55:. They are contested by a variety of university and corporate teams. Corporate teams participate in the races to give their design teams experience of working with both alternative energy sources and advanced materials. University teams participate in order to give their students experience in designing high technology cars and working with environmental and advanced materials technology. These races are often sponsored by government or educational agencies, and businesses such as Toyota keen to promote renewable energy sources.
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race each solar car will be preceded by a lead car that can identify problems or obstacles ahead of the race car. Behind the solar car there will be a mission control vehicle from which the race pace is controlled. Here tactical decisions are made based on information from the solar car and environmental information about the weather and terrain. Behind the mission control there might be one or more other vehicles carrying replacement drivers and maintenance support as well as supplies and camping equipment for the entire team.
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82:. The 30th Anniversary race of the World Solar Challenge was held in October 2017. Major regulation changes were released in June 2006 for this race to increase safety, to build a new generation of solar car, which with little modification could be the basis for a practical proposition for sustainable transport and intended to slow down cars in the main event, which could easily exceed the speed limit (110 km/h) in previous years.
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solar radiation, up to 8.5 kWh/m/day, encountered while traversing the
Atacama Desert, as well as challenging participating teams to climb 3,500 m (11,500 ft) above sea level. After the 2018 race, La Ruta Solar organized its next edition for 2020, but it never came to be. In the end of 2019, the organization struggled with funding and decided to cancel the race. A few months later they declared bankruptcy.
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662:, blocking the current for the entire string of cells. To design against this, array designers use by-pass diodes in parallel with smaller segments of the string of cells, allowing current around the non-functioning cell(s). Another consideration is that the battery itself can force current backward through the array unless there are blocking diodes put at the end of each panel.
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Solar cars usually have three wheels, but some have four. Three-wheelers usually have two front wheels and one rear wheel: the front wheels steer and the rear wheel follows. Four-wheel vehicles are set up like normal cars or similarly to three-wheeled vehicles with the two rear wheels close together.
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and is not exclusive to solar-powered cars but to any electric car, and so during the attempt, the solar panels were disconnected from the electrical systems. The previous record of 73 kilometres per hour (45 mph) - which had been set in 1988 - was broken by the team with an average speed of 107
270:. Racers go head-to-head over a straight quarter kilometer distance. Currently, a solar drag race is held each year on the Saturday closest to the summer solstice in Wenatchee, Washington, USA. The world record for this event is 29.5 seconds set by the South Whidbey High School team on June 23, 2007.
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race itself, the Solar Car
Challenge provides extensive educational resources, workshops, and mentorship to help students succeed. This competition not only highlights the potential of solar energy but also inspires the next generation of engineers, scientists, and environmentally-conscious citizens.
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The Solar Car
Challenge is an annual event that fosters education and innovation in renewable energy by engaging high school students in the design, engineering, and racing of solar-powered vehicles. Founded in 1989 by Dr. Lehman Marks, the challenge has grown to become a premier educational program,
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The
American Solar Challenge was sponsored in part by several small sponsors. However, funding was cut near the end of 2005, and the NASC 2007 was cancelled. The North American solar racing community worked to find a solution, bringing in Toyota as a primary sponsor for a 2008 race. Toyota has since
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The cars require intensive support teams similar in size to professional motor racing teams. This is especially the case with the World Solar
Challenge where sections of the race run through very remote country. The solar car will travel escorted by a small caravan of support cars. In a long distance
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Briefly, the left-hand side represents the energy input into the car (batteries and power from the sun) and the right-hand side is the energy needed to drive the car along the race route (overcoming rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, going uphill and accelerating). Everything in this equation can
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converting sunlight into electricity. Cars can use a variety of solar cell technologies; most often polycrystalline silicon, mono-crystalline silicon, or gallium arsenide. The cells are wired together into strings while strings are often wired together to form a panel. Panels normally have voltages
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Optimizing energy consumption is of prime importance in a solar car race. Therefore, it is useful to be able to continually monitor and optimize the vehicle's energy parameters. Given the variable conditions, most teams have race speed optimization programs that continuously update the team on how
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This is significant to designers, who seek to maximize energy input to a panel of solar cells (often called an "array" of cells) by designing the array to point directly toward the sun for as long as possible during the race day. Thus, a south-north race car designer might increase the car's total
