342:
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for
Orbital Science's Taurus II COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) (International Space Station resupply) launch vehicle has a 91.3% propellant fraction with 2.9% graphite epoxy motor casing, 2.4% nozzle, igniter and thrust vector actuator, and 3.4% non-motor hardware including such things as payload mount, interstage adapter, cable raceway, instrumentation, etc. Castor 120 and Castor 30 are 2.36 and 2.34 meters (93 and 92 in) in diameter, respectively, and serve as stages on the Athena IC and IIC commercial launch vehicles. A four-stage Athena II using Castor 120s as both first and second stages became the first commercially developed launch vehicle to launch a lunar probe (
1512:, commercially made APCP motors are widely used. They can be designed as either single-use or reloadables. These motors are available in impulse ranges from "A" (1.26 Ns– 2.50 Ns) to "O" (20.48 kNs – 40.96 kNs), from several manufacturers. They are manufactured in standardized diameters and varying lengths depending on required impulse. Standard motor diameters are 13, 18, 24, 29, 38, 54, 75, 98, and 150 millimeters. Different propellant formulations are available to produce different thrust profiles, as well as special effects such as colored flames, smoke trails, or large quantities of sparks (produced by adding
999:
1464:
faint shock diamond pattern that is visible in the otherwise transparent exhaust. Without the bright flame and dense smoke trail produced by the burning of aluminized propellants, these smokeless propellants all but eliminate the risk of giving away the positions from which the missiles are fired. The new CL-20 propellant is shock-insensitive (hazard class 1.3) as opposed to current HMX smokeless propellants which are highly detonable (hazard class 1.1). CL-20 is considered a major breakthrough in solid rocket propellant technology but has yet to see widespread use because costs remain high.
1116:, a nitramine with greater energy than ammonium perchlorate, was used in the propellant of the Peacekeeper ICBM and is the main ingredient in NEPE-75 propellant used in the Trident II D-5 Fleet Ballistic Missile. It is because of explosive hazard that the higher energy military solid propellants containing HMX are not used in commercial launch vehicles except when the LV is an adapted ballistic missile already containing HMX propellant (Minotaur IV and V based on the retired Peacekeeper ICBMs). The Naval Air Weapons Station at China Lake, California, developed a new compound, C
135:
1145:
been demonstrated and may, as its cost comes down, be suitable for use in commercial launch vehicles, with a very significant increase in performance compared with the currently favored APCP solid propellants. With a specific impulse of 309 s already demonstrated by
Peacekeeper's second stage using HMX propellant, the higher energy of CL-20 propellant can be expected to increase specific impulse to around 320 s in similar ICBM or launch vehicle upper stage applications, without the explosive hazard of HMX.
221:
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208:. The lower performance of solid propellants (as compared to liquids) does not favor their use as primary propulsion in modern medium-to-large launch vehicles customarily used for commercial satellites and major space probes. Solids are, however, frequently used as strap-on boosters to increase payload capacity or as spin-stabilized add-on upper stages when higher-than-normal velocities are required. Solid rockets are used as light launch vehicles for
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36:
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compound #20), which has 14% higher energy per mass and 20% higher energy density than HMX. The new propellant has been successfully developed and tested in tactical rocket motors. The propellant is non-polluting: acid-free, solid particulates-free, and lead-free. It is also smokeless and has only a
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up to 296 s (2.90 km/s) with a single-piece nozzle or 304 s (2.98 km/s) with a high-area-ratio telescoping nozzle. Aluminium is used as fuel because it has a reasonable specific energy density, a high volumetric energy density, and is difficult to ignite accidentally. Composite
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Propellant fractions are usually somewhat higher for (non-segmented) solid propellant first stages than for upper stages. The 53,000-kilogram (117,000 lb) Castor 120 first stage has a propellant mass fraction of 92.23% while the 14,000-kilogram (31,000 lb) Castor 30 upper stage developed
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from the surface of exposed propellant in the combustion chamber. In this fashion, the geometry of the propellant inside the rocket motor plays an important role in the overall motor performance. As the surface of the propellant burns, the shape evolves (a subject of study in internal ballistics),
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solid propellants that can be ignited and throttled by the application of electric current. Unlike conventional rocket motor propellants that are difficult to control and extinguish, ESPs can be ignited reliably at precise intervals and durations. It requires no moving parts and the propellant is
1202:
metal and powdered sulfur (oxidizer), ZS or "micrograin" is another pressed propellant that does not find any practical application outside specialized amateur rocketry circles due to its poor performance (as most ZS burns outside the combustion chamber) and fast linear burn rates on the order of
1144:
military solid propellants is to achieve mid-course exo-atmospheric ABM capability from missiles small enough to fit in existing ship-based below-deck vertical launch tubes and air-mobile truck-mounted launch tubes. CL-20 propellant compliant with
Congress' 2004 insensitive munitions (IM) law has
588:
The largest solid rocket motors ever built were
Aerojet's three 6.60-meter (260 in) monolithic solid motors cast in Florida. Motors 260 SL-1 and SL-2 were 6.63 meters (261 in) in diameter, 24.59 meters (80 ft 8 in) long, weighed 842,900 kilograms (1,858,300 lb), and had a
636:
Common modes of failure in solid rocket motors include fracture of the grain, failure of case bonding, and air pockets in the grain. All of these produce an instantaneous increase in burn surface area and a corresponding increase in exhaust gas production rate and pressure, which may rupture the
1081:. A spin-stabilized solid rocket motor is sometimes added when extra velocity is required, such as for a mission to a comet or the outer solar system, because a spinner does not require a guidance system (on the newly added stage). Thiokol's extensive family of mostly titanium-cased
358:
1314:(solidifies) with the aid of a curative additive. Because of its high performance, moderate ease of manufacturing, and moderate cost, APCP finds widespread use in space, military, and amateur rockets, whereas cheaper and less efficient ANCP finds use in amateur rocketry and
1077:), while reserving high specific impulse engines, especially less massive hydrogen-fueled engines, for higher stages. In addition, solid rockets have a long history as the final boost stage for satellites due to their simplicity, reliability, compactness and reasonably high
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for the gooey asphalt, creating a flexible but geometrically stable load-bearing propellant grain that bonded securely to the motor casing. This made possible much larger solid rocket motors. Atlantic
Research Corporation significantly boosted composite propellant
970:
LITV consists of injecting a liquid into the exhaust stream after the nozzle throat. The liquid then vaporizes, and in most cases chemically reacts, adding mass flow to one side of the exhaust stream and thus providing a control moment. For example, the
466:. Towards the end of 1938 the first significant large scale testing of the rocket launchers took place, 233 rockets of various types were used. A salvo of rockets could completely straddle a target at a range of 5,500 metres (3.4 mi). By the end of
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design accelerates the exhaust gas out of the nozzle to produce thrust. The nozzle must be constructed from a material that can withstand the heat of the combustion gas flow. Often, heat-resistant carbon-based materials are used, such as amorphous
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and Quest rockets), as it is cheap and fairly easy to produce. The fuel grain is typically a mixture of pressed fine powder (into a solid, hard slug), with a burn rate that is highly dependent upon exact composition and operating conditions. The
387:. Each arrow took a primitive form of a simple, solid-propellant rocket tube that was filled with gunpowder. One open end allowed the gas to escape and was attached to a long stick that acted as a guidance system for flight direction control.
