blocked by militant Protestants led by Reverend 1650:

the early 1980s, some 80% to 90% of school leavers in France and

1355: 952: 914: 832: 5508:

David F. Smith, "Delinquency and welfare in London: 1939–1949".

5360:

Capital affairs: London and the making of the permissive society

3679: 1065:

The most important Labour initiatives were the expansion of the

820:

as a military alliance against the spread of Soviet Communism.

8675: 6781:

Moving the Goalposts: A History of Sport and Society since 1945

6660:

Smoking in British Popular Culture 1800-2000: Perfect Pleasures

6430:

An Affluent Society?: Britain's Post-War 'Golden Age' Revisited

4194:

An Affluent Society?: Britain's Post-War 'Golden Age' Revisited

2322:

in 1955. Newspaper barons had less political power after 1945.

1679: 1335: 855: 6382:

No Turning Back: The Peacetime Revolutions of Post-War Britain

5393:

No turning back: the peacetime revolutions of post-war Britain

4837:

Women in England 1870–1950: Sexual Divisions and Social Change

4478:

Britain in Close-up: An In-depth Study of Contemporary Britain

3163:"London 1948 Summer Olympics – results & video highlights" 2297:

Universities in the United Kingdom § Expansion after 1945

8652: 5974: 5957:

The Austerity Olympics: When the Games Came to London in 1948

5876:

Broadcasting Empire: The BBC and the British World, 1922–1970

3843: 2495: 2475: 7136:

MOD: From Bebop to Britpop, Britain's Biggest Youth Movement

6178:

Conflict and Consensus in Labour's Foreign Policy, 1914–1965

5709:

European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 21.4

5628: 5484:

Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contemporary Great Britain

4322:'The Age of Affluence': Council Estates and Consumer Society 4110:

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Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing without belonging

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British Stars and Stardom: From Alma Taylor to Sean Connery

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The road to 1945: British politics and the Second World War

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Irish Catholics, traditionally the most puritanical of the

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Parliamentary socialism: a study in the politics of labour

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21st century United Kingdom government austerity programme

203: 6548:

British Culture and Society in the 1970s: The Lost Decade

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Ulster Unionism and the Peace Process in Northern Ireland

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An enduring aristocratic tradition disparaged management.

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List of nationalizations by country § United Kingdom

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White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties

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Small neighbourhood shops were increasingly replaced by

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argues there was Labour Party consensus by 1945, on the

6257:. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. pp. 296–297. 4576: 4498: 3754: 1987:

Feminist writers of the early post-war period, such as

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of 1956 made clear that Britain had lost its role as a

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State of Emergency: The Way We Were: Britain 1970–1974

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4439: 3986: 3667: 3102: 2909:"National Service: Conscription in Britain, 1945–1963" 1474:. It already knew it could no longer afford its large 1401:

flocked to the South Bank site , to wander around the

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military alliance formed in 1949 against the Soviets.

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Seasons in the Sun: The Battle for Britain, 1974–1979

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The Essential Anatomy of Britain: Democracy in Crisis

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Speak for Britain!: A New History of the Labour Party

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A Social and Economic History of Britain: 1760–1950

6307: 4953:Gillis, Stacy; Hollows, Joanne (7 September 2008). 4781:"Domesticity and the Decline of Feminism 1930–1950" 4276:

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Social class rigidities interference with progress.

