2136:. This work is a play within a play set in a lunatic asylum, in which it is difficult to tell whether the players are speaking only to other players or also directly to the audience. When The Herald says, "The regrettable incident you've just seen was unavoidable indeed foreseen by our playwright", there is confusion as to who is being addressed, the "audience" on the stage or the audience in the theatre. Also, since the play within the play is performed by the inmates of a lunatic asylum, the theatre audience cannot tell whether the paranoia displayed before them is that of the players, or the people they are portraying. Muecke notes that, "in America, Romantic irony has had a bad press", while "in England... is almost unknown."
521:
2037:
1914:
5217:
2297:
verbal irony. For example, a woman reports to her friend that rather than going to a medical doctor to treat her cancer, she has decided to see a spiritual healer instead. In response her friend says sarcastically, "Oh, brilliant, what an ingenious idea, that's really going to cure you." The friend could have also replied with any number of ironic expressions that should not be labeled as sarcasm exactly, but still have many shared elements with sarcasm.
5227:
40:
1857:, Plato's disconcerting Socrates â rather than to any one device". In these contexts, what is expressed rhetorically by cosmic irony is ascribed existential or metaphysical significance. As Muecke puts it, such irony is that of "life itself or any general aspect of life seen as fundamentally and inescapably an ironic state of affairs. No longer is it a case of isolated victims.... we are all victims of impossible situations".
1970:: "As allegory, the individual exceeds itself in the direction of the infinite, while as wit the infinite allows the unity that breaks from the wholeness of the series to appear selectively." According to Schlegel, allegory points beyond itself toward that which can be expressed only poetically, not directly. He describes wit as a "selective flashing" (
2168:
has more than one mode. The style of romantic irony varies from writer to writer But however distinctive the voice, a writer is a romantic ironist if and when his or her work commits itself enthusiastically both in content and form to a hovering or unresolved debate between a world of merely man-made being and a world of ontological becoming.
2336:) can be quite subtle and relate to typical emotional reactions of listeners, and the goals of the speakers. Regardless of the various ways theorists categorize figurative language types, people in conversation who are attempting to interpret speaker intentions and discourse goals do not generally identify the kinds of tropes used.
171:. They advance a concept of irony that is not a mere "artistic playfulness", but a "conscious form of literary creation", typically involving the "consistent alternation of affirmation and negation". No longer just a rhetorical device, on their conception, it refers to an entire metaphysical stance on the world.
2167:
Romantic irony is both a philosophical conception of the universe and an artistic program. Ontologically, it sees the world as fundamentally chaotic. No order, no far goal of time, ordained by God or right reason, determines the progression of human or natural events Of course, romantic irony itself
128:
came to acquire a new sense of "an intended simulation which the audience or hearer was meant to recognise". More simply put, it came to acquire the general definition, "the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect".
2176:
is: "Fiction in which the author self-consciously alludes to the artificiality or literariness of a work by parodying or departing from novelistic conventions (esp. naturalism) and narrative techniques." It is a type of fiction that self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction, thereby exposing
408:
Covert irony is "intended not to be seen but detected". The ironist feigns ignorance to achieve the intended effect, and so there is a real danger that it simply goes by unnoticed. This means that a comparatively larger rhetorical context is in play. This may involve, for instance, assumptions about
216:
writes, "any definition of ironyâthough hundreds might be given, and very few of them would be acceptedâmust include this, that the surface meaning and the underlying meaning of what is said are not the same." A consequence of this, he observes, is that an analysis of irony requires the concept of a
1843:
This is why, when we misunderstand an intended ironic utterance, we often feel more embarrassed about our failure to recognize the incongruity than we typically do when we simply misunderstand a statement of fact. When one's deepest beliefs are at issue, so too, often, is one's pride. Nevertheless,
1838:
An aggressively intellectual exercise that fuses fact and value, requiring us to construct alternative hierarchies and choose among them; demands that we look down on other men's follies or sins; floods us with emotion-charged value judgments which claim to be backed by the mind; accuses other men
252:
How best to organize irony into distinct types is almost as controversial as how best to define it. There have been many proposals, generally relying on the same cluster of types; still, there is little agreement as to how to organize the types and what if any hierarchical arrangements might exist.
2296:
Psychology researchers Lee and Katz have addressed the issue directly. They found that ridicule is an important aspect of sarcasm, but not of verbal irony in general. By this account, sarcasm is a particular kind of personal criticism levelled against a person or group of persons that incorporates
2089:
Almost all of
Kierkegaard's post-dissertation publications were written under a variety of pseudonyms. Scholar K. Brian Söderquist argues that these fictive authors should be viewed as explorations of the existential challenges posed by such an ironic, poetic self-consciousness. Their awareness of
1852:
Typically "irony" is used, as described above, with respect to some specific act or situation. In more philosophical contexts, however, the term is sometimes assigned a more general significance, in which it is used to describe an entire way of life or a universal truth about the human situation.
402:
In overt irony, the true meaning is clearly apparent to both parties, and the only thing that makes the utterance ironic is the "blatancy" of the "contradiction or incongruity". Those instances of sarcasm that may be classified as ironic are overt. Muecke notes that this form of irony has a short
1977:
These two figures cannot exist together at once. What allegory attains indirectly by conjoining, wit attains only momentarily by total individuation, the fragmentary finitude of which contradicts the intended infinite content. Schlegel presents irony as the "structural whole" sought by these two
1829:
Because irony involves expressing something in a way contrary to literal meaning, it always involves a kind of "translation" on the part of the audience. Booth identifies three principle kinds of agreement upon which the successful translation of irony depends: common mastery of language, shared
228:
Irony depends on a double-layered or two-story phenomenon for success: "At the lower level is the situation either as it appears to the victim of irony (where there is a victim) or as it is deceptively presented by the ironist." The upper level is the situation as it appears to the reader or the
313:
provides the audience with information of which characters are unaware, thereby placing the audience in a position of advantage to recognize their words and actions as counter-productive or opposed to what their situation actually requires. Three stages may be distinguished â installation,
449:
Impersonal irony is distinguished by deadpan blankness of the ironist, a sort of affected graveness or poker-face. It is associated with 'dry humor' quite generally, but also encompasses more specific ironic postures such as 'pretend agreement with the ironic victim', 'false ignorance',
455:
Self-disparaging irony is distinguished by the introduction of the personality of the ironist, often with a somewhat performative dimension. This, however, is intended to be transparent, and is done in the service of directing irony against another object. For instance, when
2180:
Gesa
Giesing writes that "the most common form of metafiction is particularly frequent in Romantic literature. The phenomenon is then referred to as Romantic Irony." Giesing notes that "There has obviously been an increased interest in metafiction again after World War II."
2102:. For Kierkegaard himself, this took the form of religious inwardness. What is crucial, however, is just to in some way move beyond the purely (or merely) ironic. Irony is what creates the space in which we can learn and meaningfully choose how to live a life worthy (
2285:(2007), is quite clear that irony is where "the literal meaning is opposite to the intended" and sarcasm is "aggressive humor that pokes fun". He has the following examples: for irony he uses the statement "What a nice day" when it is raining. For sarcasm, he cites
369:
Building upon the double-level structure of irony, self-described "ironologist" D. C. Muecke proposes another, complimentary way in which we may typify, and so better understand, ironic phenomena. What he proposes a dual distinction between and among three
2062:, states that "irony as infinite and absolute negativity is the lightest and the weakest form of subjectivity". Although this terminology is Hegelian in origin, Kierkegaard employs it with a somewhat different meaning. Richard J. Bernstein elaborates:
1986:) between self-creation and self-destruction", in a "wonderful, eternal alternation between enthusiasm and irony", between "creation and destruction", an "eternal oscillation between self-expansion and self-limitation of thought", a "reciprocal play (
2270:: "1 : a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain. 2 a : a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, and often ironic language that is usually directed against an individual".
2230:, "For the first twelve chapters...the reader has been able to immerse him or herself in the story, enjoying the kind of 'suspension of disbelief' required of realist novels...what follows is a remarkable act of metafictional 'frame-breaking
2098:. Irony is not itself an authentic mode of life, but it is a precondition for attaining such a life. Although pure irony is self-destructive, it generates a space in which it becomes possible to reengage with the world in a genuine mode of
235:
Irony plays upon the innocence of a character or victim: "Either a victim is confidently unaware of the very possibility of there being an upper level or point of view that invalidates his own, or an ironist pretends not to be aware of
490:
are among the many literary examples of this technique. Muecke notes an increase in this type of irony beginning in the latter half of the eighteenth century when, he says, "irony began to be attended to for its intrinsic interest and
2234:". As evidence, chapter 13 "notoriously" begins: "I do not know. This story I am telling is all imagination. These characters I create never existed outside my own mind. if this is a novel, it cannot be a novel in the modern sense".