509:
Solid-propellant rocket technology got its largest boost in technical innovation, size and capability with the various mid-20th century government initiatives to develop increasingly capable military missiles. After initial designs of
1056:) bipropellant engines. Upper stage specific impulses are somewhat greater: as much as 303.8 s (2.979 km/s) for APCP (Orbus 6E), 359 s (3.52 km/s) for RP1/LOX (RD-0124) and 465.5 s (4.565 km/s) for LH
1189:
of black powder is low, around 80 s (0.78 km/s). The grain is sensitive to fracture and, therefore, catastrophic failure. Black powder does not typically find use in motors above 40 newtons (9.0 pounds-force) thrust.
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maximum thrust of 16 MN (3,500,000 lbf). Burn duration was two minutes. The nozzle throat was large enough to walk through standing up. The motor was capable of serving as a 1-to-1 replacement for the 8-engine
203:
Since solid-fuel rockets can remain in storage for an extended period without much propellant degradation, and since they almost always launch reliably, they have been frequently used in military applications such as
433:
began developing solid-propellant rockets, which resulted in the first launch in 1928, that flew for approximately 1,300 metres. These rockets were used in 1931 for the world's first successful use of rockets to
301:
Once ignited, a simple solid rocket motor cannot be shut off, as it contains all the ingredients necessary for combustion within the chamber in which they are burned. More advanced solid rocket motors can be
1334:, is being considered as a 1-to-1 chlorine-free substitute for ammonium perchlorate in composite propellants. Unlike ammonium nitrate, ADN can be substituted for AP without a loss in motor performance.
819:
1140:(China Lake compound 20). Compared to HMX, CL-20 has 14% more energy per mass, 20% more energy per volume, and a higher oxygen-to-fuel ratio. One of the motivations for development of these very high
1376:
Typical HEC propellants start with a standard composite propellant mixture (such as APCP) and add a high-energy explosive to the mix. This extra component usually is in the form of small crystals of
1384:, both of which have higher energy than ammonium perchlorate. Despite a modest increase in specific impulse, implementation is limited due to the increased hazards of the high-explosive additives.
1246:
fuel components where one typically acts as a high-energy (yet unstable) monopropellant and the other acts as a lower-energy stabilizing (and gelling) monopropellant. In typical circumstances,
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liquid-propellant first stage but was never used as such. Motor 260 SL-3 was of similar length and weight but had a maximum thrust of 24 MN (5,400,000 lbf) and a shorter duration.
1424:, further increasing specific impulse. The mixing of composite and double base propellant ingredients has become so common as to blur the functional definition of double base propellants.
181:; The inception of gunpowder rockets in warfare can be credited to the ancient Chinese, and in the 13th century, the Mongols played a pivotal role in facilitating their westward adoption.
963:
Some designs include directional control of the exhaust. This can be accomplished by gimballing the nozzle, as in the Space
Shuttle SRBs, by the use of jet vanes in the exhaust as in the
2512:
1148:
An attractive attribute for military use is the ability for solid rocket propellant to remain loaded in the rocket for long durations and then be reliably launched at a moment's notice.
892:
C-slot: propellant with large wedge cut out of side (along axial direction), producing fairly long regressive thrust, though has thermal difficulties and asymmetric CG characteristics.
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failure. Seals are required in casings that have to be opened to load the grain. Once a seal fails, hot gas will erode the escape path and result in failure. This was the cause of the
633:
The grain may or may not be bonded to the casing. Case-bonded motors are more difficult to design, since the deformation of the case and the grain under flight must be compatible.
1234:
into a mold. Candy propellants generate a low-medium specific impulse of roughly 130 s (1.3 km/s) and, thus, are used primarily by amateur and experimental rocketeers.
1048:) as high as 285.6 seconds (2.801 km/s) (Titan IVB SRMU). This compares to 339.3 s (3.327 km/s) for RP1/LOX (RD-180) and 452.3 s (4.436 km/s) for LH
410:. Word of the success of the Mysore rockets against the British triggered research in England, France, Ireland and elsewhere. When the British finally conquered the fort of
922:
The casing must be designed to withstand the pressure and resulting stresses of the rocket motor, possibly at elevated temperature. For design, the casing is considered a
1277:
A powdered oxidizer and powdered metal fuel are intimately mixed and immobilized with a rubbery binder (that also acts as a fuel). Composite propellants are often either
2801:
1633:
Solid rockets are suitable for launching small payloads to orbital velocities, especially if three or more stages are used. Many of these are based on repurposed ICBMs.
1085:
space motors has been widely used, especially on Delta launch vehicles and as spin-stabilized upper stages to launch satellites from the cargo bay of the Space
Shuttle.
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192:
offered more efficient and controllable alternatives. Because of their simplicity and reliability, solid rockets are still used today in military armaments worldwide,
753:
693:
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2137:
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2 m/s. ZS is most often employed as a novelty propellant as the rocket accelerates extremely quickly leaving a spectacular large orange fireball behind it.
898:
Finocyl: usually a 5- or 6-legged star-like shape that can produce very level thrust, with a bit quicker burn than circular bore due to increased surface area.
1992:
1404:, improving the overall specific impulse. The aluminium improves specific impulse as well as combustion stability. High performing propellants such as
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agent (1.96%). It developed a specific impulse of 242 seconds (2.37 km/s) at sea level or 268 seconds (2.63 km/s) in a vacuum. The 2005-2009
4931:
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Solid rockets can provide high thrust for relatively low cost. For this reason, solids have been used as initial stages in rockets (for example the
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End burner: propellant burns from one axial end to other producing steady long burn, though has thermal difficulties, center of gravity (CG) shift.
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1392:
Composite modified double base propellants start with a nitrocellulose/nitroglycerin double base propellant as a binder and add solids (typically
3052:
446:, including designing several variations for ground-to-air, ground-to-ground, air-to-ground and air-to-air combat. The earliest known use by the
462:. In June 1938, the RNII began developing a multiple rocket launcher based on the RS-132 rocket. In August 1939, the completed product was the
369:
Chinese invented a very primitive form of solid-propellant rocket. Illustrations and descriptions in the 14th century
Chinese military treatise
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and optionally a small charge that is set off when the propellant is exhausted after a time delay. This charge can be used to trigger a
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motors have propellant fractions as high as 94.6% but add-on structures and equipment reduce the operating mass fraction by 2% or more.