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"The 1945 general election reconsidered". 2684:"History - World Wars: Why Churchill Lost in 1945" 851:and other denominations of Christianity declined. 7188:(1989), summaries of Gallup public opinion polls. 7181:(1972) 532pp; economic and some social statistics 7143:The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies 6911:The Seventies: The Decade That Changed the Future 5986: 4191:Black, Lawrence; Pemberton, Hugh (28 July 2017). 4103: 3361:"BBC NEWS | UK | UK settles WWII debts to allies" 3355: 3353: 8790: 6843:Cassell's Companion to Twentieth-century Britain 6669:(2nd ed. 2002) 640pp; short articles by scholars 6585:200+ short scholarly essays; covers 20th century 2268:supported by the three major political parties. 870:(in the military sphere). In domestic policy, a 8804:Aftermath of World War II in the United Kingdom 6684:Marquand, David; Seldon, Anthony, eds. (2016). 6471: 6427:Black, Lawrence; Pemberton, Hugh, eds. (2017). 5639:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAddisonJones2008 ( 5291:"Trade unions, equal pay and the law in the UK" 4813:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 321–323. 4669:Northern Ireland: The Politics of War and Peace 4588: 4304:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAddisonJones2008 ( 3779:Aneurin Bevan: A Biography: Volume 2: 1945–1960 3445:"Why can't the UK build 240,000 houses a year?" 2524:, Powell developed substantial public support. 2026: 6918:Sixties Britain: Culture, Society and Politics 6683: 6472:Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert, eds. (2015). 6426: 6361:A Companion to Contemporary Britain, 1939–2000 6040:Citizenship and Immigration in Postwar Britain 6016:. Manchester University Press. pp. 6–18. 6003: 5445:Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951 – 1970 4686: 4632: 4378:British Economic and Social History, 1700–1982 4190: 3726: 3350: 2215:Education in Scotland in the twentieth century 1326:Under Attlee foreign policy was the domain of 847:society in today's Britain, while traditional 7253: 7201:International Labor and Working-Class History 6634:Finding a Role?: The United Kingdom 1970-1990 6567:Garnett, Mark; Weight, Richard, eds. (2003). 6566: 6544: 6516: 6195: 5942:International Journal of the History of Sport 4952: 4468: 4341: 4032: 4030: 3829:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. Chapter 16. 3737: 3298: 3016: 2264:Education Act became a permanent part of the 1999:the head of the Children's Department at the 1827: 1730: 1016:one of the worst winters on record in 1946–47 759: 428: 6653:A History of English Christianity: 1920-1985 6612:Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970 6251:"Consensus in the Postwar Period After 1945" 6100: 5992: 5947: 5634: 4598:UK Energy: Structure, Prospects and Policies 4299: 4167:Britain's Economic Miracle: Myth Or Reality? 3226: 2659:. Petersfield: Harriman House. p. 157. 1276:. These costs strained public finances. The 1148:. The creation of Britain's publicly funded 7267: 7043:Elizabethans: How Modern Britain Was Forged 7029:The Pendulum Years: Britain and the Sixties 6839: 6215: 6168: 5601: 5120:Education and democracy in the 21st century 4594: 4549: 4451: 4395: 4266: 4085:"1957: Britons 'have never had it so good'" 3936: 3510:"When Britain demanded fair shares for all" 3442: 3280:"The NHS history (1948–1959) – NHS England" 2624:Social history of England § Since 1945 1883: 1350:Bevin began the process of dismantling the 7260: 7246: 6667:Twentieth-Century Britain: An Encyclopedia 6181:. Stanford University Press. pp. 2–. 5674: 5647: 5163:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4942:. London: Odhams Press. 1950. p. 233. 4692: 4638: 4532:Crisis? What Crisis?: Britain in the 1970s 4522: 4485: 4157: 4116:. Pearson Education Limited. p. 811. 4027: 3861: 2961:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 70. 2559:. The basic argument is that in the 1930s 1481:In 1957 Prime Minister Macmillan boasted: 1295:and spectacles, leading Bevan, along with 766: 752: 435: 421: 99: 7179:Abstract of British Historical Statistics 7129:Crisis? What Crisis? Britain in the 1970s 6956:Having it so good: Britain in the fifties 6892: 6627:major survey with emphasis social history 6151: 6009: 5790: 5727:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 187–89. 5592: 4956:Feminism, Domesticity and Popular Culture 4827: 4785:British feminism in the twentieth century 4772: 4659: 4625:Having it So Good: Britain in the Fifties 4474: 4354:. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 112. 4347: 4272: 3743: 3304: 3022: 2816:. Brighton University Of. 8 August 2002. 2629:History of gambling in the United Kingdom 2608:reform of the electoral franchise in 1969 2458:and other racists who were active in the 1962:National Federation of Women's Institutes 1310:notably the concentrated and centralised 862:. In foreign policy, the UK promoted the 816:after 1947, and in 1949 they helped form 68:Learn how and when to remove this message 6991: 6970: 6958:(2007), a major scholarly survey; 760 pp 6933: 6830: 6821: 6672: 6630: 6608: 6248: 6201: 6079: 5980: 5928: 5276: 5116: 4998: 4808: 4754: 4621: 4595:Bending, Richard; Eden, Richard (1984). 4582: 4516: 4504: 4412: 4368: 4217: 4164:Healey, Nigel, ed. (26 September 2002). 3849: 3813: 3766: 3760: 3730:British politics in the collectivist age 3720: 3714: 3685: 3673: 3331: 3145: 2959:The Economic Dimensions of Globalization 2937: 2868: 2708: 2449: 2446:Modern immigration to the United Kingdom 2030: 1950: 1831: 1767:Weak vocational education at all levels. 1658: 1380: 1052: 951: 835:on 1 January 1973. Immigration from the 7164:Twentieth-Century British Social Trends 6758: 6705: 6676:Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951 6570:The A-Z Guide to Modern British History 6520:Longman Companion to Britain Since 1945 6492: 6475:The Oxford Companion to British History 6450: 6378: 6277: 6106: 5993:Curran, James; Porter, Vincent (1983). 5953: 5927:With the exception of Greyhound racing 5887: 5737: 5608:Nelson, Elizabeth (25 September 1989). 5574: 5469:Sandbrook, 435–36, citing Mark Abrams, 5217: 5057: 4719: 4555: 4457: 4445: 4401: 3942: 3782:. Faber & Faber. pp. 280–346. 3698:Jack C. Ellis; Betsy A. McLane (2005). 3612: 3600: 3507: 3227:Reeves, Rachel; McIvor, Martin (2014). 3191: 2840:"What's a little debt between friends?" 2762: 1156:remains Labour's proudest achievement. 