731:
41:
170:
159:
148:
106:
192:
181:
117:
722:
traditional
Mongolian beliefs with those of strong Russian nationalism, insisting that the Bolsheviks must be stamped out, due to their Jewish nature, and that the world was falling into "mad revolution". He created grand battle strategies of a new push westward, to crush the Bolshevik movement, and tried to centre White command around himself, trying to get the disparate commanders who were attempting defence against the Bolsheviks to unite and move east. These plans, however, failed, and the White movement began losing more and more ground to the Bolsheviks.
222:
204:
129:
801:
683:, Mongolia began to worry about a possible invasion by White Russian troops. The White high command did think that an invasion of Mongolia could be worthwhile. The region was largely unpopulated and had large reserves of iron and coal. These resources were vital to the White movement, especially as the western industrial bases like Moscow and Petrograd were taken by the Soviets. Within Mongolia, from October 1919 Chinese troops under command of
659:
was planned for further expansion. However, the
Russian Empire could not act on the ambition due to internal struggles, so they recognised the autonomy of the region, which allowed Russia to claim that Mongolia was under her protection. The ongoing struggle of Mongolian nationalists against the Chinese continued through the
780:. From July 18 to July 21, the Red expeditionary corps fought bitter battles against the Whites, but the latter, thanks to the mobility of their cavalry, managed to break away from them. On July 24, troops of the White Guards and Mongolian feudal lords again penetrated Soviet territory in the region north of
658:
The new government under the Bogd Khan tried to seek international recognition, particularly from the
Russian government. The Russian tsar however, rejected the Mongolian plea for recognition, due to a common Russian Imperial ambition at the time to take over the central Asian states, and Mongolia
698:
as a revolutionary group fighting against the
Chinese. As the Soviets began the hard push eastward against the White Russians, White high command demanded that the Chinese government do something about their struggle. After Chinese refusal of the plans, The Russian Asiatic cavalry under General
787:
Ungern wanted to continue the war with the Reds, but most of his White Guards troops wanted to go to
Manchuria. An insurrection occurred in the Asian division, as a result of which Rezukhin was killed on August 18, and Ungern was captured on August 20 by the Red partisans. Most of the division
721:
Sternberg began an immediate concentration of power around himself. Though de jure power was held by Bogd Khan, Sternberg acted as the true head of state and began insisting that he was the saviour of the lands of
Mongolia and that he would bring the Mongols to justice. Sternberg began fusing
757:). Meanwhile, the Reds moved large numbers of troops towards Mongolia from different directions. They had a tremendous advantage in equipment and number of troops. As a result, Ungern was defeated in battles that took place between 11–13 June by joint actions of the
730:
776:
Although they had captured Urga, the Red forces failed to defeat the main forces of the
Asiatic Division (Ungern's and Rezukhin's brigades), which had regrouped in the area of Akhai-gun-hure on the
278:
40:
773:
troops, and was forced to retreated to
Mongolia. Combined Bolshevik and Red Mongol forces entered Mongolia and captured Urga on 6 July 1921, after a few skirmishes with Ungern's troops.
404:
808:
As a result of the operation, Baron Ungern was captured and executed on 15 September 1921, the white
Russian and Mongolian feudal troops were defeated, and the power of the
446:
271:
466:
707:
began playing out. Over the course of the three-month invasion, Sternberg pushed the
Chinese out and declared Bogd Khan monarch of a once again independent Mongolia.
441:
424:
1080:
471:
429:
264:
749:. After initial success against a detachment of some 250–300 Red Army soldiers, Ungern's army slowly advanced to the Russian town of Troitskosavsk (present-day
394:
911:
992:
884:
614:
419:
372:
436:
399:
377:
652:
461:
226:
613:
claimed inheritance of all territories held by the Qing dynasty and considered Outer Mongolia a part of its territory. This claim was made in the
409:
703:
invaded in October 1920, pushing out undersupplied Beiyang troops in February 1921, who had mostly headed south, as the first stages of the
1060:
655:
adopted in 1912 specifically established frontier regions of the new republic, including Outer Mongolia, as integral parts of the state.
1065:
1017:
288:
812:
was eliminated. A Provisional People's Government under the control of the Bolsheviks was established, which would become the
1070:
965:
938:
1055:
675:
began. During most of the war, Russian colonies in central Asia and along the Mongolian frontier fell under control of the
804:
Tserendorj, head of the Mongolian delegation in Moscow, signing treaty between Mongolia and the Russian Soviet Government.