80:
Irony has been defined in many different ways, and there is no general agreement about the best way to organize its various types. This does not mean, however, that it is not a topic about which a great deal can be meaningfully said.
481:. Muecke writes, "the effectiveness of this kind of irony comes from its economy of means: mere common sense or even simple innocence or ignorance may suffice" to break through the targeted hypocrisy or foolishness of received ideas.
409:
prior knowledge, the ability of someone to detect an incongruity between what is being said and the manner in which it is said, or the perspicuity of the audience in spotting an internal contradiction in the content of the message.
2093:
Nevertheless, seemingly against this, Thesis XV of the dissertation states that "Just as philosophy begins with doubt, so also a life that may be called human begins with irony". Bernstein writes that the emphasis here must be on
1833:
A consequence of this element of in-group membership is that there is more at stake in whether one grasps an ironic utterance than there is in whether one grasps an utterance presented straight. As he puts it, the use of irony is
3719:
2261:: "A figure of speech in which the intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words used; usually taking the form of sarcasm or ridicule in which laudatory expressions are used to imply condemnation or contempt".
1932:", yet never ceased in his pursuit of truth and virtue. According to Schlegel, instead of resting upon a single foundation, "the individual parts of a successful synthesis formation support and negate each other reciprocally".
342:
is closely related to cosmic irony, and sometimes the two terms are treated interchangeably. Romantic irony is distinct, however, in that it is the author who assumes the role of the cosmic force. The narrator in
221:"consisting of one party that hearing shall hear & shall not understand, & another party that, when more is meant than meets the ear, is aware both of that more & of the outsiders' incomprehension".
1928:, Schlegel presents irony as consisting in "the recognition that, even though we cannot attain truth, we still must forever strive toward it, because only then do we approach it." His model is Socrates, who "
244:, this uneven double-character of irony makes it a rhetorically complex phenomenon. Admired by some and feared by others, it has the power to tighten social bonds, but also to exacerbate divisions.
3661:
1902:") is to break down the distinction between art and life with the creation of a "new mythology" for the modern age. In particular, Schlegel was responding to what he took to be the failure of the
2090:
their own unlimited powers of self-interpretation prevents them from fully committing to any single self-narrative, and this leaves them trapped in an entirely negative mode of uncertainty.
2021:, however, Hegel's "misunderstanding" of Schlegel's concept of irony is "total" in its denunciation of a figure actually intended to preserve "our openness to a systematic philosophy".
2017:
approach to philosophy. Romantic irony, by contrast, Hegel alleges to be fundamentally trivializing and opposed to all seriousness about what is of substantial interest. According to
357:, and in their hands it assumed a metaphysical significance similar to cosmic irony in the hands of Kierkegaard. It was also of central importance to the literary theory advanced by
314:
exploitation, and resolution (often also called preparation, suspension, and resolution) â producing dramatic conflict in what one character relies or appears to rely upon, the
2006:. These readings overstate the irrational dimension of early Romantic thought at the expense of its rational commitmentsâprecisely the dilemma irony is introduced to resolve.
2086:
ignorant. According to
Kierkegaard, Socrates is the embodiment of an ironic negativity that dismantles others' illusory knowledge without offering any positive replacement.
2002:
This presentation of
Schlegel's account of irony is at odds with many 20th-century interpretations, which, neglecting the larger historical context, have been predominately
1990:) between the infinite and the finite", it is "the pulse and alternation between universality and individuality"âno matter how the contrasting pairs may be articulated.
328:, sometimes also called "the irony of fate", presents agents as always ultimately thwarted by forces beyond human control. It is strongly associated with the works of
2058:
1994:
In this way, according to
Schlegel, irony captures the human situation of always striving towards, but never completely possessing, what is infinite or true.
414:
Private irony is not intended to be perceived at all. It is entirely for the internal satisfaction of the ironist. Muecke cites as an example Mr. Bennet from
2293:
that he was drunk, "But I shall be sober in the morning, and you will still be ugly", as being sarcastic, while not saying the opposite of what is intended.
3653:
287:
is "a statement in which the meaning that a speaker employs is sharply different from the meaning that is ostensibly expressed". Moreover, it is produced
1958:
Irony is not the only literary term to which
Schlegel assigns extra-literary significance. Indeed, irony itself is presented as the uneasy synthesis of
2070:
because it is directed not against this or that particular existing entity, but against the entire given actuality at a certain time. It is thoroughly
1978:"abstract" figures. It accomplishes this by "surpassing of all self-imposed limits". Frank cites Schlegel's descriptions from a variety of sources:
420:, who "enjoys seeing his wife or Mr Collins take his remarks at face value; that is to say, he enjoys the irony of their being impervious to irony".
486:
Dramatized irony is the simple presentation of ironic situations for the enjoyment of an audience. The ironist remains out of sight. The novels of
5922:
2355:
Tim Conley cites the following: "Philip Howard assembled a list of seven implied meanings for the word "ironically", as it opens a sentence:
1853:
Even Booth, whose interest is expressly rhetorical, notes that the word "irony" tends to attach to "a type of character â Aristophanes' foxy
1618:
1844:
even as it excludes its victims, irony also has the power to build and strengthen the community of those who do understand and appreciate.
460:
laments his misfortune of having a poor memory, the object of his irony is the overly long speech made by the fictionalized
Protagoras in
179:
It is commonplace to begin a study of irony with the acknowledgement that the term quite simply eludes any single definition. Philosopher
6570:
2352:
are often misused, though the more general casual usage of a contradiction between circumstance and expectation originated in the 1640s.
1439:
1359:
429:
Muecke's typology of modes are distinguished "according to the kind of relationship between the ironist and the irony". He calls these
2273:"Irony must not be confused with sarcasm, which is direct: sarcasm means precisely what it says, but in a sharp, caustic, ... manner".
299:
was a holy man" (he was anything but).Verbal irony is sometimes also considered to encompass various other literary devices such as
6251:
2013:
was unfavorably contrasting
Romantic irony with that of Socrates. On Hegel's reading, Socratic irony partially anticipates his own
1529:
4367:
296:
1894:, or early German Romanticism, situated narrowly between 1797 and 1801. For Schlegel, the "romantic imperative" (a rejoinder to
5934:
2184:
For example, Patricia Waugh quotes from several works at the top of her chapter headed "What is metafiction?". These include:
1732:
3691:
3534:
1935:
Although
Schlegel frequently does describe the Romantic project with a literary vocabulary, his use of the term "poetry" (
3885:
Cross, Andrew (1998). "Neither either nor or: The perils of reflexive irony". In
Alastair Hannay and Daniel Marino (ed.).
1974:); its content, he says, is "always paradoxical", its unifications of the finite and the infinite are always fragmentary.
5263:
2074:
because it is incapable of offering any positive alternative. Nothing positive emerges out of this negativity. And it is
1943:, which refers to any kind of making. As Beiser puts it, "Schlegel intentionally explodes the narrow literary meaning of
69:
of what on the surface appears to be the case and what is actually the case or to be expected. It typically figures as a
291:
by the speaker, rather than being a literary construct, for instance, or the result of forces outside of their control.
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Grades of irony are distinguished "according to the degree to which the real meaning is concealed". Muecke names them
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of which is known by observers (especially the audience, sometimes to other characters within the drama) to be true.
2226:
1158:
984:
469:
Ingénue irony is distinguished by an assumed ignorance that is intended to be convincing. The canonical example is
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The thing is this. That of all the several ways of beginning a book I am confident my own way of doing it is best
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not only of wrong beliefs but of being wrong at their very foundations and blind to what these foundations imply
224:
From this basic feature, literary theorist Douglas C. Muecke identifies three basic characteristics of all irony:
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5185:
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470BCE â 399BCE) has been central to discussions of irony from his time into the present (copy of bronze head by
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111:, who dissimulates and affects less intelligence than he hasâand so ultimately triumphs over his opposite, the
17:
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in nature itself." Poetry in the restricted literary sense is its highest form, but in no way its only form.