8791: 6860: 6796: 6751:Britain Since 1945: The People's Peace 6747: 6726: 6687:The Ideas That Shaped Post-War Britain 6655:(1986) 720pp; a major scholarly survey 6454:A Social History of Housing, 1815–1985 6358:Addison, Paul; Jones, Harriet (2008). 6303: 6301: 6221: 6174: 6036: 5857: 5607: 5288: 5213: 5211: 5209: 4999:Beaumont, Caitríona (2 January 2017). 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4766: 4528: 4348:Sandbrook, Dominic (5 February 2015). 4318: 4229: 4163: 4136: 4071: 4021: 3907: 3880: 3565: 3538: 3079: 3049: 2997: 2919:from the original on 21 September 2018 2750: 2095:, whose campaigning helped secure the 1875:History of women in the United Kingdom 1369: 8365: 7241: 7198: 6833:Post-War Britain: A Political History 6824:Post-War Britain: A Political History 6545:Forster, Laurel; Harper, Sue (2009). 6517:Cook, Chris; Stevenson, John (2014). 6402: 6278:Marwick, Arthur (28 September 2011). 6133: 5817: 5680: 5653: 5039:from the original on 13 February 2017 4833: 4665: 4145:from the original on 16 February 2009 3802: 3582:from the original on 25 February 2017 3459:from the original on 25 December 2018 3243:from the original on 15 December 2018 3233:Renewal: A Journal of Labour Politics 2906: 2732:from the original on 20 December 2017 2690:from the original on 26 December 2019 2654: 2532: 2204: 1946: 1502:% of British labour force unemployed 959:was Prime Minister from 1945 to 1951. 874:saw the leadership of the Labour and 8819:Social history of the United Kingdom 6588:Gilley, Sheridan, and W. J. Sheils. 5654:Stark, Steven D. (13 October 2009). 4778: 4418: 4374: 4091:from the original on 7 November 2017 4036: 3969: 3819: 3772: 3543:(Report). House of Commons Library. 3489:from the original on 9 November 2016 3443:de Castella, Tom (13 January 2015). 3286:from the original on 5 February 2017 3261: 3173:from the original on 10 October 2019 2820:from the original on 25 October 2016 2014:Equal pay entered the agenda at the 1255: 1215:The procedure used was developed by 948:1945 United Kingdom general election 24: 7192: 6298: 6225:The People's War: Britain 1939–1945 5720: 5258:from the original on 20 August 2020 5206: 5145:from the original on 20 August 2020 5098:from the original on 20 August 2020 4985: 4973:from the original on 20 August 2020 4932: 4693:Farrington, C. (28 February 2006). 4329:from the original on 20 August 2020 3547:from the original on 8 October 2019 3520:from the original on 11 August 2018 3056:. Taylor & Francis. p. 11. 2956: 2888:from the original on 8 January 2020 2810:"Designing Britain learning module" 2290: 1446:The Conservatives narrowly won the 941: 13: 8799:20th century in the United Kingdom 7150:Our Times: The Age of Elizabeth II 6351: 5902:10.1111/j.1467-923x.1994.tb00386.x 5805:10.1111/j.1468-229x.1984.tb01429.x 5117:Noddings, Nel (25 February 2013). 4898:from the original on 19 April 2020 4894:. Office for National Statistics. 4734:10.1111/j.1467-954x.1972.tb00206.x 4529:Turner, Alwyn W. (19 March 2009). 3943:Brendon, Piers (28 October 2008). 3744:Medlicott, William Norton (1967). 3508:Timmins, Nicholas (27 July 1995). 3265:The Economics of the Welfare State 3070:, (December 2011) 31#4 pp 479–497, 1868: 1850:History of Christianity in Britain 1787:Prime Minister of Northern Ireland 1115: 996:a low-interest $ 3.75 billion loan 244:History of the United Kingdom 40:tone or style may not reflect the 14: 8835: 6551:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 6255:Reader's Guide to British History 6249:Ritschel, Daniel (January 2003). 6082:Twentieth Century British History 5954:Hampton, Janie (1 January 2012). 5471:Teenage Consumer Spending in 1959 5298:Economic and Industrial Democracy 5203:Finch and Summerfield (1991) p 11 4666:Dixon, Paul (26 September 2008). 3701:A New History of Documentary Film 3615:Twentieth Century British History 3371:from the original on 8 March 2017 2907:Vinen, Richard (28 August 2014). 2527: 1888:The 1950s was a bleak period for 1843: 1810:Provisional Irish Republican Army 1775:Northern Ireland and the Troubles 1752:Too many wars, both hot and cold. 984:continued and increased rationing 866:(in the economic sphere) and the 7096:, no. 133, (2005), p. 88+. 6831:Sked, Alan; Cook, Chris (1993). 6822:Sked, Alan; Cook, Chris (1979). 6271: 6242: 6127: 6073: 6060: 6047: 6030: 5934: 5921: 5908: 5881: 5868: 5851: 5838: 5811: 5784: 5771: 5758: 5731: 5714: 5701: 5568: 5555: 5546: 5537: 5524: 5515: 5502: 5489: 5476: 5463: 5450: 5437: 5424: 5411: 5398: 5385: 5376: 5352: 5339: 5327:from the original on 16 May 2018 5282: 5218:Spencer, Stephanie (July 2000). 5197: 5184: 5171: 5110: 5058:Spencer, Stephanie (July 2004). 5051: 4946: 4888:"Marriages in England and Wales" 4425:. Vintage Books. pp. 315–. 4139:"Britain's happiness in decline" 3970:Karp, Regina Cowen, ed. (1991). 3809:. Cambridge UP. pp. 143–45. 3479:"The History of Council Housing" 3023:Robertson, Alex J. (July 1989). 2850:from the original on 20 May 2019 2517:speech foresaw "Rivers of Blood" 2159:Starting in the late 1960s, the 1785:In the 1960s, moderate Unionist 1048: 726:Political history (1979–present) 404: 250: 215: 202: 50:guide to writing better articles 29: 8814:Contemporary history by country 8368:Countries of the United Kingdom 7468:Countries of the United Kingdom 7016:(2014), a major social history 5681:Faulk, Barry J. (23 May 2016). 4919: 4910: 4880: 4867: 4854: 4802: 4713: 4639:Mulholland, M. (7 April 2000). 4615: 4405:A Century of Change, 1837-today 4312: 4223: 4130: 4077: 4039:Journal of Contemporary History 3980: 3963: 3901: 3874: 3855: 3796: 3747:Contemporary England: 1914–1964 3727:Hutchison Beer, Samuel (1966). 3691: 3641: 3606: 3559: 3541:A short history of rent control 3539:Wilson, Wendy (30 March 2017). 3532: 3501: 3471: 3436: 3413: 3383: 3325: 3305:Tomlinson, Jim (20 June 2002). 3272: 3255: 3220: 3185: 3167:International Olympic Committee 3155: 3096: 3073: 3060: 3043: 3029:. Manchester University Press. 3003: 2978: 2950: 2931: 2900: 2874: 2211:History of education in England 1755:The distraction of imperialism. 1301:President of the Board of Trade 1144:conceived by liberal economist 936: 7463:Counties of the United Kingdom 7145:(Michael Joseph, 1985); 456 pp 6937:Never Again: Britain 1945–1951 6803:. Cambridge University Press. 6222:Calder, Angus (31 July 2012). 4461:The Labour Government, 1964–70 3976:. Oxford U.P. pp. 145–47. 3651:. Labour Party. Archived from 3311:. Cambridge University Press. 