894:
758:
367:
322:
691:
to assert Chinese control over the region, under the pretext of protection from spillover from the Russian Civil War.
1002:
975:
948:
921:
610:
568:
307:
854:
813:
556:
389:
498:
342:
598:
560:
357:
85:
32:
1075:
849:
770:
695:
544:
337:
121:
1018:Гражданская война и военная интервенция в СССР(Civil war and military intervention in the USSR) (1983).
1050:
716:
700:
548:
208:
784:, but on August 3, upon learning of the approach of superior Red Army forces, they began to retreat.
825:
174:
809:
580:
456:
312:
133:
493:
844:
688:
618:
513:
196:
414:
317:
766:
746:
152:
734:
185:
8:
680:
523:
302:
256:
672:
564:
503:
488:
352:
332:
163:
998:
971:
944:
917:
890:
28:
762:
518:
478:
451:
362:
230:
789:
660:
586:
327:
212:
1019:
676:
642:
590:
483:
66:
663:, until 1917 when Mongolian princes accepted Chinese control over the region.
1044:
800:
781:
777:
626:
347:
110:
913:
Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
873:Докумэнты внэшнэй политики СССР , (Moscow, 1957), v. 3, no. 192, pp. 55–56.
594:
540:
704:
684:
630:
86:
Provisional Mongolian People's Government under control of the Bolsheviks
745:
In May 1921, the Asian Horse Division attacked border troops of the Red
625:: " the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the five races,
543:
troops fought in 1921 at the request of the communist government of the
638:
384:
994:
A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism
834:
History of Baron Ungern. Reconstruction experience. M., ed. KVM, 2011.
679:. As more and more of the White Movement began to move east, like the
606:
754:
552:
78:
750:
634:
547:
against the anti-communist government of White Russian general
45:
Outer Mongolia in 1921, shown as part of the Republic of China
738:
622:
563:, which fully pulled Mongolia out of the influence of the
910:
Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006).
286:
909:
666:
615:
Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor
741:, a poster of Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
653:Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China
1042:
725:
646:
272:
1081:Battles involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)
555:. Later there was the establishment of the
571:and under the influence of Soviet Russia.
279:
265:
799:
729:
605:absolute theocratic monarchy led by the
984:
710:
559:, and the formation of modern ideas of
213:
1043:
882:
122:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
957:
930:
903:
260:
990:
936:
645:into one great Republic of China" (
963:
13:
876:
667:Chinese and White Russian invasion
16:Event during the Russian Civil War
14:
1092:
609:. However, the newly established
308:Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion
694:This led to the creation of the
220:
202:
190:
179:
168:
157:
146:
127:
115:
104:
39:
1061:Mongolia–Soviet Union relations
593:declared independence from the
537:Soviet intervention in Mongolia
22:Soviet intervention of Mongolia
1022:[Action of Mongolia].
1011:
867:
855:Soviet occupation of Manchuria
647:
621:on behalf of the six-year-old
390:Eastern Front counteroffensive
1:
860:
574:
551:and occupied the entirety of
1066:China–Soviet Union relations
795:
769:), Far Eastern Republic and
599:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
585:In December 1911 during the
33:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
1056:Soviet military occupations
850:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
838:
814:Mongolian People's Republic
726:Soviet invasion of Mongolia
557:Mongolian People's Republic
10:
1097:
819:
717:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
714:
701:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
578:
648:仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土，為一大中華民國
298:
240:
139:
97:
49:
38:
26:
21:
1071:China–Mongolia relations
810:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
771:Mongolian People's Party
696:Mongolian People's Party
581:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
545:Mongolian People's Party
457:Great Siberian Ice March
291:of the Russian Civil War
991:Zhao, Suisheng (2004).
883:Tanner, Harold (2009).
689:began sending in troops
687:nullified treaties and
494:West Siberian rebellion
1020:"Монгольская операция"
937:Zhai, Zhiyong (2017).
845:Occupation of Mongolia
805:
742:
619:Empress Dowager Longyu
197:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
140:Commanders and leaders
57:1 May – 31 August 1921
803:
733:
561:Mongolian nationalism
318:Siberian intervention
964:Gao, Quanxi (2016).
