Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

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empire's vulnerability due to the smallpox spread. As a result, the Aztec's tactics countering the Spaniard's advanced technology is understated. According to Hassig, "It is true that cannons, guns, crossbows, steel blades, horses and war dogs were advanced on the Aztecs' weaponry. But the advantage these gave a few hundred Spanish soldiers was not overwhelming." In the words of Restall, "Spanish weapons were useful for breaking the offensive lines of waves of indigenous warriors, but this was no formula for conquest ... rather, it was a formula for survival, until Spanish and indigenous reinforcements arrived." The integration of the indigenous allies, essentially, those from Tlaxcala and Texcoco, into the Spanish army played a crucial role in the conquest, yet other factors paved the path for the Spaniards' success. For instance, the Spaniards' timing of entry, the compelling ideologies of both groups, and the Spanish unfamiliarity with the Aztec Empire. Therefore, the Spaniards lacked a sense of danger and power structure within the empire. "A direct attack on a city as mighty as Tenochtitlan was unlikely and unexpected" from the enemy empires. As well, it was very uncommon that an attacking army would come unannounced. In addition, aside from the infantry and the allies' role in the Spanish conquest, cavalry was the "arm of decision in the conquest" and "the key ingredient in the Spanish forces".

3883: 3194: 4572:(1550–1590) would become the longest and costliest conflict between Spanish forces and indigenous peoples in the Americas. The attacks intensified with each passing year. In 1554, the Chichimecas inflicted a great loss upon the Spanish when they attacked a train of sixty wagons and captured more than 30,000 pesos worth of valuables. By the 1580s, thousands had died and Spanish mining settlements in Chichimeca territory were continually under threat. In 1585, Don Alvaro Manrique de Zúñiga, Marquis of Villamanrique, was appointed viceroy. The viceroy was infuriated when he learned that some Spanish soldiers had begun supplementing their incomes by raiding the villages of peaceful Indians in order to sell them into slavery. With no military end to the conflict in sight, he was determined to restore peace to that region and launched a full-scale peace offensive by negotiating with Chichimeca leaders and providing them with lands, agricultural supplies, and other goods. This policy of "peace by purchase" finally brought an end to the Chichimeca War. l 4726: 3906:, Moctezuma's father, prepared for Cortés. On the same day that the Spanish expedition and their allies entered Tenochtitlan, Moctezuma came to visit Cortés and his men. What happened in this second meeting remains controversial. According to several Spanish versions, some written years or decades later, Moctezuma first repeated his earlier, flowery welcome to Cortés on the Great Causeway, but then went on to explain his view of what the Spanish expedition represented in terms of Aztec tradition and lore, including the idea that Cortés and his men (pale, bearded men from the east) were the return of characters from Aztec legend. At the end of this explanation, the Emperor pledged his loyalty to the King of Spain and accepted Cortés as the King's representative. According to Diaz, Moctezuma said to Cortés, "As for your great King, I am in his debt and will give him of what I possess." 3937: 4286: 3710: 4090: 2507: 184: 171: 158: 52: 492: 3718: 2882:, first published in 1843, remains an important unified narrative synthesis of the conquest. Prescott read and used all the formal writings from the sixteenth century, although few had been published by the mid-nineteenth century when he was writing. It is likely that a 1585 revision of Bernardino de Sahagún's account of the conquest survives today only in the form of a copy because it was made in Spain for Prescott's project from a now-lost original. Although scholars of the modern era point out its biases and shortcomings, "there is nowhere they can get as good a unified narrative of the main events, crises, and course of the Mexican conquest as Prescott's version." 2660: 4805: 4956: 2684:, 22 April 1519) to the final victory over the Mexica in Tenochtitlan on 13 August 1521. Notably, the accounts of the conquest, Spanish and indigenous alike, have biases and exaggerations. Some, though not all, Spanish accounts downplay the support of their indigenous allies. Conquerors' accounts exaggerate individual contributions to the Conquest at the expense of their comrades, while indigenous allies' accounts stress their loyalty and importance to victory for the Spanish. These accounts are similar to Spanish conquerors' accounts contained in petitions for rewards, known as 4376: 4172: 2421: 4308:, the cousin of Moctezuma II, Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco fell on 13 August 1521, during which the Emperor was captured trying to escape the city in a canoe. The siege of the city and its defense had both been brutal. Largely because he wanted to present the city to his king and emperor, Cortés had made several attempts to end the siege through diplomacy, but all offers were rejected. During the battle, the defenders cut the beating hearts from seventy Spanish prisoners-of-war at the altar to 2359: 223: 714: 699: 688: 651: 574: 305: 4255: 3234: 2335: 320: 3108: 2891: 422: 241: 7958: 3794: 3327: 3421: 2956: 3382:. With this pair of translators, Cortés could now communicate to the Aztecs. How effectively is still a matter of speculation, since Marina did not speak the dialect of the Aztecs, nor was she familiar with the protocols of the Aztec nobility, who were renowned for their flowery, flattering talk. Doña Marina quickly learned Spanish, and became Cortés's primary interpreter, confidant, consort, cultural translator, and the mother of his first son, 3571: 435: 3534: 355: 276: 4970: 335: 3213:, then one of Velázquez's favorites and brother-in-law, was named as the commander, which created envy and resentment among the Spanish contingent in the Spanish colony. Licenses for expeditions allowed the Crown to retain sovereignty over newly conquered lands while not risking its own assets in the enterprise. Anyone willing to make a financial contribution could potentially gain even more wealth and power. Men who brought horses, 2230:(the sorrowful night) about "400 Spaniards, 4000 native allies and many horses before reaching the mainland". Moctezuma was killed, although the sources do not agree on who killed him. According to one account, when Moctezuma, now seen by the population as a mere puppet of the invading Spaniards, attempted to calm the outraged populace, he was killed by a projectile. According to an indigenous account, the Spanish killed Moctezuma. 345: 2773: 372: 291: 213: 261: 4984: 1898: 409: 203: 2707:

exception of a few pre- Cortesian pictographic codices. Every written Nahuatl text was recorded after 1521 either directly by a Christian priest, by students who worked directly under priestly supervision, or by former students who had studied in Christian schools long enough to understand the necessity of the new religion. The written language was a personal possession of the noble and priestly class.”

3059:

his own letters written on the spot, Cortés never claimed that he was perceived as a god. The idea appears to emerge only in the 1540s, in writings by Europeans. Nonetheless, it was repeated in many sources, even among Indians, especially those who had become students of the Franciscan friars and were searching for an explanation for how the Aztecs had fallen. This was complicated by the word

3809:, the island capital of the Mexica-Aztecs. It is believed that the city was one of the largest in the world at that time, and the largest in the Americas up to that point. The most common estimates put the population at around 60,000 to over 300,000 people. If the population of Tenochtitlan was 250,000 in 1519, then Tenochtitlan would have been larger than every city in Europe except perhaps 2406:. Conquistadors massacre unarmed Cholulans, then Spanish-Tlaxcala combine forces to sack Cholollan, and replace Cholulan political leadership with Tlaxcallan-favoring nobles. The massacre broke out for disputed reasons, perhaps to quash an impending Cholulan attack or to fulfill a Tlaxcalteca plan to both exact revenge on Cholollan for its secession and to test their new Spanish allies. 3762:, urged by the Tlaxcalans, the enemies of the Cholulans. Cortés confronted the city leaders in the main temple alleging that they were planning to attack his men. They admitted that they had been ordered to resist by Moctezuma, but they claimed they had not followed his orders. Regardless, on command, the Spaniards seized and killed many of the local nobles to serve as a lesson. 3031:(retrospective) creations to help the Mexica explain their defeat. Some scholars contend that "the most likely interpretation of the story of these portents is that some, if not all, had occurred" but concede that it is very likely that "clever Mexicans and friars, writing later of the Mexican empire, were happy to link those memories with what they know occurred in Europe. 4125:

risen against them. The Spaniards' situation could only deteriorate. Because the Aztecs had removed the bridges over the gaps in the causeways that linked the city to the surrounding lands, Cortés' men constructed a portable bridge to cross the water of the lake. On the rainy night of 10 July 1520, the Spaniards and their allies set out for the mainland via the causeway to

2226:

received the message that "the Aztec had risen against the Spanish garrison" during a religious celebration. Alvarado ordered his army to attack the unarmed crowd; he later claims that the Aztecs had used the celebration to cover up a counterattack. Cortés realized that the defeat was imminent and decided to escape yet, the Aztecs attacked. The Massacre is most known as

2929:. The primary sources from the native people affected as a result of the conquest are seldom used, because they tend to reflect the views of a particular native group, such as the Tlaxcalans. Indigenous accounts were written in pictographs as early as 1525. Later accounts were written in the native tongue of the Aztec and other native peoples of central Mexico, 4491: 2108:, the capital of the Aztec Empire, marked the beginning of Spanish dominance in the region and the establishment of New Spain. This conquest had profound consequences, as it led to the cultural assimilation of the Spanish culture, while also paving the way for the emergence of a new social hierarchy dominated by Spanish conquerors and their descendants. 3612:, a great deal of hatred and bitterness had developed between the Tlaxcalans and the Aztecs. The Aztecs had already conquered most of the territory around Tlaxcala, and waged war on them every year. It has been suggested that the Aztecs left Tlaxcala independent so that they would have a constant supply of war captives to sacrifice to their gods. 3766:

3,000 people and had burned the city. Another witness, Vázquez de Tapia, claimed the death toll was as high as 30,000. However, since the women and children, and many men, had already fled the city, it is unlikely that so many were killed. Regardless, the massacre of the nobility of Cholula was a notorious chapter in the conquest of Mexico.

3055:'s expedition, Moctezuma believed that those men were heralds of Quetzalcoatl, as Moctezuma, as well as everyone else in the Aztec Empire, were to believe that eventually, Quetzalcoatl will return. Moctezuma even had glass beads that were left behind by Grijalva brought to Tenochtitlan and they were regarded as sacred religious relics. 3296:, on the east coast of Yucatán, trying to convert the locals to Christianity, something that provided mixed results. While at Cozumel, Cortés heard reports of other white men living in the Yucatán. Cortés sent messengers to these reported Spaniards, who turned out to be the survivors of a Spanish shipwreck that had occurred in 1511, 4661:. The key to understanding how considerable continuity of pre-Conquest indigenous structures was possible was the Spanish colonial utilization of the indigenous nobility. In the colonial era, the indigenous nobility were largely recognized as nobles by the Spanish colonial regime, with privileges including the noble Spanish title 4155:. Although hard-pressed, the Spanish infantry was able to hold off the overwhelming numbers of enemy warriors, while the Spanish cavalry under the leadership of Cortés charged through the enemy ranks again and again. When Cortés and his men killed one of the Aztec leaders, the Aztecs broke off the battle and left the field. 3899:

those who have gone, your substitutes ... This is what has been told by our rulers, those of whom governed this city, ruled this city. That you would come to ask for your throne, your place, that you would come here. Come to the land, come and rest: take possession of your royal houses, give food to your body."

4714:

system. The indigenous were not slaves under this system, chattel bought and sold or removed from their home community, but the system was still one of forced labor. The indigenous people of Central Mexico had practices rendering labor and tribute products to their polity's elites and those elites to

4625:

The Aztec Empire ceased to exist with the Spanish final conquest of Tenochtitlan in August 1521. The empire had been composed of separate city-states that had either allied with or been conquered by the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, and rendered tribute to the Mexica while maintaining their internal ruling

4421:

was sent into Purépecha territory and arrived at Tzintzuntzan within days. The imperial army numbered many thousands, perhaps as many as 100,000, but at the crucial moment they chose not to fight. Tangaxuan submitted to the Spanish administration, but for his cooperation was allowed a large degree of

4132:

The retreat quickly turned into a rout. The Spanish discovered that they could not remove their portable bridge unit from the first gap, and so had no choice but to leave it behind. The bulk of the Spanish infantry, left behind by Cortés and the other horsemen, had to cut their way through the masses

4040:

to guard Moctezuma, Cortés set out against Narváez, who had advanced onto Cempoala. Cortés surprised his antagonist with a night attack, during which his men wounded Narváez in the eye and took him prisoner. After Cortés permitted the defeated soldiers to settle in the country, they "passed with more

3737:

had apparently decided to resist with force the advance of Cortés and his troops, and it seems that Moctezuma ordered the leaders of Cholula to try to stop the Spanish. Cholula had a very small army, because as a sacred city they put their confidence in their prestige and their gods. According to the

3220:

In an agreement signed on 23 October 1518, Governor Velázquez restricted the expedition led by Cortés to exploration and trade, so that conquest and settlement of the mainland might occur under his own command, once he had received the permission necessary to do so which he had already requested from

3165:

came many years after the Spaniards' and their loyal indigenous allies' rapid conquest of Central Mexico (1519–21). With the help of tens of thousands of Xiu Mayan warriors, it would take more than 170 years for the Spanish to establish full control of the Maya homelands, which extended from northern

3142:

to them, which offered the natives the protection of the King of Spain, if they would submit to him. Córdoba took two prisoners, who adopted the baptized names of Melchor and Julián and became interpreters. Later, the two prisoners, being misled or misinterpreting the language gave information to the

2237:

Many of those on the Cortés expedition of 1519 had never seen combat before, including Cortés. A whole generation of Spaniards later participated in expeditions in the Caribbean and Tierra Firme (Central America), learning strategy and tactics of successful enterprises. The Spanish conquest of Mexico

2233:

The Spanish, Tlaxcalans and reinforcements returned a year later on 13 August 1521 to a civilization that had been weakened by famine and smallpox. This made it easier to conquer the remaining Aztecs. The Spaniards' victory is attributed to their help from indigenous allies, technology, and the Aztec

4315:

Cortés then ordered the idols of the Aztec gods in the temples to be taken down and replaced with icons of Christianity. He also announced that the temple would never again be used for human sacrifice. Human sacrifice and reports of cannibalism, common among the natives of the Aztec Empire, had been

3957:

and his captains, who had killed the Spanish soldiers. Though these captains of Moctezuma were sentenced to be "burned to death", Moctezuma continued to remain a prisoner, fearing a "rebellion in his city" or that the Spanish may "try to set up another prince in his place." This, despite Moctezuma's

3765:

They captured the Cholulan leaders Tlaquiach and Tlalchiac and then ordered the city to be set on fire. The troops started in the palace of Xacayatzin, and then on to Chialinco and Yetzcoloc. In letters to his King, Cortés claimed that in three hours time his troops (helped by the Tlaxcalans) killed

3058:

On the other hand, some ethnohistorians say the Aztec leaders did not view the Spaniards as supernatural in any sense but rather as simply another group of powerful outsiders. They believe that Moctezuma responded rationally to the Spanish invasion and did not think the Spanish were supernatural. In

2213:

or indigenous ruler was a standard operating procedure for Spaniards in their expansion in the Caribbean, so capturing Motecuhzoma had considerable precedent but modern scholars are skeptical that Cortés and his countrymen took Motecuhzoma captive at this time. They had great incentive to claim they

4669:

for noblewomen. To this day, the title of Duke of Moctezuma is held by a Spanish noble family. A few of the indigenous nobility learned Spanish. Spanish friars taught indigenous tribes to write their own languages in Latin letters, which soon became a self-perpetuating tradition at the local level.