1924:
Irony is a response to the apparent epistemic uncertainties of anti-foundationalism. In the words of scholar
1702:
97:) and dates back to the 5th century BCE. This term itself was coined in reference to a stock-character from
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471:
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Most instances of verbal irony are labeled by research subjects as sarcastic, suggesting that the term
1929:
77:. In some philosophical contexts, however, it takes on a larger significance as an entire way of life.
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581:
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You and I know, of course, though other less intelligent mortals walk benighted under the midday sun
1818:
To consider irony from a rhetorical perspective means to consider it as an act of communication. In
6537:
5732:
4515:
4028:
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should all be considered forms of verbal irony. The differences between these rhetorical devices (
1890:
Friedrich Schlegel was at the forefront of the intellectual movement that has come to be known as
6969:
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6327:
6187:
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A fair amount of confusion has surrounded the issue of the relationship between verbal irony and
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571:
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6707:
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1798:
1633:
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31:
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as major types. The latter three types are sometimes contrasted with verbal irony as forms of
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seeks to answer the question of "how we manage to share ironies and why we so often do not".
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1001:
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813:
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The ironist exploits a contradiction, incongruity, or incompatibility between the two levels.
208:
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4294:
Söderquist, K. Brian (31 January 2013). "Irony". In Lippitt, John; Pattison, George (eds.).
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half-life; what is obvious to everyone quickly loses its rhetorical effect with repetition.
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4654:
1869:
333:
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with the observation that a survey of the literature on irony leaves the reader with the "
163:
Around the end of the 18th century, "irony" takes on another sense, primarily credited to
8:
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5720:
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1925:
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1638:
1628:
1623:
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1153:
818:
686:
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213:
196:
6747:
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6408:
6354:
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5481:
5432:
5249:
5126:
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and applied to "every trivial oddity" in situations where there is no double audience.
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2014:
1865:
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74:
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5710:
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4127:
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4013:
3994:
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3909:
3890:
3871:
3852:
3833:
3814:
3795:
3776:
3757:
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2425:
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2255:"Sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony and irony has often no touch of sarcasm".
1791:
1742:
1598:
1489:
1328:
1323:
1148:
1111:
1072:
979:
730:
675:
610:
504:
450:'understatement', 'overstatement', and many other familiar forms of ironic utterance.
70:
4921:
2627:
2018:
1939:) is non-standard. Instead, he goes back to the broader sense of the original Greek
1273:
191:
impression" that the authors are simply "talking about different subjects". Indeed,
152:
near the beginning of the 1st century CE. "Irony" entered the English language as a
6949:
6579:
6428:
6270:
6172:
6147:
6137:
6132:
6107:
6011:
5827:
5817:
5775:
5565:
5530:
5449:
5417:
5333:
5308:
5280:
5105:
5100:
4782:
4571:
2305:
1762:
1707:
1593:
1263:
1089:
808:
725:
718:
586:
487:
192:
153:
5519:
4961:
4951:
4909:
539:
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6423:
6413:
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6236:
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5220:
5155:
5053:
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2410:
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2194:
2122:
1903:
1727:
1643:
1459:
1318:
1228:
1193:
1133:
1028:
974:
931:
624:
253:
Nevertheless, academic reference volumes standardly include at least all four of
203:
replacing the linguistic role of verbal irony as a result of all this confusion.
4946:
2082:
In this way, contrary to traditional accounts, Kierkegaard portrays Socrates as
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6214:
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2010:
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1469:
1303:
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1128:
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is more widely used than its technical definition suggests it should be. Some
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6682:
6522:
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6275:
6231:
6177:
6097:
6067:
6006:
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5747:
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5230:
5202:
5197:
5145:
5140:
5115:
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4405:
4069:. Translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton University Press.
4050:. Translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton University Press.
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2278:
2160:
1967:
1895:
1772:
1757:
1608:
1409:
1268:
1243:
1208:
1055:
1023:
554:
544:
358:
66:
332:. This form of irony is also given metaphysical significance in the work of
6896:
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6717:
6610:
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6527:
6392:
5765:
5501:
5442:
5387:
5360:
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5058:
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5011:
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4817:
4767:
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4430:
4410:
2405:
1918:
1830:
cultural values, and (for artistic ironies) a common experience of genre.
1752:
1697:
1298:
1084:
939:
908:
776:
329:
102:
2024:
Yet, it is Hegel's interpretation that would be taken up and amplified by
6785:
6770:
6765:
6657:
6620:
6600:
6532:
6498:
6493:
6102:
6092:
6038:
6016:
5850:
5737:
5550:
5535:
5506:
5459:
5402:
5377:
5365:
5175:
5160:
5131:
5063:
5023:
5001:
4956:
4931:
4926:
4876:
4841:
4603:
4551:
4485:
4218:
2221:
2173:
2127:
2116:
2025:
1777:
1737:
1712:
1223:
1218:
902:
892:
241:
133:
2056:
Thesis VIII of the Danish philosopher SĂžren Kierkegaard's dissertation,
576:
6913:
6817:
6790:
6722:
6712:
6692:
6667:
6615:
6382:
6287:
5979:
5895:
5890:
5570:
5540:
5288:
5135:
4936:
4881:
4802:
4792:
4695:
4685:
4576:
4465:
4455:
4450:
2445:
2329:
2132:
2003:
1847:
1429:
1308:
1293:
1288:
1067:
989:
950:
864:
755:
651:
149:
98:
4200:
Irony on Occasion: From Schlegel and Kierkegaard to Derrida and de Man
6844:
6822:
6805:
6795:
6687:
6677:
6672:
6662:
6630:
6625:
6309:
6072:
5994:
5795:
5695:
5618:
5575:
5525:
5437:
5372:
5313:
5293:
5272:
5180:
4812:
4475:
2415:
2400:
2313:
2156:
1747:
1248:
1178:
1116:
1048:
962:
945:
926:
921:
707:
701:
680:
662:
477:
300:
6548:
5454:
4720:
3684:"irony â Origin and meaning of irony by Online Etymology Dictionary"
2695:
2693:
39:
6881:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6834:
6810:
6775:
6760:
6755:
6727:
6702:
6635:
6510:
6317:
6001:
5969:
5881:
5876:
5755:
5700:
5633:
5590:
5355:
5344:
5095:
4966:
4740:
4420:
4390:
2435:
2395:
1873:
1060:
1038:
956:
762:
748:
559:
549:
512:
457:
141:
51:
43:
6856:
6849:
6445:
6209:
6077:
6033:
6028:
5958:
5780:
5770:
5585:
5407:
5120:
4904:
3714:
Joyces Mistakes: Problems of Intention, Irony, and Interpretation
3654:"Learning to love Alanis Morissette's 'irony' â The Boston Globe"
2794:
2792:
2690:
2440:
2420:
2309:
2251:. For instance, various reference sources assert the following:
2248:
1313:
1238:
1233:
1183:
1043:
1033:
1006:
769:
713:
656:
603:
564:
304:
200:
3773:
The Romantic Imperative: The Concept of Early German Romanticism
2550:
2548:
6908:
6732:
6449:
6199:
5984:
5760:
5667:
5426:
5048:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4710:
4705:
4460:
4425:
4376:
2851:
2849:
2809:
2807:
2705:
1722:
1717:
1258:
1253:
1213:
994:
969:
897:
831:
797:
784:
695:
669:
273:, that is, irony in which there is no ironist; so, instead of "
145:
113:
55:
4181:
The Art of Living: Socratic Reflections from Plato to Foucault
3505:
Metafiction: The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction
2789:
2463:
2461:
6456:
6023:
5974:
5952:
5705:
5110:
4971:
4415:
4313:
Stanton, R (1956). "Dramatic Irony in Hawthorne's Romances".
4277:
Irony and Idealism: Rereading Schlegel, Hegel and Kierkegaard
4067:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
3112:
2545:
2533:
2509:
2473:
2148:
2144:
1283:
838:
824:
121:
107:
5241:
3430:
3370:
3066:
3064:
2846:
2804:
6194:
5989:
5350:
4445:
3345:
3343:
2458:
1687:
3418:
3360:
3358:
2868:
2866:
2864:
349:
is one early example. The term is closely associated with
6891:
4470:
4345:
4048:
The Concept of Irony With Continual Reference to Socrates
3963:
The Philosophical Foundations of Early German Romanticism
3382:
3253:, p. 217 (in-text citations to the German texts omitted).