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Held over several days, the Solar Car
Challenge typically includes a cross-country race or a track event, depending on the year. The event draws teams from across the United States and occasionally international participants, fostering a spirit of friendly competition and collaboration. Beyond the
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In 2013 the organisers of the event introduced the
Cruiser Class to the World Solar Challenge, designed to encourage contestants to design a "practical" solar powered vehicle. This race requires that vehicles have four wheels and upright seating for passengers, and is judged on a number of factors
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The
Carrera Solar Atacama is the first solar-powered car race of its kind in Latin America; the race covers 2,600 km (1,600 mi) from Santiago to Arica in the north of Chile. The race's founder, La Ruta Solar, claims it is the most extreme of the vehicular races due to the high levels of
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is a biennial, two-week solar-powered car race through the length and breadth of South Africa. The first challenge in 2008 proved that this event can attract the interest of the public, and that it has the necessary international backing from the FIA. Late in
September, all entrants will take off
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The mechanical systems are designed to keep friction and weight to a minimum while maintaining strength and stiffness. Designers normally use aluminium, titanium and composites to provide a structure that meets strength and stiffness requirements whilst being fairly light. Steel is used for some
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Some solar cars have complex data acquisition systems that monitor the whole electrical system, while basic cars show battery voltage and motor current. In order to judge the range available with varying solar production and motive consumption, an ampere-hour meter multiplies battery current and
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to the voltage that produces the most power for the given conditions, e.g. temperature. The battery manager protects the batteries from overcharging. The motor controller controls the desired motor power. Many controllers allow regenerative braking, i.e. power is fed back into the battery during
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The power produced by the solar array depends on the weather conditions, the position of the sun and the capacity of the array. At noon on a bright day, a good array can produce over 2 kilowatts (2.6 hp). A 6 m array of 20% cells will produce roughly 6 kW·h (22 kJ) of energy during a
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Because solar cars are often purpose-built, and because arrays do not usually move in relation to the rest of the vehicle (with notable exceptions), this race-route-driven, flat-panel versus convex design compromise is one of the most significant decisions that a solar car designer must make.
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Steering systems for solar cars also vary. The major design factors for steering systems are efficiency, reliability and precision alignment to minimize tire wear and power loss. The popularity of solar car racing has led to some tire manufacturers designing tires for solar vehicles. This has
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A usual design for today's successful vehicles is a small canopy in the middle of a curved wing-like array, entirely covered in cells, with 3 wheels. Before, the cockroach style with a smooth nose fairing into the panel was more successful. At lower speeds, with less powerful arrays, other
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Designing a solar array is more than just stringing a bunch of cells together. A solar array acts like many very small batteries all hooked together in series. The total voltage produced is the sum of all cell voltages. The problem is that if a single cell is in shadow it acts like a
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combining science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) principles with hands-on experience. Participants are tasked with building and racing solar cars, allowing them to apply theoretical knowledge to practical problems while promoting sustainable technology and teamwork.
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from
Pretoria and make their way to Cape Town, then drive along the coast to Durban, before climbing the escarpment on their way back to the finish line in Pretoria 11 days later. The event has (in both 2008 and 2010) been endorsed by International Solarcar Federation (ISF),
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Solving the long form of the equation for velocity results in a large equation (approximately 100 terms). Using the power equation as the arbiter, vehicle designers can compare various car designs and evaluate the comparative performance over a given route. Combined with
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For example, the 1990 and 1993 Sunrayce USA events were won by vehicles with significantly convex arrays, corresponding to the south-north race alignments; by 1997, however, most cars in that event had flat arrays to match the change to an east-west route.
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519:, albeit starting with a fully charged battery pack. Some vehicle classes also allow human power input. As a result, optimizing the design to account for aerodynamic drag, vehicle weight, rolling resistance and electrical efficiency are paramount.
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broke a world record in their solar car, for the fastest electric car weighing less than 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) and capable of travelling 500 kilometres (310 mi) on a single battery charge. This particular record was overseen by the
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are the most commonly used due to their good braking ability and ability to adjust. Mechanical and hydraulic brakes are both widely used. The brake pads or shoes are typically designed to retract to minimize brake drag, on leading cars.
