Spanish Armada - Knowledge

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that under God I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and goodwill of my subjects; and, therefore, I am come amongst you as you see at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of battle, to live or die amongst you all – to lay down for my God, and for my kingdoms, and for my people, my honour and my blood even in the dust. I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king – and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm; to which, rather than any dishonour should grow by me, I myself will take up arms – I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your forwardness, you have deserved rewards and crowns, and, we do assure you, on the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people.

3347: 3188: 2833:. Thus England lost her last possession in France, which she had held for over 500 years. This was undoubtedly a huge blow to Mary's prestige, who is reported as stating "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart." England's wealth further suffered, not just from the cost of the war, but also from the reduced revenues from Alum and the Antwerp Cloth Trade, caused by the loss of the port. The Kingdom of Spain had strengthened its hold on the Low Countries, weakening France with no cost to itself, but at great cost to England. Just before Mary's death, Philip and Elizabeth looked to come to an alliance & settlement, between England & Spain, and there is evidence even marriage between Philip & Elizabeth was explored, but the question of faith, and the unequal relationship between the two Kingdoms made this extremely unlikely. Up until now Spain & England had remained in an alliance – one that had lasted for over 70 years. 3176: 3164: 3904: 3152: 3486: 5280:"If the Armada is not as successful as we hoped but yet not entirely defeated, then you may offer England peace on the following terms. The first is that in England the free use and exercise of our Holy Catholic faith shall be permitted to all Catholics, native and foreign, and that those that are in exile shall be permitted to return. The second is that all the place in my Netherlands which the English hold shall be restored to me and the third that they shall recompense me for the injury they have done me, my dominions and my subjects, which will amount to an exceeding great sum. With regard the free exercise of Catholicism, you may point out to them that since freedom of worship is permitted to the huguenots of France, there will be no sacrifice of dignity in allowing the same privilege to Catholics in England." April 1588, Philip II to the Duke of Parma. 4592: 4394:. Their tactics were to fire one cannon volley, ram and grapple the enemy ship, board, then engage in hand-to-hand combat. In contrast, the English style was taking advantage of the wind (the "weather gage") and line-to-line cannon fire from windward, which exposed the opponent ship's hull and rudder as targets. Also instilled was the use of naval cannon to damage enemy ships without the need to board. Until then, the cannon had played a supporting role to the main tactic of ramming and boarding enemy ships. The failure of the Spanish Armada vindicated the English strategy and caused a revolution in naval tactics. The English also had the advantage of fighting close to home, whence they could be easily and frequently resupplied so as not to be weighed down, unlike the Armada ships which were loaded with all the 3335: 3359: 2911: 3510: 3474: 4244:

Spanish commanders also died, many after having arrived in port. Vice Admiral of the fleet and commander of the Guipuzcoa Squadron, Miguel de Oquendo, suffering from battle wounds and a fever, died at Coruña two days after arriving. Another was the Biscayan squadron commander Juan Martínez de Recalde, who also succumbed the same way. The Duke of Medina Sidonia also fell ill on his return and nearly succumbed; he was not blamed by Philip, who allowed him to return home to convalesce. Hutchinson claimed that the number of survivors was just over 50%, but these numbers do not include the Portuguese, the Neapolitans and the galley slaves; while Hanson claimed that fewer than 10,000 men (38%) survived the expedition.

4376: 3204: 4541: 3759: 3559:. The English learned of the Armada's weaknesses during the skirmishes in the English Channel, and concluded it was possible to close in to within 100 yards (90 m) to be able to penetrate the oak hulls of the Spanish warships. They had spent most of their gunpowder in the first engagements and had, after the Isle of Wight, been forced to conserve their heavy shot and powder for an anticipated attack near Gravelines. During all the engagements, the Spanish heavy guns could not easily be reloaded because of their close spacing and the quantities of supplies stowed between decks, as Drake had discovered on capturing the 2892: 3498: 3725: 4565: 4654:, to reject the Whig views and turn attention to the professionalization of the Royal Navy as a critical factor. Twentieth-century historians have focused on technical issues, such as the comparative power of English and Spanish naval guns and the degree of credit for naval battle tactics that is owed to Francis Drake and Charles Howard. Inclement weather in the English Channel and on the oceans at the time has always been cited as a major factor to the outcome. Historian Knerr has reviewed the main trends in 158: 3375: 309: 289: 269: 249: 237: 3981: 3533: 146: 4526: 3105:, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor. From Plymouth Harbour the Spanish would attack England, but Philip explicitly forbade Medina Sidonia from engaging, leaving the Armada to sail on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight. As the tide turned, 55 English ships set out to confront the Armada from Plymouth under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham, with Sir Francis Drake as vice admiral. The 4402:, the Armada was outnumbered 10:1, and during the 8-hour fight, the English managed to sink one carrack and forced two galleons, a pinnace and an armed merchant, to run aground. Despite those odds, not once did the Armada turn away from a fight; each time it challenged the English fleet, the latter raised its sails to keep its distance. After the final engagement with the English fleet, the Spanish fleet sailed away, retaining its ability to effectively wage war. 4202:

that were unaccounted for. Other historians have done further research; Neil Hanson, Robert Hutchinson, Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker all researched the Armada ships that had returned, coming to the same conclusion of between 44 and 51 ships being lost overall, with more detailed breakdowns in the number of ships that set sail along with their fate. That figure represents a third of the fleet having been sunk, captured, wrecked, or scuttled. American historian

319: 3129:, a significant advantage. At daybreak on 31 July, the English fleet engaged the Armada off Plymouth near the Eddystone Rocks. The Armada was in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, convex towards the east. The galleons and great ships were concentrated in the centre and at the tips of the crescent's horns, giving cover to the transports and supply ships in between. Opposing them, the English were in two sections, with Drake to the north in 207: 195: 183: 3830:. Because so many anchors had been abandoned during the escape from the English fireships off Calais, many of the ships were incapable of securing shelter as the fleet reached the coast of Ireland and were driven onto the rocks; local inhabitants looted the ships. The late sixteenth century and especially 1588 was marked by unusually strong North Atlantic storms, perhaps associated with a high accumulation of polar ice off the coast of 3587:

sailors on the upper decks of the English and Spanish ships to exchange musket fire. A couple of hours into the battle, a few more Armada warships closed in to form wings on either side of the five ships already under attack. After eight hours, the English ships began to run out of ammunition, and some gunners began loading objects such as chains into their cannons. Around 4 pm, the English fired their last shots and pulled back.

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and seamanship had foiled the invasion. The English also benefited from Spain's unworkable strategy that required coordination between the invasion fleet and the Spanish army on shore. The outdated design of the Spanish cannon meant that they were much slower in reloading in a close-range battle, allowing the English to take control. Spain still had numerically larger fleets, but England was catching up.

52: 6008: 5317:"...the widespread suffering and irritation caused by the religious wars Elizabeth fomented, and the indignation caused by her religious persecution, and the execution of Mary Stuart, caused Catholics everywhere to sympathize with Spain and to regard the Armada as a crusade against the most dangerous enemy of the faith," and "Pope Sixtus V agreed to renew the 3388:(Farnese only learned of this on that same afternoon) where Parma's army, reduced by disease to 16,000, was expected to be waiting, ready to join the fleet in barges sent from ports along the Flemish coast. An essential element of the plan of invasion, as it was eventually implemented, was the transportation of a large part of Parma's 6017:, p. 349: "an objective observer would have seen no more than a battered, rather scraggy spinster in her middle fifties perched on a fat white horse, her teeth black, her red wig slightly askew, dangling a toy sword and wearing an absurd little piece of parade armor like something out of a theatrical property box". 4646:, rejected Hume's interpretation and argued that Elizabeth was vacillating and almost lost the conflict by her unwillingness to spend enough to maintain and supply the Royal Navy's fleet of ships. Scientific modern historiography came of age with the publication of two volumes of primary documents by 4243:

Even after arrival the men were near death from disease, as the conditions were very cramped, and most of the ships had run out of food and water. More Armada survivors later died in Spain or on hospital ships in Spanish harbours from diseases contracted during the voyage. A large number of prominent

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ordered the English soldiers in Ireland to kill any Spanish prisoners, which was done on several occasions instead of asking for ransom as was common during that period. Reports of the passage of the remnants of the Spanish Armada around Ireland abound with onerous accounts of hardships and survival.

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While Medina Sidonia was gathering the Armada ships together into their traditional crescent formation the English fleet moved in, and at dawn the flagship with four other ships found themselves facing the entire English fleet. The English provoked Spanish fire while staying out of range. The English

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had just one living from the crew that it had sailed with. Howard wrote to Burghley, "it would grieve any man's heart to see them that have served so valiantly die so miserably". Hawkins also weighed in and accused Burghley "that by death, by discharging of sick men, and such like, that there may be

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The Spanish ships were beginning to show wear from the long voyage, and some were kept together by strengthening their damaged hulls with cables. Supplies of food and water ran short. The intention would have been to keep to the west of the coasts of Scotland and Ireland, seeking the relative safety

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My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but, I do assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself,

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which had been holed below the waterline, was forced to run aground at Calais to avoid sinking. On sight of this, Howard ordered a flotilla of ship's boats to carry her by boarding. Moncada was killed during an exchange of small arms fire, a shot to his head from an arquebus. The ship was then taken

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for repairs, leaving 137 ships that sailed for the English Channel. Nearly half of the ships were not built as warships and were used for duties such as scouting and dispatch work, or for carrying supplies, animals and troops. It included 24 purpose-built warships, 44 armed merchantmen, 38 auxiliary

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The appointed commander of the naval forces of the Armada was the highly experienced Marquis of Santa Cruz while Alexander Farnese would be in command of the invasion forces. Unfortunately, Santa Cruz died in February 1588 and the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a high-born courtier, took his place. While a

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was initially consulted by Philip II in 1583. Alexander stressed that three conditions would need to be met to achieve success; absolute secrecy, secure possession and defense of the Dutch provinces, and keep the French from interfering either with a peace agreement or by sowing division between the

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in 1573, that allowed the ships to sail faster, manoeuvre better, and carry more and heavier guns. Whereas before warships had tried to grapple with each other so soldiers could board the enemy ship, they were able to stand off and fire broadside cannonades that could sink the vessel. English ships

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noted that only 66 ships returned to Spain, with another returning later in the year. The losses did not include the smaller vulnerable ships like the pataches and zarbas, of which around seventeen were lost. Even though most of the ships had returned, many of them were severely damaged from either

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examined the fate of each ship creating individual dossiers and claimed that 35 ships were lost. In addition it was noted that of the 122 Armada ships that entered the English Channel, 87 returned from their voyage through the Channel and around the British isles. These figures do not include eight

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took place on 29 November. A second and final thanksgiving took place five days later which saw a royal procession of the Queen in a chariot through the streets of London. Twelve Spanish standards and other trophies which had been captured from the ships of the armada decorated the choir of St Paul

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Armada hulls were exposed to damage below the water line when they changed course later. Many of the Spanish gunners were killed or wounded by the English broadsides, and the task of manning the cannon often fell to foot soldiers who did not know how to operate them. The ships were close enough for

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in 1571. On 21 July 1588 (N.S), the Armada set sail from Lisbon and headed for the English Channel. When it left Lisbon, the fleet was composed of 141 ships, with 10,138 sailors and 19,315 soldiers. There were also 1,545 non-combatants (volunteers, officers' servants, friars, artillerists etc.) The

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of the Queen, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada but, given the time needed for preparation and actual sailing of the fleet, would give nothing until the expedition should land in England. In this way, he eventually was saved the million crowns, and did not take any proceedings against the

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During the course of the war, the Spanish struggled to gain control of the English Channel or stop the English intervention in Flanders or English privateer transatlantic raids. From their base in Brittany, Spanish corsairs did make several incursions on the English coast and plundered English and

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The news of the disaster brought shock and despair and the nation went into mourning. Its defeat was even more devastating because hopes of its success had been raised by false rumours. These included Drake and Howard being taken prisoner, the Isle of Wight and Plymouth taken and Parma's army even

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The day after her Tilbury speech, Elizabeth ordered the army disbanded, the camp at Tilbury dissolved five days later, then discharged the navy, sending them home without pay. All the while, the costs of this defensive effort were mounting – the total was nearly £400,000 – and measures were put in

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By mid-October it was becoming more apparent for the Spanish that few if any more of the remaining missing ships of the armada would return. Even in November three months after the battles through the Channel, a few Spanish ships were still attempting the journey home. One of the last, the Spanish

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upon landing of troops. In France, the Spanish and English ambassadors promoted contradictory narratives in the press, and a Spanish victory was incorrectly celebrated in Paris, Prague, and Venice. It was not until late August that reliable reports of the Spanish defeat arrived in major cities and

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Given the Spanish advantage in close-quarter fighting, the English kept beyond grappling range and bombarded the Spanish ships from a distance with cannon fire. The distance was too great for the manoeuvre to be effective and, at the end of the first day's fighting neither fleet had lost a ship in

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In the beginning of June, Parma had sent Captain Moresin with some pilots to Admiral Sedonia. Upon Moresin's return on 22 June, the report he made to Farnese caused him distress. Medina Sedonia was under the impression that Farnese could simply sail out into the channel with his barges filled with

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had left the fleet before the first encounter with the English fleet. An additional 5 pataches, dispatched to deliver messages to Parma, should be deducted which brings the number to 117 Spanish ships facing the roughly 226-strong English fleet. The Spanish fleet outgunned that of the English with

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On the day after the battle at Gravelines, the disorganized and unmanouvreable Spanish fleet was at risk of running onto the sands of Zeeland because of the prevailing wind. The wind then changed to the south, enabling the fleet to sail north. The English ships under Howard pursued to prevent any

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In the Spanish Netherlands, Alexander Farnese had mustered 30,000 soldiers and ordered hundreds of flyboats built to carry them across the channel while awaiting the arrival of the Armada. Since the element of surprise was long gone, the new plan was to use the cover of the warships to convey the

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None of the objectives were achieved. The attempt to restore the Portuguese Crown from Spain was unsuccessful, and the opportunity to strike a decisive blow against the weakened Spanish Navy was lost. The expedition depleted the financial resources of England's treasury, which had been carefully

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The first rumours of a setback for the armada began to reach Spain when news of the English fireships breaking the Spanish formation at Calais was received, but this was disbelieved. The King noted "I hope God has not permitted so much evil". Nothing was heard for nearly two weeks and it was not

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The Dutch enjoyed an unchallenged naval advantage in these waters, even though their navy was inferior in naval armament. Because Medina Sidonia did not attempt to break the Dutch blockade and Parma would not risk attempting the passage unescorted, the Army of Flanders escaped the trap that Van

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with the Dutch Republic. This problem seems to have been overlooked by the Armada commanders, but it was insurmountable. Communication was more difficult than anticipated, and word came too late that Parma's army had yet to be equipped with sufficient transport or to be assembled in the port, a

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50% more available firepower than the English. The English fleet consisted of the 34 ships of the Royal Fleet, 21 of which were galleons of 200 to 400 tons, and 163 other ships, 30 of which were of 200 to 400 tons and carried up to 42 guns each. Twelve of the ships were privateers owned by

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enemy ships, as had been the practice in naval warfare at the time. Evidence from Armada wrecks in Ireland shows that much of the fleet's ammunition was unused. Their determination to fight by boarding, rather than employing cannon fire at a distance, proved a disadvantage for the Spanish. The

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to drive away the Dutch, but Medina Sidonia would not send them because he feared he would need these ships for his own protection. There was no deep-water port where the fleet might shelter, which had been acknowledged as a major difficulty for the expedition, and the Spanish found themselves

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After the Duke of Parma was certain that the Armada had sailed away from the coast of Flanders and his participation in the invasion project was no longer feasible, he ordered his soldiers to disembark so as to avoid an epidemic of disease. He then assembled his council of war to discuss what

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against any incursion up-river towards London. The result of the English fireship attack and the sea battle of Gravelines had not yet reached England, so Elizabeth went to Tilbury on 18 August to review her forces, arriving on horseback in ceremonial armor to imply to the militia that she was

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Most of the 28 ships lost in the storms were along the jagged steep rocks of the western coast of Ireland. About 5,000 men died by drowning, starvation and slaughter by local inhabitants after their ships were driven ashore on the west coasts of Scotland and Ireland. The English Lord Deputy

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after murderous fighting between the crew, galley slaves and the English. The French meanwhile could do little except to watch as the ship was plundered, but they opened fire to ward off the English who quickly left to join the rest of the fight. The next day, the severely crippled galleon

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competent soldier and distinguished administrator, Medina Sidonia had no naval experience. He wrote to Philip expressing grave doubts about the planned campaign, but his message was prevented from reaching the King by courtiers on the grounds that God would ensure the Armada's success.