767:Mikhail Matiyasevich
747:Far Eastern Republic
711:Sternberg government
601:. Mongolia became a
405:Sarapul and Votkinsk
343:Izhevsk and Votkinsk
153:Mikhail Matiyasevich
681:Czechoslovak Legion
1076:Military campaigns
1024:Сов-я Энциклопедия
806:
743:
673:Russian Revolution
565:Beiyang government
499:Sorokino rebellion
489:Pitchfork uprising
164:Konstantin Neumann
1051:1920s in Mongolia
705:Chinese Civil War
611:Republic of China
587:Xinhai Revolution
532:
531:
504:Svobodny Incident
447:Uralsk and Guryev
338:Syzran and Samara
255:
254:
186:Damdin Sükhbaatar
93:
92:
29:Russian Civil War
1088:
1035:
1034:
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1015:
1009:
1008:
988:
982:
981:
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954:
934:
928:
927:
907:
901:
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886:China: A History
880:
874:
871:
650:
649:
623:Xuantong Emperor
597:of China in the
368:Spring offensive
293:
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267:
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1039:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1012:
1005:
989:
985:
978:
970:. p. 273.
962:
958:
951:
943:. p. 190.
935:
931:
924:
916:. p. 245.
908:
904:
897:
889:. p. 419.
881:
877:
872:
868:
863:
841:
822:
798:
790:Hailar District
728:
719:
713:
669:
661:First World War
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577:
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1010:
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997:. p. 68.
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956:
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922:
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896:978-0872209152
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837:
836:
835:
829:
821:
818:
797:
794:
792:in Manchuria.
727:
724:
715:Main article:
712:
709:
677:White movement
668:
665:
617:signed by the
591:Outer Mongolia
579:Main article:
576:
573:
530:
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484:Starving March
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467:Novonikolaevsk
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246:7,600 bayonets
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227:Boris Rezukhin
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137:
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67:Outer Mongolia
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36:
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24:
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15:
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1004:9780804750011
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977:9789629372910
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950:9789629373214
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923:9780742578159
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832:Kuzmin S. L.
830:
828:(3-е издание)
827:
824:
823:
817:
815:
811:
802:
793:
791:
785:
783:
782:Lake Gusinoye
779:
778:Selenga River
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:35th Division
756:
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740:
736:
732:
723:
718:
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706:
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682:
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671:In 1917, the
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442:Petropavlovsk
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425:Yekaterinburg
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289:Eastern Front
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25:
20:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:
1013:
993:
986:
966:
959:
939:
932:
912:
905:
885:
878:
869:
831:
807:
788:reached the
786:
775:
763:5th Red Army
744:
720:
693:
670:
657:
602:
595:Qing dynasty
584:
549:Baron Ungern
536:
534:
508:
251:4,000 sabers
248:2,500 sabers
232:
209:Baron Ungern
175:Ivan Smirnov
111:Russian SFSR
98:Belligerents
77:
27:Part of the
765:(commander
737:meets with
685:Xu Shuzheng
472:Krasnoyarsk
430:Chelyabinsk
1045:Categories
1029:2 February
861:References
735:Sükhbaatar
575:Background
514:Khabarovsk
395:Buguruslan
385:Chapan War
967:政治憲法與未來憲制
816:in 1924.
796:Aftermath
607:Bogd Khan
539:was when
524:2nd Yakut
353:Minusinsk
328:2nd Kazan
323:1st Kazan
303:1st Yakut
839:See also
755:Buryatia
603:de facto
553:Mongolia
509:Mongolia
420:Zlatoust
415:2nd Perm
373:Orenburg
358:1st Perm
333:Simbirsk
241:Strength
134:Mongolia
81:victory
79:Red Army
62:Location
820:Sources
761:of the
751:Kyakhta
651:). The
643:Tibetan
437:Tobolsk
400:Belebey
363:Sheksna
313:Barnaul
233:†
211: (
1001:
974:
947:
940:憲法何以中國
920:
893:
641:, and
635:Mongol
627:Manchu
541:Soviet
519:Spassk
452:Bogdat
378:Uralsk
229:
74:Result
739:Lenin
569:China
479:Chita
1031:2019
999:ISBN
972:ISBN
945:ISBN
918:ISBN
891:ISBN
535:The
462:Omsk
348:Arsk
54:Date
31:and
826:БСЭ
753:in
639:Hui
631:Han
567:of
410:Ufa
214:POW
1047::
637:,
633:,
629:,
589:,
1033:.
1007:.
980:.
953:.
926:.
899:.
280:e
273:t
266:v
217:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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