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The race route itself will affect strategy, because the apparent position of the sun in the sky will vary depending on various factors which are specific to the vehicle's orientation (see "Race Route Considerations," above).
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Testing is essential to demonstrating vehicle reliability prior to a race. It is easy to spend a hundred thousand dollars to gain a two-hour advantage, and equally easy to lose two hours due to reliability issues.
365:, of the University of Twente with their car SolUTra. The record of 37.757 km/h was set in 2005. The record takes place over a flying 1000m run, and is the average speed of 2 runs in opposite directions.
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confirmed their support of the South Africa Solar Challenge, by taking naming rights to the event, so that for the duration of their sponsorship, the event was known as the Sasol Solar Challenge, South Africa.
417:. Its 25-kilogram (55 lb) battery was removed so the vehicle was powered only by its solar panels. The record of 88.8 kilometres per hour (55.2 mph) was set on 7 January 2011 at the naval air base
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The American Solar Challenge, previously known as the 'North American Solar Challenge' and 'Sunrayce', features mostly collegiate teams racing in timed intervals in the United States and Canada. The annual
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array coaxial with the vehicle's movement). In contrast, an east-west race alignment might reduce the benefit from having cells on the side of the vehicle, and thus might encourage design of a flat array.
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in 1985 which led to several similar races in Europe, US and Australia. Such challenges are often entered by universities to develop their students' engineering and technological skills, but many
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close to the nominal battery voltage. The main aim is to get as much cell area in as small a space as possible. Designers encapsulate the cells to protect them from the weather and breakage.
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In a south-to-north race route alignment, for example, the sun would rise over the driver's right shoulder and finish over the left (due to the east-west apparent motion of the sun).
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A wide variety of motor types have been used. The most efficient motors exceed 98% efficiency. These are brushless three-"phase" DC, electronically commutated, wheel motors, with a
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The Perth to Sydney Transcontinental record has held a certain allure in Solar Car Racing. Hans Tholstrup (the founder of the World Solar Challenge) first completed this journey in
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The directional orientation of a solar car race route affects the apparent position of the sun in the sky during a race day, which in turn affects the energy input to the vehicle.
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A successful solar car racing team will need to have access to reliable weather forecasts in order to predict the power input to the vehicle from the sun during each race day.
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of 78.3 kilometres per hour (48.7 mph). The record takes place over a flying 500 metres (1,600 ft) stretch, and is the average of two runs in opposite directions.
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In an east-west race route alignment, the sun would rise behind the vehicle, and appear to move in the direction of the vehicle's movement, setting in the front of the car.
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configurations are viable and easier to construct, e.g. covering available surfaces of existing electric vehicles with solar cells or fastening solar canopies above them.
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Rolling resistance can be minimized by using the right tires, inflated to the right pressure, correctly aligned, and by minimizing the weight of the vehicle.
954:{\displaystyle \eta \left\{\eta _{b}E+{\frac {Px}{v}}\right\}=\left\{WC_{rr1}+NC_{rr2}v+{\frac {1}{2}}\rho C_{d}Av^{2}\right\}x+Wh+{\frac {N_{a}Wv^{2}}{2g}}}
302:) in October each year. The first event was held in 1986. The goal of the challenge is to provide students with an experience of what it is like to work in
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In addition, elevation changes over a race route can dramatically change the amount of power needed to travel the route. For example, the 2001 and 2003
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have entered competitions in the past. A small number of high school teams participate in solar car races designed exclusively for high school students.
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stores surplus solar energy produced when the vehicle is stationary or travelling slowly or downhill. Solar cars use a range of batteries including
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Aerodynamic drag is the main source of losses on a solar race car. The aerodynamic drag of a vehicle is the product of the frontal area and its
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dropped the sponsorship. The last North American Solar Challenge was run 2016, from Brecksville, OH to Hot Springs, SD. The race was won by the
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Solar drag races are another form of solar racing. Unlike long distance solar races, solar dragsters do not use any batteries or pre-charged
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that relays vehicle performance data to a following support vehicle, which can provide the vehicle's driver with an optimum strategy.