493:. This made possible slow-burning rocket motors of adequate size and with sufficient shelf-life for jet-assisted take off applications.
470:
total production of rocket launchers reached about 10,000. with 12 million rockets of the RS type produced for the Soviet armed forces.
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2670:
1713:
Larger liquid-fueled orbital rockets often use solid rocket boosters to gain enough initial thrust to launch the fully fueled rocket.
100:
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gel and solidified with additives. DB propellants are implemented in applications where minimal smoke is required yet a medium-high I
1034:
341:
929:
To protect the casing from corrosive hot gases, a sacrificial thermal liner on the inside of the casing is often implemented, which
553:
By the later 1980s and continuing to 2020, these government-developed highly-capable solid rocket technologies have been applied to
72:
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4921:
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2002:
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consisted of ammonium perchlorate (oxidizer, 69.6% by weight), aluminium (fuel, 16%), iron oxide (a catalyst, 0.4%), polybutadiene
53:
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satellites), or smaller payloads to interplanetary—or even interstellar—trajectories. Another solid-fuel upper stage, used by the
1436:
One of the most active areas of solid propellant research is the development of high-energy, minimum-signature propellant using C
761:
523:
2350:
Research Center named after M.V. Keldysh. 1933-2003 : 70 years at the forefront of rocket and space technology (in
Russian)
895:
Moon burner: off-center circular bore produces progressive-regressive long burn, though has slight asymmetric CG characteristics
1349:(PBAN) polymer (a non-urethane rubber binder that held the mixture together and acted as secondary fuel, 12.04%), and an epoxy
439:
79:
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most often changing the propellant surface area exposed to the combustion gases. Since the propellant volume is equal to the
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Higher performing solid rocket propellants are used in large strategic missiles (as opposed to commercial launch vehicles).
616:
The following are chosen or solved simultaneously. The results are exact dimensions for grain, nozzle, and case geometries:
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1997:
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17:
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2007:
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compositions with application to rocketry. In modern times, black powder finds use in low-power model rockets (such as
912:
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535:
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in the 1750s. These rockets had a reach of targets up to a mile and a half away. These were extremely effective in the
143:
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68:
1400:) normally used in composite propellants. The ammonium perchlorate makes up the oxygen deficit introduced by using
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near London to be reverse-engineered. This led to the first industrial manufacture of military rockets with the
166:
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2017:
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569:. Some designs have had solid rocket upper stages as well. Examples flying in the 2010s include the European
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306:, or extinguished and re-ignited, by control of the nozzle geometry or through the use of vent ports. Further,
57:
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1227:) that are cast into shape by gently melting the propellant constituents together and pouring or packing the
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for LITV; the tanks can be seen on the sides of the rocket between the main center stage and the boosters.
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The hot exhaust is choked at the throat, which, among other things, dictates the amount of thrust produced.
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1946:(manufactured by Northrop Grumman), have mandatory solid-fuel upper stages. The Antares rocket uses the
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model motors, whereas aluminium is used for larger composite-fuel hobby motors. Steel was used for the
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mass. Grain geometry and chemistry are then chosen to satisfy the required motor characteristics.
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2156:"Solid propellant rocket motor having self-extinguishing propellant grain and systems therefrom"
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Due to reliability, ease of storage and handling, solid rockets are used on missiles and ICBMs.
702:
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modern castable composite solid rocket motors were invented by the
American aerospace engineer
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in 1954 by increasing the amount of powdered aluminium in the propellant to as much as 20%.
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of roughly 235 s (2.30 km/s) is required. The addition of metal fuels (such as
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Several geometric configurations are often used depending on the application and desired
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Akimov V.N., Koroteev A.S., Gafarov A.A. (2003). "The weapon of victory - "Katyusha"".
1964:
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http://www.navair.navy.mil/techTrans/index.cfm?map=local.ccms.view.aB&doc=crada.13
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http://www.pw.utc.com/Products/Pratt+%26+Whitney+Rocketdyne/Propulsion+Solutions/Space
2511:
Kosanke, K. L.; Sturman, Barry T.; Winokur, Robert M.; Kosanke, B. J. (October 2012).
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propellants are an oxidizer (typically potassium nitrate) and a sugar fuel (typically
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2174:
2138:"LockMart And ATK Athena Launch Vehicles Selected As A NASA Launch Services Provider"
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The casing may be constructed from a range of materials. Cardboard is used for small
846:
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of combustion gases generated is equal to the volumetric rate times the fuel density
641:
623:
The chamber pressure is determined by the nozzle throat diameter and grain burn rate.
602:
511:
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in a predictable fashion to produce exhaust gases, the flow of which is described by
268:
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ballistic missiles, including solid-propellant missiles that could be launched from
379:
confirm that the Chinese in 1232 used proto solid propellant rockets then known as "
212:(LEO) payloads under 2 tons or escape payloads up to 500 kilograms (1,100 lb).
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2012:
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The grain burns at a predictable rate, given its surface area and chamber pressure.
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699:
propellant consumption rate is the cross section area times the linear burn rate
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264:
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Polyurethane-bound aluminium-APCP solid fuel was used in the submarine-launched
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propellants are cast, and retain their shape after the rubber binder, such as
232:(propellant) is packed into the rocket, with a cylindrical hole in the middle.
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to add extra thrust during the early ascent of their primarily liquid rocket
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162:
139:
2920:"Electrical Solid Propellants: A Safe, Micro to Macro Propulsion Technology"
220:
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that burn in segments, and that can be ignited upon command are available.
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1911:
was sent to Jupiter on an IUS and a Star 48 PAM after being deployed from
1489:; they are normally small cylinders of black powder fuel with an integral
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5096:* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations
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1262:) can increase performance to around 250 s (2.5 km/s), though
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3155:
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1808:. They are used to lift large payloads to intended orbits (such as the
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were both sent out of the solar system by Star 37E upper stages from
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were both sent out of the solar system by Star 37E upper stages from
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2721:"Trident II D-5 Fleet Ballistic Missile FBM / SLBM - United States"
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Electric solid propellants (ESPs) are a family of high performance
1220:
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953:
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The length of burn time is determined by the grain "web thickness".
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also developed these military technologies over the next 50 years.
