124:
630:. Conditions at the mine deteriorated, with production falling by more than half over five years. An employee estimated only 30% of gem quality stones reached the end of the production line, due to theft. Due to the lack of involvement from the central government, by the 1990s MIBA maintained much of the infrastructure in the city of Mbuji Mayi, including water, electricity, roads, schools and hospitals.
554:. In that year, the company produced just 1.4 million karats of diamonds, almost all of them industrial diamonds. By contrast, between 4 million and 6 million karats of diamonds were produced by diamond smugglers who had previously been tightly controlled by the Belgian colonial administrators, to the benefit of the company's Belgian management.
604:(Sozacom) would be taking over international marketing of the country's diamond production, ending the arrangement with Britmond. However, marketing arrangements through De Beers were reëstablished in early 1983. Sozacom was dissolved in 1984, due to its tendency to divert receipts from the Zaïre treasury.
749:
provided MIBA $ 15 million in financing in exchange for the right to purchase 88% of MIBA's diamond production. While the offtake agreement was initially signed in secret, the arrangement ended up being publicized three months later during a dispute between the
Congolese minister of mines and his
549:
Independence from
Belgium did not necessarily slow the extraction of diamonds, but it did seriously affect MIBA's dominance of the region's diamond trade. In 1959, the year before Congolese independence, MIBA reportedly produced 14.1 million karats of diamonds, and in 1961 set a record production
703:, to work in security for the company. Morgan claimed to find irregularities in the company, including that at least five MIBA officials were engaging in stealing high value stones, and appealed to president Kabila to intervene. Morgan then left the country after receiving death threats.
162:
that were the original source of the
Bakwanga diamonds. Nine of the ten pipes in the Mbuji Mayi cluster were located within the "Polygon" mining license owned by Bécéka (later MIBA). In 1956, MIBA also discovered the Tshibwe cluster of kimberlite pipes, and mined these for a while.
166:
In the 1950s, it was estimated that the city, then known as
Bakwanga, and its surrounding area had the world's most important deposit of diamonds, with at least 300 million karats. While about 95% of the diamonds found near Bakwanga were relatively low value
828:
According to the
Congolese Ministry of Mines, MIBA is one of only two industrial diamond mining companies in the DRC in 2023. However, the vast majority of diamond production in the country is attributed to
147:. The Société minière du Bécéka (Mibeka) was then founded in 1919, with the specific purpose of exploiting the mineral riches in the area of Mbuji-Mayi. A controlling stake in the company was held by
100:. Historically, the company was the largest diamond producer in the world by volume. However, following decades of decline, the company currently produces only a small minority of the DRC's diamonds.
684:, controlled by Omani businessman Thamer Bin Said Ahmed Al-Shanfari, 35% for COMEX Congo, and 16% for MIBA. However, no buyout actually occurred, and the ultimate beneficiary of Oryx's stake was the
2844:
817:
In 2020, the government of the DRC voted to remove MIBA's governing board and restructure the company, after a May 2020 audit found significant irregularities. In August 2020, at the behest of the
546:
when the DRC established its independence from
Belgium. Mibeka transferred all of its exploitation rights and Congolese assets to MIBA while relocating all of its Belgian assets to Belgium.
550:
rate with 18 million karats of diamonds. But by 1963, the numbers had fallen dramatically in the wake of years of turmoil, including an attempt to establish the region as the independent
1429:
1208:
1511:
803:
In
October 2008, the MIBA employees went on strike several times for not being paid for more than 20 months. Production was suspended between November 2008 and March 2011.