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which had run aground were both found to be riddled with holes by cannonballs that had struck below the waterline. Both ships were too damaged to be salvaged and were therefore broken up; the cannons were used by the Dutch in nearby fortresses. The main-topmast rigging banner from the

2987:. Secrecy couldn't be maintained which made the enterprise vastly more complicated. Philip ultimately combined Parma's plan with that of Santa Cruz, initially entertaining a triple attack, starting with a diversionary raid on Scotland, while the main Armada would capture either the 4410:, by 1588, "the capital ships of the Elizabethan navy constituted the most powerful battlefleet afloat anywhere in the world". The English navy yards were leaders in technical innovation, and the captains devised new battle formations and tactics. The sleeker and more manoeuvrable 3392:

as the main invasion force in unarmed barges across the English Channel. These barges would be protected by the large ships of the Armada. However, to get to the Armada, they would have to cross the zone dominated by the Dutch navy, where the Armada could not go due to the ongoing

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as a reinforcement for the Dutch should Parma make any independent move. His arrival gave Howard a total of 140 ships. He also received a small amount of powder and shot, which the Earl of Sussex had collected from fortresses and garrisons on the South Coast, and some victuals.

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was carrying them north and east as they tried to move west, and they eventually turned south much closer to the coast than they thought. Off Scotland and Ireland, the fleet ran into a series of powerful westerly winds which drove many of the damaged ships further towards the

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Most military historians hold that the battle of Gravelines reflected a lasting shift in the balance of naval power in favour of the English, in part because of the gap in naval technology and cannon armament which continued into the next century. In the words of historian

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Before dawn on 8 August, Medina Sidonia struggled to regather his fleet after the fireships scattered it, and was reluctant to sail further east than Gravelines, knowing the danger of running aground on the shoals off Flanders, from which his Dutch enemies had removed the

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approaching London. The King took the news hard and shut himself away for days. The daily business of government was also brought to an abrupt halt. The King is claimed to have said: "I sent the Armada against men, not God's winds and waves". News of the loss of

2719:, of Spain. Whilst the threat from France remained, England & Spain enjoyed many decades of peace which included a number of strategic marriages to retain the alliance. There were many causes of jealousy between the two royal houses over the years, but the " 2603:. Up to 24 ships were wrecked along the way before the rest managed to get home. Among the factors contributing to the defeat and withdrawal of the Armada were bad weather conditions and the better employment of naval guns and battle tactics by the English. 4234:

Furthermore, Spanish sources state that no more than 11,000 perished. Philip's administrators, bureaucrats and secretaries documented, dated and filed everything that went on in all corners of the Spanish empire, and all those records are still kept in the

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It took some time for the scale of the victory to be realized as news began to filter through by the end of August and beginning of September. As a result, a number of thanksgiving services were held at cathedrals and churches throughout England. At

2959:, led by privateer Francis Drake in April 1587, had captured or destroyed about 30 ships and great quantities of supplies, setting preparations back by a year. There is also evidence that a letter from Elizabeth's security chief and spymaster, Sir 5551:, Whitehall 23 July 1588, Imprinted at London by Chriss Barker, Her Highnesse's Printer, 1588, otherwise states fairly accurately, p. 3, "all the Spanish troops in the Netherlands, and consists of thirty thousand Foot and eighteen hundred Horse." 3307:, the strait separating the Isle of Wight from the English mainland, it could wait there for word from Parma's army; Farnese did not get news of this until 6 August. However, in a full-scale attack, the English fleet broke into four groups with 3274:. Drake had been guiding the English fleet by means of a lantern, which he snuffed out to slip away from the Spanish ships, causing the rest of his fleet to become scattered and disarrayed by dawn. At one point, Howard formed his ships into a 4042:

spared something in the general pay". The men had to rely on the charity of their officers, and Howard set an example by doing what he could out of his own purse to help the sailors. Nevertheless, upwards of 3,000 perished. As a result, the

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Many other Spanish ships were severely damaged, especially the Portuguese and some Spanish Atlantic-class galleons, including some Neapolitan galleys, which bore the brunt of the fighting during the early hours of the battle: the Spanish

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and illegitimate ruler of England. In the eyes of the Catholic Church, Henry had never officially divorced Catherine, making Elizabeth illegitimate. Philip supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown in favour of her Catholic cousin and

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and the principal warships held their positions, but the rest of the fleet cut their anchor cables and scattered in confusion. No Spanish ships were burnt, but the crescent formation had been broken, and the fleet found itself too far

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river. The English and Dutch ultimately failed to disrupt the various fleets of the Indies despite the great number of military personnel mobilized every year. Thus, Spain remained the predominant power in Europe for several decades.

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endeavours his forces could be used for before the onset of winter. In late September, he divided them into three groups; one was sent to the Rhine, one was to remain in the coastal region and one was led by Parma himself against

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In retaliation, Philip planned an expedition to invade England to overthrow Elizabeth and, if the Armada was not entirely successful, at least negotiate freedom of worship for Catholics and financial compensation for war in the

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In comparison, England was only a minor European power with no empire, and it could exercise little influence outside of its shores – although, in alliance with Spain, it had gone to war three times against France during

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troops. Parma had continually informed the king that his passage to the channel was blocked by English and Dutch ships, and the only way he could bring his boats out was if the Armada cleared the blockade.

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The International Emblem From Incunabula to the Internet : Selected Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of the Society for Emblem Studies, 28th July–1st August, 2008, Winchester College

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and the Escorial. The number of men lost was extracted from the paymaster distribution lists. A detailed analysis of the human cost of the campaign reveals that 25,696 men left Coruña and 13,399 returned.

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and forced to scatter. The Armada suffered further losses in the ensuing Battle of Gravelines and was in danger of running aground on the Dutch coast when the wind changed, allowing it to escape into the

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additionally pointed to elements of English nationalism and the private enterprise of the sea dogs. He also emphasized that the Duke of Medina Sidonia was an incompetent seaman. In the 18th century,

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Although the English attempted the same tactic in Portugal the following year, the army under Norris' command marching on Lisbon expecting Drake to simultaneously attack the city with his ships.

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Starting on 1 August, Sidonia began sending Farnese messages detailing his position and movements. It was not until the following day that Alexander received the first report from the Admiral.

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The Spanish had 117 ships to go up against more than 200 English ships. The opposing forces were experienced in completely different fighting styles. The Spanish style can be studied from the

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army on barges to a place near London. In all, 55,000 men were to have been mustered, a huge army for that time. On the day the Armada set sail, Elizabeth's ambassador in the Netherlands,

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Continental Europe had been anxiously awaiting news of the Armada all summer. The Spanish postmaster and Spanish agents in Rome promoted reports of Spanish victory in hopes of convincing

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propaganda offensive, and its exploitation boosted national pride which lasted for years. Elizabeth's legend persisted and grew long after her death. It also may have given heart to the

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The Dutch also celebrated the victory and their artists were quick to take on commemorative medals and paintings which were soon circulated within the year. The wrecked Spanish galleons

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was preached, followed by another on 18 September. As news of the full scale of the disaster came through, and also news of England's victory against Parma at Bergen-op-Zoom, a bigger

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were broken up, the guns and the timber being sold off. As many as half of the fleet were unfit for further service and as a result a number were scuttled, broken up or left to rot.

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Elizabeth finally had Mary executed in February 1587, due to constant plots against the queen carried out in Mary's name. Elizabeth also retaliated against Philip by supporting the

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to Spain, where they seized and held Cadiz for two weeks causing economic losses, but failed to seize the treasure fleet. After this, three more armadas were sent by Spain – the

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given command over a squadron, and Drake coming with a large force from the south. Medina Sidonia sent reinforcements south and ordered the Armada back to open sea to avoid the

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taking the throne. Unlike Mary, Elizabeth was firmly in the reformist camp and quickly re-implemented many of Edward's reforms. Philip, no longer co-monarch, deemed Elizabeth a

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and setting in motion a series of mishaps. She began to drift, and was taken off by the current in the opposite direction to the fleet and closer to the English. Drake in the

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In England, the battle was followed by the distribution of flyers, pamphlets, the striking of victory medals, and numerous joyous celebrations. The victory prompted a huge

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cause across Europe and the belief that God was behind the Protestants. This was shown by the striking of commemorative medals that bore variations on the inscription, "

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for five years, until his ransom was paid by his family for his release back to Spain. He was not blamed for the loss of his ship and was appointed colonial governor of

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restored during the long reign of Elizabeth I. Through this lost opportunity, Philip was able to revive his navy the very next year, sending 37 ships with 6,420 men to

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prepared to lead them in the ensuing battle. She gave them her royal address, which survives in at least six slightly different versions. One version is as follows:

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Even though the Spanish armada had failed to invade England it had demonstrated its feasibility and shown that the British Isles overall were vulnerable to attack.

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Philip now persuaded Mary to enter into a disastrous war against France. England landed forces in the Low Countries and with the failing support of Spain, won the

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England had been strategically in alliance with Spain for many decades prior to England and Spain entering into war. In the mid to late 15th century, France under

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until 21 September that the first of the ships of the Armada began to arrive into Spain – the first of eight entered into Coruña which included Medina Sidonia's

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landing on English soil, although by this time his ships were almost out of shot. On 12 August, Howard called a halt to the pursuit at about the latitude of the

540: 241: 4692:, one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Age of Baroque literature, and one of the most prolific authors in the history of literature, served in the ship 6269: 4507:

in 1968. It was the greatest treasure salvaged up until that time. Gold and silver coins, jewelry, armaments and other objects are on permanent display at the

3229:, and they sought to close with the English, but were foiled by the smaller ships' greater manoeuvrability. While the Spanish center manoeuvred to support the 9765: 3509: 3101:

that had been constructed along the south coast. The same day the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide. The Spanish convened a

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to attack at close range, bringing all his guns to bear, but he did not follow through with the manoeuvre and little was achieved. During a lull in battle,

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Alcalá-Zamora, José N. (2004). La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible" : fabulación y realidad). Taravilla: Real Academia de la Historia

3414:

where larger warships with a deeper draught, like the Spanish and English galleons, could not safely enter. Parma expected the Armada to send its light

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off Scotland. The only option left to the Spanish ships was to return to Spain by sailing round the north of Scotland and home via the Atlantic or the

2711:

was the strongest power in western Europe. England still had possessions in what today is called Northern France, and Spain was under constant threat.

5332: 3497: 10703: 3237: 3997:

by the Anglo-Dutch garrison, which, in combination with poor weather, forced him to abandon the siege. An attempt to take the Dutch-held island of

2862: 8199: 3054:. On 6 July, negotiations were abandoned, and the English fleet stood prepared, if ill-supplied, at Plymouth, awaiting news of Spanish movements. 10250: 4451: 3467:

of Calais in the rising southwesterly wind to recover its position. The English closed in for battle. Farnese learned of this the following day.

9745: 7543:

Casado Soto, José L (1991). "Atlantic shipping in sixteenth-century Spain and the 1588 Armada". In Rodríguez-Salgado, M J; Adams, Simon (eds.).

3856: 2853:. These plans were thwarted when Elizabeth had Mary imprisoned in 1567. Mary was forced to abdicate the crown of Scotland in favour of her son 2377: 1374: 574: 4525: 10708: 9795: 2940:, the part of the Low Countries that had successfully seceded from Spanish rule, and English attacks on Spanish trade and settlements in the 609: 3773:. A stylised depiction of key elements of the Armada story: the alarm beacons, Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury, and the sea battle at Gravelines. 2872:

against Spain, as well as funding privateers to raid Spanish ships across the Atlantic. She also negotiated an enduring trade and political

9400: 8758: 2617:", and sometimes called the "counter-Armada of 1589", which failed. Three further Spanish armadas were sent against England and Ireland in 7240: 3450:, and cast them downwind among the closely anchored vessels of the Armada. The Spanish feared that these uncommonly large fireships were " 6666:

Rodríguez-Salgado, M. J. (1991). "Pilots, navigation and strategy in the Gran Armada". In Rodríguez-Salgado, M. J. and Simon Adams, eds.

1409: 533: 8360: 5380: 3903: 5766:

Israel, J. I. and Parker, G. (1991). "Of Providence and Protestant Winds: the Spanish Armada of 1588 and the Dutch armada of 1688". In

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on 7 November, the commander trying to find a suitable place to ground her. The crew were taken prisoner and the sick were treated in

3266:(commander of the Squadron of Andalusia) surrendered along with his entire crew. On board, the English seized supplies of much-needed 10747: 7846:

Lambert, Andrew (2010). "2 The Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588. Prose Epic of the modern English nation". In McKeown, Simon (ed.).

2742:

was a dominant political and military power in Europe, with a global empire which became the source of her wealth. It championed the

1367: 4343:, also in Cornwall, took place the following year but ended in failure. In June 1596, England and the United Dutch Provinces sent a 10615: 9719: 8397: 4183:

bore more despair for Philip: not only De Leiva but also his followers from almost every noble house in Spain had drowned with it.

3863:

on the night of 26 October. Of the estimated 1,300 people on board, there were nine survivors. 260 bodies washed ashore, including

3551:

was part of Flanders in the Spanish Netherlands close to the border with France, and was the closest Spanish territory to England.

826: 821: 6063: 9699: 5822: 2574:, its ships were able to attack the Armada as it sailed up the Channel. Several subordinates advised Medina Sidonia to anchor in 2015: 836: 7230:, p. 68: "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive". 3075: 2767: 604: 526: 187: 8837: 8112:

Tenace, Edward (2003), "A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony",

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Spanish Armada Prisoners The Story of the Nuestra Señora Del Rosario and Her Crew, and of Other Prisoners in England, 1587–97

2956: 2470: 789: 9435: 9304: 8931: 8927: 4001:

was also repelled. From the armada campaign to Bergen, Parma's forces had lost some 10,000 men killed or dead from disease.

3438:

In the middle of the night of 7–8 August, the English set alight eight fireships, sacrificing warships by filling them with

10822: 10568: 10563: 9931: 9337: 8980: 8433: 6027: 4363:

three months later. The conflict then wound down with diminishing military actions, finally ending with the signing of the

3709: 3636:. The captain, Don Diego Pimmental, surrendered along with the survivors of his crew. Later that day, the equally crippled 2751: 594: 2829:. Though this brought victory for Spain, England had neglected her French defenses, and France took English Calais in the 569: 10837: 10630: 9750: 4036: 3642:, commanded by Maestre de Campo Don Fransico de Toledo, drifted away as she was sinking and ran aground on the island of 3012: 2240: 2193: 2085: 2033: 1660: 1620: 1520: 1483: 1418: 1405: 1226: 912: 579: 8619: 4398:

needed for their invasion force to wage a ground-based war. Nevertheless, when the fleets actually came to blows at the

3813:

on 23 September, but was later destroyed by an English agent sent by Francis Walsingham with most of the crew on board.

3321:. There were no other secure harbours further east along England's south coast, so the Armada was compelled to make for 10817: 10397: 9714: 9650: 9372: 9352: 8827: 8559: 8522: 8209: 8184: 8170: 8151: 8102: 8066: 8014: 7995: 7969: 7950: 7931: 7912: 7893: 7874: 7855: 7836: 7796: 7777: 7758: 7739: 7720: 7701: 7679: 7660: 7641: 7571: 7505: 7486: 7467: 7448: 7277: 6340: 6303: 6216: 6079: 5886: 5471: 5356: 5273: 5233: 3766: 2783: 1787: 1687: 1037: 967: 890: 846: 10762: 9866: 3889: 2205: 10463: 10372: 9770: 9314: 8867: 8497: 5533: 5202: 3843: 2901: 2610: 2345: 2142: 1834: 1540: 1057: 922: 665: 643: 550: 39: 5554: 4734:

depicts an alternate history where the Spanish Armada prevailed against England, leading to a global Spanish empire.