3061:
2819:
2377:
Oh hell! I've run out of words to start a sentence with."
2059:
The Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates
156:
in the 16th century with a meaning similar to the French
3830:
The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry
3442:
3406:
3340:
3304:
3136:
3124:
3076:
2836:
2834:
2777:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2028:, who further extends the critique to Socrates himself.
140:
was considered a part of rhetoric, usually a species of
3394:
3355:
3232:
3220:
3037:
2950:
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2861:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2680:
2678:
2615:
2603:
464:; his memory, we are to understand, is perfectly fine.
3328:
3316:
3268:
3088:
3049:
2831:
2753:
2591:
2521:
2497:
1997:
1906:
enterprise, exemplified for him by the philosophy of
4239:
The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
3984:. Translated by Knox, T. M. Oxford University Press.
3256:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3100:
2986:
2938:
2663:
2651:
2560:
1860:
This usage has its origins primarily in the work of
3292:
3280:
3025:
2998:
2974:
2765:
2675:
167:and other participants in what came to be known as
3906:A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory
2962:
2639:
2485:
2114:Referring to earlier self-conscious works such as
4032:A Dictionary of the English Language (1755, 1773)
2344:Some speakers of English complain that the words
2203:Since I've started this story, I've gotten boils
6931:
3605:The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach
3523:, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 108â109.
3520:The Cambridge Introduction to Postmodern Fiction
2218:The Cambridge Introduction to Postmodern Fiction
2109:
4236:
3728:
3490:Metafictional Aspects in Novels by Muriel Spark
2798:
2699:
2554:
2479:
1947:by explicitly identifying the poetic with the
6564:
5257:
4361:
4237:Preminger, Alex; Brogan, Terry V. F. (1993).
3751:
3716:, University of Toronto Press, 2011, p. 81.
3466:, Harvard University Press, 1980, pp. 4, 187.
2855:
2813:
2711:
2467:
2289:, who is supposed to have said, when told by
2264:"Non-literary irony is often called sarcasm".
1799:
120:Although initially synonymous with lying, in
30:"Ironic" redirects here. For other uses, see
4321:(6). Johns Hopkins University Press: 420â26.
2381:The term is sometimes used as a synonym for
174:
4064:
4045:
3412:
3349:
1982:Irony consists in a "constant alternation (
1848:General irony, or "irony as a way of life"
1440:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
495:
6571:
6557:
5264:
5250:
4368:
4354:
4293:
3436:
3388:
3376:
1806:
1792:
4216:
3865:
3789:
3752:Abrams, M. H.; Harpham, Geoffrey (2008).
3424:
3400:
3364:
3070:
2621:
2609:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
3625:Bryant & Fox Tree, 2002; Gibbs, 2000
2210:The Death of the Novel and Other Stories
2035:
1912:
1530:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
381:
38:
27:Rhetorical device and literary technique
4328:Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher
4325:
4312:
4224:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press
4197:
4178:
4026:
3980:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1975).
3607:, Elsevier Academic Press, 2007. p. 13.
2825:
2771:
14:
6932:
5935:Types of fiction with multiple endings
4159:
4140:
4121:
4007:
3988:
3941:
3903:
3887:The Cambridge Companion to Kierkegaard
3846:
3827:
3770:
3448:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3274:
3178:
3166:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3055:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2840:
2783:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2585:
2573:
2374:Oddly enough, or it's a rum thing that
2126:, D. C. Muecke points particularly to
424:
322:is a specific type of dramatic irony.
6578:
6552:
5245:
4349:
4255:
4083:
3979:
3960:
3884:
3808:
3664:from the original on 25 November 2016
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3154:
3043:
3031:
3019:
3007:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2684:
2633:
2597:
2339:
1951:in human beings, and indeed with the
1885:
1733:Rhetoric of social intervention model
4274:
3944:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
3922:
3736:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
3538:(1926; reprinted to at least 2015)".
3535:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
3286:
2491:
2237:
2031:
4102:
2143:, Anne Mellor writes, referring to
1866:early 19th-century German Romantics
364:
295:gives as an example the sentence, "
24:
4296:The Oxford Handbook of Kierkegaard
4258:Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity
4183:. University of California Press.
2078:because Socrates refuses to cheat.
1998:G. W. F. Hegel's misinterpretation
25:
6981:
6338:Third-person omniscient narrative
4122:Mellor, Anne Kostelanetz (1980).
4107:. University of Minnesota Press.
4084:Kreuz, Roger (18 February 2020).
3694:from the original on 14 June 2017
2368:By a coincidence of no importance
475:. Another example is the Fool in
307:, conscious naïveté, and others.
247:
160:, itself derived from the Latin.
144:, along the lines established by
5225:
5216:
5215:
4164:. Taylor & Francis Limited.
3982:Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art
519:
65:, in its broadest sense, is the
4298:. OUP Oxford. pp. 344â64.
3813:. University of Chicago Press.
3744:
3706:
3676:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3610:
3594:
3579:
3566:
3553:
3541:
3526:
3511:
3496:
3481:
3469:
3454:
2009:Already in Schlegel's own day,
5726:Conflict between good and evil
4260:. Cambridge University Press.
3927:. Princeton University Press.
3925:Anatomy of criticism: 4 essays
3889:. Cambridge University Press.
3851:. Cambridge University Press.
3790:Bernstein, Richard J. (2016).
13:
1:
5271:
4088:(eBook ed.). MIT Press.
3942:Fowler, Henry Watson (1994).
3832:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
3771:Beiser, Frederick C. (2006).
3548:The Oxford English Dictionary
3476:The Oxford English Dictionary
2452:
2362:By an exceptional coincidence
2227:The French Lieutenant's Woman
2110:Overlap with rhetorical irony
1703:List of feminist rhetoricians
89:'Irony' comes from the Greek
47:
4330:. Cornell University Press.
4202:. Fordham University Press.
4126:. Harvard University Press.
3775:. Harvard University Press.
3754:A Glossary of Literary Terms
2636:, ch. 9, § "Skunked Terms?".
1693:Glossary of rhetorical terms
336:, among other philosophers.
117:, a vain-glorious braggart.
84:
7:
4279:. Oxford University Press.
4179:Nehamas, Alexander (2000).
4065:Kierkegaard, SĂžren (1992).
4046:Kierkegaard, SĂžren (1989).
3849:The Innovations of Idealism
2799:Preminger & Brogan 1993
2700:Preminger & Brogan 1993
2555:Preminger & Brogan 1993
2480:Preminger & Brogan 1993
2388:
2046:Niels Christian Kierkegaard
2042:Sketch of SĂžren Kierkegaard
1540:Language as Symbolic Action
10:
6986:
4375:
3866:Colebrook, Claire (2004).
3493:, GRIN Verlag, 2004, p. 6.
2242:
29:
6746:
6586:
6401:
6373:
6365:Stream of unconsciousness
6308:
6052:
5943:
5896:Falling action/Catastasis
5841:
5746:
5681:
5604:
5416:
5279:
5211:
5076:
4984:
4890:
4755:
4673:
4637:
4630:
4621:
4524:
4493:
4484:
4383:
4326:Vlastos, Gregory (1991).
4222:Oxford English Dictionary
3908:. John Wiley & Sons.
3643:Leggitt & Gibbs, 2000
2856:Abrams & Harpham 2008
2814:Abrams & Harpham 2008
2712:Abrams & Harpham 2008
2468:Abrams & Harpham 2008
2106:) of being called human.
1930:knew that he knew nothing
1450:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
472:The Emperor's New Clothes
175:The problem of definition
5733:Self-fulfilling prophecy
4027:Johnson, Samuel (2021).
4008:Inwood, Michael (1992).
3847:Bubner, Rudiger (2003).
3828:Brooks, Cleanth (1947).
3809:Booth, Wayne C. (1974).
3508:, Routledge, 2002, p. 1.
2365:By a curious coincidence
2283:The Psychology of Humour
2177:the fictional illusion.
1966:. Summarized by scholar
496:The rhetorical dimension
277:" we would instead say "
169:early German Romanticism
6360:Stream of consciousness
5823:Suspension of disbelief
4665:Theatre of ancient Rome
4256:Rorty, Richard (1989).
4198:Newmark, Kevin (2012).
3989:Hirsch, Edward (2014).