3769:

The Azteca and Tlaxcalteca histories of the events leading up to the massacre vary; the Tlaxcalteca claimed that their ambassador Patlahuatzin was sent to Cholula and had been tortured by the Cholula. Thus, Cortés was avenging him by attacking Cholula.(Historia de Tlaxcala, por Diego Muñoz Camargo,

3615:

On 23 September 1519, Cortés arrived in Tlaxcala and was greeted with joy by the rulers, who saw the Spanish as an ally against the Aztecs. Due to a commercial blockade by the Aztecs, Tlaxcala was poor, lacking, among other things, salt and cotton cloths, so they could only offer Cortés and his men

3021:

also told us of a tradition they had heard from their ancestors, that one of the idols which they particularly worshipped had prophesied the coming of men from distant lands in the direction of the sunrise, who would conquer them and rule them." Some accounts would claim that this idol or deity was

6300:

Guerrero is reported to have responded, "Brother Aguilar, I am married and have three children, and they look at me as a Cacique here, and a captain in time of war ... But my face is tattooed and my ears are pierced. What would the Spaniards say if they saw me like this? And look how handsome

3898:

A fragment of the greetings of Moctezuma says: "My lord, you have become fatigued, you have become tired: to the land you have arrived. You have come to your city: Mexico, here you have come to sit on your place, on your throne. Oh, it has been reserved to you for a small time, it was conserved by

3323:, where he lived. Although Guerrero's later fate is somewhat uncertain, it appears that for some years he continued to fight alongside the Maya forces against Spanish incursions, providing military counsel and encouraging resistance; it is speculated that he may have been killed in a later battle. 2706:

Lockhart, however, argues for a later post-1540 date for this manuscript, and indeed the majority of indigenous source material was recorded a generation or more after the events through interaction with and under influence of Spanish priests. As noted in, “No ‘pure’ Nahuatl text exists-with the

3686:

Cortés, who had not yet decided to start a war with the Aztec Empire, decided to offer a compromise. He accepted the gifts of the Aztec ambassadors, and at the same time accepted the offer of the Tlaxcalan allies to provide porters and 1,000 warriors on his march to Cholula. He also sent two men,

3034:

Many sources depicting omens and the return of old Aztec gods, including those supervised by Spanish priests, were written after the fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521. Spanish accounts tended to incorporate omens to emphasize what they saw as the preordained nature of the conquest and their success as

4124:

to the gods through both human bodies and bloodletting. The capital was also used for central and imperialistic governmental control. Preparations for war began in their capital. The Spanish and their allies, including the Tlaxcala, had to flee the central city, as the people of Tenochtitlan had

4740:

According to West, "slavery was a well-established institution among the Aztecs and their neighbors." "During the Conquest, Spaniards legally enslaved large numbers of natives – men, women and children – as booty of warfare, branding each individual on the cheek." In fact, "Cortés owned several

4000:. Moctezuma was then made to pay a tribute to the Spanish King, which included his father's treasure. These treasures, the Spaniards melted down to form gold bars stamped with an iron die. Finally, Moctezuma let the Catholic conquistadors build an altar on their temple, next to the Aztec idols. 3646:

Legends say that he convinced the four leaders of Tlaxcala to become baptized. Maxixcatzin, Xicotencatl the Elder, Citalpopocatzin, and Temiloltecutl received the names of Don Lorenzo, Don Vicente, Don Bartolomé, and Don Gonzalo. It is impossible to know if these leaders understood the Catholic

3549:

There is a popular misconception that the ships were burned rather than sunk. This misconception has been attributed to the reference made by Cervantes de Salazár in 1546, as to Cortés burning his ships. This may have also come from a mistranslation of the version of the story written in Latin.

3510:

Hearing of the rebellion, more ambassadors from the Aztec Emperor returned to see Cortés, bearing gifts of "gold and cloth", in thankfulness for Cortés freeing his tax collectors. Moctezuma also told Cortés, he was certain the Spanish were of "his own race" and had arrived as "his ancestors had

3248:

Therefore, Velázquez sent Luis de Medina with orders to replace Cortés. However, Cortés's brother-in-law allegedly had Medina intercepted and killed. The papers that Medina had been carrying were sent to Cortés. Thus warned, Cortés accelerated the organization and preparation of his expedition.

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of Texcoco. Nezahualpilli warned Moctezuma that he must be on guard, for in a few years Aztec cities would be destroyed. Before leaving, he said that there would be omens for Moctezuma to know that what he has been told is true. Over the years, and especially after Nezhualpilli's death in 1515,

2675:

The conquest of Mexico, the initial destruction of the great pre-Columbian civilizations, is a significant event in world history. The conquest was well documented by a variety of sources with differing points of view, including indigenous accounts, by both allies and opponents. Accounts by the

2702:

Because Nahuatl did not have a full alphabet, the majority of extant indigenous sources are recollections of Nahuatl-speakers who were subsequently introduced to Latin characters after the arrival of the Spanish. Gingerish identifies the Annals of Tlatelolco (1524?-1528) as “One of the oldest

4074:

was central to the Aztecs' cosmological views; the temple served as a burial ground for the offerings made to different gods, such as the gods of fertility, mountains, rain, and earth. Considering the centrality and the importance of the Great Temple as a religious and cultural monument could

2225:

in charge of Tenochtitlan. Cortés left with a small army to the coast with the plan of attacking during the night. After defeating Narváez's fleet, Cortés convinced most of his enemy's crew to go with him by promising great riches. Upon reaching Tenochtitlan, Cortés and the new enlarged force

3784:

In one of his responses to Cortés, Moctezuma blamed the commanders of the local Aztec garrison for the resistance in Cholula, and recognizing that his long-standing attempts to dissuade Cortés from coming to Tenochtitlan with gifts of gold and silver had failed, Moctezuma finally invited the

3909:

While in the Axayacatl palace, the conquistadors discovered the secret room where Moctezuma kept the treasure he had inherited from his father. The treasure consisted of a "quantity of golden objects – jewels and plates and ingots". Diaz noted, "The sight of all that wealth dumbfounded me."

3217:, received two shares of the spoils, one for military service, another because of the horse. Cortés invested a considerable part of his personal fortune and probably went into debt to borrow additional funds. Velázquez may have personally contributed nearly half the cost of the expedition. 3319:, Aguilar relayed that before coming, he had attempted to convince Guerrero to leave as well. Guerrero declined on the basis that he was by now well-assimilated with the Maya culture, had a Maya wife and three children, and he was looked upon as a figure of rank within the Maya state of 3953:, and many Totonacs. Cortés along with five of his captains and Doña Marina and Aguilar, convinced Moctezuma to "come quietly with us to our quarters, and make no protest ... if you cry out, or raise any commotion, you will immediately be killed." Moctezuma was later implicated by 4136:

The channel is now a street in Mexico City, called "Puente de Alvarado" (Alvarado's Bridge), because it seemed Alvarado escaped across an invisible bridge (He may have been walking on the bodies of those soldiers and attackers who had preceded him, given the shallowness of the lake.).

3561:

warrior chiefs and at least 200 other natives whose task was to drag the cannon and carry supplies. The Cempoalans were accustomed to the hot climate of the coast, but they suffered immensely from the cold of the mountains, the rain, and the hail as they marched towards Tenochtitlan.

3541:

Men still loyal to the governor of Cuba planned to seize a ship and escape to Cuba, but Cortés moved swiftly to squash their plans. Two leaders were condemned to be hanged; two were lashed, and one had his foot mutilated. To make sure such a mutiny did not happen again, he decided to

4075:

potentially have influenced the decision to attack a location such as this. Alvarado's explanation to Cortés was that the Spaniards had learned that the Aztecs planned to attack the Spanish garrison in the city once the festival was complete, so he had launched a preemptive attack.

3143:

Spanish conquistadors that there was plenty of gold up for grabs. On the western side of the Yucatán Peninsula, the Spanish were attacked at night by Maya chief Mochcouoh, a battle in which 50 men were killed. Córdoba was mortally wounded and only a remnant of his crew returned to

4104:

after the Spanish attack, which the Spanish did not expect. Fierce fighting ensued, and the Aztec troops besieged the palace housing the Spaniards and Moctezuma. Alvarado and the rest of the Spanish were held hostage by the Aztecs for a month. The nobility of Tenochtitlan chose

3245:. Thus, as the preparations for departure drew to a close, the governor became suspicious that Cortés would be disloyal to him and try to commandeer the expedition for his own purposes, namely to establish himself as governor of the colony, independent of Velázquez's control. 4567:

region and established mining settlements in Chichimeca territory which altered the terrain and the Chichimeca traditional way of life. The Chichimeca resisted the intrusions on their ancestral lands by attacking travelers and merchants along the "silver roads." The ensuing

3777:

The massacre had a chilling effect on the other city states and groups affiliated with the Aztecs, as well as the Aztecs themselves. Tales of the massacre convinced the other cities in the Aztec Empire to entertain seriously Cortés' proposals rather than risk the same fate.

3553:

With all of his ships scuttled, Cortés effectively stranded the expedition in central Mexico. However, it did not completely end the aspirations of those members of his company who remained loyal to the governor of Cuba. Cortés then led his band inland towards Tenochtitlan.

4133:

of Aztec warriors opposing them. Many of the Spaniards, weighed down by their armor and booty, drowned in the causeway gaps or were killed by the Aztecs. Much of the wealth the Spaniards had acquired in Tenochtitlan was lost. The bridge was later called "Alvarado's Leap".

4129:. They placed the portable bridge in the first gap, but at that moment their movement was detected and Aztec forces attacked, both along the causeway and by means of canoes on the lake. The Spanish were thus caught on a narrow road with water or buildings on both sides. 2398:

September – Tlaxcalteca assault the Spanish camp by day, and the Spanish respond by raiding unarmed Tlaxcalteca towns and villages by night. Tlaxcallan brokers a peace after 18 punishing days of war, by which point the Spaniards had lost half their cavalry and 1/5 their

4441:

ruler of his empire, for which the conquistador allied himself with Don Pedro Panza Cuinierángari against the Irecha. Tangaxuan was tried with plotting a rebellion, withholding tribute, sodomy and heresy, and he was tortured and executed. His ashes were thrown into the

4113:(Emperor). Cortés ordered Moctezuma to speak to his people from a palace balcony and persuade them to let the Spanish return to the coast in peace. Moctezuma was jeered and stones were thrown at him, mortally wounding him. Aztec sources state the Spaniards killed him. 2910:

in the mid to late sixteenth century, there are accounts of events that were interpreted as supernatural omens of the conquest. These two accounts are full-blown narratives from the viewpoint of the Spanish opponents. Most first-hand accounts about the conquest of the

3868:; and Topantemoc, Motechzoma's treasurer in Tlatelolco." Moctezuma and his chiefs were adorned with blazing gold on their shoulders with feathers and jewels. On the causeway where the two groups met, enormous numbers of people from Tenochtitlan watched the exchange. 3593:, fought the Spanish in a series of three battles from 2 to 5 September 1519, and at one point Diaz remarked, "they surrounded us on every side". After Cortés continued to release prisoners with messages of peace, and realizing the Spanish were enemies of Moctezuma, 3225:, Cortés managed to free himself of Velázquez's authority by presenting Velázquez as a tyrant acting in his own self-interest, and not in the interest of the Crown. The men under Cortés also named him military leader and chief magistrate (judge) of the expedition. 4319:

Tenochtitlan had been almost totally destroyed using the manpower of the Tlaxcalans plus fire and cannon fire during the siege, and once it finally fell, the Spanish continued its destruction, as they soon began to establish the foundations of what would become

4235:

Cortés was able to pacify the country, after the indigenous realized the Spaniards put "an end to the rape and robbery that the Mexicans practised.". Finally, Xicotencatl the Elder, baptized as Don Lorenzo de Vargas, agreed to support Cortés' expedition against

2765:(i.e. Tenochtitlan). Rather than it being a petition for rewards for services, as many Spanish accounts were, the Anonymous Conqueror made observations about the indigenous situation at the time of the conquest. The account was used by eighteenth-century Jesuit 2370:

24 March – Leaders of Potoncan sue Spaniards for peace and gift the Spaniards, 20 slave women. One of the enslaved Nahua woman (known as La Malinche, Doña Marina, Malintze, and Malintzin), is multilingual and will serve as one of the main translators for the

2836:'s 1585 revision of the conquest account, which shifts from the indigenous viewpoint entirely and inserts at crucial junctures passages lauding the Spanish and in particular Hernán Cortés. Another indigenous account compiled by a Spanish friar is Dominican 4685:, in order to evangelize to the indigenous people in their native tongue. Early mendicants created texts in order to forward the project of Christianization. Particularly important were the 1571 Spanish-Nahuatl dictionary compiled by the Franciscan Fray 4652:

have, using indigenous texts in the indigenous languages, been able to examine in considerable detail how the indigenous lived during the era of Spanish colonial rule. A major work that utilizes colonial-era indigenous texts as its main source is

4626:

structures. Those polities now came under Spanish rule, also retaining their internal structures of ruling elites and tribute-paying commoners, as well as land holding and other economic structures being largely intact. Two key works by historian

2780:

On the indigenous side, the allies of Cortés, particularly the Tlaxcalans, wrote extensively about their services to the Spanish Crown in the conquest, arguing for special privileges for themselves. The most important of these are the pictorial

5076:"The companies portentous discovery and conquest of the New World, met under the banners of Castile incarnate". Las portentosas empresas del descubrimiento y la conquista del Nuevo Mundo, se cumplieron bajo los encarnados pendones de Castilla. 4041:

or less willingness to Cortés' side." Hernán Cortés gained their support when he "promised to make them rich and give them commands ." Cortés then made a rapid return to Tenochtitlan to relieve the besieged Alvarado and the other invaders.

3506:

chiefs to rebel against the Aztecs, taking prisoner five of Moctezuma's tax collectors. The Totonacs also helped Cortés build the town of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, which was the starting point for his attempt to conquer the Aztec Empire.

4705:

and the Franciscan order in the late sixteenth century became increasingly hostile to works in the indigenous languages written by priests and clerics, concerned that they were heretical and an impediment to the Indians' true conversion.

4197:

told Cortés' men: "Consider yourselves at home. Rest ... do not think it a small thing that you have escaped with your lives from that strong city ... if we thought of you as brave men before, we consider you much braver now."

3443:

Faced with imprisonment or death for defying the governor, Cortés' only alternative was to continue his enterprise in the hope of redeeming himself and his men with the Spanish Crown. To do this, his men established a settlement called

3035:

Spanish destiny. This influenced some natives writing under the tutelage of the Franciscan friars. Other explanations include a desire to please the Spaniards or resentment toward the failure of Montezuma and Tenochtitlan warriors."

3678:

Cholula was one of the most important cities of Mesoamerica, the second largest, and probably the most sacred. Its huge pyramid (larger in volume than the great pyramids of Egypt) made it one of the most prestigious places of the

4351:

that flowed around the city. "When I beheld the scenes around me", said Díaz, "I thought within myself, this was the garden of the world. All of the wonders I beheld that day, nothing now remains. All is overthrown and lost."