3582:

then closed, firing damaging broadsides into the enemy ships, all the while maintaining a windward position, so the

10663: 9347: 8831: 8609: 8282: 5346: 4063: 3050:, met Parma's representatives in peace negotiations. The English made a vain effort to intercept the Armada in the 2532: 2406: 2180: 1817: 700: 10039: 9974: 3797:. As the Spanish fleet rounded Scotland it on 20 August, it consisted of 110 vessels and most made it around. The 10600: 10392: 10179: 9979: 9528: 9463: 9049: 8951: 4424: 4375: 4030: 3703: 2045: 2010: 1899: 1187: 1107: 816: 705: 10518: 10034: 9478: 9362: 4414:, with ample cannon, was one of the greatest advances of the century and permanently transformed naval warfare. 3632:

ran aground in between Sluis and Ostend; it was taken by a combination of Dutch ships and English troops led by

3600:

which had been part of Don Diego Flores de Valdes' Castile Squadron which had attempted to surrender to Captain

3458:. Three were intercepted by pataches and towed away, but the remainder bore down on the fleet. Medina Sidonia's 1236: 10620: 10558: 10357: 9775: 9488: 9468: 9440: 9357: 9332: 9192: 9000: 8907: 8847: 8814: 8335: 8321: 8298: 8265: 8244: 8227: 7590: 7552: 7537: 6903: 6839: 5775: 5547:

Martin & Parker give 30,500 and raised to 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry on p. 96. Also, the hoax paper

5130: 4439: 4219:

was accidentally burned within a few days of entering San Sebastian. In addition the severely damaged galleons

3994: 3893: 3575: 3079: 2386: 2210: 1829: 1809: 1737: 1281: 1052: 831: 727: 717: 628: 589: 211: 19:

This article is about the Spanish fleet that sailed against England in 1588. For the modern navy of Spain, see

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in the Channel. Instead, the Spanish gunners fired once and then transferred to their main task, which was to

10827: 10735: 10713: 10668: 10610: 10588: 10402: 10174: 9856: 9645: 9630: 8715: 8579: 8532: 5247: 5245: 4418: 3136: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2367: 652: 9964: 8353:

English translation of Francisco de Cuellar's account of his service in the Armada and on the run in Ireland

7341: 5417: 4277:, Portugal, and raise a revolt there against King Philip II (Philip I of Portugal) installing the pretender 3026:

fleet carried 1,500 brass guns and 1,000 iron guns. The full body of the fleet took two days to leave port.

10605: 10573: 10104: 9969: 9405: 8785: 8594: 8390: 7390: 5461: 4711:

The Battle of Gravelines and the subsequent chase around the northern coast of Scotland form the climax of

3540: 3384:

On 7 August, the Armada anchored off Calais in a tightly packed defensive crescent formation, not far from

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then took possession of the ship. A pinnace was also run aground by her crew to prevent her from sinking.

3650:

to the wreck, attacked the stricken vessel, and took the crew prisoners. A Dutch force of flyboats led by

3578:

earlier in the decade, but the English were aware of it and sought to avoid it by keeping their distance.

1276: 10832: 10578: 10478: 10109: 9561: 9493: 8462: 8131:

Thompson, I. A. A. "The Appointment of the Duke of Medina Sidonia to the Command of the Spanish Armada",

7612: 7601: 6589:

History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce – 1609

4407: 4399: 4187: 3526: 3203: 3130: 2428: 2060: 1914: 1570: 1475: 1202: 942: 841: 10029: 9936: 5583: 5581: 4196: 3454:", specialised fireships filled with large gunpowder charges that had been used to deadly effect at the 1894: 253: 10792: 10513: 9876: 9523: 9410: 9322: 9294: 8921: 8891: 8696: 8527: 6102: 4492:

in Plymouth was constructed in 1888 to celebrate the tercentenary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

4236: 4051: 3431: 2920: 2458: 2330: 2310: 2147: 1974: 1969: 1874: 1672: 1167: 1162: 737: 9896: 9851: 8291:

Armada: A Celebration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588–1988

4278: 3021:. The blessing of the Armada's banner on 25 April 1588, was similar to the ceremony used prior to the 2315: 10432: 10382: 10240: 10139: 9635: 9508: 9473: 9425: 9327: 8939: 8823: 8512: 8482: 8477: 5876: 5714: 5689: 5668: 5632: 5578: 5441: 5179: 4748: 4674:, a resupply ship during the campaign. In 1600, he was the first Englishman to reach (and settle in) 3783: 2362: 2258: 2225: 2127: 2075: 1984: 1954: 1949: 1909: 1904: 1889: 1884: 1727: 1637: 1565: 1338: 1212: 1177: 1147: 1142: 1117: 1112: 1102: 1097: 997: 952: 947: 885: 732: 685: 670: 9057: 8370: 5405: 4110:

where they were held prisoner in a barn (today called the 'Spanish Barn') and spared execution. The

3352:

The English and Spanish fleets between Portland Bill and the Isle of Wight on 2–3 August 1588 (N.S.)

3017:

Prior to the undertaking, Pope Sixtus V allowed Philip to collect crusade taxes and granted his men

2613:. The following year, England organized a similar large-scale campaign against Spain, known as the " 10807: 10377: 10260: 10220: 10159: 10154: 10094: 9513: 9503: 9289: 8992: 8903: 8604: 4679: 4383: 3888:

was wrecked on the coast of Ireland and gave a remarkable account of his experiences in the fleet,

3622: 2999:. Farnese would then follow with a large army from the Low Countries crossing the English Channel. 2980: 2396: 2215: 1869: 1849: 1677: 1647: 1597: 1505: 1092: 1072: 962: 638: 614: 10757: 9836: 9069: 8589: 3897: 3758: 3525:"Battle of Gravelines (1588)" redirects here. For the battle in the Italian War of 1551–1559, see 2582:, but he refused to deviate from his instructions to join with Parma. Although the Armada reached 584: 10802: 10787: 10427: 10285: 10129: 10069: 10019: 9921: 9518: 9483: 9430: 9065: 8935: 8899: 8629: 8502: 8487: 8383: 7300: 4364: 3312: 2971:

fleet manoeuvres to harass the Spaniards, but there is no evidence for the success of that plan.

2873: 2720: 2438: 2391: 2325: 2268: 2230: 2115: 1964: 1924: 1844: 1839: 1742: 1697: 1602: 1301: 1157: 1127: 1067: 1062: 1007: 752: 747: 633: 9620: 8032: 7821: 7244: 4270:

Destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in ports of northern Spain

10812: 10718: 10290: 10225: 9729: 9615: 9498: 9458: 9102: 8895: 8554: 8544: 6991: 6614: 4707:

The Armada has often featured in fictional accounts of the reign of Elizabeth I. Examples are:

4634:) (1590), which argued that God decisively favoured the Protestant cause. In the 17th century, 4316: 2830: 2716: 2548: 2416: 2168: 2155: 2132: 2105: 2065: 1989: 1939: 1712: 1682: 1550: 1316: 1311: 1182: 987: 932: 880: 851: 722: 690: 9861: 6182: 5225: 5219: 4752:

contains a heavily fictionalized retelling of the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Gravelines.

10164: 9574: 9395: 9284: 9223: 9151: 9061: 8762: 8442: 8357: 5733: 5311: 4667: 4558:

noting that it held 397 Spanish prisoners of war for fourteen days during the Armada campaign

4263: 2586:

largely intact, while awaiting communication from Parma, it was attacked at night by English

2433: 2357: 2298: 2293: 2278: 2273: 2244: 2220: 2185: 2137: 2100: 2095: 2090: 1959: 1944: 1864: 1797: 1772: 1767: 1560: 1348: 1271: 1241: 1231: 1152: 1137: 1087: 1047: 1027: 1022: 742: 599: 10698: 10099: 9886: 9846: 9805: 8779: 7924:

Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. III

3612:

with the loss of 275 men – the Spanish only managing to rescue a boatload of survivors. The

3261: 10673: 10342: 10305: 10295: 10235: 10134: 10114: 10009: 9821: 9640: 8517: 8507: 8232: 5790:

History of the United Netherlands from the Death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort

4812: 4730: 4716: 4643: 4158:, part of which depicts Christ on the cross, was taken, hung and displayed in the choir of 3885: 3464: 3398:

process that would take at least six days. As Medina Sidonia waited at anchor, Dunkirk was

3394: 2850: 2803: 2712: 2335: 2070: 2055: 1979: 1859: 1782: 1717: 1652: 1530: 1500: 1450: 1391: 1306: 1207: 1197: 1172: 1082: 992: 957: 902: 762: 43: 10199: 9989: 9911: 8314:

The Return of the Armadas: the Later Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595–1603

8144:

After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the Struggle for Western Europe : 1588–1595

7943:

Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. V

2401: 8: 10742: 10498: 10483: 10367: 10347: 10300: 10280: 10084: 10079: 10024: 9994: 9760: 9385: 9342: 9299: 9228: 9197: 8968: 8947: 8913: 8819: 8789: 8720: 8564: 8537: 8437: 7689: 7363:. Publications of the Navy Records Society; v. 1–2. Printed for the Navy Records Society. 7126: 6583: 5948: 5305: 4159: 3800: 3651: 3403: 3378: 3037:

coast forced four galleys and one galleon to turn back, and other ships had to put in to

2795: 2791: 2340: 2320: 2283: 2050: 1929: 1919: 1854: 1752: 1702: 1515: 1465: 1440: 1192: 1132: 1122: 1077: 1017: 977: 223: 10488: 10189: 7812:

Knerr, Douglas. "Through the "Golden Mist": a Brief Overview of Armada Historiography."

7626: 7314: 7294: 4344: 3805:, heavily damaged during the Gravelines engagement, had struggled North and limped into 2466: 2020: 861: 10503: 10493: 10468: 10422: 10387: 10245: 9954: 9831: 9704: 9202: 9182: 8842: 8730: 8457: 8055: 7373:

Douglas Knerr, "Through the "Golden Mist": a Brief Overview of Armada Historiography."

7107: 6709: 6701: 4807: 4647: 4623: 4602: 4352: 4348: 4186:

The number of ships lost has been debated. A detailed study by Spanish naval historian

4167: 3601: 3215: 3193:

The English pursue the Spanish fleet east of Plymouth on 31 July – 1 August 1588 (N.S.)

2960: 2897: 2739: 2724: 2622: 2618: 2540: 2524: 2372: 1642: 1587: 1575: 1495: 1470: 871: 866: 206: 194: 182: 118: 9826: 9755: 8352: 5829: 3838:". More ships and sailors were lost to cold and stormy weather than in direct combat. 10683: 10625: 10458: 10230: 10204: 10194: 10184: 10119: 10074: 10004: 9984: 9959: 9906: 9881: 9146: 8673: 8614: 8569: 8428: 8331: 8317: 8294: 8277: 8261: 8240: 8223: 8205: 8180: 8166: 8147: 8098: 8062: 8028: 8010: 7991: 7965: 7946: 7927: 7908: 7889: 7870: 7851: 7832: 7817: 7792: 7773: 7754: 7735: 7716: 7697: 7675: 7656: 7637: 7586: 7567: 7548: 7533: 7501: 7482: 7463: 7444: 7273: 7094:

Newman, Aubrey N.; Johnson, David T.; Jones, P. M. (1985). "The Eighteenth Century".

6899: 6835: 6713: 6336: 6299: 6212: 6075: 5882: 5771: 5741: 5467: 5352: 5348:

Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World; Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America

5269: 5229: 5198: 5126: 5069: 4797: 4485: 4454:'. There were also more lighthearted medals struck, such as the one with the play on 4391: 4356: 4340: 4298: 4203: 3881: 3770: 3571: 3122: 3022: 2916: 2807: 2670: 2626: 1879: 1792: 1592: 1333: 1286: 1042: 856: 273: 8704: 6333:

Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592)

6296:

Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592)

3426:

Late on 7 August, Howard was reinforced by a squadron under Lord Edward Seymour and

10315: 10310: 10275: 10255: 10014: 9891: 9790: 9694: 9156: 8996: 8121: 7516:

Drake and the Tudor Navy: With a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power

7375: 7139: 7135: 7103: 6693: 5065: 4802: 4712: 4619: 4455: 4411: 4117: 4099: 3389: 3308: 3222: 2964: 2865:

addressed the suggestion to Philip II of taking advantage of it to attack England.

2846: 2819: 2644: 1762: 1707: 1692: 1535: 1525: 1455: 1445: 1343: 1261: 982: 972: 917: 297: 293: 277: 257: 10693: 8725: 7358: 4088:

became known as the "Great Spaniard" but was lost in a wreck in November 1588 off

2766:, greatly expanding the empire. Philip became the first monarch who ruled over an 318: 10758:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

10508: 10448: 10362: 10270: 10144: 10124: 10089: 9871: 9841: 9780: 9390: 9380: 9276: 9161: 9053: 9010: 8770: 8678: 8549: 8364: 7267: 7124:

Parker, Geoffrey (August 1996). "The 'Dreadnought' Revolution of Tudor England".

6587: 5749: 5318: 4792: 4489: 4477: 4469: 4466:('he came, he saw, he fled'). The wind that scattered the Armada has been called 4129: 4025:

swept through the crews and many died of disease and starvation after landing at

3806: 3733: 3455: 3118: 3034: 2861:

was in the summer of 1583 when, flushed with pride of his victory in the Azores,

2815: 2528: 2288: 2263: 2080: 1777: 1757: 1747: 1632: 1612: 1545: 1296: 1291: 1221: 1032: 1012: 927: 757: 680: 77: 10417: 8371:

The story of the Armada battles with pictures from the House of Lords tapestries

7343:

A discourse concerninge the Spanishe fleete inuadinge Englande in the yeare 1588

4642:

praised the leadership of Queen Elizabeth. However, the Whig historians, led by

4632:

A discourse concerninge the Spanishe fleete inuadinge Englande in the yeare 1588

4495:

One of the greatest finds of the Spanish Armada was the remains of the wreck of

4484:, when Britain again faced a substantial danger of foreign invasion. During the 3724: 3374: 2810:

ascended the throne in 1553. Three years later Mary married Philip II, becoming

518: 10352: 10149: 9901: 9724: 9610: 9584: 9569: 9450: 9045: 9039: 8943: 8710: 8624: 8574: 8452: 8406: 5121:. In Rodríguez-Salgado, M. J. and Adams, Simon (eds.). "England, Spain and the 4784: 4721:, which in 1925 became the first novel to be adapted into a radio drama by the 4655: 4651: 4635: 4571: 4504: 4450:" – with "Jehovah" in Hebrew letters ('God blew, and they are scattered'), or ' 4336: 4259: 4253: 4055: 3990: 3980: 3835: 3790: 3717: 3583: 3566: 3427: 3275: 3102: 3047: 2968: 2937: 2854: 2735: 2656: 2614: 2607: 2552: 2512: 2025: 1510: 1266: 907: 807: 767: 218: 150: 132: 8857: 8125: 6697: 5768:

The Anglo-Dutch moment. Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its world impact

4315:

Dutch ships. The Spanish launched a number of small scale attacks such as the

3532: 2818:

influence over church affairs. Her attempts led to more than 260 people being

10781: 9916: 8766: 8683: 8492: 8310: 8307:. 'The Dreadnought Revolution of Tudor England', 82 (1996): pp. 269–300. 4579: 4508: 4459: 4443: 4058:

a series of thanksgiving services took place, the first on 30 August where a

4043: 3939: 3920: 3860: 3850: 3439: 3145:

action. The English caught up with the Spanish fleet after a day of sailing.