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1922:. It then was placed in a polar orbit around the Sun following a
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1754:
1668:
1405:
1301:
often uses aluminium fuel and delivers high performance: vacuum I
1231:
1224:
574:
486:
482:
376:
313:
Modern designs may also include a steerable nozzle for guidance,
272:
205:
3004:
Nakka-Rocketry (Design Calculations and Propellant Formulations)
2227:
Blast Off!: Rocketry for Elementary and Middle School Students P
1788:
Solid fuel is also used for some upper stages, particularly the
1285:-based (APCP). Ammonium nitrate composite propellant often uses
5016:
4750:
4745:
4714:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4653:
4642:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4565:
4515:
4390:
4334:
4327:
4311:
4295:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4204:
4198:
4188:
4064:
4057:
3896:
3847:
3097:
3075:
2514:
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pyrotechnics: (and Related Subjects)
2088:
Blazing the trail: the early history of spacecraft and rocketry
1981:
that use solid fuel and throttleable liquid or gaseous oxidizer
1969:
1919:
1900:
1881:
1821:
1596:
1570:
1501:. Without this charge and delay, the motor may ignite a second
1494:
1490:
1173:
987:
426:
295:
158:
142:
was launched with the help of two solid-fuel boosters known as
5066:
5006:
4876:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4781:
4775:
4719:
4708:
4698:
4648:
4500:
4490:
4442:
4410:
4395:
4385:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4182:
4176:
4050:
4044:
4039:
4019:
3984:
3979:
3956:
3933:
3901:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3842:
3837:
1770:
1766:
1618:
1551:
1547:
1387:
1361:
1137:
1053:
883:
485:
in 1942 when he replaced double base propellant with roofing
357:
2510:
1792:(sometimes referred to as the "Burner" upper stage) and the
1427:
886:
configuration, produces progressive-regressive thrust curve.
4703:
4693:
4485:
4321:
4160:
4075:
3974:
3963:
3922:
3916:
3911:
3876:
2998:
2767:, pp. 92-94, Native Planter, SLC, 2012, payloadz.com under
1673:
1413:
1199:
1011:
814:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}=\rho \cdot A_{s}\cdot {\dot {b}}}
606:
582:
435:
390:
The first rockets with tubes of cast iron were used by the
177:). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by
170:
1934:
was sent out of the solar system on a Star 48 PAM from an
1371:
626:
Allowable chamber pressure is a function of casing design.
526:
embarked on major initiatives to develop solid-propellant
454:
in combat against heavier-than-air aircraft took place in
4996:
4991:
4986:
4976:
2859:
2304:
Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR
1975:
Variable thrust designs based on variable nozzle geometry
1421:
1381:
1377:
1093:
964:
2114:"LADEE - Lunar Atmosphere Dust and Environment Explorer"
1892:
was sent to Jupiter on an IUS after being deployed from
1485:
Solid propellant rocket motors can be bought for use in
967:
rocket, or by liquid injection thrust vectoring (LITV).
329:, controllable tactical motors, controllable divert and
2199:
Powered Flight: The Engineering of Aerospace Propulsion
1360:
In 2009, a group succeeded in creating a propellant of
2926:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
2676:. Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne. 2009. Archived from
2483:"The 260 - The Largest Solid Rocket Motor Ever Tested"
2254:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 14–15.
1873:
was sent to Venus on an IUS after being deployed from
1156:
2569:. Alliant Techsystems (ATK). May 2008. Archived from
2173:. CRC Press (published August 20, 1997). p. 15.
764:
741:
705:
674:
414:
in 1799, hundreds of rockets were shipped off to the
2918:
Sawka, Wayne N.; McPherson, Michael (12 July 2013).
2404:
2252:
Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology
1963:
Environmentally sensitive fuel formulations such as
375:
by the Ming dynasty military writer and philosopher
4156:
2924:
49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference
2629:
2627:
2416:. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 150–153.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2748:
2746:
2220:
2218:
1993:Comparison of solid-fuelled orbital launch systems
1778:- optional solid boosters to lift heavier payloads
813:
747:
720:
687:
2659:http://www.russianspaceweb.com/engines/rd0124.htm
2537:
2412:Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two
2192:
2190:
990:nozzles to provide pitch, yaw, and roll control.
497:, employed at JPL (Caltech), substituted curable
242:The cylindrical hole in the propellant acts as a
5114:
2624:
2439:"History of the Rocket Research Institute, RNII"
1206:
184:All rockets used some form of solid or powdered
2834:
2743:
2215:
1708:(project was cancelled in 2020, rocket unflown)
1237:
1193:
290:dimensions are calculated to maintain a design
27:Rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants
2917:
2187:
3748:
3046:
2564:"ATK Space Propulsion Products Catalog, p.30"
2316:
2314:
1480:
1467:
1297:of about 210 s (2.1 km/s)) whereas
1176:(fuel and catalyst). It is one of the oldest
2893:"NASA Tests Engine With an Uncertain Future"
2740:, Orbital Sciences Corp., January 2005, p. 4
1800:", or PAM), both manufactured originally by
1477:insensitive to flames or electrical sparks.
224:A simplified diagram of a solid-fuel rocket.
2828:"Polaris A1 - United States Nuclear Forces"
2462:
2390:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2243:
1037:(APCP) first-stage motor may have a vacuum
438:. The research continued from 1933 by the
406:that ended in a humiliating defeat for the
3755:
3741:
3053:
3039:
2957:
2311:
1388:Composite modified double base propellants
1293:as fuel and delivers medium performance (I
1269:in the exhaust can turn the smoke opaque.
986:first stage used a single motor with four
333:motors, and thermal management materials.
3060:
2984:Robert A. Braeunig rocket propulsion page
2802:"Quest Black Powder Model Rocket Engines"
2781:"Model Rocketry Resources and Components"
2249:
1299:ammonium perchlorate composite propellant
1035:ammonium perchlorate composite propellant
933:to prolong the life of the motor casing.
361:Aerojet 260 motor test, 25 September 1965
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3465:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
2989:Astronautix Composite Solid Propellants
2430:
2196:
2003:Comparison of orbital launchers families
1272:
997:
356:
340:
219:
133:
2999:Amateur High Power Rocketry Association
2386:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2300:
2294:
2224:
1372:High-energy composite (HEC) propellants
383:" to drive back the Mongols during the
239:combusts the surface of the propellant.
14:
5115:
2398:
2307:. Novosti Press Pub. House. p. 7.
2268:
2111:
1357:was to use a similar PBAN-bound APCP.
1151:
919:are used for high-performance motors.
440:Reactive Scientific Research Institute
3736:
3034:
2890:
2738:Minotaur IV User's Guide, Release 1.0
2229:. Libraries Unlimited. pp. 2–4.
1682:- all lower 3 stages are solid stages
1676:- alternating solid and liquid stages
3786:Comparison of orbital rocket engines
2542:(7th ed.). Wiley-Interscience.
2301:Glushko, Valentin (1 January 1973).
1998:Comparison of orbital launch systems
1957:
429:research and development laboratory
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2322:"Russian Rocket Projectiles – WWII"
2008:List of space launch system designs
1524:
1343:space shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters
1242:DB propellants are composed of two
1157:Black powder (gunpowder) propellant
442:(RNII) with the development of the
24:
3370:Field-emission electric propulsion
2960:Solid Rocket Propulsion Technology
2951:
2891:Chang, Kenneth (August 30, 2010).