1984:"Final report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S/2002/1146)"
643:
1634:
2132:
2813:
2788:
2714:
2763:
564:
Despite the smuggling and regional turmoil, the company was extremely dominant in the world's diamond trade. In 1963, MIBA produced 80 percent of the world's
2687:
722:
568:
and 57 percent of all diamonds. However, from 1961 to 1967 nearly all of the production was exported illegally through neighboring countries, such as the
144:
51:
1536:
2603:
2575:
2547:
2522:
2497:
1983:
2032:
2157:
787:
In 2007, diamond exports fell by 80%. There was significant insecurity at the mine, with an engineer responsible for running a new $ 10 million
2472:
2422:
2397:
2372:
2344:
1081:
653:
In
February 2000, the Tshibwe cluster, an 800 square kilometer diamond mining area just south of Mbuji-Mayi in the which contained MIBA's best
2218:
1133:
658:
650:
had a monopoly on marketing all the production from MIBA, allowing other buyers to purchase some of MIBA's production at monthly auctions.
2082:
1090:(Enerka) which operates the Tshiala hydroelectric power station to power mining activities, and also provides power to the nearby city of
715:
1178:
580:
In the 1960s, Mobutu looked into ways to sell Zaïre's industrial diamonds. He entered agreements with the
Belgian-American businessman,
2108:
811:
1848:
Nest, Michael (2001-07-01). "Ambitions, Profits and Loss: Zimbabwean
Economic Involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo".
2244:
2294:
148:
2318:
1267:
733:
reported that dozens of people were being shot every year on the MIBA concession. In response to the UN report, DRC president
1705:
1313:
696:
to help finance Zimbabwe's military interventions in the DRC. MIBA took back control of the Sengamines area in August 2005.
1296:
de Wit, Michiel C. J.; Jelsma, Hielke A. (2014-12-16). "A Review of the Kimberlites of the Democratic Republic of Congo".
1454:
111:
Province in south central DRC. Approximately 80% of MIBA's stock is owned by the Congolese government, with 20% owned by
2181:
592:
to import the DRC's diamonds to London. Starting in 1967, exclusive purchasing rights for Zaïre's diamonds was given to
1413:
Gilroy, Harry (2 March 1963). "Belgians Explain Kasai Operations: Diamond Miners Held Ready to Account to Congolese".
2789:"RDC : Félix Tshisekedi recommende au gouvernement d'attribuer une partie de la concession de la MIBA à la SNEL"
1608:
97:
1799:
1753:
1209:"MIBA's Appalling collapse in diamond production, from 10 million carats in 1990 to around 40,000 carats in 2020"
726:
2058:
1824:
669:
2631:
1239:
765:
who recommended the contract be renegotiated. The offtake agreement with Emaxon expired at the end of 2007.
584:, and together they held significant interests in MIBA. Tempelsman helped Mobutu set up a relationship with
608:
600:
Central Selling Organization (CSO). However, in April 1981, Mobutu announced that the Zaïre's state-owned
2814:"Kasaï-Oriental : le député Ntumba Tshiabola plaide pour la construction de la centrale de Tshala 2"
2659:
1543:
623:
551:
1337:
611:
as chief executive officer of MIBA. He remained in the position for more than ten years, up through the
1395:. Mineral Trade Notes: Special Supplement. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. p. 18
2849:
795:
trespassed onto the mining site every day, and employees had not been paid for more than four months.
1115:
1959:
542:
In 1962, Mibeka created the Societé Minière de Bakwanga (MIBA) as a subsidiary. This was during the
1366:
2033:"DRC: President suspends officials named in UN pillage report - Democratic Republic of the Congo"
685:
179:
2008:"Democratic Republic of Congo: Making a killing: The diamond trade in government-controlled DRC"
1908:
1537:"Zaïre - Staff Report for the 1983 Article IV Consultation and Request for Stand-By Arrangement"
1390:
618:
In 1994, the economy of Mbuji-Mayi was increasingly disconnected from the central government of
1482:
20:
1695:
2447:
2268:
730:
2715:"Kasaï-Oriental : le barrage hydro électrique de Tshiala en arrêt depuis deux semaines"
627:
762:
557:
The company's profits were also commandeered by the South Kasai government of rebel leader
2007:
8:
2854:
1143:
As of 2022, only two of the turbines were still working, at a capacity of 3.2 megawatts.
781:
565:
182:. When it reopened on January 1, 1961, Bécéka took over management of the Bakwanga mine.