4277:

The joint forces of Tlaxcala and Cortés proved to be formidable. One by one they took over most of the cities under Aztec control, some in battle, others by diplomacy. In the end, only Tenochtitlan and the neighboring city of

3616:

food and slaves. Cortés stayed twenty days in Tlaxcala, giving his men time to recover from their wounds from the battles. Cortés seems to have won the true friendship and loyalty of the senior leaders of Tlaxcala, among them

3968:

However, Moctezuma continued to act as Emperor, subject to Cortés' overall control. During the period of his imprisonment, Moctezuma stated "he was glad to be a prisoner, since either our gods gave us power to confine him or

3683:. However, it appears that Cortés perceived Cholula more as a military threat to his rear guard than a religious center, as he marched to Tenochtitlan. He sent emissaries ahead to try a diplomatic solution to enter the city. 7415:

Hispania Victrix; First and Second Parts of the General History of the Indies, With the Whole Discovery and Notable Things That Have Happened Since They Were Acquired Until the Year 1551, With the Conquest of Mexico and New

4158:

In this retreat, the Spaniards suffered heavy casualties, losing 860 soldiers, 72 other Spanish members of Cortés' group, including five women, and 1,000 Tlaxcalan warriors. Several Aztec noblemen loyal to Cortés, including

2718:, giving a contemporary account of the conquest from his point of view, in which he justified his actions. These were almost immediately published in Spain and later in other parts of Europe. Much later, Spanish conqueror 2377:

Early June – Cortés establishes the colony of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz and relocates the company to a beach near the settlement of Quiahuiztlan. Afterward, the Spaniards travel to Cempoala and formalize an alliance with

4709:

To reward Spaniards who participated in the conquest of what is now contemporary Mexico, the Spanish crown authorized grants of native labor, in particular the assignment of entire indigenous communities to labor via the

3948:

After Cortés' request surrounding the questioning of raising the cross and the image of the Virgin Mary, the Mexica then killed seven Spanish soldiers Cortés had left on the coast, including Cortés' Villa Rica Constable

3407:

is used by Mexicans to denote one who apes the language and customs of another country. It would not be until the late 20th century that a few feminist writers and academics in Mexico would attempt to rehabilitate

3046:

writes that Moctezuma was debating whether Cortés was a god or the ambassador of a great king in another land. Because the Spaniards arrived in 1519, Moctezuma knew this was the year of Ce Acatl, which is the year

2189:. Particularly important to the Spanish success was a multilingual (Nahuatl, a Maya dialect, and Spanish) Nahua-speaking woman enslaved by the Mayas, known to the Spanish conquistadors as Doña Marina, and later as 3890:

After greetings, Moctezuma personally dressed only Cortés in a priceless feather-work flower, a golden jewelry studded necklace and a garland of flowers. Moctezuma then brought Cortés to the shrine of the goddess

2132:) to Mexico. The next year, Cortés and his retinue set sail for Mexico. The Spanish campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on 13 August 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native 3757:

informed Cortés, after talking to the wife of one of the lords of Cholula, that the locals planned to murder the Spanish in their sleep. Although he did not know if the rumor was true or not, Cortés ordered a

2936:

The native texts of the defeated Mexica narrating their version of the conquest describe eight omens that were believed to have occurred nine years prior to the arrival of the Spanish from the Gulf of Mexico.

3349:, where there was little gold. After defeating the local natives in two battles, he discovered a far more valuable asset in the form of a woman whom Cortés would have christened Marina. She is often known as 4737:, in Higher Peru (now Bolivia) and other places in the Spanish empire in the New World that were worked for hundreds of years by forced native labor and contributed most of the wealth that flowed to Spain. 4007:, or priests, they would not stay unless the Spaniards were killed and driven back across the sea. Moctezuma warned Cortés to leave at once, as their lives were at risk. Many of the nobility rallied around 3275:

from Cuba and some Africans, both freedmen and slaves. Although modern usage often calls the European participants "soldiers", the term was never used by these men themselves in any context, something that

4930:

was co-produced by Televisión Azteca, Dopamine, and Onza Entertainment in 2019. The plot revolves around Hernán Cortés and his cadre from his arrival at the Mexican coast until the defeat of the Mexicas.

7738:

Raudzens, George. "So Why Were the Aztecs Conquered, and What Were the Wider Implications? Testing Military Superiority as a Cause of Europe's Pre-Industrial Colonial Conquests." War in History (1995):

4689:, and his 1569 bilingual Nahuatl-Spanish confessional manual for priests. A major project by the Franciscans in Mexico was the compilation of knowledge on Nahua religious beliefs and culture that friar 4422:

autonomy. This resulted in a strange arrangement where both Cortés and Tangáxuan considered themselves rulers of Michoacán for the following years: the population of the area paid tribute to them both.

3315:, proved to be a valuable asset for Cortés as a translator – a skill of particular significance to the later conquest of the Aztec Empire that was to be the result of Cortés's expedition. According to 3022:

Quetzalcoatl, and that the Aztecs were defeated because they believed the Spanish were supernatural and didn't know how to react, although whether or not the Aztecs really believed that is debatable.

7243: 4560:, the Spanish forces and their Indigenous allies ultimately succeeded in recapturing the towns and suppressing resistance. However, fighting did not completely come to a halt in the ensuing years. 3635:

gave Cortés "the most beautiful of their daughters and nieces". Xicotencatl the Elder's daughter was baptized as Doña Luisa, and Maxixcatzin's daughter as Doña Elvira. They were given by Cortés to

2762: 3989:

that "their ancestral tradition, set down in their books of records, that men would come from the direction of the sunrise to rule these lands" and that "He believed ... we were these men."

2458:

Late June – Uprising in Tenochtitlan; the death of Moctezuma in unclear circumstances, perhaps killed by the Spaniards, perhaps by his own people; deaths of other leaders of the Triple Alliance

3879:. Cortés strode ahead of his commanders and attempted to embrace Moctezuma, but was restrained by Cuitlahuac and Cacamatzin. Cortés was not permitted to touch the emperor; no one was allowed. 3882: 3393:

Native speakers of the Nahuatl community would call her "Malintzin," making her name a part of their own language, trying their best to make it similar to the Spanish "Marina." Over time, "

2201:

on 8 November 1519, where he took up residence with fellow Spaniards and their indigenous allies. When news reached Cortés of the death of several of his men during the Aztec attack on the

3221:

the Crown. In this way, Velázquez sought to ensure title to the riches and laborers discovered. However, armed with the knowledge of Castilian law that he had likely gained as a notary in

4718:

The Spanish conquerors in Mexico during the early colonial era lived off the labor of the indigenous peoples. Due to some horrifying instances of abuse against the native peoples, Bishop

4868:

as the main characters Tulio and Miguel end up as stowaways on Hernán Cortés' fleet to Mexico. Here, Cortés is represented as a merciless and ambitious villain, leading a quest to find

4025:

In April 1520, Cortés was told by Moctezuma that a much larger party of Spanish troops had arrived, consisting of nineteen ships and fourteen hundred soldiers under the command of

3025:

Omens were extremely important to the Aztecs, who believed that history repeated itself. A number of modern scholars cast doubt on whether such omens occurred or whether they were

7020:(1569), With an introduction by Roberto Moreno. Mexico: Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 2851:, an early indigenous account in Nahuatl, perhaps from 1540, remained in indigenous hands until it was published. An extract of this important manuscript was published in 1991 by 1068: 6729:

Nagao, Debra (Winter 1990). "Reviewed Work: The Great Temple of Tenochtitlan: Center and Periphery in the Aztec World by Johanna Broda, David Carrasco, Eduardo Matos Moctezuma".

2801:

to the Spanish Crown, the indigenous lords of Huexotzinco lay out their case in for their valorous service. The letter has been published in Nahuatl and English translation by

2392:

16 August – Spaniards and Totonac allies embark on march toward the Valley of Tenochtitlan, passing Citlatapetl and many other notable geographic landmarks like Cofre de Perote

7823: 3483:, Cortés was able to free himself from Velásquez's authority and continue his expedition. To ensure the legality of this action, several members of his expedition, including 3241:

Velázquez himself must have been keenly aware that whoever conquered the mainland for Spain would gain fame, glory and fortune to eclipse anything that could be achieved in

10419: 7726:

Brandt, Anthony. "Perfect storm at Tenochtitlan 1521: How Cortes's band of hidalgos destroyed the Mexica Empire." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History (2014): 58.

3961:

As of 14 November 1519, Moctezuma was Cortés' prisoner as insurance against any further resistance, until the end of May 1520, Moctezuma lived with Cortés in the palace of

3123: 2703:

recorded manuscripts in Nahuatl, written presumably by a native who must have learned the use of Latin characters and alphabet within three or four years of the conquest.”

5607:"Spaniards Attack Cholulans From Díaz del Castillo, Vol. 2, Chapter 83". American Historical Association. Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2012-04-08. 2863:

from 1992. Not surprisingly, many publications and republications of sixteenth-century accounts of the conquest of Mexico appeared around 1992, the 500th anniversary of

2093:—the Aztecs normally kept subordinate rulers compliant. This was an inherently unstable system of governance, as this situation could change with any alteration in the 3193: 482: 1139: 3663:

Meanwhile, Moctezuma's ambassadors, who had been in the Spanish camp after the battles with the Tlaxcalans, continued to press Cortés to take the road to Mexico via

3095:, seeking wealth in the form of gold and access to indigenous labor to mine gold and other manual labor. Twenty-five years after the first Spanish settlement in the 2761:

The chronicle of the so-called "Anonymous Conqueror" was written sometime in the sixteenth century, entitled in an early twentieth-century translation to English as

3260:. Velázquez then sent orders for the fleet to be held and Cortés taken prisoner. Nevertheless, Cortés set sail, beginning his expedition with the legal status of a 4763:

The Aztec education system was abolished and replaced by a very limited church education. Even some foods associated with Mesoamerican religious practice, such as

3387: 4339: 4011:, the brother of Moctezuma and his heir-apparent; however, most of them could take no overt action against the Spanish unless the order was given by the Emperor. 3363: 2925: 2668: 2214:

did, owing to the laws of Spain at this time, but critical analysis of their personal writings suggest Motecuhzoma was not taken captive until a much later date.

3749:

Cortés and his men entered Cholula without active resistance. However, they were not met by the city leaders and were not given food and drink on the third day.

2525:

February – Combined Spanish-Tlaxcalteca-Texcoca forces attack Xaltocan and Tlacopan; Texcoco becomes the base of operations for the campaign against Tenochtitlan

7856: 4414:, where they were presented to the ruler and gifts were exchanged. They returned with samples of gold and Cortés' interest in the Tarascan state was awakened. 3895:, where he gave him a more private greeting, in which he practically gave the Aztec Empire to Cortés, as he reportedly said that it was his "desire to serve." 3307:

Aguilar petitioned his Maya chieftain to be allowed to join his former countrymen, and he was released and made his way to Cortés's ships. Now quite fluent in

9549: 4293:

Cortés then approached Tenochtitlan and mounted a siege of the city that involved cutting the causeways from the mainland and controlling the lake with armed

4185:

The Spanish were able to complete their escape to Tlaxcala. There, they were given assistance, since all 440 of them were wounded, with only 20 horses left.

3067:

used to refer to the Spaniards, who claimed to represent their Christian god and originated from a land unknown to the natives. "Teules" is derived from the

4638:(1964) were central in reshaping the historiography of the indigenous and their communities from the Spanish conquest to the 1810 Mexican independence era. 1334: 1219: 4760:

brought in far more silver direct from South American mines to China than the overland Silk Road, or even European trade routes in the Indian Ocean could.

2347:

10 February – Cortés expedition leaves Cuba, taking Hernández de Córdoba's route. In the process, Cortés ignores Velásquez's cancellation of the expedition

1061: 17: 4618:, who had demonstrated that he was independent-minded and defied official orders when he threw off the authority of Governor Velázquez in Cuba. The name " 8558: 4240:. According to Bernal Diaz, he sent more than 10,000 warriors under the command of Chichimecatecuhtli as Cortés marched on the day after Christmas 1520. 2809:

in 1991. Texcoco patriot and member of a noble family there, Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitl, likewise petitioned the Spanish Crown, in Spanish, saying that

2742:

petitions to the Spanish Crown, requesting rewards for their services in the conquest, including Juan Díaz, Andrés de Tapia, García del Pilar, and Fray

9569: 8484: 7816: 4879:

The aftermath of the Spanish conquest, including the Aztecs' struggle to preserve their cultural identity, is the subject of the Mexican feature film,

2085:, the Aztec Empire had established dominance over central Mexico through military conquest and intricate alliances. Because the Aztec Empire ruled via 1164: 998: 974: 4792:

during the earliest days of colonization. As a result of these unions, as well as concubinage and secret mistresses, mixed race individuals known as

10487: 3933:

were furious at the suggestion, with Moctezuma claiming his idols, "give us health and rain and crops and weather, and all the victories we desire."

3502:

and marched his forces there. On their arrival in Cempoala, they were greeted by 20 dignitaries and cheering townsfolk. Cortés quickly persuaded the

5168:

Bernard Grunberg, "La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés", in L'Histoire n°322, July–August 2007: states that Cortes arrived in Mexico with 15 cannons,

4784:

In the 16th century, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. They were joined by 450,000 in the next century. Unlike the English-speaking

4725: 3781:

Cortés then sent emissaries to Moctezuma with the message that the people of Cholula had treated him with trickery and had therefore been punished.

7071: 4324:

on the site. The surviving Aztec people were forbidden to live in Tenochtitlan and the surrounding isles, and were banished to live in Tlatelolco.

7361:(Nahuatl-Spanish trans.), Lysander Kemp (Spanish-English trans.), Alberto Beltran (illus.) (Expanded and updated ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. 1760: 10034: 7075: 3985:, were forced to take a more formal oath of allegiance to the King of Spain, though Moctezuma "could not restrain his tears". Moctezuma told his 1054: 9529: 7175: 4556:, led an attack on Nochistlán. However, the Chichimecas counter-attacked and Alvarado's forces were routed. Under the leadership of Viceroy Don 1339: 4066:

When Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan in late May, he found that Alvarado and his men had attacked and killed many of the Aztec nobility in the

5679:

James Lockhart, We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico, translated and edited. University of California Press, 1991, p. 39

4756:. The silver was used to purchase commercial goods abroad, as European manufactured goods were not in demand in Asia and the Middle East. The 2537:

by Tlaxcalteca laborers under Spanish supervision; mounted with cannon; launched into Lake Texcoco, allowing Spanish control of the inland sea

10573: 10492: 9579: 7809: 4144:" (The Night of Sorrows), and the old tree ("El árbol de la noche triste") where Cortés allegedly cried, is still a monument in Mexico City. 3628:. The Spaniards agreed to respect parts of the city, like the temples, and reportedly took only the things that were offered to them freely. 4788:, the majority of the Spanish colonists were single men who married or made concubines of the natives, and were even encouraged to do so by 2813:

had not received sufficient rewards for their support of the conquistadors, particularly after the Spanish were forced out of Tenochtitlan.

2543:

30 June – Defeat of Spanish-Tlaxcalteca forces on a causeway; capture and ritual sacrifice of the Spaniards and their horses in Tenochtitlan

9184: 8542: 7851: 4722:

suggested importing black slaves to replace them. Las Casas later repented when he saw the even worse treatment given to the black slaves.

3770:

lib. II cap. V. 1550). The Azteca version put the blame on the Tlaxcalteca, claiming that they resented Cortés going to Cholula instead of

2446: 1010: 944: 7612:

History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes

2797:

allies from Huexotzinco (or Huejotzinco) near Tlaxcala argued that their contributions had been overlooked by the Spanish. In a letter in

10608: 7141: 4909: 4771:, like other pre-Christian traditions, was quickly suppressed. In converting people to Catholicism, the Spanish pushed for a switch from 5086: 7224: 5013: 4472:

that took a heavy toll on the Native Americans, causing the population to fall by half and weakening the traditional social structure.

2776:

Tlaxcalan allies of the Spanish, showing their leaders, porters, as well as a Spanish warrior and a Spanish war dog. Lienzo de Tlaxcala

1648: 1596: 5667:

A BIBLIOGRAPHIC INTRODUCTION TO TWENTY MANUSCRIPTS OF CLASSICAL NAHUATL LITERATURE Willard P. Gingerich University of Pittsburgh 1975

3170:

and the southern Guatemalan highlands. The end of this latter campaign is generally marked by the downfall of the Maya state based at

10531: 2998:, and images of fighting men riding "on the backs of animals resembling deer", in a mirror on the crown of a bird caught by fishermen 5073: 3824:

To the Aztecs, Tenochtitlan was the "altar" for the Empire, as well as being the city that Quetzalcoatl would eventually return to.

10583: 10578: 10399: 9503: 8181: 7883: 1653: 1544: 6622:

Brooks, Francis J. (May 1995). "Motecuzoma Xocoyotl, Hernán Cortés, and Bernal Díaz del Castillo: The Construction of an Arrest".