2940:Presidential Studies Quarterly 2832: 2802: 2756: 2714: 2676: 2648: 2592: 2439: 2261:elite system of public schools 2035:"Swinging London" fashions on 1879:Feminism in the United Kingdom 1749:Insufficient entrepreneurship. 1600:The number one purchase was a 978:As the war ended and American 802:1945 post-war general election 782:was one of the victors of the 1: 7175:British Historical Statistics 7170:; 762 pp of social statistics 7156: 7045:(2021), covers 1945 to 2020.. 6881:Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. 6797:Seldon, Anthony, ed. (2007). 6326:10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589 6107:Addison, Paul (31 May 2011). 5766:RAB: The Life of R. A. Butler 5594:10.1080/14780038.2015.1088265 5349:, (2009) 23#1 pp 79–100, 5017:10.1080/09612025.2015.1123029 4783:. In Smith, Harold L. (ed.). 3704:. A&C Black. p. 203. 2642: 2372:was ultimately dominant; the 1925:The Practical Home Handywoman 1682:, returned to England with a 1461: 1221:Lord President of the Council 843:laid the foundations for the 731:Social history (1979–present) 516: 503: 489: 476: 198: 8809:Contemporary British history 8235:Universal basic income (UBI) 7014:Modernity Britain: 1957-1962 6974:Austerity Britain, 1945–1951 6920:(2005) 264pp; by an academic 6690:. HarperCollins Publishers. 6314:Contemporary British History 5347:Contemporary British History 4556:Beckett, Andy (7 May 2009). 4375:Hill, Charles Peter (1985). 3883:Journal of Strategic Studies 3590:– via NDL Scholarship. 3423:(Bloomsbury Academic, 2019) 3206:10.1080/00438243.2012.669647 3009:Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, 2392:Cinema of the United Kingdom 2131: 2071:included the development of 2027:Sexuality in 1960s and 1970s 1743:Excessive trade union power. 1678:, after visiting prosperous 1131:National Executive Committee 1021: 699:Post-war Britain (political) 20:post-war Britain (1945–1979) 7: 8240:Water supply and sanitation 7939:Weapons of mass destruction 7924:His Majesty's Naval Service 7186:Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87 7036:A History of Modern Britain 6748:Morgan, Kenneth O. (1992). 6733:. Oxford University Press. 6727:Morgan, Kenneth O. (1985). 6493:Clapson, Mark, ed. (2009). 6478:. Oxford University Press. 6175:Gordon, Michael R. (1969). 5858:Reitan, Earl Aaron (2003). 5581:Cultural and Social History 5563:Cultural and Social History 5432:Youth in Britain since 1945 5076:10.1080/0046760042000221817 4927:Women in Britain since 1900 4862:Women in Britain since 1900 4137:Easton, Mark (2 May 2006). 2617: 2344:Sport in the United Kingdom 2257:secondary technical schools 2101:Sex Discrimination Act 1975 2093:women's liberation movement 1896:as a foundation of the new 1317: 1278:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1079:National Insurance Act 1946 882:policies, with support for 825:European Economic Community 312:Post-war period (political) 10: 8840: 8335:Stereotypes of the British 6800:Blair's Britain, 1997–2007 6730:Labour in Power, 1945-1951 6702:history of political ideas 6679:. Oxford University Press. 6499:. Routledge. pp. 2–. 6253:. In Loades, D. M. (ed.). 6068:Journal of British Studies 6043:. Oxford University Press. 5999:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 5687:. Routledge. pp. 5–. 5192:English Feminism 1780–1980 4809:Simonton, Deborah (2011). 4273:Van Vliet, Willem (1987). 3803:Hogan, Michael J. (1987). 3733:. Knopf. pp. 188–216. 3268:. Stanford UP. p. 33. 3050:Hughes, R. Gerald (2007). 2913:The Times Higher Education 2536: 2443: 2389: 2341: 2294: 2208: 1872: 1847: 1828:Social and cultural forces 1814:Ulster Defence Association 1778: 1731:Long term economic factors 1662: 1207:was also opposed, but the 1119: 1106: 1037:Morale was boosted by the 945: 878:parties largely agreed on 322:Modern history (political) 108:, a band originating from 17: 8750: 8651: 8552: 8500:First Minister and deputy 8465: 8378: 8374: 8361: 8357: 8258: 8098: 8089: 8047: 7964: 7955: 7914: 7855: 7724: 7720: 7711: 7573: 7501: 7453: 7449: 7440: 7373: 7285: 7276: 7213:10.1017/s0147547912000506 7038:(2009); covers 1945–2005. 6995:Family Britain, 1951-1957 6977:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 6940:. Penguin Books Limited. 6759:Osgerby, William (1998). 6364:. John Wiley & Sons. 6010:Babington, Bruce (2001). 5614:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 5395:(2010). pp 218–19, 342–43 5236:10.1080/00467600050044680 4645:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 4475:MacDowall, David (2000). 4408:. Betterway. p. 224. 4232:Journal of Modern History 4001:10.1017/S0018246X00014758 3895:10.1080/01402398208437111 3117:10.1017/S0018246X00014758 3026:The Bleak Midwinter, 1947 2780:10.1017/s0018246x0002433x 2638:, a 2013 documentary film 2385: 2360:Sport in Northern Ireland 2085:partial decriminalisation 1966:National Council of Women 1758:A feeble political class. 1746:Too much nationalisation. 1364:nuclear weapons programme 1185:road haulage and trucking 709:Post-war Britain (social) 635: 613: 599: 587: 575: 553: 411:United Kingdom portal 211: 201: 193: 142: 121: 98: 87: 82: 8128:Environmental inequality 6992:Kynaston, David (2009). 6971:Kynaston, David (2010). 6934:Hennessy, Peter (2006). 6861:Weight, Richard (2013). 6706:Marwick, Arthur (2011). 6631:Harrison, Brian (2011). 6609:Harrison, Brian (2009). 6433:. Taylor & Francis. 6037:Hansen, Randall (2000). 5832:10.1080/0046760860150104 5752:10.1080/0046760950240404 5635:Addison & Jones 2008 5310:10.1177/0143831x13480410 4622:Hennessy, Peter (2007). 4319:Hollow, Matthew (2011). 4300:Addison & Jones 2008 4197:. Taylor & Francis. 4051:10.1177/0022009412461816 3649:"Proud of the NHS at 60" 2337: 2305: 2253:secondary modern schools 1884:The occupation housewife 1855:it and moral behaviour. 1268:Labour narrowly won the 1236:and in fighting against 317:Post-war period (social) 7168:excerpt and text search 7082:excerpt and text search 6904:excerpt and text search 6817:excerpt and text search 6673:McKibbin, Ross (1998). 6512:excerpt and text search 6422:excerpt and text search 6398:excerpt and text search 5575:Tisdall, Laura (2015). 4458:Lapping, Brian (1970). 4402:Unstead, R. J. (1967). 3332:Thompson, Noel (2006). 2988:(2000) pp 44–48, 112–30 2161:counterculture movement 2053:Lady Chatterley's Lover 1971:1950s Britain moved to 1435:influence of Professor 1234:dialectical materialism 1150:National Health Service 1086:National Health Service 1071:National Health Service 377:History of the monarchy 327:Modern history (social) 8014:Science and technology 7231:69#3 (2016): 301–320. 