2765:The Evolution of ROCKET TECHNOLOGY
2467:. Native Planter, SLC. p. 39.
2465:The Evolution of Rocket Technology
2168:
2053:Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster
2043:Intercontinental ballistic missile
1628:
514:military technology designed with
349:fires at German forces during the
25:
5169:
3444:Microwave electrothermal thruster
2977:
2531:
1308:Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
655:
518:in the 1940s and 1950s, both the
215:
4797:
3716:
2718:
2607:"Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne"
869:
857:
845:
833:
464:BM-13 / Katyusha rocket launcher
34:
2911:
2884:
2842:"Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters"
2820:
2794:
2773:
2757:
2731:
2712:
2694:
2663:
2652:
2599:
2588:
2556:
2504:
2475:
2456:
2436:
2340:
2274:
1796:(sometimes referred to as the "
640:Another failure mode is casing
605:required, which determines the
45:needs additional citations for
3574:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket‎
3470:High Power Electric Propulsion
2162:
2148:
2130:
2112:Culler, Jessica (2015-06-16).
2105:
2080:
2018:List of orbital launch systems
993:
450:of aircraft-launched unguided
13:
1:
4582:RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213
3429:Helicon double-layer thruster
3398:Electrodeless plasma thruster
3393:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
2074:
601:Design begins with the total
188:until the 20th century, when
5148:Rocket engines by propellant
2635:"Titan IVB - Specifications"
1763:(optionally 2 or 4 boosters)
1416:replace most of the AP with
1238:Double-base (DB) propellants
1194:Zinc–sulfur (ZS) propellants
559:government-directed programs
200:and on larger applications.
7:
2517:. Journal of Pyrotechnics.
2250:Van Riper, Bowdoin (2004).
2197:Greatrix, David R. (2012).
1985:
1576:
1164:(gunpowder) is composed of
695:times the fuel length, the
436:assist take-off of aircraft
10:
5174:
2540:Rocket Propulsion Elements
2538:Sutton, George P. (2000).
1715:
1481:Hobby and amateur rocketry
1468:Electric solid propellants
975:C solid boosters injected
940:
876:5-point finocyl simulation
721:{\displaystyle {\dot {b}}}
408:British East India Company
336:
294:pressure, while producing
5092:
4806:
4795:
4735:
4425:
4147:
3995:
3814:
3805:
3794:
3781:
3714:
3631:
3610:
3554:
3501:
3492:
3457:
3411:
3388:Pulsed inductive thruster
3380:
3342:
3333:
3303:
3272:
3229:
3203:
3196:
3133:
3068:
2408:; James Grandsen (1984).
2277:"Gas Dynamics Laboratory"
1810:Global Positioning System
1757:(optionally 1-5 boosters)
1033:A typical, well-designed
936:
902:
596:
516:liquid-propellant rockets
347:Katyusha rocket launchers
252:Exhaust exits the rocket.
190:liquid-propellant rockets
69:"Solid-propellant rocket"
3562:Nuclear pulse propulsion
3321:Electric-pump-fed engine
3221:Hybrid-propellant rocket
3211:Liquid-propellant rocket
2958:A. Davenas, ed. (1992).
2028:List of military rockets
2023:List of sounding rockets
958:reinforced carbon–carbon
840:Circular bore simulation
444:RS-82 and RS-132 rockets
298:from the exhaust gases.
4627:RD-250 to 252, 261, 262
3618:Beam-powered propulsion
3591:Fission-fragment rocket
3546:Nuclear photonic rocket
3514:Nuclear electric rocket
3280:Staged combustion cycle
3216:Solid-propellant rocket
3026:NASA Practical Rocketry
2867:"Solid Rocket Boosters"
2225:Nielsen, Leona (1997).
2201:. Springer. p. 1.
2038:Pyrotechnic composition
1942:Some rockets, like the
431:Gas Dynamics Laboratory
404:Second Anglo-Mysore War
385:Mongol siege of Kaifeng
151:solid-propellant rocket
3669:Non-rocket spacelaunch
3519:Nuclear thermal rocket
3419:Pulsed plasma thruster
2869:. NASA. Archived from
2844:. NASA. Archived from
2725:www.globalsecurity.org
2353:. М. pp. 92–101.
2171:Space Science in China
1519:
1030:
917:graphite epoxy casings
913:space shuttle boosters
864:Moon burner simulation
815:
749:
722:
689:
460:Battle of Khalkhin Gol
362:
354:
263:consists of a casing,
256:
146:
5103:are under development
4491:YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25
4270:RD-107, 108, 117, 118
3335:Electrical propulsion
3062:Spacecraft propulsion
1798:Payload Assist Module
1585:Air-to-air missiles:
1505:(black powder only).
1355:Constellation Program
1273:Composite propellants
1198:Composed of powdered
1001:
882:Circular bore: if in
816:
750:
748:{\displaystyle \rho }
723:
690:
688:{\displaystyle A_{s}}
491:potassium perchlorate
452:anti-aircraft rockets
360:
344:
317:, recovery hardware (
278:The solid grain mass
230:fuel-oxidizer mixture
223:
198:solid rocket boosters
137:
3567:Antimatter-catalyzed
3365:Hall-effect thruster
3178:Solar thermal rocket
2463:M. D. Black (2012).
2169:Hu, Wen-Rui (1997).
2142:www.space-travel.com
1826:Inertial Upper Stage
1718:Solid rocket booster
1591:Ballistic missiles:
1516:sponge to the mix).
1394:ammonium perchlorate
1320:Ammonium dinitramide
1283:ammonium-perchlorate
1015:Kennedy Space Center
949:convergent-divergent
943:Rocket engine nozzle
762:
739:
703:
672:
667:cross sectional area
351:Battle of Stalingrad
308:pulsed rocket motors
54:improve this article
18:Solid fuelled rocket
5123:American inventions
4592:RD-0216, 0217, 0235
4255:RD-0107, 0108, 0110
3509:Direct Fusion Drive
3424:Vacuum arc thruster
3311:Pressure-fed engine
3290:Gas-generator cycle
3197:Chemical propulsion
3134:Physical propulsion
3009:5 cent sugar rocket
2932:10.2514/6.2013-4168
2469:payloadz.com under
2326:Weapons and Warfare
1954:as an upper stage.
1740:Space Launch System
1611:LGM-118 Peacekeeper
1510:high-power rocketry
1428:Minimum-signature (
1418:polyethylene glycol
1364:and nanoaluminium (
1341:. APCP used in the
1207:"Candy" propellants
1152:Propellant families
555:orbital spaceflight
5153:Solid-fuel rockets
5128:Chinese inventions
3723:Spaceflight portal
3689:Reactionless drive
3654:Aerogravity assist
3494:Nuclear propulsion
3019:2006-06-18 at the
3014:Practical Rocketry
2706:2002-01-05 at the
2671:"RL10B-2 brochure"
2328:. 18 November 2018
1607:UGM-133 Trident II
1533:use solid motors.