5261: 3357:" or Malinalli. Later, the Aztecs would come to call Cortés "Malintzin" or La Malinche by dint of his close association with her. 9483: 7751: 4433:, decided to march on northwestern Mexico with a force of 5,000–8,000 men in search for new populations to subdue. He arrived in 3840:

reports that Moctezuma welcomed Cortés to Tenochtitlan on the Great Causeway, Xolac. "The chiefs who accompanied Moctezuma were:

3043: 1229: 5870:(The Florentine Codex). Book 12. Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, translators. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 3936: 1628: 5514:

Townsend, Camilla. "Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico" University of New Mexico Press, 2006. p, 36

4715:

the Mexica overlords in Tenochtitlan, so the Spanish system of encomienda was built on pre-existing patterns of labor service.

8621: 10257: 8368: 6801: 6776: 6667: 6493: 6063: 5435: 5366: 5341: 5303: 4513:

After the Spanish conquest of central Mexico, expeditions were sent further northward in Mesoamerica, to the region known as

4116:

Cortés had formed an alliance with Tlaxcala. This alliance had many victories, including the overtaking of the Aztec Capital

3013:

saw a "radiance that shone in the east every morning three hours before sunrise", and a "whirlwind of dust" from the volcano

1700: 1663: 1539: 9219: 9088: 8715: 8711: 3836:, and her son, King Carlos I of Castile and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, all Spanish royalty, had then made an appearance. 3753:

reported that fortifications were being constructed around the city and the Tlaxcalans were warning the Spaniards. Finally,

3436:

in April 1519. During this same period, soon after he arrived, Cortés was welcomed by representatives of the Aztec Emperor,

10347: 9715: 9121: 8764: 8217: 8062: 7832: 7650: 7602: 7522: 7505: 7488: 7474: 7457: 7436: 7405: 7388: 7342: 7305: 7269: 7236: 4785: 4285: 3785:

conquistadors to visit his capital city, according to Spanish sources, after feeling as though nothing else could be done.

3383: 2691:

Two lengthy accounts from the defeated indigenous viewpoint were created under the direction of Spanish friars, Franciscan

2468:– Evacuation of Spanish-Tlaxcalteca allied forces from Tenochtitlan; deaths of perhaps 1,000 Spaniards and 1,000 Tlaxcalans 2308: 2074:, and his small army of European soldiers and numerous indigenous allies, overthrowing one of the most powerful empires in 1787: 1770: 1695: 1254: 39: 4733:

The other discovery that perpetuated this system of indigenous forced labor were the extensive silver mines discovered at

3709: 3655:. An exchange of gifts was made and thus began the highly significant and effective alliance between Cortés and Tlaxcala. 2395:

31 August – Tlaxcalteca attack Spaniards after entering the territory of Tlaxcallan. They succeed in killing two horsemen.

10414: 9534: 7866: 2743: 1611: 1549: 1239: 8403: 6535: 4270:

plague starting in September 1520, which lasted seventy days. Many were killed, including their new leader, the Emperor

2148:. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of 1329: 10181: 9498: 9434: 9156: 9136: 8611: 8343: 8306: 7766: 7202: 6682:

Anonymous informants of Sahagún, Florentine Codex, book XII, chapter XVI, translation from Nahuatl by Angel Ma. Garibay

6320: 5826: 5396: 2042: 1777: 10546: 9650: 8112: 3075:

for god but with its meaning changed to representative of god, sometimes implying mysterious and supernatural power.

1129: 10247: 10156: 9554: 9098: 8651: 8281: 7878: 7712: 7695: 7683: 7667: 7636: 7619: 7585: 7571: 7554: 7366: 7325: 7291: 6579: 6545: 6199: 5271: 5197: 4301:

lasted eight months. The besiegers cut off the supply of food and destroyed the aqueduct carrying water to the city.

3631:

As before with other native groups, Cortés preached to the Tlaxcalan leaders about the benefits of Christianity. The

1755: 1683: 1480: 1349: 3692: 2734:

petition for rewards but he expanded it to encompass a full history of his earlier expeditions in the Caribbean and

2452:

Late May – Cortés forces attack Narvárez's forces at Cempoala; incorporation of those Spaniards into Cortés's forces

1134: 1112: 10613: 10447: 9131: 8615: 8393: 8148: 4693:

oversaw using indigenous informants, resulting in a number of important texts and culminating in a 12 volume text,

4411: 4121: 3424:

Coat of arms of Villa Rica, Veracruz; the first town council founded by the Spanish. The tile mosaic is located in

2497:

Late December – Spanish-Tlaxcaltec forces return to the Valley of Mexico; join with Texcoca forces of Ixtlilxochitl

2067:, ultimately reshaping the course of human history. Taking place between 1519 and 1521, this event saw the Spanish 1945: 1485: 1354: 1194: 1159: 937: 9823: 9758: 8012: 5223: 4826: 10658: 10643: 10384: 10176: 9963: 9763: 9312: 9247: 8833: 8735: 7997: 7937: 4846: 4450:, Bishop of Michoacan, in 1533. During the next decades, puppet rulers were installed by the Spanish government. 4249: 4030: 3119: 3111: 2609:'s expedition to Honduras; renounces Cortés' authority; Cortés expedition to Honduras with the captive Cuauhtemoc 2581:

November – Death of Cortés's wife, Catalina Suárez, in Coyoacan, where Cortés was resident while the new capital

2288: 1591: 1314: 1289: 1274: 1209: 1144: 51: 10302: 9818: 9262: 9146: 6859:

Gorenstein (1993, xv). According to some other sources Tangaxuan II was dragged behind a horse and then burned.

6569: 4914: 4140:

It is said that Cortés, upon reaching the mainland at Tlacopan, wept over their losses. This episode is called "

2193:. After eight months of battles and negotiations, which overcame the diplomatic resistance of the Aztec Emperor 2101:, and the impact of European diseases contributed to the downfall of the short rule of the Aztec civilization. 1102: 10673: 10668: 10633: 10404: 10342: 10141: 9559: 9272: 9252: 9224: 9141: 9116: 8976: 8784: 8691: 8631: 8598: 7888: 7861: 7410: 7393: 6889: 6412:

See: Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York, 2003.

6039: 5505:(1983). See especially chapter 3, "From islands to the mainland: the Caribbean phase and subsequent conquests." 5152: 3488: 3440:. Gifts were exchanged, and Cortés attempted to frighten the Aztec delegation with a display of his firepower. 2727: 2506: 1765: 1745: 1264: 1097: 10367: 10196: 9953: 7930: 5527: 5048: 4518: 4465: 4459: 4426: 4316:

a major reason motivating Cortés and encouraging his soldiers to avoid surrender while fighting to the death.

4151:

towards a sanctuary in Tlaxcala. On 14 July 1520, the Aztecs attempted to destroy the Spanish for good at the

3717: 3151: 1658: 1436: 1224: 10648: 10519: 10497: 10452: 10394: 10372: 10186: 9958: 9640: 9429: 9414: 8499: 8363: 8316: 7947: 7920: 5038: 5023: 4767:, were forbidden. Catholic missionaries campaigned against cultural traditions of the Aztecs, and the use of 4649: 4599: 4089: 3492: 2916: 2715: 2636: 2571: 2481:

1 August – Spanish punitive expedition in Tepeaca in reprisal for the murder of Spaniards by its inhabitants.

1710: 1673: 1668: 1519: 1509: 1495: 1490: 1451: 1304: 1204: 1149: 9748: 8102: 8002: 7431:). Book 12. Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, translators. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 3256:

in person, "he and Cortés again embraced, with a great exchange of compliments", before Cortés set sail for

2964:

A column of fire that appeared from midnight until dawn, and seemed to rain fire in the year 1517 (12-House)

10663: 10389: 10357: 9888: 9753: 9189: 8569: 8378: 8174: 8032: 8007: 7942: 7910: 5043: 4067: 4061: 1740: 1730: 1705: 1500: 1234: 1214: 10377: 9710: 7925: 5770:, Trans., annotated, and with an introduction by Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. 1441: 10678: 10593: 10362: 10262: 9893: 9345: 9277: 8246: 7915: 7793: 7358: 7261:

mis à jour par Michel Graulich Bibliothèque nationale de France-Société des Américanistes, Paris, 1995.

5033: 4837:

Cortés's conquest has been depicted in numerous television documentaries. These include in an episode of

3730: 3664: 3640: 3386:. Until Cortés's marriage to his second wife, a union which produced a legitimate son whom he also named 3139: 2659: 2648: 2403: 2315: 1750: 1725: 1409: 1199: 1154: 930: 328: 9813: 9720: 7992: 7310: 4330: 3358: 3316: 2920: 2719: 2663: 10638: 10598: 10297: 9660: 9307: 9194: 9106: 9078: 8705: 8675: 8480: 8311: 8107: 7749:

White, John Manchip. "Cortes and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire: A Study in a Conflict of Cultures."

7595:

The Conquest of Mexico: Incorporation of Indian Societies into the Western World, 16th – 18th centuries

7376: 6971: 5850: 5616:

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal; "Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España" cap CXXX pp.104-108.

4654: 4627: 3425: 3277: 2852: 2802: 2766: 1735: 1678: 1643: 1576: 1456: 9680: 9635: 4804: 4147:

The Aztecs pursued and harassed the Spanish, who, guided by their Tlaxcalan allies, moved around Lake

2855:

in Nahuatl transcription and English translation. A popular anthology in English for classroom use is

2602:

to Mexico, beginning of the "spiritual conquest" to convert the indigenous populations to Christianity

10216: 10166: 10024: 9923: 9419: 9292: 9257: 9209: 9111: 8723: 8607: 8296: 8266: 8261: 7731: 4935: 4753: 4498: 4259: 3886:"Motecuhzuma receives Cortés. Mexican dances in the lake." by Juan González and Miguel González. 1698 2875: 2599: 2552:

1 August – Spanish-Tlaxcalan-Texcocan forces enter the Plaza Mayor; last stand of the Aztec defenders

1822: 1792: 1616: 1426: 1404: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1344: 1269: 1189: 1169: 8841: 8027: 5562:

Levy, Buddy. Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the Aztecs. p. 55-56

4719: 10603: 10588: 10161: 10044: 10004: 9943: 9938: 9878: 9297: 9287: 9073: 8776: 8687: 8388: 8022: 5571:

Levy, Buddy. Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the Aztecs. p 62-64

5008: 4775:

to the Catholic sacrament of the Eucharist. Despite this history, in some remote areas, the use of

4347:

had showered them with gifts, and given them rooms and food. He was dazzled by the gardens and the

2750:

did not write at any length about his actions in the New World, and died as a man of action in the

2735: 2217:

When Cortés left Tenochtitlan to return to the coast and deal with the threat of the expedition of

1849: 1715: 1638: 1586: 1475: 1364: 1359: 1294: 1259: 1244: 10541: 9620: 8853: 8373: 7481:

Conquistador Voices: The Spanish Conquest of the Americas As Recounted Largely by the Participants

7441: 7420: 7229:

Ally of Cortés: Account 13 of the Coming of the Spaniards and the Beginning of the Evangelical Law

7037:, vol. 13, part 2, Howard F. Cline, volume editor, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973 p. 196. 6644: 5742:

Ally of Cortés: Account 13 of the Coming of the Spaniards and the Beginning of the Evangelical Law

4690: 4681:

in central Mexico, particularly the Franciscans and Dominicans learned the indigenous language of

3837: 3378:

in Spanish who would then translate into Mayan for Marina. She would then translate from Mayan to

3267:

Cortés's contingent consisted of 11 ships carrying about 630 men (including 30 crossbowmen and 12

2903: 2817: 2692: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10211: 10069: 9913: 9853: 9803: 9705: 9302: 9267: 9214: 8849: 8719: 8683: 8413: 8286: 8271: 8167: 8047: 6837: 6191: 5757:

translated by Howard F. Cline, with an introduction by S.L. Cline. University of Utah Press 1989.

5173: 4553: 4205:

settlement was abandoned, and supply ships arrived from Cuba and Spain. Cortés also had built 13

4026: 3625: 3602: 3159: 2436: 2218: 1817: 1633: 1559: 1299: 1028: 728: 9404: 7348: 7195:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

5705:

Patricia de Fuente, editor and translator. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993, pp. 182–96

4468:

took almost 170 years. The whole process could have taken longer were it not for three separate

4309: 3471:

This strategy was not unique. Velásquez had used this same legal mechanism to free himself from

2856: 2268:

1493–1515 – Spanish exploration, conquest, enslavement, and settlement in the Caribbean and the

10502: 10074: 10009: 9513: 9399: 9282: 9242: 8886: 8679: 8338: 8328: 6881: 6604:

The Return of Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition

5018: 4796:

became the majority of the Mexican population in the centuries following the Spanish conquest.

4749: 4321: 3992:

Cortés sent expeditions to investigate the Aztec sources of gold in the provinces of Zacatula,

3579: 3334: 3312: 3271:, an early form of firearm), a doctor, several carpenters, at least eight women, a few hundred 3014: 2993: 2133: 2035: 2000: 1601: 1514: 1465: 1421: 1174: 986: 412: 206: 9645: 7153: 6375: 5539: 3412:

as a woman who made the best of her situation and became, in many respects, a powerful woman.

3375: 3297: 2790: 2351: 2097:. A combination of factors including superior weaponry, strategic alliances with oppressed or 9948: 9358: 9179: 9068: 9007: 8935: 8845: 8546: 8226: 8097: 8057: 6336: 5718:

Patricia de Fuente, (editor and trans). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993, pp. 165–81

5090: 4864: 4838: 4702: 4591: 4298: 4279: 4045: 3865: 3621: 3594: 3345:

After leaving Cozumel, Cortés continued round the tip of the Yucatán Peninsula and landed at

3308: 3209:, Velázquez decided to send a third and even larger expedition to explore the Mexican coast. 2145: 2098: 2060: 1965: 1827: 1581: 449: 438: 338: 175: 10482: 9883: 9670: 9630: 9589: 8563: 8037: 7778: 6105: 4926: 3197:

Hernán Cortés in his later years; his coat of arms on the upper right corner (16th century).

2989:, weeping in the middle of the night for them (the Aztecs) to "flee far away from this city" 2619:

February – execution of the three rulers of the former Triple Alliance, including Cuauhtemoc

2546:

July – Spanish ships land at Veracruz with large numbers of Spaniards, munitions, and horses

2386:), the leader of Cempoala. At this time, Cempoala is the capital of the Totonac confederacy. 2325:

to the Yucatán and Gulf coasts; appointment of Cortés to lead a third exploratory expedition

284: 10457: 10126: 10089: 10079: 10019: 9918: 9898: 9793: 9605: 9424: 8301: 8291: 8042: 7972: 7672: 7611: 7098: 6443: 6430: 5598:

Townsend, Camilla. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. p. 60-62

4961: 4856: 4820: 4810: 4789: 4581: 3088: 2864: 2848: 2125: 2015: 1832: 1782: 1309: 1034: 914: 443: 391: 138: 9983: 9773: 9695: 4636:

The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810

4258:"The Last Days of Tenochtitlan, Conquest of Mexico by Cortez", a 19th-century painting by 3127: 2606: 2173:, a former partner in the Aztec Triple Alliance. Other city-states also joined, including 2117: 535: 348: 269: 8: 10526: 10282: 10267: 10151: 10131: 10084: 10064: 9868: 9863: 9808: 9778: 9544: 9169: 9126: 9083: 9012: 8981: 8752: 8731: 8697: 8603: 8573: 8504: 8348: 8321: 8221: 8087: 7607: 7056:

West, Robert. Early Silver Mining in New Spain, 1531–1555 (1997). Bakewell, Peter (ed.).

7055: 5155:: states that Cortes's men lost all the artillery they had initially arrived with during 4768: 4585: 4379: 3914: 3845: 3582:, a confederacy of about 200 towns and different tribes, but without central government. 3511:

foretold". As Cortés told his men, the natives "think of us as gods, or godlike beings."