6893:Popular social history 6662:(Manchester UP, 2000). 6451:Burnett, John (1986). 6403:Black, Jeremy (2004). 6379:Addison, Paul (2010). 6153:10.1377/hlthaff.4.1.41 6134:Klein, Rudolf (1985). 5996:British cinema history 5289:Conley, Hazel (2014). 5005:Women's History Review 4787:. Elgar. p. 158. 4672:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4628:. Penguin. p. 45. 3572:Journal of Legislation 2463: 2383: 2320:Independent Television 2170: 2143:was introduced in 1948 2108:ethno-religious groups 2073:the contraceptive pill 2067:Other elements of the 2040: 1956: 1840: 1721: 1643: 1630: 1488: 1386: 1152:under health minister 1069:, the founding of the 1062: 960: 7991:Free trade agreements 7050:London in the Sixties 6909:Booker, Christopher. 6070:48#3 (2009): 717–735. 5944:25#5 (2008): 615–647. 5846:Paedagogica historica 5499:69#2 (2004): 185–199. 5497:Labour History Review 4779:Pugh, Martin (1990). 4562:. Faber & Faber. 4419:Pugh, Martin (2011). 4087:. BBC. 20 July 1957. 3910:International Affairs 3566:Levine, B.N. (1983). 2597:In his classic work, 2563:intellectuals led by 2453: 2378: 2277:comprehensive schools 2165: 2034: 2016:1959 general election 1955:Women in London, 1947 1954: 1873:Further information: 1848:Further information: 1837:Petticoat Lane Market 1835: 1822:Good Friday Agreement 1761:A weak civil service. 1708: 1659:1970s economic crises 1638: 1625: 1483: 1448:October 1951 election 1384: 1270:1950 general election 1056: 955: 810:independence to India 795:Deputy Prime Minister 8340:World Heritage Sites 8133:Environmental issues 7837:Female party leaders 7478:Overseas territories 7152:(2009); by a scholar 7141:Whitehead, Phillip. 7138:(2013), by a scholar 7118:Sandbrook, Dominic. 7111:Sandbrook, Dominic. 7104:Sandbrook, Dominic. 7076:Sandbrook, Dominic. 6094:10.1093/tcbh/3.2.175 5983:, pp. 306, 316. 5820:History of Education 5740:History of Education 5565:9#3 (2012): 451–467. 5224:History of Education 5064:History of Education 4840:. Wheatsheaf Books. 4834:Lewis, Jane (1984). 4583:Sked & Cook 1979 3715:Sked & Cook 1979 3686:Sked & Cook 1979 3674:Sked & Cook 1979 3627:10.1093/tcbh/6.2.220 3367:. 29 December 2006. 3262:Barr, N. A. (1993). 2655:Oaten, Mark (2007). 2414:Richard Attenborough 2316:John Reith's mission 1697:Winter of Discontent 1669:Winter of Discontent 1439:'s 1944 best-seller 1286:prescription charges 1173:Cable & Wireless 1043:1948 Summer Olympics 1041:in 1947, and by the 7162:Halsey, A. H., ed. 6815:essays by scholars 5890:Political Quarterly 5848:34#1 (1998): 63–91. 5512:38#1 (2013): 67–87. 5456:Dominic Sandbrook, 4875:Speaking as a Woman 4722:Sociological Review 4279:. Greenwood Press. 3823:(26 January 2017). 3750:. D. McKay Company. 3169:. 31 January 2017. 2957:Das, Dilip (2004). 2565:John Maynard Keynes 2330:Manchester Guardian 2237:secondary education 1725:1970s energy crisis 1581:ribbon developments 1391:Festival of Britain 1370:Return of Churchill 1261:Militant socialist 1209:Parliament Act 1949 892:Deindustrialisation 829:Republic of Ireland 471:Prehistoric Britain 8034:Telecommunications 7986:Economic geography 7842:Political scandals 7473:Crown Dependencies 7184:Wybrow, Robert J. 7072:Anatomy of Britain 7064:Anatomy of Britain 7062:Sampson, Anthony. 7055:Montgomery, John. 6651:Hastings, Adrian. 6409:. Reaktion Books. 6057:(2013) pp 225–244. 5781:(1975). pp 237–38. 5543:Sandbrook, 442–48. 5521:Sandbrook, 409–11. 5510:The London Journal 5369:2017-01-18 at the 4873:Phyllis Whiteman, 3989:Historical Journal 3776:(6 October 2011). 3430:2020-01-15 at the 3401:on 14 October 2018 3105:Historical Journal 3000:, pp. 269–77. 2984:Rhiannon Vickers, 2768:Historical Journal 2545:post-war consensus 2539:Post-war consensus 2533:Post-war consensus 2464: 2406:Emeric Pressburger 2266:Post-war consensus 2221:Education Act 1944 2205:Educational reform 2183:The Rolling Stones 2097:Equal Pay Act 1970 2041: 2020:Equal Pay Act 1970 1957: 1947:Shifting attitudes 1841: 1452:post war consensus 1416:Industrial Charter 1387: 1340:Treaty of Brussels 1063: 1059:National Insurance 999:from the American 961: 931:The Rolling Stones 872:post-war consensus 8786: 8785: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8353: 8352: 8085: 8084: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7832:Political parties 7756:Foreign relations 7707: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7436: 7435: 7413:Mass surveillance 7391:Foreign relations 7324:Second World War 7134:Weight, Richard. 7127:Turner, Alwyn W. 7048:Metzger, Rainer. 7012:Kynaston, David. 7005:978-1-4088-0349-3 6998:. A&C Black. 6984:978-0-8027-7958-8 6954:Hennessy, Peter. 6947:978-0-14-192932-3 6874:978-1-4472-0755-9 6867:. Pan Macmillan. 6853:978-0-304-34794-0 6810:978-1-139-46898-5 6793:(Oxford UP, 2010) 6772:978-0-631-19477-4 6740:978-0-19-285150-5 6719:978-1-4482-0542-4 6712:. A&C Black. 6697:978-0-00-819193-1 6658:Hilton, Matthew. 6644:978-0-19-254399-8 6622:978-0-19-160678-6 6580:978-0-224-06388-3 6573:. Jonathan Cape. 6558:978-1-4438-1838-4 6541:(Blackwell, 1994) 6530:978-1-317-87995-4 6506:978-1-134-47695-4 6485:978-0-19-967783-2 6464:978-0-416-36770-6 6440:978-1-351-95917-9 6416:978-1-86189-201-0 6392:978-0-19-102984-4 6371:978-1-4051-4140-6 6291:978-1-4482-0542-4 6284:. A&C Black. 6264:978-1-57958-242-5 6235:978-1-4481-0310-2 6188:978-0-8047-0686-5 6120:978-1-4464-2421-6 6023:978-0-7190-5841-7 5967:978-1-78131-001-4 5768:(1987). pp 118–22 5694:978-1-317-17152-2 5667:978-0-06-184252-8 5660:. HarperCollins. 5621:978-1-349-20217-1 5460:(2005) pp 429–32. 5447:(2009) pp 260–63, 5404:Melanie Tebbutt, 5130:978-0-8077-5396-5 4966:978-1-135-89426-9 4847:978-0-7108-0186-9 4820:978-0-415-21308-0 4794:978-1-85278-096-8 4706:978-0-230-80072-4 4679:978-1-137-05424-1 4652:978-0-333-97786-6 4608:978-0-521-26708-3 4569:978-0-571-25226-8 4542:978-1-84513-851-6 4491:Anthony Sampson, 4432:978-0-09-952078-8 4388:978-0-7131-7382-6 4361:978-0-349-14127-5 4286:978-0-313-25409-3 4204:978-1-351-95917-9 4177:978-1-134-89226-6 4123:978-1-292-06484-0 3956:978-0-307-27028-3 3836:978-1-4742-4347-6 3789:978-0-571-28085-8 3717:, pp. 31–34. 