155:
was responsible for management of the Bakwanga mine, though Bécéka maintained ownership.
112:
56:
1129:
818:
1659:
1584:
788:
581:
1480:
1865:
1701:
1576:
1309:
714:, an exclusive 18 month monopoly on exports from the country. However, following the
589:
569:
2764:"Kasaï-Oriental : la Miba résilie son contrat avec la société Hydroforce Congo"
1728:
1857:
1301:
830:
792:
619:
140:
1884:
1305:
639:
612:
159:
2193:
1861:
761:
This deal was criticized by a 2005 Congolese parliamentary commission headed by
1933:
693:
680:
claimed it had sold off equity in the company, 49% to the Cayman Islands-based
673:
558:
108:
2740:
706:
In July 2000, the DRC government announced a ban on diamond exports, granting
2838:
1869:
1580:
1158:
1152:
734:
663:
136:
2688:"DRC suspends board of state-owned diamond firm Miba on governance concerns"
152:
850:
700:
543:
537:
195:
175:
822:
729:
report describing pillaging of the DRC's resources. Also in October 2002,
123:
2660:"2017-2018 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kishasa) [Advanced Release]"
1132:
recommended the plant be transferred to the national electricity company
751:
711:
1588:
1700:. Africa South of the Sahara. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 259.
1564:
1114:
expansion of the plant was finalized after a $ 5 million contract with
1091:
654:
143:
in December 1918 by George Young, a Scottish geologist employed by the
128:
104:
806:
Since 2013, MIBA has handed over management of the Tshibwe cluster to
1272:. London: Review of the Foreign Press. November 12, 1919. p. 396
692:(OSLEG). Rather than a commercial sale, the transfer was a means for
2741:"Off-Grid Solar Market Assessment: Democratic Republic of the Congo"
1300:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 361–369.
1095:
647:
597:
585:
1903:
1901:
1179:"DR Congo diamond mining giant struggles to revive its glory days"
750:
deputy; the previously unclear owner of Emaxon was revealed to be
2269:"Congo suspends board and management of state diamond miner MIBA"
1778:
1481:
United States. Bureau of Mines; Geological Survey (U.S.) (1981).
1094:. The plant was previously installed with twelve turbines and 18
769:
699:
In 2000, MIBA hired a British-South African security consultant,
93:
87:
2845:
Diamond mining companies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2109:"DRC: Dan Gertler, the inevitable rise of Kabila's businessman"
1898:
90:
1455:"FRONTLINE: previous reports: transcripts: the diamond empire"
1388:
1364:
2219:"Mbuji-Mayi : une marche des agents de la Miba étouffée"
1729:"Rebels to End DeBeers Contract To Only Buy Zaire's Diamonds"
2158:"Diamants: la Sibeka revend ses actions et surprend la Miba"
1125:
which had managed the hydropower plant for over four years.
561:. In 1961, those profits were estimated to be $ 12 million.
1776:
168:
2295:"DRC: State-owned diamond company, MIBA, hopes to rebound"
2319:"DRC's MIBA produces 16.6K carats of diamonds in Q1 2023"
2245:"DRC: towards a relaunch of MIBA with government support"
1885:"Congo-Kinshasa: DRC Takes Over Controversial Sengamines"
1575:(10). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 188–190.
725:
was among those named in an October 2002 report from the
644:
Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo
657:
deposits was transferred from MIBA to the joint venture
171:, the grade was very high and relatively cheap to mine.