3337:

army, with Cortés and La Malinche, along with an African slave in front the meeting with

2318:

secedes from Tlaxcalteca Alliance, becomes a tributary state of the Aztec Triple Alliance

2170: 1797: 1571: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1394: 1179: 1117: 545: 530: 496: 454: 234: 216: 43: 10272: 9973: 7300:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993. Previously published by Orion Press 1963. 7102: 6638: 5247:

Townsend, Camilla. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. p. 92

4490: 4375: 4366: 2754:

in 1542. Two letters to Cortés about Alvarado's campaigns in Guatemala are published in

425: 244: 129: 91: 10653: 10287: 10277: 10252: 10206: 10171: 10029: 9738: 9615: 9488: 8986: 8966: 8626: 8514: 8241: 8143: 8082: 8017: 7801: 7462: 7122: 7065: 6874: 6746: 6711: 6169: 6078:

Camilla Townsend, "Burying the White Gods: New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico"

5484: 5476: 4881: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4557: 4514: 4383: 4237: 4194: 4177: 4020: 3759: 3374:

Cortés had stumbled upon one of the keys to realizing his ambitions. He would speak to

3210: 2810: 2782: 2711: 2071: 1869: 1470: 1446: 1431: 1004: 922: 882: 864: 832: 795: 589: 520: 460: 58: 9610: 9539: 7452:, introduction and notes by S.L. Cline. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1989. 5179: 2722:, a well-seasoned participant in the conquest of Central Mexico, wrote what he called 10467: 10409: 10242: 10014: 9988: 9978: 9968: 9903: 9858: 9788: 9768: 9743: 9690: 9665: 8930: 8457: 8398: 8353: 8212: 8077: 8067: 7987: 7871: 7784: 7708: 7700: 7691: 7679: 7663: 7646: 7632: 7615: 7598: 7581: 7567: 7550: 7518: 7501: 7484: 7470: 7453: 7432: 7401: 7384: 7362: 7338: 7321: 7301: 7287: 7265: 7232: 7198: 7114: 7089:

Guzmán, Gastón (1 November 2008). "Hallucinogenic Mushrooms in Mexico: An Overview".

6987: 6885: 6797: 6772: 6715: 6663: 6575: 6541: 6396: 6357: 6316: 6195: 6059: 6035: 5822: 5441: 5431: 5392: 5362: 5337: 5299: 5267: 5193: 5148: 4886: 4549: 4494: 4418: 4225: 4171: 4037: 3950: 3833: 3688: 3636: 3484: 3480: 3320: 3162: 2747: 2443: 2222: 2028: 1812: 1807: 1720: 1279: 898: 732: 550: 525: 8488: 7337:. Translated and edited by Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1994. 7126: 5692:

Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993. Previously published by Orion Press 1963.

5488: 3647:

faith. In any case, they apparently had no problems in adding the Christian "Dios" (

2979:

The appearance of fire, or comets, streaming across the sky in threes during the day

2420: 1324: 10099: 10094: 10059: 10039: 9798: 9675: 9574: 9478: 8940: 8780: 8117: 8072: 7982: 7510: 7493: 7428: 7258: 7253: 7106: 6738: 6701: 6161: 5629:. Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1966. 5468: 5427:

When Montezuma met Cortés : the true story of the meeting that changed history

4698: 4686: 4502: 4447: 4152: 3798: 3704: 3330: 3301: 3253: 3202: 3091:. There were further Spanish explorations and settlements in the Caribbean and the 3052: 2825: 2560:

13–17 August – Wholesale sacking and violence against the survivors in Tenochtitlan

2540:

10 May – Start of the siege of Tenochtitlan; potable water from Chapultepec cut off

2472: 2428: 2363: 2322: 2302: 2186: 2121: 2059:

was a pivotal event in the history of the Americas, marked by the collision of the

1930: 1319: 1107: 1022: 992: 673: 660: 636: 623: 606: 554: 476: 183: 170: 157: 65: 10477: 8509: 8052: 7400:

Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1964.

7352: 6497: 5459:

Douglas, Daniel (1992). "Tactical Factors in the Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs".

4614:. Mendoza was entirely loyal to the Spanish crown, unlike the conqueror of Mexico 4606:(who was as the King of Spain known as Charles I), named the Spanish nobleman Don 3695:, directly to Tenochtitlan, as ambassadors and to scout for an appropriate route. 10542:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

10292: 10232: 10146: 10054: 9928: 9908: 9873: 9655: 9625: 9564: 9174: 9164: 9060: 8945: 8837: 8794: 8554: 8462: 8333: 8122: 8092: 7977: 7895: 7655: 7624: 7590: 7449: 6976:

The Nahuas After the Conquest: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology

5589:

Thomas, Hugh. Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico. p. 237-246

5386: 5156: 4940: 4893: 4831: 4659:

The Nahuas After the Conquest: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology

4163:, and their families also perished, including Moctezuma's son and two daughters. 4141: 4084: 3849: 3652: 3465: 3449: 3445: 2968: 2870:

A popular and enduring narrative of the Spanish campaign in central Mexico is by

2867:'s first voyage, when scholarly and popular interest in first encounters surged. 2463: 2227: 1925: 1837: 1623: 1399: 1016: 738: 693: 10201: 3367:

that Marina was "truly a great princess". Later, the honorific Spanish title of

2265:

1492–93 – Columbus reaches the Caribbean; start of permanent Spanish settlements

10136: 10049: 9933: 9685: 9508: 9493: 9394: 9368: 9353: 9234: 8829: 8823: 8727: 8494: 8408: 8358: 8236: 8190: 7543: 7283: 6947:

The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico

6942: 6926: 6905: 6574:(2nd ed.). Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 148–49. 5053: 4850: 4757: 4595: 4569: 4481: 4430: 4403: 4221: 4214: 3861: 3814: 3680: 3668: 3608:

The Tlaxcalans' main city was Tlaxcala. After almost a century of fighting the

3472: 3257: 2738:

and the conquest of the Aztec. A number of lower rank Spanish conquerors wrote

2242: 2137: 2064: 1940: 1935: 1920: 1802: 1078: 757: 568: 540: 358: 162: 133: 8641: 7330: 7110: 6706: 6693: 5445: 5187: 4777: 4622:" had been suggested by Cortés and was later confirmed officially by Mendoza. 2907: 2895: 2837: 2696: 222: 10567: 9700: 8550: 8467: 8276: 7900: 7846: 7772: 7729:

Daniel, Douglas A. "Tactical Factors in the Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs."

7643:

When Montezuma Met Cortés: The True Story of the Meeting that Changed History

7383:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1991. (anthology) 7118: 6869: 5839:

History of the Conquest of New Spain, 1585 Revision by Bernardino de Sahagún,

5816: 5580:

Thomas, Hugh. Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico. p. 237

4998: 4975: 4934:

A fictionalized version of the fall of Tenochtitlan was depicted in the 2021

4742: 4229: 4190: 4110: 4052:

June 1520, with 1,300 soldiers and 96 horses, plus 2,000 Tlaxcalan warriors.

3958:

chieftains, nephews and relations suggesting they should attack the Spanish.

3805:

On 8 November 1519, after the fall of Cholula, Cortés and his forces entered

3027: 2941: 2794: 2531:

Mid-April – Combined forces defeated by the Xochimilcans, Tenochtitlan's ally

2358: 2298: 2262:

1428 – Creation of the Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan

1985: 1980: 1905: 1854: 1606: 1554: 1369: 1046: 713: 698: 687: 650: 579: 573: 6091:

Levy, Thomas. Conquest: Cortes, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico. p. 43

5642:, David Carrasco, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2001, vol. 1, p. 248 5551: 4748:

Spain spent enormous amounts of this wealth hiring mercenaries to fight the

4541: 4305: 4271: 4106: 4008: 3872: 2751: 2141: 645: 632: 10472: 10462: 10191: 9730: 9584: 9409: 8925: 8701: 8383: 8231: 5528:

https://www.thoughtco.com/hernan-cortes-conquest-of-aztecs-timeline-2136533

4989: 4904: 4896:

did an in-depth coverage of the Spanish conquest over four episodes of his

4873: 4645: 4642: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4370: 4334: 4327: 4210: 4202: 4117: 4071: 3926: 3922: 3913:

Cortés later asked Moctezuma to allow him to erect a cross and an image of

3857: 3832:

Upon meeting, Hernan Cortés claimed to be the representative of the queen,

3806: 3743: 3734: 3586: 3515: 3437: 3432:

Cortés landed his expedition force on the coast of the modern day state of

3390:, Cortés's natural son with Marina was the heir of his envisaged fortunes. 3338: 3268: 3135: 3092: 3048: 2974: 2912: 2528:

Early April – Attacks against Yautepec and Cuernavaca, following by sacking

2269: 2198: 2194: 2182: 2162: 2105: 2082: 2068: 2010: 1995: 1990: 1955: 1950: 708: 656: 619: 323: 309: 304: 125: 102: 85: 9783: 4872:, the legendary city of gold in the New World. Hernán Cortés is voiced by 4434: 4254: 4036:

Leaving his "least reliable soldiers" under the command of the headstrong

3671:, which was an ally of Tlaxcala. They were surprised Cortés had stayed in 3346: 3280:

realized when analyzing sixteenth-century legal records from conquest-era

3233: 817: 9373: 9199: 8768: 8646: 7559: 7467:

Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico

7245:

Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan

7231:. Douglass K. Ballentine, translator. El Paso: Texas Western Press 1969. 6124:

Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico

5334:

Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico

5296:

Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico

4545: 4443: 4070:, that happened during a religious festival organized by the Aztecs. The 3970: 3918: 3771: 3754: 3722: 3617: 3609: 3598: 3491:, returned to Spain to seek acceptance of the cabildo's declaration with 3453: 3409: 3403: 3394: 3350: 3150:

At that time, Yucatán was briefly explored by the conquistadors, but the

2986: 2871: 2763:

Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan

2681: 2582: 2383: 2379: 2339: 2334: 2190: 2178: 2149: 2090: 2075: 1874: 600: 594: 421: 240: 226: 9363: 6376:"Affirmative action and Hernán Cortés (1485–1547) : Mexico History" 4446:. A period of violence and turbulence began until being fully calmed by 4033:

from Cuba to kill or capture Cortés, who had defied Velazquez's orders.

3605:, that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them. 3167: 3107: 2710:

The first Spanish account of the conquest was written by lead conqueror

319: 10237: 8971: 8251: 8138: 6876:

Maya Society Under Colonial Rule: The Collective Enterprise of Survival

5744:. Douglass K. Ballentine, translator. El Paso: Texas Western Press 1969 5668: 5480: 4918: 4745:." Indian slavery was abolished in 1542 but persisted until the 1550s. 4711: 4678: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4485: 4294: 4206: 4160: 3978: 3954: 3876: 3841: 3739: 3590: 3461: 3222: 3084: 2485: 2439:

arrives on the Gulf coast, sent by Governor Velázquez to rein in Cortés

2241:

The fall of the Aztec Empire was the key event in the formation of the

2166: 2094: 1284: 1249: 860: 780: 774: 669: 471: 294: 279: 6750: 6173: 5425: 4670:

Their surviving writings are crucial in our knowledge of colonial era

4304:

Despite the stubborn Aztec resistance organized by their new emperor,

3925:, after climbing the one hundred and fourteen steps to the top of the 3793: 3420: 3326: 2955: 2890: 2833: 434: 9204: 8961: 8861: 8636: 8538: 8472: 5028: 4869: 4818:

The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire is the subject of an opera,

4619: 4611: 4564: 4469: 4297:

constructed by the Spanish and transported overland to the lake. The

4186: 4049: 3997: 3962: 3941: 3903: 3570: 3543: 3518:, the lavish gifts and the polite, welcoming remarks only encouraged 3401:) became a term for a traitor to one's people. To this day, the word 3354: 3114:, who commissioned Cortés's limited expedition of exploration in 1519 3096: 2982:

The "boiling deep," and water flooding, of a lake nearby Tenochtitlan

2894:

A comet seen by Moctezuma, interpreted as a sign of impending peril.

2575: 2246: 968: 682: 584: 188: 5472: 4734: 4537: 3533: 3083:

The Spanish had established a permanent settlement on the island of

2374:

21 April – Expedition lands in the Gulf coast near San Juan de Ullúa

2111: 1975: 9378: 8256: 6742: 6694:"Review: Aztec Religion and Warfare: Past and Present Perspectives" 6165: 6152:

Cohen, Sara E. (March 1972). "How the Aztecs Appraised Montezuma".

5655:, chapter 4, "Narratives of the Conquest". Pearson, 2003, pp. 73–96 4924:

An historical drama series in Mayan, Nahuatl, and Spanish entitled

4764: 4544:, and other mountain towns then besieged the Spanish settlement in 4387: 4267: 4148: 4126: 3993: 3853: 3750: 3672: 3558: 3521: 3499: 3433: 3183: 3010: 2772: 2677: 2424: 2206: 2174: 2157: 1864: 980: 902: 789: 399: 383: 375: 363: 354: 334: 290: 275: 7957: 7500:(1753). Trans. Thomas Townsend. 2 vols. New York: AMS Press 1973. 7298:

The Conquistadors: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico

7060:. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 65–66. 6482:. New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc. pp. 139–41. 6480:

Archaeology of ancient Mexico and Central America, an Encyclopedia

5716:

The Conquistadors: First-person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico

5147:

Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books,

4217:, however, sought an alliance with the Mexicans, but was opposed. 2588:

Cortés's Second Letter to the crown is published in Seville, Spain

344: 10536: 10507: 9017: 9002: 8159: 7005:

Vocabulario en lengua cstellana y mexicana y mexcana y castellana

4793: 4682: 3818: 3503: 3457: 3379: 3293: 3171: 3068: 2930: 2829: 2798: 2210: 2202: 2086: 1915: 1859: 785: 465: 371: 212: 7788: 5690:

The Conquistadors: First-Person Accounts the Conquest of Mexico,

4862:

The expedition was also partially included in the animated film

4044:

Cortés led his combined forces on an arduous trek back over the

2816:

The best-known indigenous account of the conquest is Book 12 of

2209:, Cortés claims that he took Motecuhzoma captive. Capturing the 2091:

psychological perception of Aztec power—backed by military force

408: 260: 202: 9473: 9027: 9022: 8799: 5003: 4671: 4344: 3810: 3651:

in Spanish), the lord of the heavens, to their already complex

3272: 3261: 3155: 3131: 3099:, expeditions of exploration were sent to the coast of Mexico. 3064: 2861:

The Broken Spears: The Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico

2556:

13 August – Surrender of Aztec defenders; capture of Cuauhtemoc

2250: 1897: 1889: 808: 804: 7744:

Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico

7354:

The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico

6313:

Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico

2475:, Aztec forces attack the Spanish-Tlaxcalteca forces at Otumba 2354:, shipwrecked Spaniard, bilingual in Yoko Ochoko, joins Cortés 10514: 8788: 8452: 6794:

Memories of Conquest: Becoming Mexicano in Colonial Guatemala

6401:

Indian Women: Gender Differences and Identity in Early Mexico

4348: 3929:, a central place for religious authority. Moctezuma and his 3206: 2944:, who had a reputation as a great seer, as well as being the 264: 6521:, lib. XII, cap. X.; Spanish version by Angel Ma. Garibay K. 6421:

Matthew Restall, "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest", 2003

4120:. Their capital was used as a cosmic center, where they fed 3557:

In addition to the Spaniards, Cortés' force now included 40

3138:

invited the Spanish to land, and the conquistadors read the

2626:) appointed governor of the indigenous sector of Mexico City 2535:

Late April – Construction of 13 shallow-bottomed brigantines

8857: 8772: 7347: 6315:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 12. 5540:

https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/conquest/id593921773?mt=11

4224:

and the remnants of Narvaez's men, on a ship to Spain, and

3892: 3281: 3242: 3144: 8750: 7381:

We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico

5781:

We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico

5131: 5129: 5127: 4525:

population, causing them to rebel under the leadership of

2807:

We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico

2726:, countering the account by Cortés's official biographer, 2654: 2301:

dies; Cacamatzin succeeds to the throne; the rebellion of

7248:. Marshall Saville (trans). New York: The Cortés Society. 6243:, 2nd ed. (Detroit: Macmillan, 2008), vol. 2, pp. 146–49. 5361:. Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc. p. 100. 5255: 5253: 4842: 3648: 3525:

to continue his march towards the capital of the empire.