3961:Frank, Manfred (2004).
3946:. Wordsworth Editions.
3923:Frye, Northrop (1990).
3561:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3121:, pp. 107â08, 130.
2359:By a tragic coincidence
2308:theorists suggest that
1390:De Sophisticis Elenchis
5901:Denouement/Catastrophe
5882:Rising action/Epitasis
4160:Muecke, D. C. (2023).
4141:Muecke, D. C. (2017).
4124:English Romantic Irony
3904:Cuddon, J. A. (2013).
3478:, entry "metafiction".
3463:English Romantic Irony
2214:
2200:
2170:
2141:English Romantic Irony
2080:
2053:
2050:Royal Library, Denmark
1992:
1921:
1908:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
1900:categorical imperative
1841:
1510:De doctrina Christiana
1500:Dialogus de oratoribus
1420:Rhetorica ad Herennium
646:Captatio benevolentiae
435:self-disparaging irony
355:early German Romantics
199:, observes a trend of
59:
32:Irony (disambiguation)
6960:Rhetorical techniques
6247:Utopian and dystopian
4872:Theatre of the Absurd
4315:Modern Language Notes
4103:Man, Paul De (1996).
3616:Lee & Katz, 1998.
2201:
2186:
2165:
2064:
2039:
1980:
1916:
1836:
1678:Communication studies
1520:De vulgari eloquentia
1380:Rhetoric to Alexander
382:Three grades of irony
378:of ironic utterance.
361:in mid-20th century.
42:
5801:Narrative techniques
5581:Story within a story
5393:Supporting character
4847:Shakespearean comedy
4645:Ancient Greek comedy
4162:The Compass of Irony
4143:Irony and the Ironic
3993:. Houghton Mifflin.
3870:. Psychology Press.
3756:. Cengage Learning.
3574:Webster's Dictionary
2322:rhetorical questions
1953:productive principle
1879:The Concept of Irony
275:he is being ironical
181:Richard J. Bernstein
6904:Rhetorical question
6506:Political narrative
6348:Unreliable narrator
6205:Speculative fiction
5913:Nonlinear narrative
5861:Three-act structure
5721:Deal with the Devil
4275:Rush, Fred (2016).
3811:A Rhetoric of Irony
2139:In a book entitled
1926:Frederick C. Beiser
1820:A Rhetoric of Irony
1683:Composition studies
1614:Health and medicine
1480:Institutio Oratoria
687:Eloquentia perfecta
425:Four modes of irony
417:Pride and Prejudice
279:it is ironical that
214:Henry Watson Fowler
197:lexical semantician
6484:Narrative paradigm
6479:Narrative identity
6409:Dominant narrative
6355:Multiple narrators
5639:Fictional location
5482:Dramatic structure
4835:Comédie larmoyante
4830:Sentimental comedy
4825:Restoration comedy
4788:Commedia dell'arte
4660:Corral de comedias
4217:OED staff (2016).
4105:Aesthetic Ideology
4010:A Hegel Dictionary
3722:2016-08-08 at the
3688:www.etymonline.com
3451:, pp. 178â80.
3439:, pp. 356â60.
3379:, pp. 252â53.
3313:, pp. 146â50.
3241:, pp. 216â17.
3229:, pp. 209â14.
3145:, pp. 207â08.
3133:, pp. 128â29.
3085:, pp. 119â22.
3046:, pp. 138â39.
2828:, pp. 420â26.
2786:, pp. 315â16.
2750:, pp. 42, 99.
2738:, pp. 371â73.
2726:, pp. 315â17.
2714:, pp. 165â68.
2702:, pp. 633â35.
2431:Meta-communication
2340:Misuse of the term
2054:
1922:
1886:Friedrich Schlegel
1862:Friedrich Schlegel
1768:Terministic screen
1550:A General Rhetoric
1080:Resignation speech
617:Studia humanitatis
599:Byzantine rhetoric
351:Friedrich Schlegel
303:and its opposite,
209:The King's English
165:Friedrich Schlegel
75:literary technique
60:
6927:
6926:
6698:Hysteron proteron
6580:Figures of speech
6546:
6545:
6489:Narrative therapy
5923:television series
5868:Freytag's Pyramid
5711:Moral development
5614:Alternate history
5324:False protagonist
5239:
5238:
5017:Musical comedians
4980:
4979:
4778:Comedy of manners
4773:Comedy of humours
4763:Boulevard theatre
4751:
4750:
4655:Comédie-Italienne
4650:Comédie-Française
4617:
4616:
4086:Irony and Sarcasm
3991:A Poet's Glossary
3634:e.g., Gibbs, 2000
3588:Usage and Abusage
3460:Mellor, Anne K.,
3427:, pp. 98â99.
3022:, pp. xi, 1.
2959:, pp. 91â92.
2935:, pp. 87â88.
2923:, pp. 67â86.
2911:, pp. 64â65.
2899:, pp. 59â60.
2887:, pp. 56â59.
2875:, pp. 52â53.
2588:, pp. 14â15.
2426:Irony punctuation
2287:Winston Churchill
2277:The psychologist
2238:Related phenomena
2208:Ronald Sukenick,
2032:SĂžren Kierkegaard
1870:SĂžren Kierkegaard
1816:
1815:
1743:Rogerian argument
1490:Panegyrici Latini
582:The age of Cicero
334:SĂžren Kierkegaard
271:situational irony
101:(such as that of
71:rhetorical device
16:(Redirected from
6977:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6550:
6549:
6469:Literary science
6012:Narrative poetry
5908:Linear narrative
5818:Stylistic device
5813:Show, don't tell
5776:Figure of speech
5566:Shaggy dog story
5309:Characterization
5266:
5259:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5229:
5219:
5218:
5166:Self-referential
4783:Comedy of menace
4635:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4491:
4490:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4322:
4309:
4290:
4271:
4252:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4213:
4194:
4175:
4156:
4137:
4118:
4099:
4080:
4061:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4023:
4004:
3985:
3976:
3957:
3938:
3919:
3900:
3881:
3862:
3843:
3824:
3805:
3794:. Polity Press.
3786:
3767:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3598:
3592:
3583:
3577:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3530:
3524:
3515:
3509:
3500:
3494:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3413:Kierkegaard 1989
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3353:
3350:Kierkegaard 1989
3347:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3073:, pp. 1â13.
3068:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2688:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2600:, pp. ixâx.
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2558:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2306:psycholinguistic
2233:
2212:
2198:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1708:List of speeches
1555:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1515:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1159:Neo-Aristotelian
726:Figure of speech
587:Second Sophistic
523:
500:
499:
488:Gustave Flaubert
462:Plato's dialogue
443:dramatized irony
431:impersonal irony
365:Another typology
193:Geoffrey Nunberg
154:figure of speech
49:
21:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6877:Personification
6742:
6582:
6577:
6547:
6542:
6474:Literary theory
6414:Fiction writing
6397:
6369:
6304:
6056:
6048:
5939:
5837:
5742:
5677:
5600:
5471:Deus ex machina
5412:
5398:Title character
5383:Stock character
5329:Focal character
5275:
5270:
5240:
5235:
5207:
5072:
5054:Animated sitcom
4976:
4942:Musical theatre
4892:
4886:
4862:Stand-up comedy
4808:One-person show
4798:Improvisational
4747:
4669:
4613:
4567:Science fiction
4520:
4480:
4401:Comedy festival
4379:
4374:
4344:
4338:
4306:
4287:
4268:
4249:
4227:
4225:
4210:
4191:
4172:
4153:
4134:
4115:
4096:
4077:
4058:
4036:
4034:
4020:
4001:
3973:
3954:
3935:
3916:
3897:
3878:
3859:
3840:
3821:
3802:
3783:
3764:
3747:
3742:
3734:Fowler, H. W.,
3733:
3729:
3724:Wayback Machine
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3658:bostonglobe.com
3652:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3599:
3595:
3584:
3580:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3531:
3527:
3516:
3512:
3501:
3497:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3437:Söderquist 2013
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3389:Söderquist 2013
3387:
3383:
3377:Söderquist 2013
3375:
3371:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:, pp. 2â3.
3285:
3281:
3277:, pp. 1â5.
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:, pp. 6â7.