118:
1534:
68:
2632:"The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa), 2016 (PDF)"
1269:
Economic Review: Review of the Foreign Press, Volume 1
810:(SACIM), a joint venture between MIBA and the Chinese
668:. After a failed bid to float the Oryx company on the
1430:"U.S. Businessman Plays a Key Role As Aide to Mobutu"
2133:"Congo state diamond miner to hold April 28 auction"
1693:
1660:"No sympathy for Mobutu in Zaire's diamond capital"
1657:
791:, and a security guard both murdered. About 10,000
602:Société Zaïroise de Commercialisation des Minérais
145:Compagnie du chemin de fer du bas-Congo au Katanga
52:Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2345:"The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa) - 1998"
1298:Geology and Resource Potential of the Congo Basin
798:
19:For Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash (MIBA), see
2836:
2083:"Israeli group in $ 15m deal with DRC gem miner"
1240:"A History of Diamond Sources in Africa: Part I"
1157:MIBA formerly operated a cargo airline known as
1121:In 2012, MIBA ended a contract with the company
808:Societé Anhui-Congo d’Investissement Minier Sprl
2653:
2651:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2597:
2595:
2569:
2567:
2398:"The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa) 2001"
2373:"The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa)-2000"
2366:
2364:
2059:"Montreal company named in U.S. sanctions list"
1882:
1856:(400). Oxford University Press (OUP): 469–490.
1476:
1474:
2182:Societé minière de Bakwanga @ Mwana Africa plc
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1237:
1098:total capacity. These consisted of the 1.4 MW
1082:Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
526:
2709:
2707:
2420:
2395:
2370:
2342:
1989:. United Nations Security Council. 2002-10-16
1140:project bring the plant up to combined 8 MW.
740:
596:(Britmond). Britmond was a subsidiary of the
2648:
2620:
2592:
2564:
2361:
1726:
1632:
1471:
1295:
825:gave MIBA $ 5 million to revamp operations.
2681:
2679:
2657:
2604:"2014 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshaasa)"
2601:
2573:
2545:
2520:
2495:
2470:
1676:
1512:"Zaire Gambles By Resigning Diamond Cartel"
1505:
1503:
1501:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1233:
1231:
1229:
531:
2704:
2576:"2012 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2548:"2011 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2523:"2007 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2498:"2006 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2473:"2005 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2423:"2002 Minerals Yearbook: Congo (Kinshasa)"
2292:
178:, the Bakwanga mine was closed due to the
139:, diamonds were first discovered near the
1957:
1509:
1427:
1203:
1201:
1199:
812:Anhui Foreign Economic Construction Group
633:
575:
2676:
2056:
1825:"Diamonds and disappearing tax revenues"
1562:
1535:J.B. Zulu; W.A. Beveridge (1983-11-30).
1498:
1284:
1226:
122:
2106:
1822:
1392:Mineral Trade Notes: Special supplement
1389:United States. Bureau of Mines (1954).
1365:United States. Bureau of Mines (1963).
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
2837:
2242:
1960:"Israel 's diamond trade in the rough"
1797:
1751:
1694:Publications, E.; Murison, K. (2002).
1412:
1196:
718:, the deal was revoked in April 2001.
708:International Diamond Industries-Congo
2738:
2685:
1452:
1335:
1260:
835:Anhui Congo Mining Investment Company
119:Société Minière du Bécéka (1919–1961)
16:Diamond mining company in Kasai (DRC)
2445:
2293:Africanews, Rédaction (2021-06-07).
1847:
1800:"Oryx: The carat and the UN's stick"
1565:"A New Economic Direction in Zaire?"
1338:"Gem Smuggling On The Rise In Congo"
1322:
1075:
1635:"In Zaire, Diamonds are for Export"
1371:. Information Circular. p. 101
1336:Lukas, J. Anthony (March 7, 1963).
13:
2194:"Slump at DR Congo's diamond firm"
1658:Christiane Amanpour (1997-03-30).
646:ended the arrangement under which
14:
2866:
1958:Steinberg, Jessica (2020-07-30).
1909:"Sifting Through A Dark Business"
1777:United Nations Security Council.
594:British Diamond Distributing Ltd.
821:administration, the state miner
626:and supported opposition leader
158:In 1946, geologists located the
98:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2806:
2781:
2756:
2732:
2539:
2514:
2489:
2464:
2448:"DRC's MIBA to Lift Production"
2439:
2414:
2389:
2336:
2311:
2286:
2261:
2236:
2211:
2186:
2175:
2150:
2125:
2107:Olivier, Mathieu (2022-08-24).