3051: 3030: 2988: 2945: 2933: 2811: 2763: 2579: 1359: 199: 162: 4488:

RAF fighter pilots attracted world attention as the "new Elizabethans". The

10688: 10678: 10407: 9946: 9800: 9625: 9141: 8917: 8599: 8447: 7460:

Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas

5753: 5745: 5410: 4770: 4689: 4481: 3810: 3737: 3713: 3633: 3609: 3303:

If the Armada could create a temporary base in the protected waters of the

3288:

exploded, lighting a portion of the ship on fire. The Spanish attempted to

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The Confident Hope of a Miracle: The True History of the Spanish Armada'

7027: 6942: 4855:

Mattingly p. 401: "the defeat of the Spanish armada really was decisive"

4417:

English shipwrights introduced novel designs, first demonstrated in the

4359:(33 ships) sent in October 1601 to Ireland, ended with the surrender at 3181:

The English engage the Spanish fleet near Plymouth on 31 July 1588 (N.S)

3089:

The fleet was sighted in England on 29 July (N.S), when it appeared off

3038: 2639: 10453: 9187: 8467: 8136: 8080: 6705: 4639: 3647: 3548: 3318: 3121:

with the Armada upwind to the west. To execute its attack, the English

3090: 3018: 2996: 2787: 2779: 2575: 8047:

The Spanish Armada of 1588: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography.

6681: 4355:(140 ships), with a number captured or sunk by the English fleet. The 3169:

The Spanish and English fleets near Plymouth on 30–31 July 1588 (N.S.)

9420: 9177: 9077: 8852: 8754: 8688: 8274:. Souvenir Press, London, 1963. 2nd ed., Grafton Books, London, 1988. 5304: 4476:

The memory of the victory over the Armada was evoked during both the

4332: 4022: 3957: 3943: 3831: 3827: 3818: 3794: 3643: 3289: 3267: 3210:(commander of the Squadron of Andalusia) to Francis Drake aboard the 2984: 2941: 2592: 2587: 2556: 453: 81: 7617:. Vol. II. Madrid: Est. tipográfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra". 7146: 7015: 6848: 6450:

State papers relating to the defeat of the Spanish Armada, anno 1588

6435:

State papers relating to the defeat of the Spanish Armada, anno 1588

6361: 6162: 5022:

State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588

3221:

The English fleet and the Armada engaged once more on 1 August, off

3057:

Only 122 ships from the Spanish fleet entered the Channel; the four

2802:

taking place in Europe, especially during the reign of Henry's son,

9594: 8472: 7606:. Vol. I. Madrid: Est. tipográfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra". 7063: 6775: 4395: 4324: 4320: 4294: 4121: 4089: 3969: 3847:

One of the costliest wrecks was that of the ship Spanish galleass

3613: 3556: 3459: 3411: 3399: 3242: 3094: 2949: 2794:

as a political exercise over his desire to divorce his first wife,

2743: 2708: 2596: 2567: 2560: 2536: 6872: 6183:"Captain Cuellar's adventures in Connacht & Ulster, A.D. 1588" 6064:"Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada: A Painting and its Afterlife" 5919: 5917: 4258:

The following year the English with Dutch conscripts launched the

3694:. The Spanish plan to join with Parma's army had been frustrated. 3503:

English fireships launched at the Spanish armada off Calais (N.S.)

3157:

The Spanish fleet off the coast of Cornwall on 29 July 1588 (N.S.)

10752: 10723: 9233: 9218: 8375: 8367:– a learning resource and teachers notes from the British Library 7296:

History of Plymouth: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time

6987:

Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón

6787: 4683: 4583: 4516: 4500: 4473:, a phrase also used for later invasions of England that failed. 4360: 4107: 4046:

was set up, its purpose to help pay pensions to disabled seamen.

4026: 3942:

harbour and Miguel de Oquendo brought five more into the port of

3597: 3415: 3407: 3385: 3070: 3066: 3062: 2600: 2571: 346: 8201:

El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III

7185: 7075: 6751: 5406:

Why we must thank the Turks, not Drake, for defeating the Armada

9689: 9243: 9238: 9015: 7713:

Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents

6648: 5914: 5902: 5062:

The Eighteenth Century Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature

4962: 4960: 4606: 4328: 4302: 4285: 4274: 4190:

in the mid-1880s claimed that 63 in total were lost. Historian

4163: 4059: 4018: 4014: 3998: 3965: 3491:

The fireship attack on the Spanish Armada, 7 August 1588 (N.S.)

3443: 3406:. The Dutch flyboats mainly operated in the shallow waters off 3322: 3304: 3098: 3058: 2841: 2583: 2523:, an aristocrat without previous naval experience appointed by 2516: 7653:

English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History

7173: 6921: 6860: 6727: 6636: 6552: 6392: 6390: 6388: 5709:

The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, 660–1649

5610: 5608: 5593: 5487: 3198: 2595:. Pursued by the English, the Spanish ships returned home via 51: 10730: 9004: 8668: 8095:

Elizabeth I's Final Years Her Favourites and Her Fighting Men

8077:

The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649

7829:

The Spanish Armada: The Great Enterprise against England 1588

6373: 6267: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5823:"Military Science in Western Europe in the Sixteenth Century" 5333:

10 things you (probably) didn't know about the Spanish Armada

4992: 4990: 4951:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 13, Companion Volume

4675: 4574:

on carriage and other armament from the Spanish Armada ship,

4125: 3961: 3924: 3271: 2975: 308: 288: 268: 248: 236: 8040:

Commander of the Armada: The Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia.

7940: 7921: 7051: 6480: 5967: 5862: 5720: 5695: 5674: 5638: 5626: 5587: 5572: 5560: 5447: 5435: 5423: 5251: 4957: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4896: 4894: 4881: 4879: 4650:

in 1894. This enabled the leading naval scholar of the day,

3896:, flight through Scotland, surviving a second shipwreck and 3817:

of the open sea. There being no way of accurately measuring

9073: 8988: 7315:"Girona gold: How a diver discovered 400-year-old treasure" 6516: 6385: 6330: 6293: 6225: 6112: 5929: 5605: 5381:"The Spanish Armada in Lisbon: preparing to invade England" 4133: 2936:. Through this endeavour, English material support for the 8966: 7039: 6954: 6890:

Gracia Rivas, Manuel (1991). "The Medical Services of the

6596: 6492: 6452:. Vol. II. London: Navy Records Society. p. 163. 6068:

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Sixth Series

5991: 5839: 5511: 5075: 4987: 3956:, carrying some 200 sick and wounded survivors, came into 2798:. Over time, England became increasingly aligned with the 2723:" was the ultimate cause of the alliance breaking between 2715:

of England therefore formed a strategic relationship with

8272:

From Merciless Invaders: The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

7360:

State papers relating to the defeat of the Spanish Armada

6811: 6763: 6739: 6468: 6437:. Vol. II. London: Navy Records Society. p. 96. 6414: 5466:. London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. pp. 248–252. 5160: 5032: 5030: 4906: 4891: 4876: 4722: 3590:

Five Spanish and Portuguese ships were lost: the 605 ton

3447: 3402:

by a Dutch fleet of 30 flyboats under Lieutenant-Admiral

2857:. The first documented suggestion of what was called the 7197: 6504: 6402: 6137: 5538:(Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press), pp. 12–13. 5335:". BBC History Extra, April 2005. Retrieved 5 April 2020 5136: 5087: 5060:

Aubrey N. Newman, David T. Johnson, P. M. Jones (1985).

4873:

Vego p. 148: "the decisive defeat of the Spanish armada"

4213:, sank after they had cast anchor in Santander, and the 3938:. Over the next few days Diego Flores took 22 more into 3708:

Because of the potential invasion from the Netherlands,

3364:

The battle off the Isle of Wight on 4 August 1588 (N.S.)

3340:

The English and Spanish fleets on 1–2 August 1588 (N.S.)

8258:

England & the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel

7269:

The Good Fight Battle of Britain Propaganda and The Few

7003: 6966: 6592:. Vol. 1. Harper & Brothers. pp. 534–536. 6456: 5266:

Spain 1474–1700:The Triumphs and Tribulations of Empire

3325:, without being able to wait for word of Parma's army. 2570:. Faster and more maneuverable than the larger Spanish 7165:

Parker, Geoffrey (May 1988). "Why the Armada Failed".

6624: 6564: 6237: 6132:

The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300–1850

5656: 5644: 5499: 5027: 4511:(part of the National Museums of Northern Ireland) in 4380:

Day seven of the battle with the Armada, 7 August 1588

3255:

during the night and she was taken in action; Admiral

2566:

The Spanish were opposed by an English fleet based in

8721:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

7886:

England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel

7209: 6909: 6894:". In Rodríguez-Salgado, M. J. and Simon Adams, eds. 6799: 6540: 6528: 6349: 6249: 5979: 5955: 5148: 3029:

The Armada was delayed by bad weather. Storms in the

7978:

Martin, Colin (with appendices by Wignall, Sydney):

7650: 7152: 7069: 7033: 7021: 6948: 6854: 6834:(in Spanish). Madrid: Editorial Naval. p. 320. 6312: 5221:

Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England

5099: 5042: 5002: 4832: 4760: 7498:

Early modern England 1485–1714: a narrative history

6832:

La sanidad en la jornada de Ingblaterra (1587–1588)

6335:. Vol. V. Los Angeles: MJV. pp. 242–243. 4864:

Parker & Martin p. 5: "an unmitigated disaster"

4628:

Expeditionis Hispaniorum in Angliam vera Descriptio

10798:Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 8204:(in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. p. 305. 8054: 7694:Time to Finish the Game The English and the Armada 7093: 3296:came up. The Spanish evacuated the vessel and the 3214:during the attack of the Spanish Armada, 1588, by 2758:. This was expanded further in 1580 when Portugal 2539:, and escort an invasion force that would land in 7982:(with appendices by Sydney Wignall), Viking, 1975 7623:The Spanish Story of the Armada, and Other Essays 7583:The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588 7580: 6793: 6682:"The Spanish Story of the 1588 Armada Reassessed" 6679: 6367: 6168: 6155:Winston S. Churchill, "The New World", vol. 3 of 5878:Drake: The Life and Legend of an Elizabethan Hero 5686:Mcdermott. England and the Spanish Armada. p. 260 5463:Drake, The Life and Legend of an Elizabethan Hero 5315:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4743:(1971) is an account of the defeat of the Armada. 4351:(126–140 ships) was scattered by a storm, as was 3777: 3097:. The news was conveyed to London by a system of 2731:, and this led to war between the two countries. 2606:The expedition was the largest engagement of the 548: 10779: 8085:Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J. and Adams, Simon, eds. 7770:A Guide to Battles Decisive Conflicts in History 6159:, (1956) Dodd, Mead & Co., New York, p. 130. 4288:if possible so as to establish a permanent base. 3874:, knight and member of the Council of Thirteen ( 9265: 7479:European Warfare, 1494–1660 Warfare and History 7119: 7117: 5792:. Vol. 1586–89. London: John Murray. 4194. 4936:Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact 4452:He blew with His winds, and they were scattered 4035:'s crew of 500, more than 200 had died and the 3570:manoeuver had been effective in the battles of 3515:The battle off Gravelines, 8 August 1588 (N.S.) 2511:'Great and Most Fortunate Navy') was a 391:19,315 soldiers (90% Spaniards, 10% Portuguese) 8087:England, Spain, and the Gran Armada, 1585–1604 7980:Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada 7610: 7599: 7423:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 63. 6878: 6866: 6642: 6615:"Queen Elizabeth – Against the Spanish Armada" 6298:. Vol. V. Los Angeles: MJV. p. 229. 5351:. Oxford and New York: Routledge. p. 45. 4207:the storms or English gunfire. One hulk, the 4004: 2782:'s reign. The last of these conflicts was the 1389: 8910:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 8391: 8328:The Enterprise of England: The Spanish Armada 6995: 6985: 6896:England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585–1604 6668:England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585–1604 5881:. London: Simon & Schuster. p. 259. 5535:The Invincible Armada and Elizabethan England 4693: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4111: 4093: 4083: 4077: 4071: 3951: 3933: 3875: 3848: 3798: 3697: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3637: 3627: 3616: 3591: 3560: 3479:The pursuit to Calais, 4–6 August 1588 (N.S.) 3279: 3250: 3230: 2806:. Edward died childless, and his half-sister 2690: 1375: 534: 8585:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 8163:Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas 8135:, Vol. 12, No. 2. (1969), pp. 197–216. 7959: 7941:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020e). 7922:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020c). 7625:(1899), by a leading historian of the 1890s 7545:England, Spain and the Gran Armada 1585–1604 7191: 7114: 7081: 7057: 6906:. p. 212. The lowest estimate is 9,000 dead. 6829: 6757: 6558: 6522: 6486: 6396: 6231: 6118: 5935: 5923: 5908: 5614: 5549:The English Mercurie published by Authoritie 4996: 4966: 4900: 4885: 3241:collided with a number of ships, losing her 2836:Mary's death in 1558 led to her half-sister 8237:The Voyage of the Armada: The Spanish Story 8023:Parker, Geoffrey. "Why the Armada Failed." 7945:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. 7926:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. 7542: 7169:. Vol. 38, no. 5. pp. 26–33. 6654: 6331:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020). 6294:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020). 6211:. Yale University Press. pp. 153–154. 6043:The Longman Anthology of British Literature 6002: 5850: 5788:Motley, John Lothrop (1860). "XVII. 1587". 5599: 5517: 5493: 5081: 4921: 4370: 4128:. Pedro de Valdés was held prisoner in the 3689: 3683: 3677: 3537:Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588 3199:Actions off Portland Bill and Isle of Wight 2746:cause and its global possessions stretched 2664: 2555:, and prevent attacks by English and Dutch 2506: 8398: 8384: 8348:The Story of the Tobermory Spanish Galleon 7786: 7495: 7441:Armada 1588 The Spanish Assault on England 7179: 6960: 6927: 6781: 6733: 6602: 6420: 6379: 5283: 4728:John Brunner's 1962 science fiction novel 3135:with 11 ships, and Howard to the south in 2822:, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary". 1382: 1368: 541: 527: 10704:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 8004: 7883: 6817: 6769: 6474: 6447: 6432: 6408: 6206: 6157:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 6143: 6014: 5973: 5528: 5526: 5093: 4682:becoming one of the first of few Western 4618:For 150 years, writers relied heavily on 4339:were raided and torched. Another smaller 4247: 2770:, and he did so from his chambers in the 2695:is still the Spanish term for the modern 109: 10709:Colonial universities in the Philippines 8251:Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada 7960:Martin, Colin; Parker, Geoffrey (1999). 7888:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 7807:Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada 7688: 7356: 7096:Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature 6510: 6057: 6055: 5372: 5263: 5257: 5224:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 4374: 3979: 3902: 3757: 3723: 3531: 3373: 3225:. A change of wind gave the Spanish the 3202: 2521:Alonso de Guzmán, Duke of Medina Sidonia 9700:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 8141: 8092: 8057:The Guinness Book of Military Anecdotes 7845: 7826: 7710: 7561: 7530:Invasion: Defending Britain from Attack 7457: 7438: 7388: 7265: 7009: 6972: 6355: 6243: 5985: 5814: 5662: 5650: 5563:, v. V pp. 164, 167, 199–200. 5211: 5119:The Medical Services of the Gran Armada 5036: 4981:Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict 4661: 3520: 3125:upwind of the Armada, thus gaining the 2963:, to her ambassador in Constantinople, 2629:, but these likewise ended in failure. 10780: 10653: 8111: 7985: 7902: 7767: 7729: 7631: 7418: 7339: 7227: 7215: 7203: 7164: 7123: 7045: 7000:, vol. III, chapter III. Madrid. p. 51 6630: 6582: 6570: 6546: 6534: 6498: 6255: 6049:. Third ed. New York: Pearson Longman. 5961: 5787: 5732: 5523: 5385:British Historical Society of Portugal 5344: 5338: 5302: 5217: 5192: 5166: 5154: 4531:Armada Medal, bearing the inscription 4448:1588. Flavit Jehovah et Dissipati Sunt 4323:on 26 July 1595, where over two days, 3923:to release his promise of one million 3910:by Spanish painter Jose Gartner (1892) 3821:, the Spanish were not aware that the 3712:assembled a force of 4,500 militia at 3369: 3117:On 30 July, the English fleet was off 3112: 2863:Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz 10652: 10548: 10547: 9671: 9549: 9264: 9123: 9091: 9028: 8965: 8880: 8803: 8743: 8657: 8646: 8418: 8417: 8379: 8197: 8052: 7864: 7748: 7476: 7292: 6997:Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval 6915: 6805: 6745: 6324: 6318: 6061: 6052: 5874: 5505: 5459: 5453: 5414:, 1 June 2004. Retrieved 5 April 2020 5142: 5105: 5048: 5008: 4978: 4702: 2768:empire upon which the sun did not set 1363: 522: 16:Fleet sailing against England in 1588 8981:Captaincy General of the Philippines 8473:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 8160: 7272:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 7. 6180: 5378: 5197:. New York: Basic Books. p. 3. 4737:The fifth episode of the BBC series 4309: 3908:Destruction of the Invincible Armada 10684:Indochristian painting in New Spain 8804: 7669: 7655:. Oxford: Bloomsbury. p. 253. 7651:Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). 6462: 6268:Historic England Research Records. 6074:. Cambridge University Press: 129. 5820: 5268:. Bristol: Heinemann. p. 286. 3769:painting, previously attributed to 3292:the ship, but this failed when the 3013:List of ships of the Spanish Armada 2944:would end. Philip was supported by 2774:by means of written communication. 13: 9651:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 9124: 8405: 8358:Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada 8191: 7581:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (1988). 7496:Bucholz, R O; Key, Newton (2009). 7108:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698.x 5125:, 1585–1604". Barnes & Noble. 4933: 3914: 3763:Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada 3646:. The English troops sortied from 14: 10849: 8881: 8744: 8625:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 8341: 7907:. Durham: Duke University Press. 5952:, Episode 4, "The Spanish Armada" 5863:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5721:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5696:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5675:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5639:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5627:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5588:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5573:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5561:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5448:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5436:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 5424:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c 5252:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e 4948: 4613: 4353:the third sent the following year 4124:and eventually sunk to support a 4082:were studied by the English. The 3984:Route taken by the Spanish Armada 2995:to establish a safe anchorage in 2559:against Spanish interests in the 2527:. His orders were to sail up the 10736:Criollos in the colonial society 10664:Spanish missions in the Americas 9786:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 8330:(1988) Sutton Publishing (1995) 8283:The Defeat of the Spanish Armada 7850:. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. 7611:Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1885). 7600:Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1884). 7412: 7391:"The real 'John Blackthorne' of 7382: 7367: 7350: 7333: 7307: 7299:. Plymouth: W. Benden. pp. 7286: 7259: 7233: 7158: 7087: 6984:Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). 6978: 6933: 6884: 6823: 6680:Rodríguez-Salgado, M. J (1990). 6673: 6660: 6608: 6576: 6441: 6426: 5740:. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. 5309:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5303:Pollen, John Hungerford (1907). 5070:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698 4825: 4777: 4763: 4597:Banner from the Spanish galleon 4590: 4563: 4539: 4533:Flavit Jehovah et Dissipati Sunt 4524: 4064:national service of thanksgiving 3710:Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3357: 3345: 3333: 3208:The Surrender of Pedro de Valdés 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 2948:, who treated the invasion as a 2909: 2890: 2655:. It is originally derived from 2651:, which is cognate with English 2551:in England, end support for the 317: 307: 287: 267: 247: 235: 217: 205: 193: 181: 156: 144: 125: 111: 50: 10763:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 8647: 8035:. Summary by leading historian. 7964:. Manchester University Press. 7431: 7389:Ridgway, Claire (16 May 2020). 6287: 6261: 6200: 6174: 6149: 6124: 6095: 6041:Damrosh, David, et al. (2006). 6035: 6020: 5941: 5868: 5805: 5796: 5781: 5760: 5726: 5701: 5680: 5541: 5426:, v. III pp. 161–162. 5398: 5325: 5296: 5186: 5172: 5111: 5054: 5014: 4972: 4680:United East India Company (VOC) 3704:Speech to the Troops at Tilbury 2814:of Spain and began to reassert 2547:. Its purpose was to reinstate 2519:in late May 1588, commanded by 9092: 8815:Captaincy General of Guatemala 8523:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 7672:Elizabeth: The Forgotten Years 7421:The BBC: The First Fifty Years 7140:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656603 6029:Elizabeth: The Forgotten Years 5770:. Cambridge University Press, 4942: 4927: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4070:The captured Spanish galleons 3778:Armada in Scotland and Ireland 3430:, which had been stationed in 1: 10714:General Archive of the Indies 9975:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 9646:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 9631:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 8580:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 8533:War of the Spanish Succession 8498:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 7791:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6830:Gracia Rivas, Manuel (1988). 5865:, v. V pp. 226–227. 5629:, v. V pp. 218–219. 5575:, v. V pp. 206–207. 5438:, v. V pp. 165–166. 5254:, v. V pp. 157–158. 5117:Gracia Rivas, Manuel (1991). 4842: 4102:. The 397 crew were taken to 3993:. There, in November, he was 3423:Nassau had in mind for them. 3419:vulnerable as night drew on. 3042:vessels and 34 supply ships. 2734:By the mid sixteenth century 2702: 552:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 501: 40:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 9672: 8786:Captaincy General of Yucatan 8716:Union with Holy Roman Empire 8695:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 8610:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 7962:The Spanish Armada (Revised) 7566:. Cornell University Press. 6670:. Barnes & Noble. p. 161 6448:John Knox, Laughton (1894). 6433:John Knox, Laughton (1894). 4262:under Sir Francis Drake and 3975: 3892:, defeat of an English army 3541:Philip James de Loutherbourg 3141:with the bulk of the fleet. 3006: 2669:, 'to arm', used in 2632: 605:Cavendish's circumnavigation 7: 10823:Maritime history of England 9550: 9266:Administrative subdivisions 8463:War of the League of Cognac 8005:Mattingly, Garrett (2005). 7905:The Black Legend in England 7787:Hutchinson, Robert (2013). 7585:. Oxford University Press. 6130:Brian Fagan, Brian (2000), 4756: 4279:Dom António, Prior of Crato 4005:England and the Netherlands 3894:besieging Rosclogher castle 3527:Battle of Gravelines (1558) 799:Spanish Armada (1st Calais 564:Caribbean and South America 491:Five ships sunk or captured 56:Route of the Spanish Armada 10: 10854: 10838:1588 in the Spanish Empire 9980:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 9965:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 9867:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 9029: 8765:), Western United States ( 8658: 8528:Portuguese Restoration War 7903:Maltby, William S (1971). 7564:Europe Divided (1559–1598) 7357:Laughton, John K. (1894). 7340:Ryther, Augustine (1590). 6207:Pettegree, Andrew (2015). 6103:"The Battle of Gravelines" 5738:Life of Sir Walter Raleigh 5707:Rodgers, N. A. M. (2004), 5532:Garrett Mattingly (1963), 4698:during the Spanish Armada. 4251: 4237:National Archives of Spain 4095:Nuestra Señora del Rosario 4073:Nuestra Señora del Rosario 3995:repelled with heavy losses 3781: 3701: 3698:Elizabeth's Tilbury speech 3661:Nuestra Señora del Rosario 3562:Nuestra Señora del Rosario 3524: 3238:Nuestra Señora del Rosario 3010: 2921:Trinity College, Cambridge 2502:Grande y Felicísima Armada 575:Drake's 1572-73 expedition 340:163 armed merchant vessels 242:7th Duke of Medina Sidonia 18: 10818:History of the Royal Navy 10748:Slavery in Spanish Empire 10659: 10648: 10554: 10543: 10441: 10335: 10328: 10213: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10035:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 9945: 9814: 9776:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 9738: 9682: 9678: 9667: 9636:Barcelona Trading Company 9603: 9560: 9556: 9545: 9449: 9401:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 9371: 9313: 9275: 9271: 9260: 9211: 9170: 9134: 9130: 9119: 9098: 9035: 8976: 8908:Venezuela, part of Guyana 8887: 8810: 8761:, Central United States ( 8750: 8664: 8653: 8642: 8493:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 8478:Expulsion of the Moriscos 8424: 8413: 8114:English Historical Review 7884:Mcdermott, James (2005). 7674:. Penguin Books Limited. 7443:. Pen & Sword Books. 7153:Gorrochategui Santos 2018 7070:Gorrochategui Santos 2018 7034:Gorrochategui Santos 2018 7022:Gorrochategui Santos 2018 6996: 6949:Gorrochategui Santos 2018 6855:Gorrochategui Santos 2018 6698:10.1017/S0018246X00013431 5291:Admirals of the Caribbean 5193:Parker, Geoffrey (2002). 5180:Oxford English Dictionary 4983:. Routledge. p. 123. 4833:Gorrochategui Santos 2018 4749:Elizabeth: The Golden Age 4433: 4297:where they established a 4067:during the huge service. 3855:, which was driven on to 3784:Spanish Armada in Ireland 2902:National Portrait Gallery 2663:, the past participle of 1401: 897:Low Countries and Germany 560: 424: 328: 171: 100: 60: 49: 37: 32: 10689:Quito painting tradition 10679:Cusco painting tradition 10040:García López de Cárdenas 10030:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 9937:Felipe González de Ahedo 9857:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 8434:Conquest of the Americas 8363:19 February 2020 at the 8093:Stedall, Robert (2022). 8053:Regan, Geoffrey (1992). 7990:. University of Exeter. 7768:Holmes, Richard (2006). 7715:. Taylor & Francis. 7632:Graham, Winston (1972). 7192:Martin & Parker 1999 7082:Martin & Parker 1999 7058:Martin & Parker 1999 6784:, pp. 202, 276–288. 