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2862:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2561:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2411:Double standard
2391:
2342:
2326:double entendre
2291:Bessie Braddock
2245:
2240:
2231:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2195:Tristram Shandy
2192:
2123:Tristram Shandy
2112:
2100:ethical passion
2034:
2000:
1904:foundationalist
1888:
1872:'s analysis of
1850:
1812:
1783:
1782:
1728:Public rhetoric
1666:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1604:Native American
1569:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1094:
985:Funeral oration
975:Farewell speech
932:Socratic method
888:
887:
878:
877:
640:
639:
630:
629:
535:
534:
498:
427:
384:
367:
250:
219:double audience
177:
105:) known as the
87:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6983:
6973:
6972:
6970:Tropes by type
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6820:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6592:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6576:
6575:
6568:
6561:
6553:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6538:Verisimilitude
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6508:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6443:
6441:Parallel novel
6438:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6379:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6212:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6083:Action fiction
6075:
6070:
6064:
6062:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5967:
5962:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5884:
5879:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5651:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5561:Self-insertion
5558:
5553:
5548:
5546:Poetic justice
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5430:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5348:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5304:Character flaw
5301:
5296:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5246:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5223:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5046:
5041:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4922:Comédie-ballet
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Street theatre
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4396:Comedic device
4393:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4343:
4342:
4337:978-0801497872
4336:
4323:
4310:
4305:978-0199601301
4304:
4291:
4286:978-0199688227
4285:
4272:
4267:978-0521367813
4266:
4253:
4248:978-1567311525
4247:
4234:
4214:
4209:978-0823240135
4208:
4195:
4190:978-0520224902
4189:
4176:
4171:978-0367655259
4170:
4157:
4152:978-1138229631
4151:
4138:
4133:978-0674256903
4132:
4119:
4114:978-0816622047
4113:
4100:
4095:978-0262538268
4094:
4081:
4076:978-0691020815
4075:
4062:
4057:978-0691020723
4056:
4043:
4024:
4019:978-0631175339
4018:
4005:
4000:978-0151011957
3999:
3986:
3977:
3972:978-0791459485
3971:
3965:. SUNY Press.
3958:
3952:
3939:
3934:978-0691012988
3933:
3920:
3914:
3901:
3896:978-0521477192
3895:
3882:
3877:978-0415251334
3876:
3863:
3858:978-0521662628
3857:
3844:
3839:978-0156957052
3838:
3825:
3820:978-0226065533
3819:
3806:
3801:978-1509505722
3800:
3787:
3782:978-0674019805
3781:
3768:
3763:978-1413033908
3762:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3727:
3705:
3675:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3593:
3578:
3565:
3552:
3540:
3525:
3510:
3495:
3480:
3468:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3425:Bernstein 2016
3417:
3405:
3401:Bernstein 2016
3393:
3391:, p. 354.
3381:
3369:
3365:Bernstein 2016
3354:
3339:
3337:, p. 215.
3327:
3325:, p. 213.
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3265:, p. 218.
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3217:, p. 210.
3207:
3205:, p. 208.
3195:
3193:, p. 206.
3183:
3171:
3159:
3157:, p. 202.
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3071:Bernstein 2016
3060:
3058:, p. 120.
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
2997:
2995:, p. 100.
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2860:
2858:, p. 168.
2845:
2843:, p. 316.
2830:
2818:
2816:, p. 167.
2803:
2801:, p. 635.
2788:
2776:
2764:
2762:, p. 315.
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2689:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2622:Bernstein 2016
2614:
2610:Colebrook 2004
2602:
2590:
2578:
2576:, p. 372.
2559:
2557:, p. 634.
2544:
2540:OED staff 2016
2532:
2528:Colebrook 2004
2520:
2516:OED staff 2016
2508:
2504:Colebrook 2004
2496:
2494:, p. 172.
2484:
2482:, p. 633.
2472:
2470:, p. 165.
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2341:
2338:
2318:understatement
2275:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2216:Additionally,
2205:
2190:
2130:'s 1964 play,
2111:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2085:
2033:
2030:
2019:RĂŒdiger Bubner
2011:G. W. F. Hegel
1999:
1996:
1949:creative power
1887:
1884:
1849:
1846:
1824:Wayne C. Booth
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1672:Ars dictaminis
1667:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1470:On the Sublime
1466:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:Lightning talk
1016:
1015:
1014:
1004:
999:
998:
997:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
966:
965:
960:
948:
943:
936:
935:
934:
924:
919:
914:
913:
912:
900:
895:
889:
885:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
868:
861:
860:
859:
849:
844:
843:
842:
835:
828:
816:
811:
806:
804:Method of loci
801:
794:
787:
782:
781:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
740:
739:
738:
733:
723:
722:
721:
711:
704:
699:
692:
691:
690:
678:
673:
666:
659:
654:
649:
641:
637:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
622:
621:
620:
608:
607:
606:
601:
591:
590:
589:
584:
574:
569:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
540:Ancient Greece
536:
530:
529:
528:
525:
524:
516:
515:
509:
508:
497:
494:
493:
492:
483:
482:
466:
465:
452:
451:
426:
423:
422:
421:
411:
410:
405:
404:
383:
380:
366:
363:
346:Tristam Shandy
340:Romantic irony
311:Dramatic irony
293:Samuel Johnson
267:Romantic irony
259:dramatic irony
249:
248:Types of irony
246:
238:
237:
233:
230:
176:
173:
86:
83:
26:
18:Socratic irony
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6982:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6887:Procatalepsis
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6745:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6683:Homeoteleuton
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6569:
6567:
6562:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6523:Screenwriting
6521:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6328:Second-person
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Magic realism
6230:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6163:Psychological
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6143:Philosophical
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:Autobiography
6066:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6007:Narrative art
6005:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5965:Flash fiction
5963:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5856:Act structure
5854:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5673:Worldbuilding
5671:
5669:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5520:KishĆtenketsu
5517:
5515:
5514:
5513:In medias res
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Foreshadowing
5490:
5488:
5487:Eucatastrophe
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5450:Chekhov's gun
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5339:Gothic double
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:Deuteragonist
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Character arc
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5262:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:Ventriloquism
5196:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Observational
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Opéra comique
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4952:Opéra bouffon
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:Café-chantant
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Sketch comedy
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Impressionist
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4406:Comedy troupe
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:. MJF Books.
4240:
4235:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:. Routledge.
4144:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4033:
4030:
4029:"I'rony n.s."
4025:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3953:1-85326-318-4
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3915:9781444333275
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3601:Martin, R. A.
3597:
3590:
3589:
3585:Partridge in
3582:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3491:
3487:Giesing, G.,
3484:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3403:, p. 94.
3402:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3367:, p. 89.
3366:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3181:, p. 15.
3180:
3175:
3169:, p. 16.
3168:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3109:, p. 19.
3108:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3034:, p. 28.
3033:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3010:, p. 44.
3009:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2983:, p. 33.
2982:
2977:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2947:, p. 91.
2946:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2687:, p. ix.
2686:
2681:
2679:
2672:, p. 20.
2671:
2666:
2660:, p. 19.
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:Rod A. Martin
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2161:Lewis Carroll
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:Manfred Frank
1965:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:Immanuel Kant
1893:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:Toulmin model
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Talking point
1756:
1754:
1753:Speechwriting
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Argumentation
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1410:De Inventione
1407:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1090:War-mongering
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:Progymnasmata
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Maiden speech
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
964:
961:
959:
958:
954:
953:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:
937:
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
911:
910:
906:
905:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
882:
881:
874:
873:
869:
867:
866:
862:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
848:
845:
841:
840:
836:
834:
833:
829:
827:
826:
822:
821:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
799:
795:
793:
792:
788:
786:
783:
779:
778:
774:
772:
771:
767:
765:
764:
760:
758:
757:
753:
751:
750:
746:
745:
744:
741:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
710:
709:
705:
703:
700:
698:
697:
693:
689:
688:
684:
683:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:
667:
665:
664:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:
643:
642:
634:
633:
626:
625:Modern period
623:
619:
618:
614:
613:
612:
609:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
573:
572:Ancient India
570:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:Attic orators
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
537:
533:
527:
526:
522:
518:
517:
514:
511:
510:
506:
502:
501:
489:
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
467:
463:
459:
454:
453:
448:
447:
446:
444:
440:
439:ingénue irony
436:
432:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
406:
401:
400:
399:
397:
393:
389:
379:
377:
373:
362:
360:
359:New Criticism
356:
352:
348:
347:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
312:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:intentionally
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
245:
243:
240:According to
234:
231:
227:
226:
225:
222:
220:
215:
212:
210:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
172:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
127:
124:'s dialogues
123:
118:
116:
115:
110:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
82:
78:
76:
72:
68:
67:juxtaposition
64:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6897:Antanaclasis
6839:
6801:Epanorthosis
6718:Polysyndeton
6611:Antimetabole
6596:Alliteration
6528:Storytelling
6343:Subjectivity
6333:Third-person
6323:First-person
5957:
5766:Comic relief
5690:
5518:
5511:
5502:Flashforward
5469:
5443:Origin story
5425:
5388:Straight man
5343:
5059:Black sitcom
5039:Mockumentary
4947:Opéra bouffe
4915:Café-théùtre
4900:Ballad opera
4818:Harlequinade
4768:Comedy-drama
4547:Mockumentary
4440:
4431:Impersonator
4411:Comic timing
4327:
4318:
4314:
4295:
4276:
4257:
4238:
4226:. Retrieved
4221:
4199:
4180:
4161:
4142:
4123:
4104:
4085:
4066:
4047:
4035:. Retrieved
4031:
4009:
3990:
3981:
3962:
3943:
3924:
3905:
3886:
3867:
3848:
3829:
3810:
3791:
3772:
3753:
3745:Bibliography
3735:
3730:
3713:
3712:Conley, T.,
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3687:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3657:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3586:
3581:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3415:, p. 5.