2100:
2075:
2050:
2025:
2000:
1976:
1951:
1926:
1876:
1841:
1823:Sharife, Khadija (2010-11-19).
1816:
1791:
1770:
1745:
1720:
1697:Africa South of the Sahara 2003
1651:
1626:
1601:
1556:
1528:
1487:. Bureau of Mines. p. 1143
1446:
1421:
833:or the other industrial miner,
776:, sold its interest in MIBA to
727:United Nations Security Council
716:assassination of Laurent Kabila
174:On August 27, 1960, during the
2630:Thomas R. Yager (2021-08-30).
2057:Serebrin, Jacob (2017-12-22).
1883:Dumisani Ndlela (2005-11-24).
1609:"IRIN Briefing Part VI: Kasai"
1406:
1382:
1358:
1238:A. J. A. Janse (Winter 1995).
1171:
799:Further decline (2008–present)
690:Operation Sovereign Legitimacy
27:Societé minière de Bakwanga SA
1:
2243:Savana, Albert (2021-11-18).
1164:
721:MIBA chief executive officer
670:Alternative Investment Market
642:in March 1997, the ascendant
201:Fraction of World Production
127:Diamond mining slag heaps in
1887:. Financial Gazette (Harare)
1798:Doward, Jamie (2002-10-27).
1752:Doward, Jamie (2000-06-11).
1453:Flynn, Laurie (1994-02-01).
1306:10.1007/978-3-642-29482-2_17
747:Emaxon Finance International
609:Jonas Mukamba Kadiata Nzemba
151:. From the start of mining,
149:Société Générale de Belgique
7:
2686:McKay, David (2020-06-01).
2446:Katz, Sheryl (2004-03-07).
1727:Robert Block (1997-04-25).
1633:Cindy Shiner (1994-03-21).
1544:International Monetary Fund
552:Mining State of South Kasai
527:Societé Minière de Bakwanga
80:Societé minière de Bakwanga
10:
2871:
1563:Kronsten, Gregory (1985).
1150:
1146:
1079:
741:Emaxon offtake (2003–2007)
607:In 1986, Mobutu appointed
535:
186:Bécéka diamond production
18:
2323:Copperbelt Katanga Mining
1964:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1934:"DR Congo's diamond deal"
1862:10.1093/afraf/100.400.469
1754:"Oryx float killed by FO"
1213:Copperbelt Katanga Mining
1183:Copperbelt Katanga Mining
1116:Anglo Belgian Corporation
688:, through its subsidiary
622:. Residents rejected the
588:consortium, allowing the
63:
47:
39:
31:
1510:Leon Dash (1981-11-11).
1428:Leon Dash (1979-12-31).
841:MIBA diamond production
532:Congo Crisis (1962–1965)
2820:(in French). 2021-12-16
2795:(in French). 2021-12-04
2770:(in French). 2012-11-11
2721:(in French). 2022-09-14
2225:(in French). 2008-10-25
2164:(in French). 2006-06-01
1086:MIBA has a subsidiary,
710:(IDI), a firm owned by
686:Zimbabwe Defence Forces
180:Invasion of South Kasai
2739:USAID (October 2019).
2665:. US Geological Survey
2636:U.S. Geological Survey
2609:. US Geological Survey
2581:. US Geological Survey
2553:. US Geological Survey
2528:. US Geological Survey
2503:. US Geological Survey
2478:. US Geological Survey
2428:. US Geological Survey
2403:. US Geological Survey
2378:. US Geological Survey
2350:. US Geological Survey
682:Oryx Natural Resources
634:Congo Wars (1998–2003)
576:Mobutu era (1965–1997)
132:
21:Incinerator Bottom Ash
2113:The Africa Report.com
2012:Amnesty International
1829:The Africa Report.com
731:Amnesty International
126:
1368:Information Circular
763:Christophe Lutundula
2421:George J. Coakley.
2396:George J. Coakley.