3514:

Although they attempted to dissuade Cortés from visiting

3460:

of Villa Rica" then promptly offered him the position of

3122:

commissioned a fleet of three ships under the command of

2099:

otherwise dissatisfied or opportunistic indigenous groups

7831: 7794:

La Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España

7483:. vol. 1. Spruce Tree Press 2015. (textbook, anthology) 7029:

Howard F. Cline, "Evolution of the Historia General" in

6868: 6771:. Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc. p. 99. 6662:. Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc. p. 98. 6058:. Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc. p. 97. 4213:

into a strategic body of water to assault Tenochtitlan.

4078: 2494:; death of Cuitlahuac on 4 December, perhaps of smallpox 952: 7688:

Conquest: Cortés, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico

7018:

Confessionario mayor en la lengua castellana y mexicana

6276:

Conquest: Montezuma, Cortés, and the Fall of Old Mexico

6137:

Conquest: Montezuma, Cortés, and the Fall of Old Mexico

5189:

Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control

5124: 5119:

Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico

4282:

remained unconquered or not allied with the Spaniards.

3729:

There are contradictory reports about what happened at

3102: 7564:

Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico

7498:

The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards

7197:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 6949:, 1519–1810, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. 6220: 5250: 4563:

In 1546, Spanish authorities discovered silver in the

3742:, the priests of Cholula expected to use the power of 2714:, who sent a series of letters to the Spanish monarch 2427:

depicted in Book XII on the conquest of Mexico in the

8505:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

6990:, "Aztec Literacy," in George A. Coller et al., eds. 3130:

peninsula. Córdoba reached the coast of Yucatán. The

2915:

were written by Spaniards: Hernán Cortés' letters to

7746:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006. 6364:, vol. 2, p. 777-78. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. 4951: 4799: 4501:. The glyph to the right of his head represents his 4453: 4166: 3528: 2676:

Spanish conquerors exist from the first landfall at

2165:

as well as their political rivals, particularly the

7398:

Cortés: The Life of the Conqueror by His Secretary,

7241: 5526:Timeline of Hernan Cortes' Conquest of the Aztecs, 5391:. University of Oklahoma Press: Norman and London. 5113: 5111: 4355: 4003:Finally, the Aztec gods allegedly told the Mexican 2940:In 1510, Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II was visited by 2089:by maintaining local leadership and relying on the 7789:University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center 7257:, Introduction de Michel Graulich, commentaire de 6873: 6537:The history of Mexico from pre-conquest to present 6099: 6097: 5259: 5192:. University of Oklahoma Press, 1988. p. 25. 3667:, which was under Aztec control, rather than over 3498:Cortés learned of an indigenous settlement called 2389:July/August – Cortés' soldiers desecrate Cempoala 2155:Cortés made alliances with tributary city-states ( 7547:The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society 6816: 6241:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 5783:, University of California Press 1991, pp. 256–73 5731:, University of California Press 1991, pp. 289–97 5218: 5216: 4250:Fall of Tenochtitlan § Siege of Tenochtitlan 4243: 3871:Moctezuma went to greet Cortés with his brother, 2832:and Spanish, with pictorials. Less well-known is 2410:8 November 1519 – Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma 2342:, meet Moctezuma in Tenochtitlan, 8 November 1519 2112:Significant events in the conquest of Mesoamerica 10565: 7529:Relación de méritos y servicios del conquistador 5714:"The Cronicle of the Anonymous Conquistador" in 5522: 5520: 5423: 5380: 5378: 5121:, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 528–529. 5108: 4575: 4417:In 1522 a Spanish force under the leadership of 2973:A lightning bolt destroying the straw temple of 2622:Don Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin, former "viceroy" ( 2287:1511– Spanish viceroy in the Caribbean appoints 9049: 7469:. Boston: Bedford, 2000. (textbook, anthology) 7319:The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico: 1517–1521 6529: 6527: 6094: 5889:. Washington, DC: University of Nebraska Press. 5853:, "Introduction" to William Hickling Prescott, 5819:: The Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. 3827: 3287: 3188: 2959:Aztec empire on the eve of the Spanish Invasion 2885: 2492:Mid-October to mid-December – Smallpox epidemic 2455:24 June – Spanish forces return to Tenochtitlan 105:and other indigenous states (modern-day Mexico) 6291:, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1968. 5841:Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1989. 5651:Ida Altman, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, 5213: 4695:The General History of the Things of New Spain 4100:In any event, the population of the city rose 3973:permitted it." He would even play the game of 2769:in his descriptions of the history of Mexico. 1617:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 1076: 8694:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 8175: 7817: 7335:The History of the Indies of New Spain (1581) 6994:, pp. 395–417. New York: Academic Press 1982. 6819:The True History of the Conquest of New Spain 6571:The Native population of the Americas in 1492 5857:, New York: The Modern Library, 2001, p. xxv. 5517: 5375: 5260:Mark A. Burkholder, Lyman L. Johnson (2019). 4497:'s death in 1541, depicted in the indigenous 4340:The True History of the Conquest of New Spain 3364:The True History of the Conquest of New Spain 2926:The True History of the Conquest of New Spain 2724:The True History of the Conquest of New Spain 2284:1504 – Hernan Cortés arrives in the Caribbean 2036: 1607:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63) 1062: 938: 8369:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 7070:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6606:. University Press of Colorado. p. 150. 6524: 6403:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993. 6265:. Longman: London and New York, 1994. p. 46. 5336:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. p. 157. 5298:. Boston: Bedford/St Martin's. p. 157. 4859:(1947) is about early Cortés and the Aztec. 4824:(2005) and of a set of six symphonic poems, 4402:sent emissaries to the Spanish victors (the 3675:so long "among a poor and ill-bred people". 3658: 2844:, from 1581, with many color illustrations. 2585:was constructed on the ruins of Tenochtitlan 2309:Expedition of Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 2294:1510~ Francisco Vazquez de Coronado was born 2238:had antecedents with established practices. 27:16th-century Spanish invasion of Mesoamerica 7705:Cortés and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire 6978:, Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. 6217:. Longman: London and New York, 1994. p. 45 6209: 6207: 5384: 5185: 4910:History of Morelos, Conquest and Revolution 4437:and found out that Tangaxuan was still the 4232:to represent his case in the Royal Courts. 4209:and had them mounted with cannons, turning 3746:, their primary god, against the invaders. 3713:The massacre of Cholula. Lienzo de Tlaxcala 3051:was promised to return. Previously, during 84:February 1519 – 13 August 1521 against the 8182: 8168: 7824: 7810: 7719: 7425:General History of the Things of New Spain 7192: 7142:"The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" 7074:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6643:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. pp. 5868:General History of the Things of New Spain 5809: 5135: 5014:Historiography of Colonial Spanish America 3788: 3228: 3166:Yucatán to the central lowlands region of 3038: 2822:General History of the Things of New Spain 2338:Cortés and his counselor, the Nahua woman 2281:1503–09 – Moctezuma's coronation conquests 2043: 2029: 1069: 1055: 945: 931: 871:200,000 Aztecs dead (including civilians) 90:after 1529 – 17 February 1530 against the 10488:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 7049: 6767:Egerton, Douglas R.; et al. (2007). 6705: 6658:Egerton, Douglas R.; et al. (2007). 6519:Informantes de Sahagún: Códice Florentino 6054:Egerton, Douglas R.; et al. (2007). 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5552:http://www.mexicoarcheology.com/cempoala/ 5357:Egerton, Douglas R.; et al. (2007). 3624:, although he could not win the heart of 3565: 3537:Cortés scuttling fleet off Veracruz coast 3448:, or "True Cross", since they arrived on 3415: 2847:A text from the Nahua point of view, the 733: 10493:Colonial universities in the Philippines 7769:– web directory with thumbnail galleries 7446:The Conquest of New Spain, 1585 Revision 7140:Axtell, James (September–October 1991). 7058:Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas 7046:Blackburn 1997: 136; Friede 1971: 165–66 6691: 6636: 6601: 6496:. Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from 6310: 6204: 6103: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5755:The Conquest of New Spain, 1585 Revision 5331: 5293: 4803: 4724: 4489: 4374: 4312:, an act that infuriated the Spaniards. 4284: 4253: 4170: 4088: 3935: 3881: 3792: 3716: 3708: 3569: 3532: 3419: 3325: 3292:Cortés spent some time at the island of 3232: 3192: 3106: 2954: 2889: 2771: 2658: 2505: 2419: 2362:The death of Moctezuma, depicted in the 2357: 2333: 9484:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 7752:The Hispanic American Historical Review 7580:. Longman: London and New York, (1994) 6933:, New Haven: Yale University Press 1952 6791: 6766: 6657: 6624:The Hispanic American Historical Review 6567: 6561: 6533: 6082:Vol. 108, No. 3 (June 2003), pp. 659–87 6053: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5884: 5663: 5661: 5638:Sarah Cline, "Conquest Narratives," in 5458: 5356: 5266:(10th ed.). 2019. pp. 54–57. 4586:Nahuas § Colonial_Period_1521-1821 4552:, coming to the aid of acting governor 4333:seemed remorseful after the sacking of 2730:. Bernal Díaz's account had begun as a 2655:Sources for the conquest of Mesoamerica 2278:, emperor of the Aztec Triple Alliance 881:15 Spaniards dead, many wounded at the 739: 14: 10566: 10437: 7139: 7088: 7007:(1571), Mexico: Editorial Porrúa, 1970 6962:Vol. 45, No. 3 (Aug. 1965), pp. 477–80 6834:The First Americans: Prehistory - 1600 6796:. University of North Carolina Press. 6621: 5786: 5768:The History of the Indies of New Spain 5701:"Two Letters of Pedro de Alvarado" in 5640:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerica 5538:Thomas, Hugh. “Conquest.” Apple Books 5089:. Arqueología mexicana. Archived from 4641:Scholars who were part of a branch of 4594:was constituted in 1524 and the first 3698: 3341:. The facing page is no longer extant. 3177: 3078: 2902:In the sources recorded by Franciscan 2898:'s account from indigenous informants. 2842:The History of the Indies of New Spain 2669:True History of the Conquest of Mexico 2578:, the Spanish name for central Mexico. 913:b. Primarily military support against 501: 481:Various petty city-states and tribes ( 10436: 10332: 10331: 9455: 9333: 9048: 8907: 8875: 8812: 8749: 8664: 8587: 8527: 8441: 8430: 8202: 8201: 8163: 7805: 7785:Ibero-American Electronic Text Series 7549:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, (1982) 6831: 6762: 6760: 6728: 6640:The History of the Conquest of Mexico 6617: 6615: 6613: 6477: 6471: 6239:David A. Boruchoff, "Hernán Cortés," 6151: 6147: 6145: 6104:Townsend, Camilla (7 November 2019). 6049: 6047: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5224:"Conquest of the Aztec Empire Part I" 5074:Teoría de la bandera.Guido Villa.1974 4410:). A few Spaniards went with them to 4079:The Spanish retreat from Tenochtitlan 4055: 3371:would be added to her baptized name. 3154:with its many independent city-state 2949:several supernatural omens appeared. 2144:and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the 1602:Caribbean and North America (1739–48) 1050: 926: 909: 893: 10574:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 8765:Captaincy General of the Philippines 8257:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 7833:Spanish colonization of the Americas 7536: 6373: 6301:these children of mine are!" (p. 60) 5893: 5669:https://www.jstor.org/stable/2502581 5658: 5424:Restall, Matthew (15 January 2019). 5320:The Early History of Greater Mexico, 4406:was a contemporary and enemy of the 4394:After hearing about the fall of the 4390:allies in the conquest of Michoacan. 4289:Hernan Cortés fight with two Aztecs. 4029:. Narváez had been sent by Governor 4014: 3475:' authority in Cuba. In being named 3237:Map depicting Cortés' conquest route 3103:Early Spanish expeditions to Yucatán 2600:first twelve Franciscan missionaries 2549:20–25 July – Battle for Tenochtitlan 2057:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 2006:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 956:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 40:Spanish colonization of the Americas 33:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 18:Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire 10468:Indochristian painting in New Spain 8588: 7629:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 7031:Handbook of Middle American Indians 6960:Hispanic American Historical Review 6540:. New York: Routledge. p. 12. 6228:The Early History of Greater Mexico 6188:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest 5653:The Early History of Greater Mexico 4536:In 1540, the Chichimecas fortified 4201:Cortés got reinforcements when the 3601:persuaded the Tlaxcalan warleader, 2874:-born nineteenth-century historian 2478:11 or 12 July – Retreat to Tlaxcala 2449:celebrating the Festival of Toxcatl 2116:Following an earlier expedition to 1103:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478) 879:Unknown casualties of other natives 722:Various local rulers and chieftains 24: 10609:Battles involving the Aztec Empire 9435:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 8908: 8189: 7781:– website for 2001 PBS documentary 7515:Historia de la conquista de Méjico 7242:Anonymous Conqueror, the (1917) . 7217: 7212: 6817:Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (1800). 6757: 6685: 6610: 6142: 6044: 5873: 5412: 3977:with Cortés. After the treason of 3902:Moctezuma had the royal palace of 3801:on the eve of the Spanish conquest 2919:and the first-person narrative of 2518:Late January – Cuauhtemoc elected 25: 10690: 8665: 8528: 8409:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 7760: 7631:. Oxford University Press (2003) 7517:. Reprint, Forgotten Books 2018. 6931:Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century 6568:Denevan, William M., ed. (1992). 5855:History of the Conquest of Mexico 4849:, with Cortés being portrayed by 4800:Cultural depictions of the Aztecs 4632:Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century 4475: 4454:Conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula 4167:Spaniards find refuge in Tlaxcala 3574:Meeting of Cortés and Xicotencatl 3529:Scuttling the fleet and aftermath 3397:" (the modern Spanish cognate of 3252:Velázquez arrived at the dock in 2880:History of the Conquest of Mexico 2382:(also known as the Fat Chief and 915:Tenochtitlan and joined the siege 114:Spanish-Indigenous allied victory 10520:Criollos in the colonial society 10448:Spanish missions in the Americas 9570:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 8149:Spanish missions in the Americas 7956: 7779:Conquistadors, with Michael Wood 7566:. Texas University Press (2001) 7168: 7133: 7082: 7040: 7035:Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources 7023: 7010: 6997: 6494:"Empires Past: Aztecs: Conquest" 6360:. "Malinche and Malinchismo" in 6226:Ida Altman, S.L. (Sarah) Cline, 5887:Moctezuma: Warlord of the Aztecs 5627:The Spiritual Conquest of Mexico 4982: 4968: 4954: 4356:Further Spanish Wars of Conquest 4181:, depicting the battle of Otumba 3087:in 1493 on the second voyage of 2952:The eight bad omens or wonders: 2574:names Cortés captain-general of 2197:to his visit, Cortés arrived in 2185:, the inland lake system of the 1896: 712: 697: 686: 649: 572: 490: 433: 420: 407: 370: 353: 343: 333: 318: 303: 289: 274: 259: 239: 221: 211: 201: 182: 169: 156: 50: 10584:1520s in the Aztec civilization 10579:1510s in the Aztec civilization 10547:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 8431: 7578:Mexico and the Spanish Conquest 7531:. (c. 1545). Mexico: UNAM 1972. 6981: 6965: 6952: 6936: 6920: 6898: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6825: 6810: 6785: 6722: 6692:Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. (1990). 6676: 6651: 6630: 6595: 6512: 6486: 6458: 6436: 6424: 6415: 6406: 6390: 6367: 6351: 6329: 6304: 6294: 6281: 6268: 6263:Mexico and the Spanish Conquest 6255: 6246: 6233: 6215:Mexico and the Spanish Conquest 6180: 6129: 6116: 6085: 6072: 5860: 5844: 5831: 5773: 5760: 5747: 5734: 5721: 5708: 5695: 5682: 5673: 5645: 5632: 5619: 5610: 5601: 5592: 5583: 5574: 5565: 5556: 5544: 5532: 5508: 5495: 5452: 5350: 5325: 5312: 5287: 4521:were particularly harsh on the 3917:next to the two large idols of 2699:, using indigenous informants. 1325:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667) 825:Unknown number of other natives 8876: 8599:Captaincy General of Guatemala 8307:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 7527:Vázquez de Tapia, Bernardino. 6698:Latin American Research Review 6080:The American Historical Review 5740:Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitil, 5241: 5162: 5141: 5079: 5067: 4830:(1992–99) by Italian composer 4429:, then president of the first 4244:Siege and fall of Tenochtitlan 3489:Alonso Hernandez Puertocarrero 3174:in the Petén region, in 1697. 2992:Montezuma II saw the stars of 2513:, 17th century, oil on canvas. 2484:Mid-September – Coronation of 2152:on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. 2124:in 1518, Spanish conquistador 70:Conquista de México por Cortés 13: 1: 10498:General Archive of the Indies 9759:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 9430:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 9415:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 8364:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 8317:War of the Spanish Succession 8282:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 8013:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 7225:Alva Ixtlilxochitil, Fernando 6637:Prescott, William H. (1873). 5039:Spanish conquest of Guatemala 5024:History of smallpox in Mexico 4576:The Aztecs under Spanish rule 4337:. He said later in his book, 3817:, and four times the size of 3446:La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz 3126:to sail west and explore the 3005:, running through the streets 2967:Fire consuming the temple of 2917:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 2637:Spanish conquest of Guatemala 2572:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 788:(~8,400 followed Cortés from 254:Support or occasional allies: 9456: 8570:Captaincy General of Yucatan 8500:Union with Holy Roman Empire 8479:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 8394:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 6399:. "Rethinking Malinche," in 6374:Tuck, Jim (9 October 2008). 5866:Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, 5753:Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, 5332:Schwartz, Stuart B. (2000). 5294:Schwartz, Stuart B. (2000). 5044:Spanish conquest of Honduras 4701:. The Spanish crown via the 4697:published in English as the 4386:, led Spanish soldiers with 4360: 4266:The Aztecs were struck by a 4096:depicted in the 17th century 4068:Massacre in the Great Temple 4062:Massacre in the Great Temple 3828:Cortés welcomed by Moctezuma 3288:Cortés gains two translators 3189:Commissioning the expedition 3017:. According to Diaz, "These 2886:Aztec omens for the conquest 2274:1502 – Moctezuma II elected 1793:Dominican Republic (1863–65) 7: 9334: 9050:Administrative subdivisions 8247:War of the League of Cognac 7442:Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de 7421:Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de 7349:León-Portilla, Miguel (Ed.) 6958:Review by Benjamin Keen in 6534:Russell, Philip L. (2010). 6252:Boruchoff, "Hernán Cortés." 5837:S.L. Cline "Introduction," 5049:Spanish conquest of Yucatán 5034:Spanish conquest of Chiapas 4947: 4754:Turkish invasions of Europe 4648:, more recently called the 4466:Spanish conquest of Yucatán 4460:Spanish conquest of Yucatán 3693:Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia 3456:. The legally constituted " 3353:and also sometimes called " 3152:Spanish conquest of Yucatán 2746:. Cortés's right-hand man, 2649:Spanish conquest of Chiapas 2256: 2136:warriors led by Cortés and 897:a. Formed an alliance with 10: 10695: 9764:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 9749:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 9651:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 8813: 8549:), Western United States ( 8442: 8312:Portuguese Restoration War 8113:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 8103:Tristán de Luna y Arellano 8003:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 7998:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 7411:López de Gómara, Francisco 7394:López de Gómara, Francisco 7296:de Fuentes, Patricia, ed. 7186: 7152:(5): 12–18. Archived from 6792:Matthew, Laura E. (2012). 6478:Evans, Susan Toby (2001). 6311:Townsend, Camilla (2006). 4786:colonists of North America 4579: 4548:. The famous conquistador 4479: 4457: 4364: 4247: 4082: 4059: 4018: 3702: 3181: 2767:Francisco Javier Clavijero 2291:to conquer and govern Cuba 1649:Banda Oriental (1776–1777) 1080:Spanish colonial campaigns 10532:Slavery in Spanish Empire 10443: 10432: 10338: 10327: 10225: 10119: 10112: 9997: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9819:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 9729: 9598: 9560:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 9522: 9466: 9462: 9451: 9420:Barcelona Trading Company 9387: 9344: 9340: 9329: 9233: 9185:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 9155: 9097: 9059: 9055: 9044: 8995: 8954: 8918: 8914: 8903: 8882: 8819: 8760: 8692:Venezuela, part of Guyana 8671: 8594: 8545:, Central United States ( 8534: 8448: 8437: 8426: 8277:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 8262:Expulsion of the Moriscos 8208: 8197: 8131: 7965: 7954: 7839: 7732:Anthropological Quarterly 7315:The Conquest of New Spain 7111:10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8 6992:The Inca and Aztec States 6880:. Princeton UP. pp. 6707:10.1017/S0023879100023487 6122:Schwartz, Stuart B., ed. 6034:, London: Penguin Books, 6032:The Conquest of New Spain 5688:Patricia de Fuentes, ed. 5461:Anthropological Quarterly 5087:"Indigeniso e hispanismo" 4936:Marvel Cinematic Universe 4634:(1952) and his monograph 4499:Codex Telleriano-Remensis 4260:William de Leftwich Dodge 4048:, returning to Mexico on 3944:allies enter Tenochtitlan 3659:Cortés marches to Cholula 2876:William Hickling Prescott 2828:, in parallel columns of 2793:. Less successfully, the 2728:Francisco López de Gómara 2511:The Capture of Cuauhtemoc 1701:Spanish America (1808–33) 1696:Río de la Plata (1806–07) 1088: 964: 889: 842: 794:and high number of other 750: 509: 398:Independent kingdoms and 148: 76: 49: 37: 32: 10473:Quito painting tradition 10463:Cusco painting tradition 9824:García López de Cárdenas 9814:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 9721:Felipe González de Ahedo 9641:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 8218:Conquest of the Americas 8023:Luis de Carvajal y Cueva 7993:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 7787:presented online by the 7767:Hernán Cortés on the Web 7311:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 7176:"The Conquest of Mexico" 6870:Nancy Marguerite Farriss 6602:Carrasco, David (2000). 6444:"Conquistadors – Cortés" 6337:"Conquistadors – Cortés" 6126:. Boston: Bedforf, 2000. 