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3352:, p. 6.
3330:
3318:
3306:
3301:, p. 4.
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3015:
2988:
2976:
2971:, p. 7.
2964:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2826:Stanton 1956
2821:
2779:
2772:Johnson 2021
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2624:, p. 1.
2617:
2612:, p. 1.
2605:
2593:
2581:
2542:, etymology.
2535:
2530:, p. 7.
2523:
2518:, sense 1.a.
2511:
2506:, p. 6.
2499:
2487:
2475:
2406:Auto-antonym
2382:
2380:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2246:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2140:
2138:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2023:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1988:Wechselspiel
1987:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1919:Franz Gareis
1917:Portrait by
1892:FrĂŒhromantik
1891:
1889:
1877:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1698:Glossophobia
1670:
1589:Constitutive
1548:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1172:Rhetoricians
1085:Stump speech
1002:Invitational
955:
940:Dissoi logoi
938:
917:Deliberative
909:Controversia
907:
870:
863:
837:
830:
823:
796:
789:
777:Pronuntiatio
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
706:
694:
685:
668:
661:
644:
615:
577:Ancient Rome
476:
470:
442:
438:
434:
430:
428:
415:
395:
391:
387:
385:
375:
371:
368:
344:
339:
338:
330:Thomas Hardy
326:Cosmic irony
325:
324:
320:Tragic irony
319:
315:
310:
309:
288:
285:Verbal irony
284:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:cosmic irony
262:
258:
255:verbal irony
254:
251:
239:
223:
218:
207:
206:In the 1906
205:
188:
184:
178:
162:
157:
137:
136:, the Latin
131:
125:
119:
112:
106:
103:Aristophanes
94:
90:
88:
79:
62:
61:
36:
6786:Catachresis
6771:Antonomasia
6766:Antiphrasis
6708:Parallelism
6658:Epanalepsis
6621:Aposiopesis
6601:Anadiplosis
6533:Tellability
6499:Metafiction
6494:Narratology
6266:Theological
6158:Pop culture
6039:Short story
6017:Epic poetry
5738:Time travel
5551:Red herring
5536:Plot device
5507:Frame story
5460:Cliffhanger
5403:Tritagonist
5378:Protagonist
5127:Documentary
5123:(dry humor)
5086:Alternative
5064:Teen sitcom
4957:Opera buffa
4932:Light music
4927:Comedy club
4877:Tragicomedy
4842:Shadow play
4219:"Irony, n."
4037:21 December
3792:Ironic Life
3517:Nicol, B.,
3502:Waugh, P.,
3449:Muecke 2023
3335:Bubner 2003
3323:Bubner 2003
3311:Inwood 1992
3299:Beiser 2006
3275:Beiser 2006
3179:Beiser 2006
3167:Beiser 2006
3143:Bubner 2003
3131:Beiser 2006
3119:Beiser 2006
3107:Beiser 2006
3095:Beiser 2006
3083:Muecke 2023
3056:Muecke 2023
2957:Muecke 2023
2945:Muecke 2023
2933:Muecke 2023
2921:Muecke 2023
2909:Muecke 2023
2897:Muecke 2023
2885:Muecke 2023
2873:Muecke 2023
2841:Hirsch 2014
2784:Hirsch 2014
2760:Hirsch 2014
2748:Muecke 2023
2736:Cuddon 2013
2724:Hirsch 2014
2670:Muecke 2023
2658:Muecke 2023
2646:Fowler 1994
2586:Muecke 2023
2574:Cuddon 2013
2383:incongruous
2222:John Fowles
2174:metafiction
2172:Similarly,
2128:Peter Weiss
2117:Don Quixote
2040:Unfinished
2026:Kierkegaard
2015:dialectical
1778:Wooden iron
1738:Rhetrickery
1713:Oral skills
1649:Composition
1584:Contrastive
1404:(c. 350 BC)
1394:(c. 350 BC)
1384:(c. 350 BC)
1374:(c. 350 BC)
1364:(c. 370 BC)
1224:Demosthenes
1204:Brueggemann
1139:Ideological
990:Homileticsâ
903:Declamation
893:Apologetics
743:Five canons
611:Renaissance
594:Middle Ages
297:Bolingbroke
242:Wayne Booth
185:Ironic Life
134:Renaissance
6934:Categories
6914:Synecdoche
6818:Dysphemism
6791:Ecphonesis
6781:Apostrophe
6723:Spoonerism
6713:Polyptoton
6693:Hyperbaton
6668:Epistrophe
6653:Consonance
6616:Antithesis
6419:Continuity
6288:Nonfiction
6252:Underwater
6148:Picaresque
6123:Historical
6108:Epistolary
5980:Fairy tale
5891:Peripeteia
5873:Exposition
5629:Dreamworld
5571:Stereotype
5541:Plot twist
5289:Antagonist
5034:Television
4937:Music hall
4882:Vaudeville
4803:Macchietta
4793:Double act
4702:Indonesia
4696:Mo lei tau
4692:Hong Kong
4686:Xiangsheng
4557:Remarriage
4466:Visual gag
4456:Punch line
4451:Prank call
3263:Frank 2004
3251:Frank 2004
3239:Frank 2004
3227:Frank 2004
3215:Frank 2004
3203:Frank 2004
3191:Frank 2004
3155:Frank 2004
3044:Booth 1974
3032:Booth 1974
3020:Booth 1974
3008:Booth 1974
2993:Booth 1974
2981:Booth 1974
2969:Booth 1974
2685:Booth 1974
2634:Kreuz 2020
2598:Booth 1974
2453:References
2446:Post-irony
2330:jocularity
2133:Marat/Sade
2104:vita digna
2004:postmodern
1972:Aufblitzen
1864:and other
1634:Technology
1624:Procedural
1444:(c. 50 BC)
1430:De Oratore
1294:Quintilian
1289:Protagoras
1144:Metaphoric
1068:Propaganda
951:Epideictic
865:Sotto voce
819:Persuasion
814:Operations
756:Dispositio
652:Chironomia
183:opens his
150:Quintilian
132:Until the
99:Old Comedy
6919:Tautology
6845:Apophasis
6823:Euphemism
6806:Hyperbole
6796:Ekphrasis
6688:Hypallage
6678:Hendiadys
6673:Epizeuxis
6663:Epiphrase
6631:Asyndeton
6626:Assonance
6310:Narration
6259:Superhero
6183:Chivalric
6168:Religious
6153:Political
6088:Adventure
6073:Biography
5995:Tall tale
5843:Structure
5828:Symbolism
5796:Narration
5696:Leitmotif
5624:Crossover
5619:Backstory
5576:Story arc
5526:MacGuffin
5497:Flashback
5438:Backstory
5314:Confidant
5294:Archenemy
5281:Character
5273:Narrative
5181:Slapstick
5106:Christian
5101:Character
5078:Subgenres
4893:and dance
4813:Pantomime
4599:Slapstick
4572:Screwball
4476:Word play
4012:. Wiley.