6758:Martin & Parker 1999 6559:Martin & Parker 1999 6523:Martin & Parker 1999 6487:Martin & Parker 1999 6397:Martin & Parker 1999 6232:Martin & Parker 1999 6181:Hugh, Allingham (1897). 6119:Martin & Parker 1999 5936:Martin & Parker 1999 5924:Martin & Parker 1999 5909:Martin & Parker 1999 5723:, v. V p. 224. 5698:, v. V p. 221. 5677:, v. V p. 223. 5641:, v. V p. 220. 5615:Martin & Parker 1999 5590:, v. V p. 225. 5450:, v. V p. 170. 5264:Pendrill, Colin (2002). 5218:Waller, Maureen (2006). 4997:Martin & Parker 1999 4967:Martin & Parker 1999 4901:Martin & Parker 1999 4886:Martin & Parker 1999 4818: 4503:divers off the coast of 4384:Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom 4371:Technological revolution 4281:to the Portuguese throne 4173: 4166:. It now resides in the 3898:ultimate return to Spain 3865:Alonso Martínez de Leiva 3076:Lord Howard of Effingham 808:English Armada (Corunna 580:Drake's circumnavigation 10474:Comuneros (New Granada) 10251:Balearic Islands (1558) 9970:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 9897:Ruy López de Villalobos 9852:Miguel López de Legazpi 9766:García de Toledo Osorio 8630:Western Sahara conflict 8620:Independence of Morocco 8560:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 8503:Piracy in the Caribbean 8488:French Wars of Religion 8198:Feros, Antonio (2002). 8126:10.1093/ehr/118.478.855 8081:excerpt and text search 7865:Lewis, Michael (1960). 7827:Konstam, Angus (2009). 7809:, Anvil Books Ltd, 1967 7751:Survivors of the Armada 7621:Froude, James Anthony. 7500:. John Wiley and Sons. 7458:Bicheno, Hugh. (2012). 7293:Worth, Richard (1890). 6134:, New York: Basic Books 6047:The Early Modern Period 5875:Coote, Stephen (2003). 5460:Coote, Stephen (2003). 4029:. For instance, of the 4013:motion to mitigate it. 3716:, Essex, to defend the 3300:promptly captured her. 3082:and Sir Francis Drake. 2721:French Wars of Religion 2515:fleet that sailed from 507:ships lost(10 scuttled) 467:English Channel actions 431:English Channel actions 342:(30 more than 200 tons) 10719:Colonial Spanish Horse 10393:Colonia del Sacramento 9616:Spanish treasure fleet 9193:Royal Decree of Graces 8161:Vego, Milan N (2013). 8133:The Historical Journal 8027:1988 38 (May): 26–33. 7986:Martin, Paula (1988). 7749:Hardy, Evelyn (1966). 7711:Hampden, John (1972). 7547:. Barnes & Noble. 7477:Black, Jeremy (2005). 7439:Barratt, John (2006). 7241:"Europe – MSN Encarta" 6992:Naval Museum of Madrid 6986: 6961:Bucholz & Key 2009 6898:. Barnes & Noble. 6794:Rodríguez-Salgado 1990 6686:The Historical Journal 6368:Fernández-Armesto 1988 6169:Fernández-Armesto 1988 5734:Tytler, Patrick Fraser 5711:, Penguin, pp. 263–269 5306:"Spanish Armada" 5195:Success is never final 4694: 4387: 4248:English Counter-Armada 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4112: 4094: 4084: 4078: 4072: 3985: 3952: 3934: 3928:were widely believed. 3911: 3876: 3849: 3799: 3774: 3756: 3741: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3638: 3628: 3621:, the flagship of Don 3617: 3592: 3561: 3544: 3381: 3280: 3251: 3231: 3218: 3069:and the 10 Portuguese 2831:Siege of Calais (1558) 2800:Protestant reformation 2691: 2665: 2660: 2648: 2501: 385:2,431 artillery pieces 172:Commanders and leaders 9877:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 9837:Juan Sebastián Elcano 9152:Council of the Indies 8513:Spanish–Moro conflict 8483:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 8443:Treaty of Tordesillas 8222:(1972; reprint 2001) 8142:Wernham, R.B (1984). 8079:vol 1 (1999) 691 pp; 7730:Hanson, Neil (2011). 7562:Elliott, J H (1982). 7524:online edition vol. 2 7520:online edition vol. 1 6209:The Invention of News 6062:Hearn, Karen (2005). 5345:Wagner, John (1999). 5331:Hutchinson, Robert. " 5312:Catholic Encyclopedia 5289:Hart, Francis Rußel, 4979:Kamen, Henry (2014). 4658:over five centuries. 4499:, found by a team of 4378: 4192:José Luis Casado Soto 3983: 3906: 3890:on the run in Ireland 3761: 3743: 3727: 3682:; and the Portuguese 3535: 3377: 3206: 2967:, sought to initiate 2874:alliance with Morocco 2859:Enterprise of England 2827:Battle of St. Quentin 2498:Enterprise of England 480:Battle of Gravelines: 441:Battle of Gravelines: 425:Casualties and losses 10828:Invasions of England 10674:Mesoamerican Codices 10398:Comuneros (Paraguay) 10236:Siege of Castelnuovo 9822:Christopher Columbus 9641:Consulate of the Sea 9621:Casa de Contratación 9212:Titles and positions 8605:Spanish–American War 8595:Liberal constitution 8438:Asia and the Pacific 8009:. Houghton Mifflin. 7690:Hadfield, Alice Mary 7614:La Armada invencible 7603:La Armada invencible 7532:, Boxtree Ltd, 2002 7419:Briggs, Asa (1985). 6584:Motley, John Lothrop 6270:"San Pedro El Mayor" 6101:Hilliard, Nicholas. 5835:on 28 February 2007. 5821:Swanger, W. Jherek. 5020:John Knox Laughton, 4813:The English Mercurie 4731:Times Without Number 4662:Notable participants 4400:Battle of Gravelines 3886:Francisco de Cuéllar 3834:, a feature of the " 3521:Battle of Gravelines 2851:Mary, Queen of Scots 2346:2nd Cape St. Vincent 2236:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch 2143:1st Cape St. Vincent 2086:1st 's-Hertogenbosch 2002:1st English Channel 1818:Ten Years, 1588–1598 827:2nd Gibraltar Strait 822:1st Gibraltar Strait 718:Vila Franca do Campo 379:38 auxiliary vessels 376:44 armed merchantmen 10403:Cartagena de Indias 10025:Diego de Mazariegos 9995:Pere Fages i Beleta 9862:Sebastián de Ocampo 9343:Provincias Internas 9315:Captaincies General 9229:Municipal president 9198:School of Salamanca 8969:Spanish East Indies 8948:Misiones Orientales 8820:Spanish West Indies 8784:, Central America ( 8731:Pyrénées-Orientales 8684:Union with Portugal 8575:Napoleonic invasion 8555:War of Jenkins' Ear 8293:. Gollancz (1988). 8253:(Anvil Books, 1967) 8220:The Spanish Armadas 8146:. Clarendon Press. 7634:The Spanish Armadas 7514:Corbett, Julian S. 7266:Campion, G (2016). 7194:, pp. 253–254. 7182:, pp. 217–224. 7084:, pp. 213–214. 7048:, pp. 855–882. 7036:, pp. 258–259. 6951:, pp. 245–246. 6930:, pp. 203–204. 6881:, pp. 137–138. 6879:Fernández Duro 1884 6867:Fernández Duro 1884 6760:, pp. 258–259. 6748:, pp. 228–230. 6736:, pp. 276–288. 6657:, pp. 120–122. 6643:Fernández Duro 1884 6501:, pp. 526–527. 6465:, pp. 144–148. 6382:, pp. 215–216. 6370:, pp. 268–269. 6171:, pp. 255–263. 5976:, pp. 328–329. 5949:Battlefield Britain 5926:, pp. 190–191. 5911:, pp. 189–190. 5811:Lewis (1960), p.164 5802:Lewis (1960), p.166 5602:, pp. 114–116. 5496:, pp. 113–117. 5169:, pp. 258–261. 5145:, pp. 208–209. 4464:Venit, Vidit, Fugit 4349:second sent in 1596 4341:raid on Cawsand bay 4317:Raid on Mount's Bay 4136:from 1602 to 1608. 4052:St Paul's Cathedral 3844:William FitzWilliam 3801:San Juan de Sicilia 3652:Justinus van Nassau 3404:Justinus van Nassau 3379:Justinus van Nassau 3370:Fireships at Calais 3113:Action off Plymouth 2820:burned at the stake 2796:Catherine of Aragon 2792:English Reformation 2336:3rd English Channel 2156:Twelve Years' Truce 2138:2nd English Channel 2046:1st Schenckenschans 1900:3rd Geertruidenberg 1835:2nd Geertruidenberg 1541:1st Geertruidenberg 1108:3rd Geertruidenberg 1058:2nd Geertruidenberg 923:1st Geertruidenberg 701:2nd Puerto Caballos 629:1st Puerto Caballos 610:Spanish West Indies 472:2 galleons captured 396:Spanish Netherlands 224:Justinus van Nassau 92:Anglo-Dutch victory 10833:Invasions by Spain 10699:Academia Antártica 10654:Other civil topics 10020:Pánfilo de Narváez 9922:Sebastián Vizcaíno 9887:Andrés de Urdaneta 9847:Juan Ponce de León 9832:Ferdinand Magellan 9806:Bernardo de Gálvez 9705:Indian auxiliaries 9203:Trial of residence 9183:Laws of the Indies 8967:Asia and Oceania ( 8828:Dominican Republic 8278:Mattingly, Garrett 8270:McKee, Alexander. 8256:McDermott, James. 7816:1989 49(1): 5–13. 7805:Kilfeather T. P.: 7789:The Spanish Armada 7670:Guy, John (2016). 7247:on 28 October 2009 6026:Guy, John (2016). 5379:Shepherd, Andrew. 4808:The Armada Service 4703:In popular culture 4648:John Knox Laughton 4624:Petruccio Ubaldini 4622:'s translation of 4603:Museum De Lakenhal 4388: 4299:base of operations 4273:Make a landing at 4266:with three tasks: 4168:Museum De Lakenhal 4116:was later sent to 3986: 3953:San Pedro El Mayor 3912: 3775: 3742: 3547:The small port of 3545: 3382: 3219: 3216:John Seymour Lucas 3109:was John Hawkins. 2961:Francis Walsingham 2898:Philip II of Spain 2882:Opposing monarchs 2525:Philip II of Spain 2269:2nd Schenkenschans 2211:2nd Bergen op Zoom 1830:1st Bergen op Zoom 510:11,000–20,000 dead 485:More than 600 dead 10793:Conflicts in 1588 10775: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10644: 10643: 10549:Spanish conquests 10539: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10324: 10323: 10005:Pedro de Alvarado 9990:Gaspar de Portolà 9985:Pedro de Valdivia 9960:Francisco Pizarro 9912:Nicolás de Ovando 9907:Alonso de Ercilla 9882:Alonso de Salazar 9715:Ships of the line 9663: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9541: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9256: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9115: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9087: 9086: 9044:Northern Africa ( 9040:Equatorial Guinea 9024: 9023: 8961: 8960: 8876: 8875: 8799: 8798: 8790:Spanish Caribbean 8763:Spanish Louisiana 8739: 8738: 8674:Crown of Castille 8638: 8637: 8615:Spanish Civil War 8590:Adams–Onís Treaty 8570:Nootka Convention 8518:Thirty Years' War 8508:Eighty Years' War 8429:Catholic Monarchs 8419:Timeline–immersed 8326:Whiting J. R. S. 8303:Parker, Geoffrey 8289:Padfield, Peter. 8249:Kilfeather T. P. 8218:Graham, Winston. 8097:. Pen and Sword. 8075:Rodger, N. A. M. 8045:Rasor, Eugene L. 7696:. Phoenix House. 7528:Cruikshank, Dan: 7399:The Tudor Society 7379:1989 49(1): 5–13. 7206:, pp. 75–87. 6561:, pp. 87–92. 6032:. Viking. p. 119. 5508:, pp. 87–91. 4969:, pp. 60–63. 4798:Armada Tapestries 4672:Richarde Dyffylde 4486:Battle of Britain 4392:Battle of Lepanto 4310:Course of the war 4204:Garrett Mattingly 3882:Order of Santiago 3771:Nicholas Hilliard 3676:; the Neapolitan 3395:Eighty Years' War 3023:Battle of Lepanto 2929: 2928: 2917:Queen Elizabeth I 2784:Siege of Boulogne 2762:thus forming the 2671:Romance languages 2611:Anglo-Spanish War 2510: 2494:Invincible Armada 2483: 2482: 1393:Eighty Years' War 1357: 1356: 517: 516: 382:31 supply vessels 274:Miguel de Oquendo 96: 95: 44:Eighty Years' War 10845: 10650: 10649: 10616:Chibchan Nations 10545: 10544: 10514:Santiago de Cuba 10373:Guadalupe Island 10333: 10332: 10060: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10015:Diego de Almagro 9892:Antonio de Ulloa 9796:Ambrosio Spinola 9791:Pedro de Zubiaur 9761:Alfonso d'Avalos 9751:Antonio de Leyva 9695:Army of Flanders 9680: 9679: 9669: 9668: 9558: 9557: 9547: 9546: 9273: 9272: 9262: 9261: 9132: 9131: 9121: 9120: 9089: 9088: 9062:Peñón of Algiers 9026: 9025: 8963: 8962: 8878: 8877: 8801: 8800: 8783: 8741: 8740: 8655: 8654: 8644: 8643: 8565:Seven Years' War 8538:Queen Anne's War 8415: 8414: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8377: 8376: 8305:Mariner's Mirror 8215: 8176: 8157: 8128: 8120:(478): 855–882, 8108: 8072: 8061:. Canopy Books. 8060: 8038:Pierson, Peter. 8020: 8001: 7975: 7956: 7937: 7918: 7899: 7880: 7861: 7842: 7814:American Neptune 7802: 7783: 7764: 7745: 7734:. Random House. 7726: 7707: 7685: 7666: 7647: 7627:full text online 7618: 7607: 7596: 7577: 7558: 7511: 7492: 7473: 7454: 7425: 7424: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7386: 7380: 7376:American Neptune 7371: 7365: 7364: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7243:. Archived from 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7127:Mariner's Mirror 7121: 7112: 7111: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6989: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6677: 6671: 6664: 6658: 6655:Casado Soto 1991 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6274:Heritage Gateway 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6059: 6050: 6039: 6033: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6003:Casado Soto 1991 6000: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5851:Casado Soto 1991 5848: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5828:. Archived from 5827: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5785: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5603: 5600:Casado Soto 1991 5597: 5591: 5585: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5530: 5521: 5518:Casado Soto 1991 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5494:Casado Soto 1991 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5342: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5190: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5082:Casado Soto 1991 5079: 5073: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5025: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4925: 4922:Casado Soto 1991 4919: 4904: 4898: 4889: 4883: 4874: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4836: 4829: 4803:Invisible armada 4787: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4713:Charles Kingsley 4697: 4620:Augustine Ryther 4594: 4567: 4543: 4528: 4482:Second World War 4440:David vs Goliath 4423:in 1570 and the 4412:full-rigged ship 4367:in August 1604. 4365:Treaty of London 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4200: 4160:St Peters Church 4157: 4150: 4144: 4115: 4097: 4087: 4081: 4075: 3955: 3937: 3879: 3873: 3854: 3804: 3754: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3641: 3631: 3620: 3595: 3564: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3456:Siege of Antwerp 3446:, gunpowder and 3390:Army of Flanders 3361: 3349: 3337: 3309:Martin Frobisher 3283: 3270:and 50,000 gold 3265: 3254: 3234: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 2965:William Harborne 2938:United Provinces 2913: 2894: 2879: 2878: 2847:heir presumptive 2694: 2668: 2531:, join with the 2508: 2505: 2492:(often known as 2449:2nd San Salvador 2444:1st San Salvador 2417:2nd Saint Martin 2387:1st Saint Martin 1396: 1394: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1361: 1360: 1339:Irish West Coast 1227:'s-Hertogenbosch 706:Santiago de Cuba 570:San Juan de Ulúa 555: 553: 543: 536: 529: 520: 519: 506: 503: 463:2,000–3,000 dead 321: 312: 311: 302: 294:Diego de Medrano 292: 291: 282: 272: 271: 262: 252: 251: 240: 239: 222: 221: 210: 209: 198: 197: 186: 185: 161: 160: 159: 149: 148: 147: 131: 129: 128: 121: 117: 115: 114: 68:July–August 1588 62: 61: 54: 30: 29: 10853: 10852: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10808:1588 in England 10778: 10777: 10776: 10767: 10743:Old inquisition 10655: 10640: 10550: 10523: 10479:Trinidad (1797) 10449:La Noche Triste 10437: 10433:San Juan (1797) 10383:San Juan (1595) 10320: 10209: 10049:Notable battles 10044: 10010:Martín de Ursúa 9941: 9872:Alonso de Ojeda 9842:Juan de la Cosa 9827:Pinzón brothers 9810: 9781:John of Austria 9756:Martín de Goiti 9734: 9674: 9655: 9599: 9552: 9533: 9445: 9441:Terra Australis 9436:Río de la Plata 9381:Castilla de Oro 9367: 9309: 9305:Río de la Plata 9267: 9248: 9207: 9166: 9162:Santa Hermandad 9126: 9107: 9103:Terra Australis 9094: 9083: 9050:Spanish Morocco 9031: 9020: 9011:Northern Taiwan 8972: 8957: 8928:Río de la Plata 8883: 8872: 8806: 8805:Central America 8795: 8777: 8746: 8735: 8679:Crown of Aragon 8660: 8649: 8634: 8550:Bourbon Reforms 8420: 8409: 8404: 8365:Wayback Machine 8344: 8212: 8194: 8192:Further reading 8189: 8173: 8154: 8105: 8069: 8049:(1992). 277 pp. 8042:(1989). 304 pp. 8017: 7998: 7972: 7953: 7934: 7915: 7896: 7877: 7858: 7839: 7799: 7780: 7761: 7742: 7723: 7704: 7682: 7663: 7644: 7593: 7574: 7555: 7508: 7489: 7470: 7451: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7387: 7383: 7372: 7368: 7355: 7351: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7291: 7287: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7248: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7190: 7186: 7180:Hutchinson 2013 7178: 7174: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7122: 7115: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6928:Hutchinson 2013 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6828: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6788: 6782:Hutchinson 2013 6780: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6734:Hutchinson 2013 6732: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6678: 6674: 6665: 6661: 6653: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6613: 6609: 6603:Hutchinson 2013 6601: 6597: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6545: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6446: 6442: 6431: 6427: 6421:Hutchinson 2013 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6386: 6380:Hutchinson 2013 6378: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6179: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6154: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6129: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6060: 6053: 6040: 6036: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5849: 5840: 5832: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5786: 5782: 5765: 5761: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5546: 5542: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5322:heretic queen." 