3419:Catherine Flinn, 3318:978-0-521-89259-9 3194:World Archaeology 3036:978-0-7190-2347-7 2635:The Spirit of '45 2569:William Beveridge 2549:Margaret Thatcher 2352:Sport in Scotland 2245:Tripartite System 2233:primary education 2141:military service— 2121:The Female Eunuch 2069:sexual revolution 1977:Edith Summerskill 1932:Marguerite Patten 1921:women's magazines 1913:family allowances 1862:Kenneth O. Morgan 1739:, these include: 1632:Labour historian 1597:consumer spending 1539: 1538: 1403:Dome of Discovery 1395:Kenneth O. Morgan 1256:Labour weaknesses 1146:William Beveridge 1135:party conferences 1027:Wartime rationing 868:Atlantic Alliance 793:, led by wartime 776: 775: 717: 716: 498:Sub-Roman Britain 445: 444: 362:Mass surveillance 227: 226: 223: 222: 170:Alec Douglas-Home 150:Winston Churchill 78: 77: 70: 44:used on Knowledge 42:encyclopedic tone 8831: 8766: 8759: 8467:Northern Ireland 8376: 8375: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8096: 8095: 8009: 7962: 7961: 7820:House of Commons 7788:Local government 7722: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7628:Renewable energy 7613:hydroelectricity 7451: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7283: 7282: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7239: 7238: 7229:Études anglaises 7224: 7009: 6988: 6963:Hopkins, Harry. 6951: 6916:Donnelly, Mark. 6878: 6857: 6836: 6827: 6814: 6779:Polley, Martin. 6776: 6762:Youth in Britain 6755: 6744: 6723: 6701: 6680: 6665:Leventhal, F.M. 6648: 6626: 6584: 6562: 6534: 6510: 6489: 6468: 6444: 6420: 6396: 6375: 6346: 6345: 6305: 6296: 6295: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6228:. 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Finally came 1161:Bank of England 1124: 1118: 1116:Nationalisation 1109: 1094:council housing 1090:cradle to grave 1075:nationalisation 1057:A British 1948 1051: 1024: 950: 944: 939: 827:along with the 772: 736: 735: 722: 669:First World War 464: 455:English history 441: 405: 403: 398: 397: 396: 382:Women's history 357:Law enforcement 341: 333: 332: 331: 302:Interwar period 297:First World War 275:Napoleonic Wars 270:Georgian period 264: 238: 197: 189: 185:James Callaghan 138: 117: 74: 63: 57: 54: 47: 38:This article's 34: 30: 23: 12: 11: 5: 8837: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8768: 8767: 8760: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8695: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8686:First Minister 8683: 8678: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8594:First Minister 8591: 8586: 8576: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8558: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8509: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8482: 8477: 8471: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8384: 8382: 8372: 8371: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8077:Rail transport 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8016: 8011: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7899:Prime Minister 7896: 7895: 7894: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7861: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7847:Shadow Cabinet 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7825:House of Lords 7822: 7812: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7758: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7725: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7585: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7455:Administrative 7444: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7291: 7289: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7271: articles 7269:United Kingdom 7265: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7225: 7194: 7193:Historiography 7191: 7190: 7189: 7182: 7171: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148:Wilson, A. N. 7146: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7122:(2013), 990 pp 7116: 7115:(2011); 730 pp 7109: 7108:(2 vols. 2007) 7102: 7101: 7100: 7084:; 920pp; also 7080:(2006) 928pp; 7074: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7041:Marr, Andrew. 7039: 7034:Marr, Andrew. 7032: 7025:Levin, Bernard 7022: 7021: 7020: 7010: 7004: 6983: 6968: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6946: 6931: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6879: 6873: 6858: 6852: 6837: 6828: 6819: 6809: 6794: 6787: 6777: 6771: 6756: 6745: 6739: 6724: 6718: 6703: 6696: 6681: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6643: 6637:. OUP Oxford. 6628: 6621: 6615:. OUP Oxford. 6606: 6596:Gregg, Pauline 6593: 6586: 6579: 6564: 6557: 6542: 6537:Davie, Grace. 6535: 6529: 6514: 6505: 6490: 6484: 6469: 6463: 6448: 6439: 6424: 6415: 6400: 6391: 6376: 6370: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6320:(2): 284–313. 6297: 6290: 6270: 6263: 6241: 6234: 6214: 6194: 6187: 6167: 6140:Health Affairs 6126: 6119: 6099: 6088:(2): 175–190. 6072: 6059: 6046: 6029: 6022: 6002: 5985: 5973: 5966: 5946: 5933: 5920: 5914:Stephen Koss, 5907: 5880: 5874:Simon Potter, 5867: 5850: 5837: 5810: 5783: 5777:Paul Addison, 5770: 5757: 5746:(4): 319–335. 5730: 5713: 5700: 5693: 5673: 5666: 5646: 5637:, p. 132. 5627: 5620: 5600: 5587:(4): 489–507. 5567: 5554: 5545: 5536: 5523: 5514: 5501: 5488: 5475: 5473:(1961) pp 4–5. 5462: 5449: 5436: 5430:Bill Osgerby, 5423: 5417:David Fowler, 5410: 5397: 5391:Paul Addison, 5384: 5375: 5351: 5338: 5304:(2): 309–323. 5281: 5279:, p. 233. 5269: 5230:(4): 329–342. 5205: 5196: 5183: 5181:, (2000) p 284 5170: 5129: 5109: 5070:(4): 437–449. 5050: 5011:(1): 147–162. 4984: 4965: 4945: 4931: 4918: 4909: 4892:www.ons.gov.uk 4879: 4866: 4853: 4846: 4826: 4819: 4801: 4793: 4771: 4769:, p. 299. 4759: 4747: 4712: 4705: 4685: 4678: 4658: 4651: 4631: 4614: 4607: 4587: 4585:, p. 324. 4575: 4568: 4548: 4541: 4521: 4509: 4507:, p. 305. 4497: 4484: 4467: 4450: 4448:, p. 302. 4438: 4431: 4411: 4394: 4387: 4367: 4360: 4340: 4311: 4292: 4285: 4265: 4252:10.1086/499831 4244:10.1086/499831 4238:(4): 956–987. 4222: 4210: 4203: 4183: 4176: 4156: 4129: 4122: 4102: 4076: 4074:, p. 114. 4064: 4026: 4024:, p. 110. 4014: 3979: 3962: 3955: 3935: 3900: 3889:(2): 236–247. 3873: 3854: 3842: 3835: 3812: 3795: 3788: 3765: 3763:, p. 284. 3753: 3736: 3719: 3707: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3640: 3621:(2): 220–243. 3605: 3593: 3558: 3531: 3500: 3470: 3435: 3412: 3382: 3365:news.bbc.co.uk 3349: 3343:978-0415328814 3342: 3324: 3317: 3297: 3271: 3254: 3219: 3200:(2): 306–325. 3184: 3154: 3138: 3111:(1): 173–197. 3095: 3072: 3059: 3042: 3035: 3015: 3002: 2990: 2977: 2968:978-1349514335 2967: 2949: 2930: 2899: 2873: 2861: 2844:news.bbc.co.uk 2831: 2801: 2774:(2): 399–414. 