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Power electronics may be used to optimize the electrical system. The maximum power tracker adjusts the operating point of the
294:, year 1 to Year 12. Students design and construct their own vehicle, be it a car or boat. This event is currently held at
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169:(WWF) making it the first Solar Race to receive endorsement from these 3 organizations. The last race took place in 2016.
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energy input by using solar cells on the sides of the vehicle where the sun will strike them (or by creating a
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Solar vehicle technology can be applied on a small scale, which makes it ideal for educational purposes in the
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recognize a land speed record for vehicles powered only by solar panels. This record is currently held by the
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DOE announced that the third Solar Decathlon competition will be held from 2007-October 12th through the 20th
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recognise a land speed record for vehicles powered only by solar panels. The current record was set by the
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1098:{\displaystyle \eta \left\{\eta _{b}Ev/x+P\right\}=\left\{WC_{rr1}v+{\frac {1}{2}}\rho C_{d}Av^{3}\right\}}
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constraints imposed by the race regulations. These rules limit the energy used to only that collected from
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as low as 0.10 have been reported, 0.13 is more typical. This needs a great deal of attention to detail.
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The Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge is an engineering competition undertaken by students across
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Elevation (in meters) of a race route that crossed the Rocky Mountains, from Illinois to California.
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A hybrid route alignment includes significant sections of south-north and east-west routes together.
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2071:"In-wheel motor for solar-powered electric vehicles: technical details (Publication - Technical)"
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https://web.archive.org/web/20080517201319/http://web.ew.usna.edu/~bruninga/APRS-SPHEV.html
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rate, thus providing the remaining vehicle range at each moment in the given conditions.
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Note 1 For the WSC the average panel power can be approximated as (7/9)Ănominal power.
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This race features a field of competitors from around the world who race to cross the
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The electrical system controls all of the power entering and leaving the system. The
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Race vehicles head toward the finish line in the 2005 North American Solar Challenge.
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and systems modeling, the power equation can be a useful tool in solar car design.
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618:. The rear suspension is often a trailing-arm suspension as found in motorcycles.
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kilometres per hour (66 mph) over the 500 kilometres (310 mi) distance.
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The vehicle's mass is also a significant factor. A light vehicle generates less
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for the windings. Cheaper alternatives are asynchronous AC or brushed DC motors.
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199:, an event for Junior level, Engineers and 3000 KM Solar Challenge for all India.
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because of varying bodies and chassis. The most common front suspension is the
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324:(NREL) to teach younger children about the importance and challenges of using
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solar racing team were the inaugural Cruiser Class winner with their vehicle
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including time, payload, passenger miles, and external energy use. The Dutch
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231:(World Solarcar Rallye / World Solar Bicycle race), a yearly track race in
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Local acceleration due to gravity variable (meters per second squared)
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industries. Unlike most race cars, solar cars are designed with severe
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The design of a solar car is governed by the following work equation:
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Sunswift IV and control vehicle during speed record attempts at HMAS
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2038:"World's fastest solar car smashed Guinness World Record (w/ Video)"
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Number of times the vehicle will accelerate in a race day (integer)
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Second coefficient of rolling resistance (newton-seconds per meter)
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The solar array consists of hundreds (or thousands) of photovoltaic
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in under 20 days in 1983. This vehicle is in the collection of the
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The two most notable solar car distance (overland) races are the
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The Leading Edge, Tamai, Goro, Robert Bently, Inc., 1999, p. 137
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Calculated average velocity over the route (meters per second)
698:. For most solar cars the frontal area is 0.75 to 1.3 m. While
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Solar cars are required to meet rigorous standards for brakes.
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123:. Michigan has won the race the last 6 times it has been held.
1922:"Carrera Solar Atacama - Latin AmericaÂŽs first solar car race"
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which can be usefully simplified to the performance equation
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Solar Vehicle Performance, Dr. Eric Slimko, December 1, 1991
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Measured array power for Aurora's Christine in the 2008 WSC.
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First coefficient of rolling resistance (non-dimensional)
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Australian Transcontinental (Perth to Sydney) Speed Record
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route crossed the Rocky Mountains (see graph at right).
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fast the vehicle should be traveling. Some teams employ
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configuration for the neodymium-iron-boron magnets, and
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Motor, controller and drive train efficiency (decimal)
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In July, 2014, a group of Australian students from the
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for long-distance races, and values seen in practice.