5319:excommunication 5301: 5297: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5028: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4988: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4958: 4947: 4943: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4907: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4793:Armada Memorial 4783: 4778: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4705: 4664: 4644:James A. Froude 4616: 4609: 4595: 4586: 4568: 4559: 4544: 4535: 4529: 4490:Armada Memorial 4478:Napoleonic Wars 4470:Protestant Wind 4436: 4408:Geoffrey Parker 4373: 4312: 4264:Sir John Norris 4256: 4250: 4194: 4176: 4130:Tower of London 4098:was brought to 4038:Elizabeth Jonas 4007: 3978: 3917: 3915:Return to Spain 3867: 3786: 3780: 3755: 3750: 3734:Armada Portrait 3706: 3700: 3623:Hugo de Moncada 3530: 3523: 3516: 3513: 3504: 3501: 3492: 3489: 3480: 3477: 3372: 3365: 3362: 3353: 3350: 3341: 3338: 3259: 3257:Pedro de Valdés 3201: 3194: 3191: 3182: 3179: 3170: 3167: 3158: 3155: 3119:Eddystone Rocks 3115: 3015: 3009: 2981:Catholic League 2923: 2914: 2905: 2895: 2772:Escorial Palace 2705: 2692:Armada Española 2635: 2578:and occupy the 2529:English Channel 2486: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2463: 2368:Bay of Matanzas 2305:European waters 2190: 2152: 2122:European waters 2030: 2016:Gulf of Almería 1996:European waters 1814: 1804:European waters 1657: 1617: 1582:European waters 1480: 1415: 1412: 1410:List of battles 1397: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1358: 1353: 1277:Château-Laudran 1188:Schenckenschans 867:Cape Finisterre 837:Gulf of Almería 774:European waters 624:Bay of Honduras 556: 551: 549: 547: 513: 504: 494: 478: 459: 439: 420: 401:31,800 soldiers 364: 341: 324: 314:Pedro de Valdés 306: 298: 286: 278: 266: 258: 254:Juan de Recalde 246: 234: 228: 216: 204: 192: 180: 167: 157: 155: 145: 143: 137: 126: 124: 112: 110: 84: 78:English Channel 55: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10851: 10841: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10803:1588 in Europe 10800: 10795: 10790: 10788:Spanish Armada 10773: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10728: 10727: 10726: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10646: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10559:Canary Islands 10555: 10552: 10551: 10541: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10413:Túpac Amaru II 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10358:Bogotá savanna 10355: 10350: 10345: 10339: 10337: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10266:Spanish Armada 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10160:White Mountain 10157: 10155:Cape Celidonia 10152: 10150:English Armada 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9951: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9927:Juan Fernández 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9902:Diego Columbus 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9730:Army of Africa 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9710:Spanish Armada 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9686: 9684: 9676: 9675: 9665: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9611:Manila galleon 9607: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9566: 9564: 9554: 9553: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9455: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9319: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9281: 9279: 9269: 9268: 9258: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9215: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9174: 9172: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9138: 9136: 9128: 9127: 9125:Administration 9117: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9046:Western Sahara 9042: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9008: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8944:Banda Oriental 8925: 8911: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8817: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8759:Coastal Alaska 8751: 8748: 8747: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8651: 8650: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8411: 8410: 8407:Spanish Empire 8403: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8355: 8350: 8343: 8342:External links 8340: 8339: 8338: 8324: 8308: 8301: 8287: 8275: 8268: 8254: 8247: 8233:Howarth, David 8230: 8216: 8211:978-8495379399 8210: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8185:978-8495983374 8177: 8172:978-1136317941 8171: 8158: 8153:978-0198227533 8152: 8139: 8129: 8109: 8104:978-1399083188 8103: 8090: 8089:(1991) 308 pp. 8083: 8073: 8068:978-1558594418 8067: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8021: 8016:978-0618565917 8015: 8002: 7997:978-0859893053 7996: 7983: 7976: 7971:978-1901341140 7970: 7957: 7952:979-8689560397 7951: 7938: 7933:979-8688759655 7932: 7919: 7914:978-0822302506 7913: 7900: 7895:978-0300106985 7894: 7881: 7876:978-7240009789 7875: 7867:Spanish Armada 7862: 7857:978-1443820066 7856: 7843: 7838:978-1846034961 7837: 7831:. Bloomsbury. 7824: 7810: 7803: 7798:978-0297866374 7797: 7784: 7779:978-0191501173 7778: 7772:. OUP Oxford. 7765: 7760:978-7240009727 7759: 7746: 7741:978-1446423226 7740: 7727: 7722:978-0817357030 7721: 7708: 7703:978-7240009710 7702: 7686: 7681:978-0241963647 7680: 7667: 7662:978-1350016996 7661: 7648: 7643:978-0002218429 7642: 7629: 7619: 7608: 7597: 7591: 7578: 7573:978-8484326694 7572: 7559: 7553: 7540: 7526: 7512: 7507:978-1405162753 7506: 7493: 7488:978-1134477081 7487: 7474: 7469:978-1844861743 7468: 7455: 7450:978-1781597033 7449: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7411: 7381: 7366: 7349: 7332: 7306: 7285: 7279:978-0230291645 7278: 7258: 7232: 7220: 7208: 7196: 7184: 7172: 7157: 7155:, p. 123. 7145: 7134:(3): 269–300. 7113: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7060:, p. 201. 7050: 7038: 7026: 7024:, p. 253. 7014: 7012:, p. 333. 7002: 6977: 6975:, p. 254. 6965: 6963:, p. 145. 6953: 6941: 6932: 6920: 6918:, p. 168. 6908: 6883: 6871: 6869:, p. 138. 6859: 6857:, p. 246. 6847: 6840: 6822: 6820:, p. 333. 6818:Mattingly 2005 6810: 6808:, p. 230. 6798: 6796:, p. 474. 6786: 6774: 6772:, p. 367. 6770:Mattingly 2005 6762: 6750: 6738: 6726: 6692:(2): 461–478. 6672: 6659: 6647: 6645:, p. 140. 6635: 6633:, p. 480. 6623: 6607: 6605:, p. 205. 6595: 6575: 6573:, p. 454. 6563: 6551: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6513:, p. 198. 6503: 6491: 6489:, p. 237. 6479: 6477:, p. 259. 6475:Mattingly 2005 6467: 6455: 6440: 6425: 6423:, p. 216. 6413: 6411:, p. 216. 6409:Mattingly 2005 6401: 6399:, p. 254. 6384: 6372: 6360: 6348: 6342:979-8689560397 6341: 6323: 6321:, p. 111. 6311: 6305:979-8689560397 6304: 6286: 6260: 6258:, p. 494. 6248: 6246:, p. 172. 6236: 6234:, p. 239. 6224: 6218:978-0300212761 6217: 6199: 6173: 6161: 6148: 6146:, p. 369. 6144:Mattingly 2005 6136: 6123: 6121:, p. 244. 6111: 6094: 6081:978-0521849951 6080: 6051: 6034: 6019: 6015:Mattingly 2005 6007: 6005:, p. 120. 5990: 5978: 5974:Mattingly 2005 5966: 5964:, p. 453. 5954: 5940: 5938:, p. 188. 5928: 5913: 5901: 5888:978-0743220071 5887: 5867: 5855: 5853:, p. 119. 5838: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5780: 5759: 5725: 5713: 5700: 5688: 5679: 5667: 5665:, p. 151. 5655: 5653:, p. 150. 5643: 5631: 5619: 5617:, p. 185. 5604: 5592: 5577: 5565: 5553: 5540: 5522: 5520:, p. 116. 5510: 5498: 5486: 5473:978-0743220071 5472: 5452: 5440: 5428: 5416: 5404:Ezard, John. " 5397: 5371: 5358:978-1579582692 5357: 5337: 5324: 5295: 5282: 5275:978-0435327330 5274: 5256: 5241: 5235:978-0312338015 5234: 5210: 5203: 5185: 5171: 5159: 5157:, p. 563. 5147: 5135: 5110: 5108:, p. 208. 5098: 5096:, p. 426. 5094:Mattingly 2005 5086: 5084:, p. 122. 5074: 5053: 5051:, p. 182. 5041: 5039:, p. 262. 5026: 5013: 5011:, p. 184. 5001: 4986: 4971: 4956: 4949:Burke, Peter. 4941: 4934:Kinard, Jeff. 4926: 4924:, p. 117. 4905: 4890: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4785:England portal 4774: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4746:The 2007 film 4744: 4735: 4726: 4715:'s 1855 novel 4704: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4687: 4678:via the Dutch 4670:served on the 4663: 4660: 4656:historiography 4652:Julian Corbett 4636:William Camden 4615: 4614:Historiography 4612: 4611: 4610: 4596: 4589: 4587: 4569: 4562: 4560: 4545: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4505:Portballintrae 4435: 4432: 4372: 4369: 4311: 4308: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4271: 4260:Counter-Armada 4254:English Armada 4252:Main article: 4249: 4246: 4188:Fernandez Duro 4175: 4172: 4120:where she was 4006: 4003: 3991:Bergen-op-Zoom 3977: 3974: 3950:hospital ship 3916: 3913: 3836:Little Ice Age 3791:Firth of Forth 3782:Main article: 3779: 3776: 3748: 3740:, Bedfordshire 3718:Thames Estuary 3702:Main article: 3699: 3696: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3471: 3428:William Wynter 3371: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3332: 3276:line of battle 3249:sailed to the 3200: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3149: 3114: 3111: 3103:council of war 3048:Valentine Dale 3008: 3005: 2974:The Prince of 2969:Ottoman Empire 2927: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2915: 2908: 2906: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2816:Roman Catholic 2740:King Philip II 2736:Habsburg Spain 2704: 2701: 2673:as a noun for 2634: 2631: 2615:English Armada 2553:Dutch Republic 2543:and overthrow 2490:Spanish Armada 2481: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2475:Historiography 2462: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2412:Southern Chile 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2245:2nd Maastricht 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2200:Western Europe 2197: 2196: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2172: 2171: 2163:Western Europe 2160: 2159: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2040:Western Europe 2037: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2011:Bayona Islands 2008: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1824:Western Europe 1821: 1820: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1673:1st Maastricht 1667:Western Europe 1664: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1627:Western Europe 1624: 1623: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1598:Haarlemmermeer 1595: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1490:Western Europe 1487: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1425:Western Europe 1422: 1421: 1414: 1413: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1387: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1364: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1213:3rd Rheinberg 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1053:Bergen op Zoom 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 899: 898: 894: 893: 888: 883: 878: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 805: 796: 787: 782: 776: 775: 771: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 714: 713: 709: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 650: 641: 636: 631: 626: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 566: 565: 561: 558: 557: 546: 545: 538: 531: 523: 515: 514: 512: 511: 508: 498: 493: 492: 489: 486: 482: 477: 476: 473: 469: 464: 458: 457: 450: 447: 443: 438: 437: 433: 427: 426: 422: 421: 419: 418: 415: 406: 405: 402: 393: 392: 389: 388:10,138 sailors 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 367: 365: 363: 362: 359: 350: 349: 343: 338: 334: 331: 330: 326: 325: 323: 322: 304: 284: 264: 244: 231: 229: 227: 226: 214: 202: 190: 188:Charles Howard 177: 174: 173: 169: 168: 166: 165: 153: 140: 138: 136: 135: 133:Dutch Republic 122: 106: 103: 102: 98: 97: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 76: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 47: 46: 35: 34: 33:Spanish Armada 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10850: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10813:Tudor England 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10729: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10694:Tapada limeña 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10651: 10647: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10553: 10546: 10542: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10327: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10286:Montes Claros 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10226:Vienna (1529) 10224: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10061: 10058: 10054: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9955:Hernán Cortés 9953: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9947:Conquistadors 9944: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9917:Juan de Ayala 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9771:Duke of Savoy 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9670: 9666: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9570:Dollar (Peso) 9568: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9548: 9544: 9530: 9529:Santo Domingo 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9448: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9406:New Andalusia 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9353:Santo Domingo 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9277:Viceroyalties 9274: 9270: 9263: 9259: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9122: 9118: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9090: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9027: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8970: 8964: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8886: 8882:South America 8879: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8802: 8791: 8787: 8781: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8767:Spanish Texas 8764: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8745:North America 8742: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8726:Franche-Comté 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8656: 8652: 8645: 8641: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8401: 8396: 8394: 8389: 8387: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8312: 8311:Wernham A. B. 8309: 8306: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8165:. Routledge. 8164: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8059: 8058: 8051: 8048: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8025:History Today 8022: 8018: 8012: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7963: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7944: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7916: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7753:. Constable. 7752: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7677: 7673: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7609: 7605: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7481:. Routledge. 7480: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7436: 7422: 7415: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7385: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7361: 7353: 7345: 7344: 7336: 7321:. 27 May 2017 7320: 7316: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7289: 7281: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7262: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7229: 7224: 7218:, p. 75. 7217: 7212: 7205: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7181: 7176: 7168: 7167:History Today 7161: 7154: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7120: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7102:(1): 93–109. 7101: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7072:, p. 27. 7071: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7011: 7006: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6950: 6945: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6880: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6843: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6663: 6656: 6651: 6644: 6639: 6632: 6627: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6555: 6549:, p. 36. 6548: 6543: 6537:, p. 38. 6536: 6531: 6525:, p. 38. 6524: 6519: 6512: 6511:Hadfield 1964 6507: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6451: 6444: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6417: 6410: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6381: 6376: 6369: 6364: 6358:, p. 48. 6357: 6352: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6140: 6133: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6045:, Volume 1B: 6044: 6038: 6031: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5988:, p. 41. 5987: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5910: 5905: 5890: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5808: 5799: 5791: 5784: 5778:. pp. 349–351 5777: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5683: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5544: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5527: 5519: 5514: 5507: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5475: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5456: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5420: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5307: 5299: 5292: 5286: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5214: 5206: 5204:0-465-05477-3 5200: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5181: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5064:69 (1), 108. 5063: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5023: 5017: 5010: 5005: 4999:, p. 94. 4998: 4993: 4991: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4945: 4938:. p. 92. 4937: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4903:, p. 65. 4902: 4897: 4895: 4888:, p. 40. 