1396:(AP) and powdered
1250:is dissolved in a
1031:
977:nitrogen tetroxide
811:
745:
718:
685:
660:Solid rocket fuel
363:
355:
284:Taylor–Culick flow
257:
244:combustion chamber
147:
5143:Rocket propulsion
5133:Indian inventions
5110:
5109:
5052:Space Shuttle SRB
4793:
4792:
4731:
4730:
4421:
4420:
4143:
4142:
3730:
3729:
3684:Atmospheric entry
3639:Orbital mechanics
3606:
3605:
3488:
3487:
3439:Resistojet rocket
3329:
3328:
3304:Intake mechanisms
3237:Liquid propellant
3141:Cold gas thruster
2941:978-1-62410-222-6
2808:on 16 August 2017
2524:978-1-889526-21-8
2281:Russian Space Web
1958:Advanced research
1408:used to fuel the
1281:-based (ANCP) or
1170:potassium nitrate
1060:/LOX (RL10B-2).
915:. Filament-wound
852:C-slot simulation
808:
774:
715:
548:other governments
512:ballistic missile
392:Kingdom of Mysore
269:propellant charge
167:solid propellants
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5165:
4801:
4800:
4637:RD-263, 268, 273
4568:along other LREs
4430:
4429:
4290:RD-191, 151, 181
4154:
4153:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3802:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3720:
3704:Alcubierre drive
3694:Field propulsion
3644:Orbital maneuver
3632:Related concepts
3499:
3498:
3350:Colloid thruster
3340:
3339:
3201:
3200:
3103:Specific impulse
3055:
3048:
3041:
3032:
3031:
2973:
2946:
2945:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2804:. Archived from
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2777:
2771:
2761:
2755:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2710:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2637:. Archived from
2631:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2609:. Archived from
2603:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2443:Russian Spaceweb
2434:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2406:Zaloga, Steven J
2402:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2364:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2084:
2013:List of missiles
1965:ALICE propellant
1948:Northrop Grumman
1806:Northrop Grumman
1603:LGM-30 Minuteman
1587:AIM-9 Sidewinder
1566:Terrier-Malemute
1557:Skylark (rocket)
1531:sounding rockets
1525:Sounding rockets
1457:CL-20 nitroamine
1339:Polaris missiles
1279:ammonium-nitrate
1187:specific impulse
1172:(oxidizer), and
1136:, called simply
1067:Lunar Prospector
1039:specific impulse
1022:
873:
861:
849:
837:
820:
818:
817:
812:
810:
809:
801:
795:
794:
776:
775:
767:
754:
752:
751:
746:
727:
725:
724:
719:
717:
716:
708:
694:
692:
691:
686:
684:
683:
561:, most often as
536:intercontinental
499:synthetic rubber
448:Soviet Air Force
353:, 6 October 1942
331:attitude control
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5088:
4809:
4802:
4798:
4789:
4727:
4617:RD-0255 to 0257
4612:RD-0243 to 0245
4474:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4441:
4417:
4158:
4149:
4139:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3822:
3816:
3797:
3790:
3777:
3775:launch vehicles
3761:
3731:
3726:
3710:
3627:
3602:
3550:
3484:
3453:
3407:
3381:Electromagnetic
3376:
3325:
3316:Pump-fed engine
3299:
3268:
3225:
3192:
3129:
3120:Rocket equation
3086:Reaction engine
3064:
3059:
3021:Wayback Machine
2980:
2970:
2954:
2952:Further reading
2949:
2942:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2717:
2713:
2708:Wayback Machine
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2576:on 30 July 2018
2573:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2403:
2399:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2058:Crawford burner
1988:
1972:with solid fuel
1960:
1926:around Jupiter.
1804:, and today by
1786:
1720:
1711:
1631:
1629:Orbital rockets
1579:
1527:
1522:
1483:
1470:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1390:
1374:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1304:
1296:
1275:
1257:
1240:
1209:
1196:
1159:
1154:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1059:
1052:/LOX (Block II
1051:
1047:
1018:
996:
945:
939:
924:pressure vessel
905:
877:
874:
865:
862:
853:
850:
841:
838:
800:
799:
790:
786:
766:
765:
763:
760:
759:
740:
737:
736:
707:
706:
704:
701:
700:
679:
675:
673:
670:
669:
658:
599:
567:launch vehicles
563:booster rockets
505:
495:Charles Bartley
420:Congreve rocket
339:
259:A simple solid
255:
218:
210:low Earth orbit
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5171:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5138:Rocket engines
5135:
5130:
5125:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
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5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:United States
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4956:
4955:
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4940:
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4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
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4828:
4823:
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4804:
4803:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:United States
4765:
4764:
4763:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4690:United States
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4639:
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4609:
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4457:
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4418:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4376:LR70-NA , S-3D
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:United States
4340:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
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4262:
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4237:
4229:
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4217:
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4208:
4201:
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4135:
4128:
4118:
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4116:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4072:United States
4070:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4012:
4010:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3952:United States
3950:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
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3884:
3879:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3831:
3829:
3820:
3809:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3764:Rocket engines
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3649:Gravity assist
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3611:External power
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3584:Bussard ramjet
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3412:Electrothermal
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:Expander cycle
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Monopropellant
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3125:Thermal rocket
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2978:External links
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:978-0080409993
2968:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2910:
2898:New York Times
2883:
2858:
2833:
2819:
2793:
2772:
2756:
2742:
2730:
2711:
2693:
2662:
2651:
2623:
2598:
2587:
2555:
2548:
2530:
2523:
2503:
2474:
2455:
2437:Zak, Anatoly.
2429:
2422:
2397:
2359:
2339:
2310:
2293:
2275:Zak, Anatoly.