27:
obtained from solar panels on the surface of the car (
1908:"Solar Car Challenge - About the Solar Car Challenge"
1837:"Solar Team Eindhoven wins Crunchie in San Francisco"
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1807:"2015 Regulations | World Solar Challenge 2015"
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Some cars have employed free-standing or integrated
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Junior Solar Sprint was created in the 1980s by the
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BP Solar Trek vehicle known as the 'Quiet Achiever'
1247:Estimated average power from the array (1) (watts)
1462:Total height that the vehicle will climb (meters)
1291:Weight of the vehicle including payload (newtons)
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2099:Roche, Schinkel, Storey, Humphris & Guelden,
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1782:"Toyota Sponsors World's Longest Solar Car Race"
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2021:"An Introduction to Building a Model Solar Car"
1125:Computer simulation of a solar car body design.
593:A test chassis at Ford Proving Grounds in 1992.
353:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)
3117:List of countries by photovoltaics production
2794:Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
2223:
428:, breaking the record previously held by the
2018:
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673:to harness wind energy. Races including the
328:. The project also teaches students how the
306:and to understand what can be achieved with
2599:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
1225:Energy available in the batteries (joules)
115:track race is used as a qualifier for ASC.
99:
2472:Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells
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1369:Number of wheels on the vehicle (integer)
630:increased overall safety and performance.
495:Solar cars combine technology used in the
480:The current record was set in 2007 by the
1758:, the world's first solar-powered racecar
163:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
2934:Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
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1949:. Users.applecapital.net. Archived from
1889:. Americansolarchallenge.org. 2010-06-15
1784:. Toyota.com. 2008-07-30. Archived from
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1391:Air density (kilograms per cubic meter)
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2901:Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge
2896:Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge
1864:. Tech.groups.yahoo.com. Archived from
1751:Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge
1203:Watt-hour battery efficiency (decimal)
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2132:Howstuffworks.com: How solar cars work
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1418:Coefficient of drag (non-dimensional)
379:Confederation of Australian Motorsport
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286:Model Solar Vehicle Challenge Victoria
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734:
731:when designing lightweight vehicles.
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637:, eliminating belt or chain drives.
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322:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
127:The Solar Car Challenge (Highschool)
31:). The first solar car race was the
2939:List of photovoltaic power stations
261:
243:, part of the Cultural Olympiad in
193:Electric-Solar Vehicle Championship
13:
2955:Rooftop photovoltaic power station
2358:Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si)
2307:Third-generation photovoltaic cell
1947:"Official Solar Drag Race Website"
547:, nickel-metal hydride batteries (
14:
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2960:Building-integrated photovoltaics
2457:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
2363:Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si)
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2154:Solar cars in inventors.about.com
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1552:Calculated average speed in km/h
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274:Model and educational solar races
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2332:Polarizing organic photovoltaics
2174:The Dell-Winston Solar Challenge
1862:"Official NASC2008 Announcement"
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610:Solar cars have a wide range of
472:Aurora Solar Vehicle Association
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2467:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
2348:List of semiconductor materials
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2012:
1988:
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603:suspension parts on many cars.
215:, a yearly track race in India.
19:refers to competitive races of
2579:Incremental conductance method
2373:Copper indium gallium selenide
2322:Thermodynamic efficiency limit
1964:
1939:
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1673:North American Solar Challenge
719:and will need smaller lighter
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1:
2886:South African Solar Challenge
2179:South African Solar Challenge
2169:International Solar Car A - Z
2159:World Solar Challenge website
1767:
1741:South African Solar Challenge
1662:
1440:Frontal area (square meters)
1269:Race route distance (meters)
551:), nickel-cadmium batteries (
411:University of New South Wales
374:University of New South Wales
158:South African Solar Challenge
152:South African Solar Challenge
146:South African Solar Challenge
2533:Photovoltaic mounting system
2194:National Museum of Australia
2059:National Museum of Australia
457:National Museum of Australia
7:
2538:Maximum power point tracker
1811:www.worldsolarchallenge.org
1694:
255:World Solar Rally in Taiwan
10:
3276:
2789:Solar panels on spacecraft
2636:Solar-powered refrigerator
2594:Concentrated photovoltaics
2574:Perturb and observe method
2353:Crystalline silicon (c-Si)
1118:. The parameters include:
633:All the top teams now use
616:double wishbone suspension
149:
130:
103:
71:
58:
3205:
3125:
3109:
3100:
2978:
2947:
2913:
2833:
2817:
2771:
2730:
2628:
2621:
2566:
2495:
2487:Heterojunction solar cell
2462:Dye-sensitized solar cell
2422:
2411:
2386:
2340:
2302:Multi-junction solar cell
2292:Nominal power (Watt-peak)
2252:
2245:
1601:Race route considerations
561:lithium polymer batteries
466:The record was beaten by
372:solar racing team at the
344:can be used in practice.