4887: 4882: 4880: 4870: 4861: 4852: 4848: 4835:, p. 123 4834: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4775: 4772: 4761: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4696: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4668:William Adams 4666: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4580:Ulster Museum 4577: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4554:– it holds a 4553: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4534: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4509:Ulster Museum 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4460:Julius Caesar 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345:second Armada 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4228:San Francisco 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4045: 4044:Chatham Chest 4040: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3921:Pope Sixtus V 3909: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3861:County Antrim 3858: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3673:La María Juan 3668: 3662: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3602:Robert Crosse 3599: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3577: 3576:Ponta Delgada 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3542: 3539:, painted by 3538: 3534: 3528: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3284:'s gunpowder 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3052:Bay of Biscay 3049: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:Bay of Biscay 3027: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989:Isle of Wight 2986: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957:raid on Cádiz 2953: 2951: 2947: 2946:Pope Sixtus V 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934:Low Countries 2922: 2918: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2812:queen consort 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764:Iberian Union 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2580:Isle of Wight 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:Duke of Parma 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2311:2nd Gibraltar 2309: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2259:5th Rheinberg 2257: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2226:2nd Oldenzaal 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2148:1st Gibraltar 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2111:4th Rheinberg 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2076:3rd Rheinberg 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1985:1st Oldenzaal 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1955:2nd Rheinberg 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1915:2nd Luxemburg 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1905:2nd Coevorden 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1895:1st Luxemburg 1893: 1891: 1890:1st Coevorden 1888: 1886: 1885:2nd Steenwijk 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1810:Ponta Delgada 1808: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1788:1st Rheinberg 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1688:1st Steenwijk 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1148:2nd Rheinberg 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1113:2nd Coevorden 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1103:1st Coevorden 1101: 1099: 1098:2nd Steenwijk 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1038:1st Rheinberg 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 968:1st Steenwijk 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 896: 895: 892: 891:Gulf of Cádiz 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 875: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 847:Bay of Biscay 845: 843: 842:Barbary Coast 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 811: 806: 804: 802: 797: 795: 793: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 773: 772: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 711: 710: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 660: 656: 651: 649: 647: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 623: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 600:St. Augustine 598: 596: 593: 591: 590:Santo Domingo 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 563: 562: 559: 554: 544: 539: 537: 532: 530: 525: 524: 521: 509: 500: 499: 497: 490: 487: 484: 483: 481: 474: 471: 470: 468: 465: 462: 455: 451: 448: 445: 444: 442: 436:No ships lost 435: 434: 432: 429: 428: 423: 416: 413: 412: 411: 410: 403: 400: 399: 398: 397: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 371: 370: 366: 360: 357: 356: 355: 354: 348: 344: 339: 336: 335: 333: 332: 327: 320: 315: 310: 305: 303: 301: 295: 290: 285: 283: 281: 275: 270: 265: 263: 261: 255: 250: 245: 243: 238: 233: 232: 230: 225: 220: 215: 213: 208: 203: 201: 200:Francis Drake 196: 191: 189: 184: 179: 178: 176: 175: 170: 164: 154: 152: 142: 141: 139: 134: 123: 120: 108: 107: 105: 104: 99: 91: 88: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 10669:Architecture 10564:The Americas 10428:Newfoundland 10418:Túpac Katari 10408:Cuerno Verde 10343:Tenochtitlan 10265: 10175:Valenciennes 9932:Luis Fajardo 9801:Blas de Lezo 9746:Duke of Alba 9709: 9626:Spanish Road 9464:Buenos Aires 9373:Governorates 9142:Ayuntamiento 9135:Organization 8600:Carlist Wars 8448:Italian Wars 8327: 8313: 8304: 8290: 8281: 8271: 8257: 8250: 8236: 8219: 8200: 8162: 8143: 8132: 8117: 8113: 8094: 8086: 8076: 8056: 8046: 8039: 8024: 8006: 7987: 7979: 7961: 7942: 7923: 7904: 7885: 7869:. Batsford. 7866: 7847: 7828: 7813: 7806: 7788: 7769: 7750: 7731: 7712: 7693: 7671: 7652: 7633: 7622: 7613: 7602: 7582: 7563: 7544: 7529: 7515: 7497: 7478: 7459: 7440: 7432:Bibliography 7420: 7414: 7402:. Retrieved 7398: 7392: 7384: 7374: 7369: 7359: 7352: 7342: 7335: 7323:. Retrieved 7318: 7309: 7295: 7288: 7268: 7261: 7249:. Retrieved 7245:the original 7235: 7223: 7211: 7199: 7187: 7175: 7166: 7160: 7148: 7131: 7125: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7077: 7065: 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7010:Elliott 1982 7005: 6980: 6973:Hampden 1972 6968: 6956: 6944: 6935: 6923: 6911: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6874: 6862: 6850: 6831: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6717:. Retrieved 6689: 6685: 6675: 6667: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6626: 6618: 6610: 6598: 6588: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6494: 6482: 6470: 6458: 6449: 6443: 6434: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6375: 6363: 6356:Wernham 1984 6351: 6332: 6326: 6314: 6295: 6289: 6277:. Retrieved 6273: 6263: 6251: 6244:Barratt 2006 6239: 6227: 6208: 6202: 6190:. Retrieved 6186: 6176: 6164: 6156: 6151: 6139: 6131: 6126: 6114: 6106: 6097: 6085:. Retrieved 6071: 6067: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6028: 6022: 6010: 5986:Stedall 2022 5981: 5969: 5957: 5947: 5943: 5931: 5904: 5892:. Retrieved 5877: 5870: 5858: 5830:the original 5816: 5807: 5798: 5789: 5783: 5767: 5762: 5737: 5728: 5716: 5708: 5703: 5691: 5682: 5670: 5663:Konstam 2009 5658: 5651:Konstam 2009 5646: 5634: 5622: 5595: 5568: 5556: 5548: 5543: 5534: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5477:. Retrieved 5462: 5455: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5411:The Guardian 5409: 5400: 5390:10 September 5388:. Retrieved 5384: 5374: 5362:. Retrieved 5347: 5340: 5327: 5310: 5298: 5290: 5285: 5265: 5259: 5220: 5213: 5194: 5188: 5178: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5061: 5056: 5044: 5037:Bicheno 2012 5021: 5016: 5004: 4980: 4974: 4950: 4944: 4935: 4929: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4827: 4771:Spain portal 4747: 4738: 4729: 4718:Westward Ho! 4717: 4706: 4690:Lope de Vega 4671: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4598: 4575: 4548:Spanish Barn 4547: 4532: 4496: 4494: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4447: 4437: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4404: 4389: 4379: 4313: 4291: 4257: 4242: 4233: 4185: 4180: 4177: 4138: 4085:San Salvador 4079:San Salvador 4069: 4048: 4037: 4031: 4011: 4008: 3987: 3948: 3930: 3918: 3907: 3857:Lacada Point 3840: 3815: 3811:Isle of Mull 3787: 3767:Apothecaries 3762: 3744: 3738:Woburn Abbey 3714:West Tilbury 3707: 3667:San Salvador 3656: 3634:Francis Vere 3610:Blankenberge 3605: 3589: 3580: 3553: 3546: 3536: 3437: 3425: 3421: 3383: 3327: 3319:Owers shoals 3313: 3311:of the ship 3302: 3297: 3293: 3281:San Salvador 3246: 3236: 3227:weather gage 3220: 3211: 3207: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3127:weather gage 3116: 3107:rear admiral 3088: 3084: 3080:John Hawkins 3056: 3044: 3028: 3016: 3001: 2973: 2954: 2930: 2870:Dutch Revolt 2867: 2858: 2835: 2824: 2776: 2733: 2717:Ferdinand II 2706: 2697:Spanish Navy 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2652: 2638: 2636: 2605: 2565: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2422: 2421: 2397:2nd Salvador 2379: 2358:1st Salvador 2351: 2350: 2326:Lizard Point 2304: 2303: 2284:2nd Roermond 2253:1st Roermond 2199: 2198: 2174: 2173: 2162: 2161: 2128:Dover Strait 2096:Hoogstraaten 2066:Lekkerbeetje 2039: 2038: 2003: 2001: 1850:2nd Deventer 1823: 1822: 1678:2nd Mechelen 1666: 1665: 1648:1st Deventer 1626: 1625: 1506:1st Mechelen 1489: 1488: 1436:Valenciennes 1431:Beeldenstorm 1424: 1423: 1329:Carrigafoyle 1247: 1243: 1214: 886:Dover Strait 873: 809: 800: 798: 791: 728:Newfoundland 686:2nd San Juan 671:1st San Juan 658: 654: 645: 621: 495: 479: 475:397 captured 466: 460: 440: 430: 408: 407: 395: 394: 368: 352: 351: 299: 279: 259: 212:John Hawkins 101:Belligerents 38:Part of the 25: 21:Spanish Navy 10636:Philippines 10601:El Salvador 10221:Capo d'Orso 10105:St. Quentin 10080:Rome (1527) 9739:Strategists 9489:Guadalajara 9416:New Navarre 9411:New Castile 9396:La Luisiana 9348:Puerto Rico 9338:Philippines 9295:New Granada 8985:Philippines 8946:(Uruguay), 8942:(Bolivia), 8892:New Granada 8832:Puerto Rico 8778: [ 8648:Territories 8468:Encomiendas 7636:. Collins. 7404:24 December 7228:Holmes 2006 7216:Maltby 1971 7204:Maltby 1971 7046:Tenace 2003 6892:Gran Armada 6631:Hanson 2011 6571:Hanson 2011 6547:Martin 1988 6535:Martin 1988 6499:Hanson 2011 6279:12 November 6256:Hanson 2011 6187:archive.org 6107:BBC History 5962:Hanson 2011 5167:Graham 1972 5155:Hanson 2011 5123:Gran Armada 4740:Elizabeth R 4556:Blue Plaque 4552:Torre Abbey 4513:Stranmillis 4426:Dreadnought 4357:last Armada 4195: [ 4104:Torre Abbey 4032:Bonaventure 3868: [ 3823:Gulf Stream 3809:bay on the 3752:Elizabeth I 3730:Elizabeth I 3679:San Lorenzo 3618:San Lorenzo 3608:, sank off 3452:hellburners 3298:Golden Hind 3294:Golden Hind 3260: [ 3019:indulgences 2993:Southampton 2760:was annexed 2756:Philippines 2754:and to the 2748:from Europe 2729:Elizabeth I 2675:armed force 2549:Catholicism 2545:Elizabeth I 2500:, Spanish: 2423:East Indies 2363:Puerto Rico 2231:4th Groenlo 2186:Playa Honda 2175:East Indies 2158:, 1609–1621 2116:3rd Groenlo 2061:San Andreas 1965:2nd Groenlo 1925:1st Groenlo 1860:Knodsenburg 1845:2nd Zutphen 1793:1st Zutphen 1748:3rd Antwerp 1733:Steenbergen 1723:2nd Antwerp 1633:1st Antwerp 1608:Reimerswaal 1571:Schoonhoven 1561:Mookerheyde 1461:Heiligerlee 1349:Castlehaven 1237:Hoogstraten 1203:San Andreas 1158:2nd Groenlo 1128:1st Groenlo 1083:Knodsenburg 1068:2nd Zutphen 1043:1st Zutphen 1003:Steenbergen 943:Schoonhoven 852:Mount's Bay 803:Gravelines) 785:Pantelleria 620:Hispaniola 585:São Vicente 488:800 wounded 449:400 wounded 446:50–100 dead 373:24 warships 337:34 warships 10782:Categories 10306:Somosierra 10296:Manila Bay 10170:Nördlingen 10110:Gravelines 9590:Columnario 9562:Currencies 9479:Concepción 9451:Audiencias 9426:New Toledo 9391:La Florida 9224:Corregidor 9188:Papal bull 9093:Antarctica 9001:Micronesia 8458:Golden Age 8336:0862994764 8322:0198204434 8299:0575037296 8266:0731701275 8245:0002115751 8228:0141390204 8007:The Armada 7592:0198229267 7554:0389209554 7538:0752220292 7462:. Conway. 7325:1 November 6916:Hardy 1966 6904:0389209554 6841:8473410394 6806:Lewis 1960 6746:Lewis 1960 6619:SparkNotes 6319:Black 2005 6192:1 November 5894:5 December 5776:0521390753 5506:Lewis 1960 5479:16 October 5364:16 October 5183:, 'armada' 5143:Lewis 1960 5131:0389209554 5106:Lewis 1960 5049:Lewis 1960 5009:Lewis 1960 4843:References 4640:David Hume 4444:Protestant 4222:San Marcos 4216:Santa Anna 4155:San Matteo 4148:San Felipe 4122:dry docked 3935:San Martin 3884:. Captain 3691:São Filipe 3685:São Mateus 3639:San Felipe 3593:Maria Juan 3549:Gravelines 3091:the Lizard 3033:along the 3011:See also: 2997:The Solent 2790:began the 2788:Henry VIII 2780:Henry VIII 2703:Background 2608:undeclared 2588:fire ships 2576:the Solent 2557:privateers 2106:2nd Lingen 2071:Nieuwpoort 2051:Zaltbommel 1990:1st Lingen 1970:Bredevoort 1653:Borgerhout 1556:Valkenburg 1531:IJsselmeer 1521:Middelburg 1476:Le Quesnoy 1451:Oosterweel 1312:2nd Calais 1242:Ardenburg 1208:Nieuwpoort 1193:Zaltbommel 1163:Bredevoort 958:Borgerhout 938:Valkenburg 913:Middelburg 876:West Wales 790:1st Cádiz 768:2nd Azores 763:Las Palmas 753:2nd Flores 748:1st Flores 743:1st Azores 696:Portobello 653:La Guaira 414:55,000 men 404:170 barges 361:16,000 men 10611:Nicaragua 10589:Guatemala 10499:Pichincha 10484:Chacabuco 10423:Pensacola 10368:Mataquito 10348:Cajamarca 10329:New World 10301:Trafalgar 10205:Alhucemas 10085:Landriano 10070:Comuneros 10056:Old World 10000:Joan Orpí 9720:Royalists 9494:Guatemala 9421:New Spain 9358:Venezuela 9333:Guatemala 9290:New Spain 9285:Columbian 9178:Exequatur 9078:Cape Juby 8932:Argentina 8755:New Spain 8689:Gibraltar 8453:Habsburgs 8033:0018-2753 7822:0003-0155 7319:BBC.co.uk 6719:7 January 6714:161344071 6087:8 October 4599:San Mateo 4576:La Girona 4497:La Girona 4456:the words 4420:Foresight 4333:Mousehole 4284:Take the 4181:La Girona 4142:San Mateo 4100:Dartmouth 4023:dysentery 3976:Aftermath 3958:Hope Cove 3944:Guipuzcoa 3880:) of the 3851:La Girona 3832:Greenland 3828:lee shore 3819:longitude 3807:Tobermory 3795:Irish Sea 3644:Walcheren 3629:San Mateo 3557:sea marks 3444:brimstone 3432:the Downs 3400:blockaded 3268:gunpowder 3232:Santa Ana 3138:Ark Royal 3007:Execution 2985:Huguenots 2942:New World 2919:c. 1585, 2900:c. 1580, 2838:Elizabeth 2804:Edward VI 2725:Philip II 2713:Henry VII 2637:The word 2633:Etymology 2593:North Sea 2496:, or the 2471:Aftermath 2407:Itamaracá 2392:1st Unare 2378:Trujillo 2341:The Downs 2316:2nd Cádiz 2299:4th Hulst 2294:3rd Hulst 2279:3rd Venlo 2274:4th Breda 2249:2nd Venlo 2221:3rd Breda 2194:1621–1648 2133:2nd Sluis 2101:3rd Sluis 2091:2nd Grave 2034:1599–1609 2021:1st Cádiz 1980:Ootmarsum 1960:1st Meurs 1945:2nd Hulst 1910:Groningen 1865:1st Hulst 1840:2nd Breda 1798:1st Sluis 1773:1st Venlo 1768:1st Grave 1728:Eindhoven 1703:Noordhorn 1698:1st Breda 1661:1579–1588 1621:1576–1579 1603:Zuiderzee 1576:Zierikzee 1566:Oudewater 1484:1572–1576 1466:Jemmingen 1441:Wattrelos 1419:1566–1572 1250:2nd Sluis 1246:Oostberg 1232:2nd Grave 1217:2nd Meurs 1178:Oldenzaal 1173:Ootmarsum 1138:2nd Hulst 1118:Groningen 1088:1st Hulst 1048:1st Sluis 1023:1st Grave 998:Eindhoven 978:Noordhorn 872:Cornwall 862:2nd Cádiz 832:Berlengas 666:Guadalupe 644:Trinidad 634:San Mateo 595:Cartagena 505: 44 454:fireships 417:137 ships 358:197 ships 82:North Sea 10621:Colombia 10606:Honduras 10519:Asomante 10504:Ayacucho 10494:Carabobo 10469:Curalaba 10246:Ceresole 10140:Gembloux 10100:Mühlberg 9815:Mariners 9673:Military 9595:Doubloon 9580:Maravedí 9524:Santiago 9431:Paraguay 9157:Germania 8997:Caroline 8952:Malvinas 8936:Paraguay 8896:Colombia 8838:Trinidad 8705:Sardinia 8545:Bourbons 8361:Archived 8239:(1981). 8137:in JSTOR 7692:(1964). 6586:(1888). 6463:Guy 2016 5754:6949907M 5736:(1833). 5133:. p. 212 4757:See also 4695:San Juan 4480:and the 4396:materiel 4325:Penzance 4321:Cornwall 4295:Brittany 4210:Doncella 4090:Studland 4076:and the 3970:Plympton 3749:— 3648:Flushing 3614:galleass 3460:flagship 3416:pataches 3412:Flanders 3286:magazine 3243:bowsprit 3223:Portland 3095:Cornwall 3071:caravels 3067:pataches 3039:A Coruña 3035:Galician 2983:and the 2904:, London 2855:James VI 2752:Americas 2744:Catholic 2709:Louis XI 2643:is from 2597:Scotland 2572:galleons 2568:Plymouth 2561:Americas 2537:Flanders 2429:Mormugão 2382:Campeche 2373:Abrolhos 2352:Americas 2006:Flanders 1975:Enschede 1950:Turnhout 1935:2nd Lier 1880:Caudebec 1870:Nijmegen 1855:Delfzijl 1718:1st Lier 1643:Rijmenam 1638:Gembloux 1588:Flushing 1471:Jodoigne 1334:Smerwick 1287:Caudebec 1168:Enschede 1143:Turnhout 1093:Nijmegen 1078:Delfzijl 1073:Deventer 963:Mechelen 953:Rijmenam 948:Gembloux 881:Sesimbra 738:Santiago 723:Terceira 712:Atlantic 657:Caracas 496:Overall: 461:Disease: 347:flyboats 329:Strength 163:Portugal 80:and the 73:Location 42:and the 10753:Asiento 10724:Mustang 10584:Yucatán 10579:Chiapas 10459:Tucapel 10291:Passaro 10241:Algiers 10231:Preveza 10200:Tetouan 10195:Vitoria 10185:Bitonto 10125:Antwerp 10120:Lepanto 10075:Bicocca 9551:Economy 9474:Charcas 9469:Caracas 9363:Yucatán 9234:Regidor 9219:Alcalde 9147:Cabildo 9054:Tripoli 8993:Mariana 8940:Charcas 8916:(Peru, 8900:Ecuador 8863:Bonaire 8858:Curazao 8843:Jamaica 8771:Florida 8260:(1990) 7522:; also 7518:(1898) 7251:8 April 6706:2639468 5746:3656130 4684:samurai 4584:Belfast 4570:Bronze 4517:Belfast 4501:Belgian 4361:Kinsale 4301:on the 4118:Chatham 4113:Rosario 4108:Torquay 4027:Margate 3604:of the 3598:carrack 3584:heeling 3572:Lepanto 3465:leeward 3408:Zeeland 3386:Dunkirk 3290:scuttle 3252:Rosario 3247:Revenge 3212:Revenge 3132:Revenge 3099:beacons 3065:, five 3059:galleys 2950:crusade 2842:heretic 2786:. King 2645:Spanish 2601:Ireland 2541:England 2513:Spanish 2509: 2439:Malacca 2402:Cabañas 2331:Dunkirk 2216:Fleurus 2181:Ternate 1708:Niezijl 1593:Borsele 1536:Alkmaar 1526:Haarlem 1516:Naarden 1496:Brielle 1406:Origins 1344:Kinsale 1323:Ireland 1302:Morlaix 1013:Antwerp 983:Niezijl 918:Haarlem 857:Cawsand 812:Lisbon) 794:Algarve 780:Scheldt 733:Bermuda 691:Tabasco 648:Orinoco 300:† 280:† 260:† 119:England 10731:Castas 10489:Boyacá 10464:Guiana 10454:Iguape 10378:Recife 10316:Mactan 10311:Annual 10276:Rocroi 10271:Leiden 10256:Djerba 10190:Bailén 10145:Ostend 10130:Azores 9725:Legión 9690:Tercio 9683:Armies 9585:Escudo 9514:Panamá 9509:Mexico 9504:Manila 9459:Bogotá 9244:Vecino 9239:Syndic 9070:Béjaïa 9030:Africa 9016:Tidore 8904:Panama 8868:Belize 8775:Mexico 8701:Sicily 8697:Naples 8659:Europe 8334: 8320: 8297: 8286:(1959) 8264: 8243: 8226: 8208: 8183: 8169: 8150: 8101: 8065: 8031: 8013: 7994: 7968: 7949: 7930: 7911: 7892: 7873: 7854: 7835: 7820: 7795: 7776: 7757: 7738: 7719: 7700: 7678: 7659: 7640: 7589: 7570: 7551: 7536: 7504: 7485: 7466: 7447: 7393:Shōgun 7276: 6902: 6838: 6712: 6704: 6339: 6302: 6215: 6078: 5885: 5774: 5752: 5744: 5470: 5355: 5272: 5232: 5201: 5129: 4607:Leiden 4434:Legacy 4386:, 1601 4335:, and 4329:Newlyn 4303:Blavet 4286:Azores 4275:Lisbon 4164:Leiden 4060:sermon 4056:London 4019:scurvy 4015:Typhus 3999:Tholen 3966:Bodmin 3940:Laredo 3925:ducats 3765:; 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