3550:, "irony"
3532:Fowler's
3287:Rush 2016
2492:Frye 1990
2416:Hypocrisy
2401:Apophasis
2314:hyperbole
2157:Coleridge
2084:genuinely
2052:, c.â1840
1941:poiÄtikĂłs
1748:Seduction
1579:Cognitive
1567:Subfields
1494:(100â400)
1249:Isocrates
1189:Augustine
1179:Aristotle
1154:Narrative
1104:Criticism
1049:Philippic
963:Panegyric
946:Elocution
927:Dialectic
847:Situation
708:Facilitas
702:Enthymeme
681:Eloquence
663:Delectare
491:delight".
478:King Lear
374:and four
301:hyperbole
85:Etymology
6882:Pleonasm
6872:Oxymoron
6867:Metonymy
6862:Metaphor
6835:Innuendo
6811:Adynaton
6776:Aphorism
6761:Allusion
6756:Allegory
6728:Symploce
6703:Isocolon
6636:Chiasmus
6606:Anaphora
6516:Glossary
6511:Rhetoric
6318:Diegesis
6298:Creative
6271:Thriller
6220:Southern
6138:Paranoid
6133:Nautical
6044:Vignette
6002:Gamebook
5970:Folklore
5877:Protasis
5756:Allegory
5701:Metaphor
5659:parallel
5654:universe
5634:Dystopia
5591:Suspense
5477:Dialogue
5465:Conflict
5373:Narrator
5345:Hamartia
5221:Category
5156:Physical
4967:Operetta
4741:Sarugaku
4609:Thriller
4501:American
4421:Humorist
4391:Comedian
3720:Archived
3698:26 April
3692:Archived
3668:26 April
3662:Archived
2436:Oxymoron
2396:Accismus
2389:See also
2220:says of
2206:â
2191:â
2076:absolute
2072:negative
2068:infinite
1960:allegory
1874:Socrates
1619:Pedagogy
1599:Feminist
1370:Rhetoric
1360:Phaedrus
1354:(380 BC)
1304:Richards
1274:Perelman
1122:Pentadic
1117:Dramatic
1061:Suasoria
1039:Diatribe
980:Forensic
957:Encomium
922:Demagogy
791:Imitatio
763:Elocutio
749:Inventio
719:Informal
638:Concepts
565:Sophists
560:Calliope
550:Atticism
545:Asianism
513:Rhetoric
505:a series
503:Part of
458:Socrates
353:and the
316:contrary
229:ironist.
189:dominant
142:allegory
126:eironeia
95:ΔጰÏÏÎœÎ”ÎŻÎ±
91:eironeia
52:Lysippus
44:Socrates
6950:Fiction
6857:Litotes
6850:Sarcasm
6828:Meiosis
6588:Schemes
6446:Prequel
6402:Related
6388:Present
6281:Western
6237:Science
6210:Fantasy
6178:Romance
6128:Mystery
6113:Ergodic
6078:Fiction
6034:Parable
6029:Novella
5959:Fabliau
5930:Premise
5781:Imagery
5771:Diction
5649:country
5606:Setting
5586:Subplot
5408:Villain
5361:Byronic
5193:Surreal
5121:Deadpan
5007:Hip hop
4905:Cabaret
4631:Country
4623:Theatre
4587:Mexican
4582:Italian
4562:Romance
4537:Fantasy
4516:Italian
4506:British
4494:Country
4228:Jan 23,
3738:, 1926.
2441:Paradox
2421:Ironism
2310:sarcasm
2302:sarcasm
2268:Sarcasm
2249:sarcasm
2243:Sarcasm
2153:Carlyle
1984:Wechsel
1868:and in
1664:Related
1639:Therapy
1629:Science
1594:Digital
1474:(c. 50)
1464:(46 BC)
1454:(46 BC)
1434:(55 BC)
1424:(80 BC)
1414:(84 BC)
1350:Gorgias
1319:Toulmin
1314:Tacitus
1264:McLuhan
1239:Gorgias
1234:Erasmus
1229:Derrida
1194:Bakhtin
1184:Aspasia
1149:Mimesis
1112:Cluster
1044:Eristic
1034:Polemic
1029:Oratory
1007:Lecture
770:Memoria
714:Fallacy
657:Decorum
604:Trivium
532:History
396:private
305:litotes
201:sarcasm
54:in the
6955:Humour
6945:Comedy
6909:Simile
6748:Tropes
6738:Zeugma
6733:Tmesis
6641:Climax
6450:Sequel
6434:Retcon
6429:Reboot
6393:Future
6227:Horror
6215:Gothic
6200:Satire
6118:Erotic
5985:Legend
5887:Climax
5761:Bathos
5668:Utopia
5556:Reveal
5455:Cliché
5433:Action
5427:Ab ovo
5366:Tragic
5231:Portal
5203:Zombie
5186:Topics
5146:Insult
5141:Horror
5116:Cringe
5049:Sitcom
5012:Parody
4736:Rakugo
4731:Owarai
4726:Manzai
4721:KyĆgen
4717:Japan
4711:Ludruk
4706:Lenong
4638:Europe
4604:Stoner
4594:Silent
4552:Parody
4542:Horror
4532:Action
4511:French
4461:Satire
4426:Humour
4384:Topics
4377:Comedy
4334:
4302:
4283:
4264:
4245:
4206:
4187:
4168:
4149:
4130:
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4054:
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3760:
3591:(1997)
2350:ironic
2334:tropes
2328:, and
2159:, and
2096:begins
2066:It is
1945:Poesie
1937:Poesie
1855:eirons
1723:Pistis
1718:Orator
1644:Visual
1554:(1970)
1544:(1966)
1534:(1521)
1524:(1305)
1460:Orator
1400:Topics
1329:Weaver
1259:Lysias
1254:Lucian
1244:Hobbes
1219:de Man
1214:Cicero
1012:Public
995:Sermon
970:Eulogy
898:Debate
886:Genres
832:Pathos
798:Kairos
785:Hypsos
731:Scheme
696:Eunoia
676:Device
670:Docere
441:, and
394:, and
392:covert
372:grades
265:, and
158:ironie
146:Cicero
138:ironia
114:alazon
56:Louvre
6965:Theme
6940:Irony
6840:Irony
6457:Genre
6424:Canon
6375:Tense
6293:Novel
6276:Urban
6188:Prose
6173:Rogue
6098:Crime
6093:Comic
6054:Genre
6024:Novel
5975:Fable
5953:Drama
5918:films
5748:Style
5716:Motif
5706:Moral
5691:Irony
5683:Theme
5596:Trope
5171:Shock
5111:Clown
5091:Black
5044:Roast
5029:Radio
5024:Novel
4997:Album
4992:Music
4985:Media
4972:Revue
4891:Music
4756:Genre
4681:China
4525:Genre
4441:Irony
4416:Farce
3868:Irony
2346:irony
2281:, in
2259:Irony
2149:Keats
2145:Byron
1514:(426)
1504:(102)
1342:Works
1309:Smith
1299:Ramus
1284:Plato
1279:Pizan
1209:Burke
1199:Booth
1134:Genre
1129:Frame
872:Topos
857:Grand
852:Style
839:Logos
825:Ethos
809:Modes
736:Trope
388:overt
376:modes
122:Plato
108:eiron
63:Irony
6646:Anti
6462:List
6383:Past
6242:Hard
6195:Saga
6103:Docu
6059:List
5990:Myth
5945:Form
5833:Tone
5806:Hook
5791:Mood
5786:Mode
5644:city
5531:Pace
5418:Plot
5356:Anti
5351:Hero
5334:Foil
5176:Sick
5161:Prop
5132:High
5096:Blue
5002:Rock
4857:Spex
4674:Asia
4486:Film
4446:Joke
4332:ISBN
4300:ISBN
4281:ISBN
4262:ISBN
4243:ISBN
4230:2016
4204:ISBN
4185:ISBN
4166:ISBN
4147:ISBN
4128:ISBN
4109:ISBN
4090:ISBN
4071:ISBN
4052:ISBN
4039:2023
4014:ISBN
3995:ISBN
3967:ISBN
3948:ISBN
3929:ISBN
3910:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3872:ISBN
3853:ISBN
3834:ISBN
3815:ISBN
3796:ISBN
3777:ISBN
3758:ISBN
3700:2018
3670:2018
2348:and
2120:and
1962:and
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1688:Doxa
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1964:wit
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