221:, a yearly track race in
205:, a yearly track race in
2970:Strasskirchen Solar Park
2861:American Solar Challenge
2707:Solar-powered flashlight
2694:Solar-powered calculator
2689:Solar cell phone charger
2378:Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
2164:American Solar Challenge
1762:American Solar Challenge
727:components. This is the
666:typical day on the WSC.
282:areas. Some events are:
106:American Solar Challenge
100:American Solar Challenge
53:American Solar Challenge
2876:Frisian Solar Challenge
2846:List of solar car teams
2604:Space-based solar power
2584:Constant voltage method
2513:Solar charge controller
2399:Timeline of solar cells
2394:Growth of photovoltaics
2137:Solar Decathlon website
1887:"Official NASC Website"
1731:List of solar car teams
1709:Renewable energy portal
1571:Actual race speed km/h
710:
2866:Formula Sun Grand Prix
2698:Solar-powered fountain
2641:Solar air conditioning
2442:Quantum dot solar cell
2432:Nanocrystal solar cell
2327:Sun-free photovoltaics
2196:BP Solar Trek vehicle
2073:. Csiro.au. 2009-12-01
1996:"Model Solar Victoria"
1972:"Model Solar Victoria"
1691:
1659:
1126:
1099:
955:
594:
531:
482:UNSW Solar Racing Team
407:Guinness World Records
403:
268:energy storage devices
213:Bharat Solar Challenge
121:University of Michigan
113:Formula Sun Grand Prix
2856:World Solar Challenge
2679:Photovoltaic keyboard
2609:PV system performance
2482:Perovskite solar cell
2280:Solar cell efficiency
2184:Carrera Solar Atacama
1689:
1657:
1124:
1100:
956:
592:
557:lithium ion batteries
529:
440:Miscellaneous records
397:
390:Guinness world record
229:World Green Challenge
178:Carrera Solar Atacama
74:World Solar Challenge
68:World Solar Challenge
49:World Solar Challenge
37:business corporations
23:which are powered by
3126:Individual producers
2834:Solar vehicle racing
2523:Solar micro-inverter
2452:Plasmonic solar cell
2297:Thin-film solar cell
2265:Photoelectric effect
1926:www.carrerasolar.com
1114:be estimated except
975:
756:
743:Performance equation
332:is applied, and how
308:renewable technology
80:Australian continent
2722:Solar traffic light
2702:Solar-powered radio
2669:Solar-powered watch
2477:Printed solar panel
2312:Solar cell research
1679:Weather forecasting
545:lead-acid batteries
330:engineering process
315:Junior Solar Sprint
167:World Wildlife Fund
133:Solar Car Challenge
2758:The Quiet Achiever
2717:Solar street light
2664:Solar-powered pump
2437:Organic solar cell
2317:Thermophotovoltaic
2285:Quantum efficiency
2198:The Quiet Achiever
2044:. January 7, 2011.
2019:Holly and Madani.