2764:Pelling, Henry 2755: 2743: 2713: 2701: 2675: 2666:978-1905641284 2665: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2603:Arthur Marwick 2594: 2591: 2582:Ralph Miliband 2537:Main article: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2528:Historiography 2526: 2522:Shadow cabinet 2507:Irish Catholic 2468:British Empire 2456:National Front 2444:Main article: 2441: 2438: 2402:Michael Powell 2390:Main article: 2387: 2384: 2356:Sport in Wales 2339: 2336: 2307: 2304: 2295:Main article: 2292: 2289: 2206: 2203: 2133: 2130: 2116:Germaine Greer 2048:D. 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Lawrence 2037:Carnaby Street 2028: 2025: 1948: 1945: 1894:nuclear family 1885: 1882: 1870: 1867: 1857:Peter Hennessy 1845: 1844:Secularisation 1842: 1829: 1826: 1812:(IRA) and the 1779:Main article: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1737:Peter Hennessy 1732: 1729: 1688: 1687: 1665:Three-Day Week 1660: 1657: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1507:Pre–Golden Age 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1463: 1460: 1411: 1410: 1405:, gaze at the 1376:food rationing 1371: 1368: 1358:) and Ceylon ( 1352:British Empire 1332:Dunkirk Treaty 1319: 1316: 1307:David Kynaston 1282:Hugh Gaitskell 1257: 1254: 1246:trade unionism 1205:House of Lords 1197:iron and steel 1165:civil aviation 1127:Martin Francis 1117: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1096:for the poor. 1050: 1047: 1023: 1020: 965:Clement Attlee 957:Clement Attlee 946:Main article: 943: 940: 938: 935: 837:British Empire 798:Clement Attlee 780:United Kingdom 774: 773: 771: 770: 763: 756: 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Routledge. 6522: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6446:online review 6442: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6401: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6385:. Oxford UP. 6384: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6274: 6266: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6218: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6198: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6056: 6050: 6042: 6041: 6033: 6025: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5997: 5989: 5982: 5981:Hennessy 2006 5977: 5969: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5950: 5943: 5937: 5931:, p. 386 5930: 5929:Harrison 2011 5924: 5917: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5878:(2012) ch 5–7 5877: 5871: 5864:. p. 14. 5863: 5862: 5854: 5847: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5774: 5767: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5726: 5725: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5650: 5642: 5636: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5604: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5549: 5540: 5533: 5527: 5518: 5511: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5485: 5479: 5472: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5379: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5364:online review 5361: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5277:Harrison 2009 5273: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5200: 5194:(1997) p. 223 5193: 5187: 5180: 5177:Martin Pugh, 5174: 5166: 5160: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4959:. Routledge. 4958: 4957: 4949: 4941: 4935: 4928: 4922: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4863: 4857: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4755:Hennessy 2006 4751: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4728:(2): 153–68. 4727: 4723: 4716: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4635: 4627: 4626: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4525: 4518: 4517:Harrison 2011 4513: 4506: 4505:Harrison 2011 4501: 4494: 4488: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4462: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4415: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4390: 4384: 4381:. E. Arnold. 4380: 4379: 4371: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4315: 4307: 4301: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4218:Kynaston 2009 4214: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4187: 4179: 4173: 4170:. 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Unstead 1618: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:Holiday camps 1550: 1548: 1543: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1297:Harold Wilson 1294: 1291: 1287: 1284:, introduced 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1263:Aneurin Bevan 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:Marshall Plan 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1154:Aneurin Bevan 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:welfare state 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1113: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:welfare state 1060: 1055: 1049:Welfare state 1046: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1001:Marshall Plan 997: 991: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 973:Henry Pelling 968: 966: 958: 954: 949: 934: 932: 928: 924: 923:death penalty 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 888:North Sea oil 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 845:multicultural 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 769: 764: 762: 757: 755: 750: 749: 747: 746: 743: 740: 739: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 721: 712: 710: 707: 706: 702: 700: 697: 696: 692: 690: 687: 686: 682: 680: 677: 676: 672: 670: 667: 666: 662: 660: 659:Edwardian era 657: 656: 652: 650: 649:Victorian era 647: 646: 643: 640: 638: 634: 630: 628: 625: 624: 621: 618: 616: 612: 609: 606: 603: 598: 595: 592: 590: 586: 583: 580: 578: 574: 570: 568: 565: 564: 561: 558: 556: 552: 548: 546: 543: 542: 538: 536: 533: 532: 528: 526: 523: 522: 515: 513: 510: 509: 501: 499: 496: 495: 488: 486: 485:Roman Britain 483: 482: 474: 472: 469: 468: 460: 459: 456: 452: 449: 448: 438: 433: 431: 426: 424: 419: 418: 416: 415: 412: 402: 401: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 337: 336: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 271: 268: 267: 263: 258: 257: 253: 249: 248: 245: 242: 241: 236: 231: 230: 218: 214: 209: 205: 200: 196: 192: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 175:Harold Wilson 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 145: 141: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 115: 111: 107: 102: 97: 94: 90: 86: 81: 72: 69: 61: 51: 45: 43: 36: 27: 26: 21: 16: 8628:Homelessness 8442:Homelessness 8225:Social class 8205:Prostitution 8148:Homelessness 7929:British Army 7761:Human rights 7749:By-elections 7729:Constitution 7300:Georgian era 7228: 7204: 7200: 7185: 7178: 7174: 7163: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7093: 7077: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7013: 6994: 6973: 6964: 6955: 6936: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6899: 6882: 6863: 6842: 6832: 6823: 6799: 6790: 6780: 6761: 6754:. Oxford UP. 6750: 6729: 6708: 6686: 6675: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6633: 6611: 6599: 6592:(1994) 608pp 6589: 6569: 6547: 6538: 6519: 6495: 6474: 6453: 6429: 6405: 6381: 6360: 6317: 6313: 6280: 6273: 6254: 6244: 6224: 6217: 6207: 6197: 6177: 6170: 6146:(1): 41–58. 