2371:George J. Coakley.
2343:George J. Coakley.
1247:Gems & Gemology
1128:In 2021, president
842:
782:Asa Resources Group
566:industrial diamonds
187:
113:Asa Resources Group
57:Asa Resources Group
28:
1415:The New York Times
1345:The New York Times
840:
789:dragline excavator
780:(now known as the
723:Jean-Charles Okoto
628:Étienne Tshisekedi
582:Maurice Tempelsman
185:
133:
103:MIBA operate near
26:
2658:Thomas R. Yager.
2602:Thomas R. Yager.
2574:Thomas R. Yager.
2546:Thomas R. Yager.
2521:Thomas R. Yager.
2496:Thomas R. Yager.
2471:Thomas R. Yager.
1707:978-1-85743-131-5
1484:Minerals Yearbook
1315:978-3-642-29481-5
1076:Energy production
1073:
1072:
737:suspended Okoto.
570:Republic of Congo
524:
523:
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76:
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2087:Engineering News
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1795:
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1541:
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1523:
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1507:
1496:
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1450:
1444:
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1425:
1419:
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1410:
1404:
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1401:
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1386:
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1362:
1356:
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1342:
1333:
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1257:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1205:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1175:
1130:Félix Tshisekedi
1123:Hydroforce Congo
1088:Energie du Kasaï
843:
839:
831:artisanal miners
819:Félix Tshisekedi
793:artisanal miners
667:
620:Mobutu Sese Seko
188:
184:
160:kimberlite pipes
73:
70:
29:
25:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2835:
2834:
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2807:
2798:
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2733:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2684:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2063:montrealgazette
2055:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1850:African Affairs
1846:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1692:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1639:Washington Post
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1569:The World Today
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1516:Washington Post
1508:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1434:Washington Post
1426:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1316:
1294:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1155:
1149:
1106:, and 10.08 MW
1084:
1078:
801:
745:In April 2003,
743:
661:
640:First Congo War
636:
613:First Congo War
578:
540:
534:
529:
141:Bushimaie river
121:
67:
55:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2850:Kasaï-Oriental
2847:
2831:
2830:
2805:
2780:
2755:
2731:
2703:
2675:
2647:
2619:
2591:
2563:
2538:
2513:
2488:
2463:
2438:
2413:
2388:
2360:
2335:
2310:
2285:
2260:
2235:
2210:
2185:
2174:
2149:
2124:
2099:
2074:
2049:
2024:
1999:
1975:
1950:
1925:
1897:
1875:
1840:
1815:
1790:
1779:"S /2002/1146"
1769:
1744:
1719:
1706:
1675:
1650:
1625:
1600:
1555:
1527:
1497:
1470:
1445:
1420:
1405:
1381:
1357:
1321:
1314:
1283:
1259:
1225:
1195:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1151:Main article:
1148:
1145:
1118:in July 2000.