1756:The Quiet Achiever
1692:
1660:
1642:Energy consumption
1127:
1095:
951:
735:Rolling resistance
717:rolling resistance
598:Mechanical systems
595:
532:
505:alternative energy
452:The Quiet Achiever
404:
3255:Electric vehicles
3237:
3236:
3201:
3200:
3096:
3095:
2909:
2908:
2784:Mauro Solar Riser
2779:Electric aircraft
2712:Solar-powered fan
2617:
2616:
2508:Balance of system
2496:System components
2447:Hybrid solar cell
2407:
2406:
2368:Cadmium telluride
2203:Solar Racing News
1587:
1586:
1062:
949:
866:
796:
535:Electrical system
381:on behalf of the
363:Solar Team Twente
21:electric vehicles
3267:
3250:Solar car racing
3225:
3224:
3213:
3212:
3107:
3106:
2948:Building-mounted
2926:PV power station
2922:
2921:
2851:Solar challenges
2841:Solar car racing
2809:Solar Challenger
2799:Gossamer Penguin
2626:
2625:
2420:
2419:
2270:Solar irradiance
2250:
2249:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2147:Washington, D.C.
2119:
2116:
2110:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2000:sites.google.com
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1976:sites.google.com
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1813:. Archived from
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1778:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1129:
1128:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1075:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1020:
1016:
1006:
995:
994:
960:
958:
957:
952:
950:
948:
940:
939:
938:
926:
925:
915:
898:
894:
893:
892:
880:
879:
867:
859:
851:
850:
829:
828:
802:
798:
797:
792:
784:
776:
775:
486:Sunswift III mk2
326:renewable energy
262:Solar drag races
17:Solar car racing
3275:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3197:
3121:
3092:
2974:
2943:
2916:
2905:
2829:
2818:Water transport
2813:
2767:
2753:Solar golf cart
2726:
2684:Solar road stud
2613:
2567:System concepts
2562:
2491:
2414:
2403:
2382:
2336:
2241:
2236:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2101:Speed of Light.
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2053:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1817:on 20 July 2014
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1681:
1665:
1644:
1639:
1603:
1486:
1415:
1344:
1316:
1200:
1138:Ford Australia
1084:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1054:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1002:
990:
986:
985:
981:
976:
973:
972:
941:
934:
930:
921:
917:
916:
914:
888:
884:
875:
871:
858:
840:
836:
818:
814:
810:
806:
785:
783:
771:
767:
766:
762:
757:
754:
753:
745:
737:
729:virtuous circle
713:
706:
697:
687:
647:
600:
537:
517:solar radiation
493:
484:with their car
447:
442:
392:
355:
350:
318:
288:
276:
264:
189:
180:
154:
148:
135:
129:
108:
102:
76:
70:
61:
45:
12:
11:
5:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3163:Solar Frontier
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Hanwha Q CELLS
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3083:United Kingdom
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Czech Republic
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2804:Qinetiq Zephyr
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2731:Land transport
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2656:Solar backpack
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2558:Synchronverter
2555:
2550:
2548:Solar shingles
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:Solar inverter
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2275:Solar constant
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2134:
2127:
2126:External links
2124:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2092:
2083:
2062:
2047:
2029:
2011:
1987:
1963:
1938:
1913:
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1878:
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1828:
1798:
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1223:
1217:
1216:
1215:1.00 (LiPoly)
1213:
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843:
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835:
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827:
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813:
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805:
801:
795:
791:
788:
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774:
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765:
761:
744:
741:
736:
733:
712:
709:
702:
693:
686:
683:
646:
643:
599:
596:
571:deceleration.