2267:
2261:978-0801887925
2260:
2242:
2236:978-1563084386
2235:
2214:
2208:978-1447124849
2207:
2186:
2180:978-9056990237
2179:
2161:
2147:
2129:
2104:
2094:, AIAA, 2004,
2086:chapters 1–2,
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:Hybrid rockets
1976:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1950:-manufactured
1940:
1939:
1927:
1924:gravity assist
1913:Space Shuttle
1904:
1894:Space Shuttle
1885:
1875:Space Shuttle
1866:
1848:
1824:-manufactured
1785:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1716:Main article:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1599:
1589:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1545:
1540:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1497:, or deploy a
1487:model rocketry
1482:
1479:
1469:
1466:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1402:nitrocellulose
1389:
1386:
1373:
1370:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:gas generators
1302:
1294:
1274:
1271:
1255:
1252:nitrocellulose
1244:monopropellant
1239:
1236:
1208:
1205:
1195:
1192:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1142:energy density
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1008:Launch Pad 39A
1006:cloud engulfs
995:
992:
941:Main article:
938:
935:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
879:
878:
875:
868:
866:
863:
856:
854:
851:
844:
842:
839:
832:
822:
821:
807:
804:
798:
793:
789:
785:
782:
779:
773:
770:
744:
733:mass flow rate
714:
711:
682:
678:
657:
656:Grain geometry
654:
646:Space Shuttle
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
598:
595:
581:, and Japan's
503:
412:Srirangapatana
338:
335:
254:
253:
250:
247:
240:
233:
225:
217:
216:Basic concepts
214:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5170:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4751:RD-211 to 214
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:RD-215 to 219
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:RD-0233, 0234
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:RD-0207, 0214
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4566:Paektusan LRE
4564:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4468:
4464:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:RD-0105, 0109
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:KVD-1 (RD-56)
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Oberth effect
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:Fusion rocket
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:Closed system
3500:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Arcjet rocket
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3403:Plasma magnet
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:Electrostatic
3341:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3295:Tap-off cycle
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3264:Tripropellant
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Photon rocket
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Magnetic sail
3171:
3169:
3168:Electric sail
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
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3139:
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3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3091:Reaction mass
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:Rocket engine
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
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3018:
3015:
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2955:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2873:on 2013-04-06
2872:
2868:
2862:
2848:on 2019-04-30
2847:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2823:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2769:ebook/History
2766:
2763:M. D. Black,
2760:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2683:on 2012-03-26
2679:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2655:
2641:on 2013-07-19
2640:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2613:on 2011-04-26
2612:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2549:0-471-32642-9
2545:
2541:
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2515:
2507:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2471:ebook/History
2466:
2459:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2423:0-85368-606-8
2419:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2393:
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2382:
2370:
2362:
2360:5-217-03205-7
2356:
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2115:
2108:
2101:
2100:1-56347-705-X
2097:
2093:
2092:Mike Gruntman
2089:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Nano-thermite
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
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2044:
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2036:
2034:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
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1849:
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1845:Atlas-Centaur
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:Space Shuttle
1811:
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1735:Space Shuttle
1733:
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1722:
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1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Long March 11
1699:
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1569:
1567:
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1562:Terrier-Orion
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
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1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:
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1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1432:) propellants
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
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1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:acrylonitrile
1344:
1340:
1335:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1248:nitroglycerin
1245:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1201:
1191:
1188:
1183:
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1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:mass fraction
1076:
1075:Space Shuttle
1071:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1020:Space Shuttle
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
991:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
968:
966:
961:
959:
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950:
944:
934:
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927:
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918:
914:
910:
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885:
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872:
867:
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855:
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843:
836:
831:
830:
829:
827:
805:
802:
796:
791:
787:
783:
780:
777:
771:
768:
758:
757:
756:
742:
734:
731:
730:instantaneous
712:
709:
698:
680:
676:
668:
663:
653:
651:
649:
643:
638:
634:
628:
625:
622:
619:
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617:
614:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
586:
584:
580:
579:Space Shuttle
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:United States
521:
517:
513:
507:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:United States
471:
469:
465:
461:
458:, during the
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
416:Royal Arsenal
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
365:The medieval
359:
352:
348:
345:A battery of
343:
334:
332:
328:
324:
323:self-destruct
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
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248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
226:
222:
213:
211:
207:
201:
199:
195:
194:model rockets
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:rocket engine
160:
156:
152:
145:
141:
140:Space Shuttle
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5100:
4807:
4641:
4562:North Korea
4333:
4326:
4294:
4222:
4210:
4203:
4181:
4130:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4032:
4025:
4018:
3962:
3955:
3943:
3921:
3864:
3857:
3768:solid motors
3721:
3664:Space launch
3596:Fission sail
3524:Radioisotope
3355:Ion thruster
3273:Power cycles
3259:Bipropellant
3215:
3151:Steam rocket
3146:Water rocket
2994:Ariane 5 SRB
2962:. Pergamon.
2959:
2923:
2913:
2902:. Retrieved
2896:
2886:
2875:. Retrieved
2871:the original
2861:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:the original
2836:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:the original
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2775:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2719:Pike, John.
2714:
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2678:the original
2665:
2654:
2643:. Retrieved
2639:the original
2615:. Retrieved
2611:the original
2601:
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2571:the original
2558:
2539:
2533:
2513:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2489:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2442:
2432:
2411:
2400:
2349:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2325:
2303:
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2280:
2270:
2251:
2245:
2226:
2198:
2170:
2164:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2117:
2107:
2087:
2082:
2048:Jetex engine
1941:
1931:New Horizons
1929:
1914:
1906:
1895:
1887:
1876:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1838:
1832:
1787:
1712:
1632:
1615:RT-2PM Topol
1580:
1528:
1508:In mid- and
1507:
1484:
1471:
1435:
1429:
1391:
1375:
1359:
1336:
1276:
1241:
1213:rocket candy
1211:In general,
1210:
1197:
1162:Black powder
1160:
1147:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1042:
1032:
1025:
981:
969:
962:
946:
928:
921:
909:black powder
906:
826:thrust curve
823:
659:
647:
639:
635:
632:
615:
600:
587:
552:
520:Soviet Union
508:
479:Jack Parsons
472:
468:World War II
425:In 1921 the
424:
389:
370:
367:Song dynasty
364:
325:mechanisms,
312:
300:
277:
261:rocket motor
258:
202:
183:
155:solid rocket
154:
150:
148:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5158:Solid fuels
5099:Engines in
4746:RD-109, 119
4684:RD-864, 869
4669:RD-854, 861
4632:RD-253, 275
4280:RD-170, 171
3679:Aerocapture
3674:Aerobraking
3555:Open system
3539:"Lightbulb"
3480:Mass driver
3230:Propellants
3161:Diffractive
2492:. June 1999
2377:|work=
1782:GSLV Mk III
1543:Black Brant
1529:Almost all
1312:cross-links
1264:metal oxide
1178:pyrotechnic
1070:) in 1998.
994:Performance
662:deflagrates
456:August 1939
400:Tipu Sultan
381:fire arrows
372:Huolongjing
5117:Categories
4486:YF-1, 2, 3
4434:Hypergolic
4406:Rutherford
4125:Prometheus
4087:Archimedes
3699:Warp drive
3529:Salt-water
3247:Hypergolic
3156:Solar sail
2904:2010-08-31
2877:2015-10-02
2852:2015-10-02
2687:2018-08-25
2645:2014-02-09
2617:2014-01-07
2123:2020-06-02
2075:References
1863:Titan IIIE
1840:Pioneer 11
1834:Pioneer 10
1820:, was the
1461:China Lake
1410:Trident II
1267:nucleation
1029:lifts off.