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
991:
990:
987:
983:
982:
979:
975:
974:
971:
967:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
935:
934:
931:
927:
926:
923:
919:
918:
915:
911:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
887:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:
871:
870:
867:
863:
862:
859:
855:
854:
847:
800:
797:
742:
739:
694:Laurent Kabila
676:in June 2000,
674:Petra Diamonds
672:by selling to
635:
632:
624:1993 New Zaïre
577:
574:
559:Albert Kalonji
536:Main article:
533:
530:
528:
525:
522:
521:
518:
515:
511:
510:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
445:
444:
441:
438:
434:
433:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
390:
389:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
372:
368:
367:
364:
361:
357:
356:
353:
350:
346:
345:
342:
339:
335:
334:
331:
328:
324:
323:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
284:
280:
279:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
207:
203:
202:
199:
192:
120:
117:
109:Kasai-Oriental
75:
74:
65:
61:
60:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
35:Diamond mining
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2867:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2742:
2735:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2549:
2542:
2524:
2517:
2499:
2492:
2474:
2467:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2424:
2417:
2399:
2392:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2346:
2339:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2250:
2249:Kapital Afrik
2246:
2239:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1985:
1979:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1780:
1773:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1249:. p. 249
1248:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1159:MIBA Aviation
1154:
1153:MIBA Aviation
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
992:
988:
985:
984:
980:
977:
976:
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
960:
956:
953:
952:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
936:
932:
929:
928:
924:
921:
920:
916:
913:
912:
908:
905:
904:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
872:
868:
865:
864:
860:
857:
856:
852:
848:
845:
844:
838:
836:
832:
826:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
804:
796:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
759:
757:
753:
748:
738:
736:
735:Joseph Kabila
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
665:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
573:
571:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
547:
545:
539:
519:
516:
513:
512:
508:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
447:
446:
442:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
414:
413:
409:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
381:
380:
376:
373:
370:
369:
365:
362:
359:
358:
354:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
336:
332:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
315:
314:
310:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
271:
270:
266:
263:
260:
259:
255:
252:
249:
248:
244:
241:
238:
237:
233:
230:
227:
226:
222:
219:
216:
215:
211:
208:
205:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
189:
183:
181:
177:
172:
170:
164:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
131:, Kasai, 1950
130:
125:
116:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
96:based in the
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:(abbreviated
81:
72:
66:
62:
58:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
22:
2822:. Retrieved
2817:
2808:
2797:. Retrieved
2792:
2783:
2772:. Retrieved
2767:
2758:
2747:. Retrieved
2734:
2723:. Retrieved
2718:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:
2667:. Retrieved
2639:. Retrieved
2635:
2611:. Retrieved
2583:. Retrieved
2555:. Retrieved
2541:
2530:. Retrieved
2516:
2505:. Retrieved
2491:
2480:. Retrieved
2466:
2455:. Retrieved
2452:Diamonds.net
2451:
2441:
2430:. Retrieved
2416:
2405:. Retrieved
2391:
2380:. Retrieved
2352:. Retrieved
2338:
2327:. Retrieved
2325:. 2023-07-14
2322:
2313:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:
2288:
2277:. Retrieved
2275:. 2020-05-30
2272:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2222:
2213:
2202:. Retrieved
2200:. 2007-01-25
2197:
2188:
2177:
2166:. Retrieved
2161:
2152:
2141:. Retrieved
2139:. 2008-04-25
2136:
2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:
2102:
2091:. Retrieved
2089:. 2003-10-28
2086:
2077:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:
2052:
2041:. Retrieved
2039:. 2002-11-12
2036:
2027:
2016:. Retrieved
2014:. 2002-10-21
2011:
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1978:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1940:. 2000-09-05
1937:
1928:
1917:. Retrieved
1915:. 2003-12-07
1912:
1889:. Retrieved
1878:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1804:the Guardian
1803:
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1772:
1761:. Retrieved
1758:the Guardian
1757:
1747:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1696:
1667:. Retrieved
1663:
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1615:. 1997-03-21
1612:
1603:
1592:. Retrieved
1572:
1568:
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1530:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:
1489:. Retrieved
1483:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:
1448:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:
1423:
1417:. p. 3.