536:
533:
492:
491:Vehicle design
489:
474:racing in the
446:
443:
441:
438:
430:General Motors
391:
388:
354:
351:
349:
346:
317:
312:
287:
284:
275:
272:
263:
260:
259:
258:
252:
236:
226:
216:
210:
200:
188:
185:
179:
176:
150:Main article:
147:
144:
131:Main article:
128:
125:
104:Main article:
101:
98:
72:Main article:
69:
66:
60:
57:
44:
43:Distance races
41:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3272:
3261:
3260:Photovoltaics
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3207:
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3186:
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3181:
3179:
3176:
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3166:
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3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:Air transport
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Solar roadway
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Solar vehicle
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Solar charger
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Solar tracker
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:
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2410:
2400:
2397:
2395:
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2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
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2356:
2354:
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2345:
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2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
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413:with the car
412:
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371:
370:UNSW Sunswift
366:
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348:Speed records
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3193:Yingli Solar
3173:Sungen Solar
3148:Motech Solar
3102:PV companies
3063:South Africa
2881:Solar Splash
2840:
2622:Applications
2553:Solar mirror
2413:Photovoltaic
2197:
2114:
2100:
2095:
2086:
2075:. Retrieved
2065:
2050:
2032:
2014:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:the original
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1916:
1902:
1891:. Retrieved
1881:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1810:
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1786:the original
1776:
1736:Race the Sun
1682:
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1135:Description
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685:Aerodynamics
668:
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635:wheel motors
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541:battery pack
538:
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420:
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399:
367:
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342:aerodynamics
338:transmission
334:solar panels
319:
296:ScienceWorks
289:
277:
265:
181:
155:
140:
136:
117:
109:
92:
88:TU Eindhoven
84:
77:
62:
46:
25:solar energy
16:
15:
3188:Trina Solar
3133:First Solar
3073:Switzerland
3053:Netherlands
2891:Tour de Sol
2589:Fill factor
2528:Solar cable
2503:Solar panel
2424:Solar cells
1746:Tour de Sol
651:solar cells
645:Solar array
623:Disc brakes
612:suspensions
568:solar array
415:Sunswift IV
187:Other races
33:Tour de Sol
3244:Categories
3110:By country
2980:By country
2915:Generation
2825:Solar boat
2674:Solar Tuki
2660:Solar tree
2646:Solar lamp
2629:Appliances
2253:Technology
2077:2011-08-08
2005:2019-07-11
1981:2019-07-11
1957:2011-08-08
1893:2011-08-08
1872:2011-08-08
1841:www.tue.nl
1821:13 January
1792:2011-08-08
1768:References
1663:Race route
725:suspension
723:and other
509:automotive
468:Dick Smith
419:HMAS
29:solar cars
2988:Australia
2965:Solar Ark
2871:Solar Cup
2763:Sunmobile
2743:Solar car
2341:Materials
1649:telemetry
1065:ρ
988:η
979:η
869:ρ
769:η
760:η
584:Litz wire
497:aerospace
476:Aurora Q1
434:Sunraycer
421:Albatross
400:Albatross
300:Melbourne
203:Formula-G
3216:Category
3178:Sunpower
3168:Solyndra
3143:JA Solar
3078:Thailand
2998:Bulgaria
2246:Concepts
2042:Phys.Org
1931:22 April
1846:22 April
1695:See also
1281:3.007e6
1278:3.007e6
1275:3.007e6
470:and the
461:Canberra
292:Victoria
239:Phaethon
51:and the
3228:Commons
3183:Suntech
3058:Romania
3028:Germany
2993:Belgium
2917:systems
2387:History
1331:0.0027
1328:0.0027
1325:0.0050
1322:0.0060
1147:Aurora
1144:Aurora
1141:Aurora
1132:Symbol
501:bicycle
165:(FIA),
59:Support
3033:Greece
3023:France
3003:Canada
2415:system
2106:
1622:convex
1424:0.133
1237:1.8e7
1234:1.8e7
1231:1.8e7
1228:1.2e7
721:brakes
513:energy
340:, and
245:Greece
219:Suzuka
207:Turkey
93:Stella
3158:Sharp
3068:Spain
3048:Japan
3043:Italy
3038:India
3013:China
3008:Chile
2024:(PDF)
1577:70.1
1574:44.8
1564:97.6
1561:97.9
1558:73.1
1555:60.5
1545:27.1
1542:27.2
1539:20.3
1536:16.8
1523:9.81
1520:9.81
1517:9.81
1514:9.81
1452:0.76
1449:0.75
1446:0.75
1443:0.70
1430:0.10
1427:0.10
1421:0.26
1403:1.22
1400:1.22
1397:1.22
1394:1.22
1303:2400
1300:3000
1297:2950
1294:2690
1256:1050
1212:0.82
1209:0.92
1206:0.82
1188:0.97
1185:0.97
1182:0.80
1179:0.82
1166:2007
1163:1999
1160:1993
1157:1987
1154:Year
671:sails
660:diode
426:Nowra
233:Japan
223:Japan
197:India
171:Sasol
2104:ISBN
1933:2018
1848:2018
1823:2022
1272:3e6
1259:972
1253:902
1250:918
711:Mass
677:and
559:and
553:NiCd
549:NiMH
507:and
432:car
357:The
304:STEM
280:STEM
156:The
3153:REC
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