728:, and the
697:volumetric
648:Challenger
319:parachutes
186:propellant
165:that uses
110:March 2017
80:newspapers
5027:Castor 30
4907:Zefiro 40
4902:Zefiro 23
4843:SpaB-140C
4240:NK-33, 44
4150:cryogenic
3996:Methalox
3815:Hydrolox
3807:Cryogenic
3242:Cryogenic
2379:ignored (
2369:cite book
2068:Skyrocket
2033:Fireworks
1952:Castor 30
1915:Discovery
1858:Voyager 2
1852:Voyager 1
1499:parachute
1474:plastisol
1430:smokeless
1398:aluminium
1291:aluminium
1287:magnesium
1260:aluminium
1229:amorphous
1026:Endeavour
988:gimballed
984:Minuteman
982:An early
973:Titan III
806:˙
797:⋅
784:⋅
781:ρ
772:˙
743:ρ
713:˙
422:in 1804.
396:Hyder Ali
304:throttled
267:, grain (
179:gunpowder
5042:Orbus-21
4897:Zefiro 9
4660:Ukraine
4438:Aerozine
4426:Storable
4318:Ukraine
4260:RD-0110R
4157:Kerolox
3534:Gas core
3069:Concepts
3017:Archived
2704:Archived
2496:July 24,
2490:nasa.gov
1986:See also
1896:Atlantis
1877:Atlantis
1870:Magellan
1865:rockets.
1847:rockets.
1818:Titan IV
1816:and the
1761:Delta IV
1750:Atlas II
1745:Ariane 5
1730:Titan IV
1725:Delta II
1664:Minotaur
1623:M51 SLBM
1577:Missiles
1538:Astrobee
1514:titanium
1310:(HTPB),
1221:sorbitol
1217:dextrose
1168:(fuel),
1166:charcoal
954:graphite
650:disaster
637:casing.
611:oxidizer
591:Saturn I
571:Ariane 5
557:by many
532:regional
522:and the
315:avionics
228:A solid
206:missiles
175:oxidizer
5101:italics
5062:Star 48
5057:Star 37
5037:Orbus-6
4958:Israel
4892:Waxwing
4848:Europe
4840:SpaB-65
4742:Russia
4607:RD-0237
4602:RD-0236
4573:Russia
4552:Israel
4512:Europe
4356:Kestrel
4302:S1.5400
4265:RD-0124
4231:Russia
4224:SCE-200
4120:Europe
4113:RD-0169
4108:Russia
4034:Longyun
4027:Lingyun
3945:RD-0146
3939:RD-0120
3930:Russia
3887:Vulcain
3873:Europe
3796:Liquid
3772:orbital
3623:Tethers
3475:MagBeam
3360:Gridded
3115:Staging
3108:Delta-v
2448:18 June
1970:Ramjets
1944:Antares
1938:rocket.
1936:Atlas V
1908:Ulysses
1889:Galileo
1828:(IUS).
1802:Thiokol
1794:Star 48
1790:Star 37
1755:Atlas V
1669:Start-1
1654:Pegasus
1601:ICBMs:
1593:Jericho
1420:-bound
1406:NEPE-75
1289:and/or
1232:colloid
1225:sucrose
1017:as the
1004:exhaust
931:ablates
603:impulse
575:Atlas V
546:. Many
487:asphalt
483:Caltech
473:In the
377:Jiao Yu
337:History
292:chamber
273:igniter
271:), and
237:igniter
161:with a
94:scholar
5017:AJ-60A
4982:KM-V2b
4973:Japan
4947:Salman
4913:India
4887:Topaze
4852:Mage 1
4817:China
4808:Solid
4715:TR-201
4679:RD-856
4674:RD-855
4664:RD-843
4654:S5.98M
4643:RD-270
4537:India
4531:Viking
4521:Astris
4516:Aestus
4506:YF-50D
4482:China
4391:RS-27A
4381:Merlin
4371:LR-105
4335:RD-810
4328:RD-801
4312:TEPREL
4308:Spain
4296:RD-193
4285:RD-180
4275:RD-120
4219:India
4212:Welkin
4205:YF-130
4199:YF-115
4194:YF-102
4189:YF-100
4173:China
4101:Aeon R
4094:Aeon 1
4081:Raptor
4065:YF-215
4058:YF-209
4051:TQ-15A
4015:China
3908:Japan
3897:CE-7.5
3893:India
3848:YF-75D
3834:China
3449:VASIMR
3098:Thrust
3076:Rocket
2966:
2938:
2812:16 Aug
2786:16 Aug
2546:
2521:
2420:
2357:
2332:29 May
2286:29 May
2258:
2233:
2205:
2177:
2098:
1920:STS-41
1901:STS-34
1882:STS-30
1822:Boeing
1691:Shavit
1659:Taurus
1644:Athena
1597:Sejjil
1571:VSB-30
1495:camera
1491:nozzle
1351:curing
1174:sulfur
1012:NASA's
937:Nozzle
903:Casing
597:Design
534:, and
427:Soviet
394:under
296:thrust
288:nozzle
286:. The
265:nozzle
159:rocket
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5082:X-254
5077:X-248
5067:UA120
5047:Orion
5022:Algol
5007:SRB-A
5002:M-34c
4977:KM-V1
4967:RSA-3
4943:Iran
4877:P120C
4836:FG-47
4831:FG-46
4826:FG-36
4821:FG-02
4782:XLR81
4776:RS-88
4771:Curie
4761:Gamma
4736:Other
4720:XLR81
4709:RS-88
4704:LR-91
4699:LR-87
4649:S5.92
4577:17D61
4546:Vikas
4526:Vexin
4501:YF-40
4496:YF-23
4469:, or
4449:, or
4443:UH 25
4411:XLR50
4396:RS-56
4386:RS-27
4366:LR-89
4361:LR-79
4245:RD-58
4235:NK-15
4183:TH-12
4177:TH-11
4148:Semi-
4045:TQ-12
4040:TQ-11
4020:BF-20
3985:RS-68
3980:RS-25
3957:BE-3U
3902:CE-20
3882:Vinci
3866:YF-90
3859:YF-79
3853:YF-77
3843:YF-75
3838:YF-73
3458:Other
3204:State
2701:Solid
2681:(PDF)
2674:(PDF)
2580:8 Dec
2574:(PDF)
2567:(PDF)
2486:(PDF)
1771:H-IIB
1767:H-IIA
1706:OmegA
1639:Scout
1619:DF-41
1552:S-520
1548:S-310
1503:stage
1366:ALICE
1362:water
1223:, or
1182:Estes
1138:CL-20
1054:RS-25
1023:
884:BATES
573:, US
528:local
280:burns
157:is a
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