1414:
1408:
1397:. Retrieved
1391:
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1367:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:
1297:
1274:. Retrieved
1268:
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1246:
1217:. Retrieved
1215:. 2023-01-09
1212:
1187:. Retrieved
1185:. 2021-06-08
1182:
1173:
1156:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1087:
1085:
849:Production (
834:
827:
816:
807:
805:
802:
786:
778:Mwana Africa
777:
773:
767:
760:
755:
746:
744:
720:
707:
705:
701:Nigel Morgan
698:
689:
681:
677:
652:
637:
617:
606:
601:
593:
590:Oppenheimers
579:
563:
556:
548:
544:Congo Crisis
541:
538:Congo Crisis
194:Production (
176:Congo Crisis
173:
165:
157:
137:Belgian rule
134:
102:
83:
79:
78:
2818:Radio Okapi
2793:Radio Okapi
2768:Radio Okapi
2719:Radio Okapi
2223:Radio Okapi
2162:Radio Okapi
1112:Lubilanji 2
1108:Lubilanji 2
1104:Lubilanji 1
925:4,5000,000
861:12,400,000
772:subsidiary
752:Dan Gertler
712:Dan Gertler
662: [
638:During the
2855:Mbuji-Mayi
2839:Categories
2824:2023-10-02
2799:2023-10-02
2774:2023-10-05
2749:2023-10-02
2725:2023-10-02
2697:2023-10-01
2669:2023-10-01
2641:2023-10-01
2613:2023-10-01
2585:2023-10-01
2557:2023-10-01
2532:2023-10-01
2507:2023-10-01
2482:2023-10-01
2457:2023-10-01
2432:2023-10-01
2407:2023-10-01
2382:2023-10-01
2354:2023-10-01
2329:2023-10-05
2304:2022-10-09
2299:Africanews
2279:2022-10-09
2254:2023-10-01
2229:2023-10-09
2204:2023-10-09
2168:2023-10-02
2143:2023-10-01
2118:2022-10-09
2093:2022-10-09
2068:2022-10-09
2043:2023-10-09
2018:2023-10-09
1993:2023-10-09
1969:2023-10-02
1944:2023-10-02
1919:2023-10-01
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1375:2023-10-08
1253:2023-10-09
1219:2023-10-01
1189:2023-10-01
1165:References
1138:Tshiala II
1092:Mbuji-Mayi
1080:See also:
973:2,510,000
965:5,800,000
957:7,240,000
949:6,700,000
941:5,560,000
933:6,200,000
917:4,800,000
909:6,400,000
901:6,500,000
893:6,500,000
885:9,556,436
877:8,200,000
869:8,100,000
678:Sengamines
659:Sengamines
655:kimberlite
517:12,056,057
506:11,025,430
495:10,027,065
153:Forminière
105:Mbuji Mayi
2037:ReliefWeb
1870:1468-2621
1613:ReliefWeb
1581:0043-9134
1100:Tshiala 1
837:(SACIM).
823:Gécamines
768:In 2006,
756:DGI Group
484:9,604,129
473:9,099,472
462:5,273,752
451:4,933,767
440:5,520,146
429:9,863,086
418:7,037,227
407:4,393,316
396:5,402,457
385:5,188,310
374:8,870,142
363:7,556,848
352:6,435,362
341:4,120,918
330:3,836,324
319:2,377,069
308:2,727,939
297:1,736,465
286:3,189,014
275:2,885,601
264:1,969,332
253:1,407,095
242:1,232,029
2692:Miningmx
2198:BBC NEWS
1938:BBC News
1913:Newsweek
1589:40395670
1350:11 April
1276:11 April
1136:, and a
1096:megawatt
1053:119,000
1037:188,376
1029:273,300
1021:289,600
1013:174,000
1005:500,726
997:243,522
648:De Beers
598:De Beers
586:De Beers
129:Bakwanga
32:Industry
2273:Reuters
2137:Reuters
1147:Airline
1102:, 7 MW
1069:38,788
1061:19,683
1045:72,262
770:Umicore
231:655,373
220:771,358
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135:During
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40:Founded
1868:
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851:carats
774:Sibeka
520:59.7%
509:59.3%
498:58.9%
487:63.1%
476:63.8%
465:51.0%
454:50.6%
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311:49.5%
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289:52.6%
278:40.8%
267:25.5%
256:17.8%
245:15.4%
223:12.4%
212:12.3%
196:carats
91:mining
48:Owners
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1585:JSTOR
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234:8.2%
107:, in
59:(20%)
54:(80%)
1866:ISSN
1702:ISBN
1577:ISSN
1352:2016
1310:ISBN
1278:2016
1134:SNEL
1066:2020
1058:2019
1050:2018
1042:2017
1034:2016
1026:2015
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169:bort
84:MIBA
71:.net
43:1962
1858:doi
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1733:WSJ
1664:CNN
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