6143: 6139: 6129: 6109: 6102: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6067: 6062: 6054: 6049: 6039: 6032: 6012: 6005: 5995: 5988: 5976: 5956: 5949: 5941: 5936: 5923: 5915: 5910: 5896:(1): 11–19. 5893: 5889: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5840: 5826:(1): 31–43. 5823: 5819: 5813: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5778: 5773: 5765: 5760: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5723: 5716: 5708: 5703: 5683: 5676: 5656: 5649: 5630: 5610: 5603: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5562: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5531: 5526: 5517: 5509: 5504: 5496: 5491: 5483: 5478: 5470: 5465: 5457: 5452: 5444: 5439: 5431: 5426: 5418: 5413: 5405: 5400: 5392: 5387: 5378: 5359: 5358:Frank Mort, 5354: 5346: 5341: 5329:. Retrieved 5301: 5297: 5284: 5272: 5260:. Retrieved 5227: 5223: 5199: 5191: 5186: 5178: 5173: 5147:. Retrieved 5123:. New York. 5119: 5112: 5100:. Retrieved 5067: 5063: 5053: 5041:. Retrieved 5008: 5004: 4975:. Retrieved 4955: 4948: 4939: 4934: 4926: 4921: 4912: 4900:. Retrieved 4891: 4882: 4874: 4869: 4864:(1999) p 131 4861: 4860:Sue Bruley, 4856: 4836: 4829: 4810: 4804: 4784: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4699:. Springer. 4695: 4688: 4668: 4661: 4641: 4634: 4624: 4617: 4597: 4590: 4578: 4558: 4551: 4531: 4524: 4512: 4500: 4492: 4487: 4477: 4470: 4460: 4453: 4446:Burnett 1986 4441: 4421: 4414: 4404: 4397: 4377: 4370: 4350: 4343: 4331:. Retrieved 4321: 4314: 4295: 4275: 4268: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4213: 4193: 4186: 4166: 4159: 4147:. Retrieved 4132: 4112: 4105: 4093:. Retrieved 4079: 4067: 4042: 4038: 4017: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3972: 3965: 3945: 3938: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3852:, Chapter 4. 3845: 3825: 3821:Pugh, Martin 3815: 3805: 3798: 3778: 3768: 3756: 3746: 3739: 3729: 3722: 3710: 3700: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657:. Retrieved 3653:the original 3643: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3601:Burnett 1986 3596: 3584:. Retrieved 3575: 3571: 3561: 3549:. Retrieved 3534: 3522:. Retrieved 3513: 3503: 3491:. Retrieved 3482: 3473: 3461:. Retrieved 3448: 3438: 3420: 3415: 3403:. Retrieved 3399:the original 3395:BBC Bitesize 3385: 3373:. Retrieved 3364: 3333: 3327: 3307: 3300: 3288:. Retrieved 3274: 3264: 3257: 3245:. Retrieved 3239:(3/4): 42+. 3236: 3232: 3222: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3175:. Retrieved 3166: 3157: 3141: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3081: 3075: 3067: 3062: 3052: 3045: 3025: 3018: 3010: 3005: 2993: 2985: 2980: 2972: 2958: 2952: 2946:(3): 489–96. 2943: 2939: 2933: 2921:. Retrieved 2912: 2902: 2890:. Retrieved 2876: 2864: 2852:. Retrieved 2843: 2834: 2822:. Retrieved 2813: 2804: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2753:, Chapter 1. 2746: 2734:. Retrieved 2725: 2716: 2704: 2692:. Retrieved 2678: 2670: 2656: 2650: 2633: 2598: 2596: 2586:Angus Calder 2578: 2557:Paul Addison 2554: 2544: 2542: 2513:Enoch Powell 2511: 2504: 2492:South Africa 2465: 2434:Ben Kingsley 2426:Sean Connery 2418:Maggie Smith 2395: 2379: 2373: 2363: 2328: 2324:Stephen Koss 2309: 2300: 2270: 2225:Conservative 2218: 2199: 2191:Led Zeppelin 2171: 2166: 2158: 2153:Moral panics 2151: 2147: 2135: 2126:Paul Addison 2119: 2112: 2105: 2066: 2062:a court case 2051: 2045: 2042: 2013: 2009: 1986: 1970: 1958: 1936: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1887: 1853: 1784: 1781:The Troubles 1734: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1672: 1652:West Germany 1648: 1644: 1639: 1631: 1626: 1609: 1606: 1593: 1589:urbanisation 1569:chain stores 1566: 1562:Elizabeth II 1551: 1544: 1540: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1465: 1445: 1440: 1425:Lord Woolton 1414: 1412: 1388: 1373: 1349: 1328:Ernest Bevin 1325: 1321: 1305: 1267: 1259: 1214: 1201: 1175:. Then came 1158: 1139: 1125: 1110: 1098: 1089: 1083: 1064: 1036: 1025: 1010: 992: 977: 969: 962: 937:Post-war era 900: 884:trade unions 876:Conservative 864:Commonwealth 853: 841:Commonwealth 822: 808:and granted 791:Labour Party 788: 777: 719: 708: 641: 627:Georgian era 619: 607: 593: 581: 559: 372:LGBT history 194: 180:Edward Heath 160:Anthony Eden 134:Elizabeth II 91: – 64: 55: 39: 15: 8715:Health care 8623:Health care 8529:Health care 8437:Health care 8345:Anglosphere 8220:Social care 8175:Immigration 8118:Drug policy 7882:Departments 7810:Nationality 7583:Agriculture 7516:terminology 7483:City status 7354:Since 1979 7207:: 174–186. 7068:online free 7057:The Fifties 6846:. Cassell. 6457:. 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Longman. 4333:1 November 2814:vads.ac.uk 2643:References 2612:voting age 2480:Bangladesh 2460:Brick Lane 2410:Carol Reed 2398:David Lean 2381:1947–1949. 2229:Rab Butler 2195:Pink Floyd 2077:Mary Quant 1663:See also: 1585:green belt 1577:congestion 1518:Golden Age 1499:Date range 1472:superpower 1462:Golden Age 1421:Rab Butler 1274:Korean War 1238:capitalism 1120:See also: 980:Lend Lease 896:South East 860:superpower 800:, won the 631:1714–1837 571:1603–1714 549:1485–1603 352:Labour law 213:Modern Era 195:Chronology 122:Monarch(s) 93:3 May 1979 89:8 May 1945 58:April 2023 8710:Education 8666:Geography 8618:Education 8574:Geography 8524:Education 8495:Executive 8480:Geography 8432:Education 8405:Geography 8185:Languages 8123:Education 8049:Transport 7887:Ministers 7773:Judiciary 7744:Elections 7684:Wildlife 7593:biodiesel 7575:Resources 7565:Volcanoes 7555:Mountains 7540:Coastline 7442:Geography 7396:1814–1919 7358:political 7343:political 7295:Formation 7221:144856938 6765:. 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