5813:León-Portilla, M. 1992, 5172:acquiring the forces of 5060: 5009:Aztec influence in Spain 4741:hundred, used mainly in 4729:Evangelization of Mexico 4517:. The expeditions under 4331:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 3940:Conquistadors and their 3589:initially, and then the 3359:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 3311:, as well as some other 3118:In 1517, Cuban governor 2921:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 2720:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 2664:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 2488:as Moctezuma's successor 2297:1515 – Texcocan monarch 1870:Western Sahara (1973–76) 1798:Peru and Chile (1864–66) 1597:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 1098:Canary Islands (1402–96) 10614:Battles involving Spain 10258:Comuneros (New Granada) 10035:Balearic Islands (1558) 9754:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 9681:Ruy López de Villalobos 9636:Miguel López de Legazpi 9550:García de Toledo Osorio 8414:Western Sahara conflict 8404:Independence of Morocco 8344:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 8287:Piracy in the Caribbean 8272:French Wars of Religion 8033:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 8008:Sebastián de Belalcázar 7720:Additional bibliography 7660:The Conquest of America 7193:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 7016:Fray Alonso de Molina, 7003:Fray Alonso de Molina, 6850:Gorenstein (1993, xiv). 6838:Oxford University Press 6289:Spanish Peru, 1532–1560 6192:Oxford University Press 5885:Tsouras, Peter (2005). 5501:Lockhart and Schwartz, 4215:Xicotencatl the Younger 3789:Entry into Tenochtitlan 3626:Xicotencatl the Younger 3603:Xicotencatl the Younger 3578:Cortés soon arrived at 3464:, or Chief Justice and 3229:Revoking the commission 3039:Cortés and Quetzalcoatl 2181:and polities bordering 2138:Xicotencatl the Younger 2081:Led by the Aztec ruler 1654:North America (1779–83) 1572:North America (1702–13) 1410:Philippines (1599-1600) 1345:Philippines (1565–1898) 569:Xicotencatl the Younger 413:Confederacy of Tlaxcala 248:(1522-1529, since 1533) 207:Confederacy of Tlaxcala 10659:16th-century conflicts 10644:History of Mesoamerica 10503:Colonial Spanish Horse 10177:Colonia del Sacramento 9400:Spanish treasure fleet 8977:Royal Decree of Graces 8028:Bartolomé de las Casas 7677:The Conquest of Mexico 7359:Ángel María Garibay K. 6466:The conquest of Mexico 6431:Cortés Burns His Boats 6362:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6230:, Pearson, 2003, p. 54 5821:Boston: Beacon Press, 5263:Colonial Latin America 5019:History of Mexico City 4815: 4750:Protestant Reformation 4730: 4720:Bartolomé de las Casas 4519:Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán 4510: 4427:Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán 4391: 4290: 4263: 4182: 4097: 3996:, and the land of the 3945: 3887: 3802: 3726: 3714: 3641:Juan Velázquez de León 3575: 3566:Alliance with Tlaxcala 3538: 3479:by a duly constituted 3429: 3416:Foundation of Veracruz 3342: 3333:depicting the Spanish- 3238: 3198: 3115: 2960: 2899: 2777: 2672: 2514: 2447:massacres Aztec elites 2431: 2366: 2343: 853:1,000 killed in battle 510:Commanders and leaders 69: 57:Conquest of Mexico by 10674:1521 in North America 10669:1520 in North America 10634:1519 in North America 9661:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 9621:Juan Sebastián Elcano 8936:Council of the Indies 8297:Spanish–Moro conflict 8267:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 8227:Treaty of Tordesillas 8108:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 8063:Pedro de Portocarrero 8058:Francisco de Orellana 7773:Catholic Encyclopedia 7597:. Polity Press 1993. 7373:(textbook, anthology) 5322:Pearson, 2003, p. 59. 4865:The Road to El Dorado 4839:Engineering an Empire 4808:Scene from the opera 4807: 4728: 4703:Council of the Indies 4691:Bernardino de Sahagún 4610:the first Viceroy of 4592:Council of the Indies 4493: 4378: 4299:Siege of Tenochtitlan 4288: 4257: 4191:Xicotencatl the Elder 4174: 4092: 4046:Sierra Madre Oriental 3939: 3885: 3834:Doña Juana of Castile 3796: 3721:Cholula Massacre, by 3720: 3712: 3622:Xicotencatl the Elder 3595:Xicotencatl the Elder 3573: 3536: 3423: 3361:wrote in his account 3329: 3236: 3196: 3110: 2958: 2904:Bernardino de Sahagún 2893: 2824:and published as the 2818:Bernardino de Sahagún 2775: 2693:Bernardino de Sahagún 2662: 2509: 2423: 2361: 2337: 2321:1518 – Expedition of 2249:, which later became 2140:captured the emperor 2061:Aztec Triple Alliance 1875:Western Sahara (1975) 1828:Philippines (1896–98) 1783:Cochinchina (1858–62) 1684:Caribbean (1796–1802) 1545:Lake Maracaibo (1669) 1481:Philippines (1638-46) 1355:Philippines (1567–72) 1210:El Salvador (1524–39) 1205:Guatemala (1524–1697) 1165:Puerto Rico (1511–29) 1011:Tenochtitlan Massacre 859:Tens of thousands of 849:1,800 Spaniards dead 843:Casualties and losses 831:900 Spaniards at the 764:~2,500–3,000 infantry 580:Xicotencatl the Elder 310:Aztec Triple Alliance 176:Columbian Viceroyalty 10649:History of New Spain 10458:Mesoamerican Codices 10182:Comuneros (Paraguay) 10020:Siege of Castelnuovo 9606:Christopher Columbus 9425:Consulate of the Sea 9405:Casa de Contratación 8996:Titles and positions 8389:Spanish–American War 8379:Liberal constitution 8222:Asia and the Pacific 8043:Francisco de Montejo 7973:Christopher Columbus 7608:Prescott, William H. 6626:. 75. No. 2: 149–83. 5385:Ross Hassig (2006). 5186:Ross Hassig (1988). 4962:Latin America portal 4913:on the walls of the 4907:(1886–1957) painted 4857:Captain from Castile 4769:psilocybin mushrooms 4582:History of New Spain 4529:and thus launch the 3981:, Moctezuma and his 3313:indigenous languages 3124:Hernández de Córdoba 3089:Christopher Columbus 2865:Christopher Columbus 2857:Miguel León-Portilla 2849:Anales de Tlatelolco 2787:Historia de Tlaxcala 2744:Francisco de Aguilar 2311:to the Yucatán coast 2016:Fall of Tenochtitlan 1555:New Mexico (1680–92) 1005:Narvaez's Expedition 516:Spanish commanders: 139:Kingdom of New Spain 132:, and others by the 10664:Religion-based wars 10187:Cartagena de Indias 9809:Diego de Mazariegos 9779:Pere Fages i Beleta 9646:Sebastián de Ocampo 9127:Provincias Internas 9099:Captaincies General 9013:Municipal president 8982:School of Salamanca 8753:Spanish East Indies 8732:Misiones Orientales 8604:Spanish West Indies 8568:, Central America ( 8515:Pyrénées-Orientales 8468:Union with Portugal 8359:Napoleonic invasion 8339:War of Jenkins' Ear 7742:Townsend, Camilla. 7463:Schwartz, Stuart B. 7280:Letters from Mexico 7103:2008EcBot..62..404G 6832:Hakim, Joy (2005). 6154:The History Teacher 5503:Early Latin America 5318:Ida Altman, et al. 5228:www.spanishwars.net 4847:Heroes and Villains 3927:main temple pyramid 3699:Massacre of Cholula 3376:Gerónimo de Aguilar 3298:Gerónimo de Aguilar 3178:Cortés's expedition 3140:Requirement of 1513 3079:Spanish expeditions 2791:Diego Muñoz Camargo 2402:October – March to 2352:Gerónimo de Aguilar 2128:led an expedition ( 1788:Morocco (1859–1860) 1778:Balanguingui (1848) 1746:Venezuela (1811–23) 1711:Argentina (1810–18) 1225:Yucatán (1527–1697) 1200:Chiapas (1523–1695) 875:300 war canoes sunk 659:of Tlatelolco 564:Indigenous allies: 531:Gonzalo de Sandoval 497:Governorate of Cuba 466:Guamare Confederacy 44:Mexican Indian Wars 10679:Invasions by Spain 10594:1520s in New Spain 10483:Academia Antártica 10438:Other civil topics 9804:Pánfilo de Narváez 9706:Sebastián Vizcaíno 9671:Andrés de Urdaneta 9631:Juan Ponce de León 9616:Ferdinand Magellan 9590:Bernardo de Gálvez 9489:Indian auxiliaries 8987:Trial of residence 8967:Laws of the Indies 8751:Asia and Oceania ( 8612:Dominican Republic 8144:Indian auxiliaries 8083:Nikolaus Federmann 8048:Pánfilo de Narváez 8038:Juan Ponce de León 7857:Strait of Magellan 7701:White, Jon Manchip 7641:Restall, Matthew. 7544:Berdan, Frances F. 6769:The Atlantic World 6700:. 25 N.2: 248–59. 6660:The Atlantic World 6500:on 2 February 2009 6397:Karttunen, Frances 6358:Karttunen, Frances 6186:Restall, Matthew. 6056:The Atlantic World 5766:Fray Diego Durán, 5703:The Conquistadors, 5359:The Atlantic World 5174:Pánfilo de Narváez 4882:The Other Conquest 4841:as well as in the 4816: 4731: 4608:Antonio de Mendoza 4604:Holy Roman Emperor 4598:in 1527. In 1535, 4558:Antonio de Mendoza 4554:Cristóbal de Oñate 4515:La Gran Chichimeca 4511: 4425:In 1529, however, 4392: 4291: 4264: 4195:Chichimecatecuhtli 4183: 4178:Lienzo de Tlaxcala 4098: 4056:The Aztec response 4027:Pánfilo de Narváez 4021:Battle of Cempoala 3946: 3888: 3875:, and his nephew, 3850:Tetlepanquetzaltin 3803: 3760:pre-emptive strike 3738:chronicles of the 3727: 3715: 3576: 3539: 3430: 3343: 3239: 3199: 3116: 3112:Diego de Velázquez 3009:Additionally, the 3001:A two headed man, 2961: 2900: 2783:Lienzo de Tlaxcala 2778: 2673: 2515: 2437:Pánfilo de Narváez 2432: 2367: 2344: 2219:Pánfilo de Narváez 1890:Aztec civilization 1833:Puerto Rico (1898) 1803:Puerto Rico (1868) 1761:Colombia (1819–20) 1756:Colombia (1815–16) 1736:El Salvador (1811) 1721:Paraguay (1810–11) 1664:New Granada (1781) 1634:Philippines (1762) 1540:Porto Bello (1668) 1510:Philippines (1646) 1466:Philippines (1630) 1422:Philippines (1602) 1405:Puerto Rico (1598) 1395:Philippines (1596) 1390:Puerto Rico (1595) 1385:Cambodia (1593–97) 1265:Colombia (1537–40) 1215:Honduras (1524–39) 1180:Mexico (1519–1821) 883:Battle of Cempoala 833:Battle of Cempoala 729:Pánfilo de Narváez 615:Aztec commanders: 590:Chichimecatecuhtli 196:Indigenous allies: 124:Annexation of the 10639:1521 in New Spain 10599:Conflicts in 1519 10559: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10428: 10427: 10333:Spanish conquests 10323: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10108: 10107: 9789:Pedro de Alvarado 9774:Gaspar de Portolà 9769:Pedro de Valdivia 9744:Francisco Pizarro 9696:Nicolás de Ovando 9691:Alonso de Ercilla 9666:Alonso de Salazar 9499:Ships of the line 9447: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9325: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9040: 9039: 9036: 9035: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8871: 8870: 8828:Northern Africa ( 8824:Equatorial Guinea 8808: 8807: 8745: 8744: 8660: 8659: 8583: 8582: 8574:Spanish Caribbean 8547:Spanish Louisiana 8523: 8522: 8458:Crown of Castille 8422: 8421: 8399:Spanish Civil War 8374:Adams–Onís Treaty 8354:Nootka Convention 8302:Thirty Years' War 8292:Eighty Years' War 8213:Catholic Monarchs 8203:Timeline–immersed 8157: 8156: 8078:Pedro de Valdivia 8068:Francisco Pizarro 7988:Pedro de Alvarado 7852:Pacific Northwest 7537:Secondary sources 7511:Solis, Antonio de 7494:Solis, Antonio de 7479:Siepel, Kevin H. 6988:Frances Karttunen 6908:. Somosprimos.com 6803:978-1-4696-0179-3 6778:978-0-88295-245-1 6669:978-0-88295-245-1 6106:"Inventing a God" 6065:978-0-88295-245-1 5437:978-0-06-242727-4 5430:. HarperCollins. 5368:978-0-88295-245-1 5343:978-0-312-39355-7 5305:978-0-312-39355-7 4903:Mexican muralist 4887:Salvador Carrasco 4665:for noblemen and 4550:Pedro de Alvarado 4495:Pedro de Alvarado 4419:Cristobal de Olid 4226:Francisco Montejo 4038:Pedro de Alvarado 4015:Defeat of Narváez 3951:Juan de Escalante 3689:Pedro de Alvarado 3637:Pedro de Alvarado 3485:Francisco Montejo 3163:Maya civilization 2756:The Conquistadors 2748:Pedro de Alvarado 2607:Cristóbal de Olid 2444:Pedro de Alvarado 2223:Pedro de Alvarado 2087:hegemonic control 2053: 2052: 1883: 1882: 1865:Morocco (1957–58) 1860:Morocco (1920–26) 1855:Morocco (1911–12) 1818:Morocco (1893–94) 1766:Ecuador (1820–22) 1706:Bolivia (1809–25) 1639:Chile (1766–1767) 1587:Chile (1723–1726) 1520:Hispaniola (1655) 1427:Insulindia (1603) 1380:Insulindia (1585) 1375:Insulindia (1582) 1285:Chile (1546–1662) 1175:Algeria (1517–18) 1044: 1043: 921: 920: 899:Pedro de Alvarado 865:indigenous allies 796:indigenous allies 696:of Tlacopan 551:Juan de Escalante 536:Cristóbal de Olid 526:Pedro de Alvarado 144: 143: 16:(Redirected from 10686: 10434: 10433: 10400:Chibchan Nations 10329: 10328: 10298:Santiago de Cuba 10157:Guadalupe Island 10117: 10116: 9844: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9799:Diego de Almagro 9676:Antonio de Ulloa 9580:Ambrosio Spinola 9575:Pedro de Zubiaur 9545:Alfonso d'Avalos 9535:Antonio de Leyva 9479:Army of Flanders 9464: 9463: 9453: 9452: 9342: 9341: 9331: 9330: 9057: 9056: 9046: 9045: 8916: 8915: 8905: 8904: 8873: 8872: 8846:Peñón of Algiers 8810: 8809: 8747: 8746: 8662: 8661: 8585: 8584: 8567: 8525: 8524: 8439: 8438: 8428: 8427: 8349:Seven Years' War 8322:Queen Anne's War 8199: 8198: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8161: 8160: 8118:Amerigo Vespucci 8073:Hernando de Soto 7983:Diego de Almagro 7960: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7656:Todorov, Tzvetan 7651:978-0062-42726-7 7625:Restall, Matthew 7603:978-0745-61226-3 7591:Gruzinski, Serge 7523:978-0265-70774-6 7506:978-1385-12366-9 7489:978-0978-64662-2 7475:978-0312-39355-7 7458:978-0874-80311-2 7437:978-1607-81167-1 7429:Florentine Codex 7406:978-0520-00491-7 7389:978-1592-44681-0 7372: 7343:978-0806-14107-7 7306:978-0806-12562-6 7274:Cortés, Hernán. 7270:978-2717-71944-4 7264: 7259:Robert H. Barlow 7254:Codex Azcatitlan 7249: 7237:978-0874-04015-9 7208: 7180: 7179: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7069: 7061: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7038: 7027: 7021: 7014: 7008: 7001: 6995: 6985: 6979: 6969: 6963: 6956: 6950: 6940: 6934: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6906:"John P. Schmal" 6902: 6896: 6895: 6879: 6866: 6860: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6836:(3rd ed.). 6829: 6823: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6764: 6755: 6754: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6619: 6608: 6607: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6531: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6475: 6469: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6404: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6378:. Mexconnect.com 6371: 6365: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6287:James Lockhart, 6285: 6279: 6272: 6266: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6244: 6237: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6211: 6202: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6149: 6140: 6133: 6127: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6101: 6092: 6089: 6083: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6051: 6042: 6030:Diaz, B., 1963, 6028: 5891: 5890: 5882: 5871: 5864: 5858: 5848: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5811: 5784: 5779:James Lockhart, 5777: 5771: 5764: 5758: 5751: 5745: 5738: 5732: 5727:James Lockhart, 5725: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5699: 5693: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5515: 5512: 5506: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5421: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5329: 5323: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5257: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5220: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5183: 5177: 5166: 5160: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5122: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5071: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4790:Queen Isabella I 4752:and to halt the 4699:Florentine Codex 4687:Alonso de Molina 4448:Vasco de Quiroga 4404:Purépecha empire 4367:Purépecha Empire 4175:A page from the 4153:Battle of Otumba 3799:Valley of Mexico 3705:Cholula massacre 3653:pantheon of gods 3331:Codex Azcatitlan 3302:Gonzalo Guerrero 3254:Santiago de Cuba 3203:Juan de Grijalva 3160:Late Postclassic 3053:Juan de Grijalva 2826:Florentine Codex 2473:Battle of Otumba 2429:Florentine Codex 2364:Florentine Codex 2323:Juan de Grijalva 2187:Valley of Mexico 2122:Juan de Grijalva 2104:The invasion of 2045: 2038: 2031: 1916:Nahuatl language 1900: 1886: 1885: 1771:Mexico (1821–29) 1726:Mexico (1810–21) 1629:Nicaragua (1762) 1280:Halmahera (1545) 1250:Brazil (1534-36) 1185:Mexico (1519–21) 1083: 1081: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1048: 1047: 959: 957: 947: 940: 933: 924: 923: 912: 896: 856:15+ cannons lost 779:~80,000–200,000 741: 735: 716: 701: 690: 685:of Texcoco 678: 672:of Texcoco 665: 653: 641: 628: 607:Ixtlilxochitl II 576: 559: 495: 494: 493: 437: 430: 426:Purépecha Empire 424: 417: 411: 374: 357: 347: 337: 322: 314: 308: 307: 293: 278: 263: 249: 245:Purépecha Empire 243: 225: 215: 205: 187: 186: 174: 173: 161: 160: 137:Creation of the 130:Purépecha Empire 92:Purépecha Empire 78: 77: 72: 54: 30: 29: 21: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10604:1520s conflicts 10589:1520s in Mexico 10564: 10563: 10560: 10551: 10527:Old inquisition 10439: 10424: 10334: 10307: 10263:Trinidad (1797) 10233:La Noche Triste 10221: 10217:San Juan (1797) 10167:San Juan (1595) 10104: 9993: 9833:Notable battles 9828: 9794:Martín de Ursúa 9725: 9656:Alonso de Ojeda 9626:Juan de la Cosa 9611:Pinzón brothers 9594: 9565:John of Austria 9540:Martín de Goiti 9518: 9458: 9439: 9383: 9336: 9317: 9229: 9225:Terra Australis 9220:Río de la Plata 9165:Castilla de Oro 9151: 9093: 9089:Río de la Plata 9051: 9032: 8991: 8950: 8946:Santa Hermandad 8910: 8891: 8887:Terra Australis 8878: 8867: 8834:Spanish Morocco 8815: 8804: 8795:Northern Taiwan 8756: 8741: 8712:Río de la Plata 8667: 8656: 8590: 8589:Central America 8579: 8561: 8530: 8519: 8463:Crown of Aragon 8444: 8433: 8418: 8334:Bourbon Reforms 8204: 8193: 8188: 8158: 8153: 8127: 8123:Juan de la Cosa 8093:Pedro de Candia 7978:Alonso de Ojeda 7961: 7952: 7835: 7830: 7796: 7763: 7758: 7755:(1972): 467–68. 7735:(1992): 187–94. 7722: 7717: 7539: 7534: 7450:Howard F. Cline 7377:Lockhart, James 7369: 7317:– available as 7278:– available as 7262: 7220: 7218:Primary sources 7215: 7213:Further reading 7205: 7189: 7184: 7183: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7138: 7134: 7091:Economic Botany 7087: 7083: 7063: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7028: 7024: 7015: 7011: 7002: 6998: 6986: 6982: 6970: 6966: 6957: 6953: 6941: 6937: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6830: 6826: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6790: 6786: 6779: 6765: 6758: 6727: 6723: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6670: 6656: 6652: 6635: 6631: 6620: 6611: 6600: 6596: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6566: 6562: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6532: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6476: 6472: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6286: 6282: 6273: 6269: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6238: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6212: 6205: 6185: 6181: 6150: 6143: 6134: 6130: 6121: 6117: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6052: 6045: 6029: 5894: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5861: 5851:Lockhart, James 5849: 5845: 5836: 5832: 5812: 5787: 5778: 5774: 5765: 5761: 5752: 5748: 5739: 5735: 5726: 5722: 5713: 5709: 5700: 5696: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5659: 5650: 5646: 5637: 5633: 5625:Robert Ricard, 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5525: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5496: 5473:10.2307/3317246 5457: 5453: 5438: 5422: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5330: 5326: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5167: 5163: 5157:La Noche Triste 5146: 5142: 5136:Clodfelter 2017 5134: 5125: 5116: 5109: 5096: 5094: 5093:on 4 March 2016 5085: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4898:History on Fire 4894:Daniele Bolelli 4832:Lorenzo Ferrero 4827:La Nueva España 4802: 4781:has persisted. 4588: 4580:Main articles: 4578: 4488: 4480:Main articles: 4478: 4462: 4456: 4373: 4365:Main articles: 4363: 4358: 4310:Huitzilopochtli 4252: 4246: 4169: 4142:La Noche Triste 4094:La Noche Triste 4087: 4085:La Noche Triste 4081: 4064: 4058: 4023: 4017: 3830: 3791: 3707: 3701: 3661: 3568: 3531: 3466:Captain-General 3450:Maundy Thursday 3418: 3290: 3231: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3120:Diego Velázquez 3105: 3081: 3041: 2969:Huitzilopochtli 2888: 2785:(1585) and the 2657: 2598:Arrival of the 2522:of Tenochtitlan 2471:9 or 10 July – 2464:La Noche Triste 2435:April or May – 2289:Diego Velázquez 2259: 2245:overseas, with 2228:La Noche Triste 2126:Hernándo Cortés 2114: 2049: 2020: 1960: 1946:Human sacrifice 1884: 1879: 1751:Chile (1812–27) 1612:Portugal (1762) 1505:Valdivia (1643) 1442:Petén (1618–97) 1084: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1045: 1040: 1017:La Noche Triste 960: 955: 953: 951: 908: 880: 878: 838: 828: 822: 813: 793: 783: 746: 725: 719: 704: 694:Tetlepanquetzal 674: 661: 637: 624: 555: 491: 489: 488: 428: 415: 312: 302: 247: 181: 168: 155: 136: 120: 106: 89: 64: 63: 62:, oil on canvas 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10692: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10629:1521 in Mexico 10626: 10624:1520 in Mexico 10621: 10619:1519 in Mexico 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10557: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10343:Canary Islands 10339: 10336: 10335: 10325: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10229: 10227: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10197:Túpac Amaru II 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10142:Bogotá savanna 10139: 10134: 10129: 10123: 10121: 10114: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10050:Spanish Armada 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9944:White Mountain 9941: 9939:Cape Celidonia 9936: 9934:English Armada 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9850: 9848: 9841: 9834: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9735: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9711:Juan Fernández 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9686:Diego Columbus 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9602: 9600: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9514:Army of Africa 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9494:Spanish Armada 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9470: 9468: 9460: 9459: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9395:Manila galleon 9391: 9389: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9350: 9348: 9338: 9337: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9239: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9161: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9053: 9052: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8958: 8956: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8922: 8920: 8912: 8911: 8909:Administration 8901: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8865: 8830:Western Sahara 8826: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8728:Banda Oriental 8709: 8695: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8601: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8543:Coastal Alaska 8535: 8532: 8531: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8435: 8434: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8215: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8195: 8194: 8191:Spanish Empire 8187: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8164: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8088:Inés de Suárez 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7829: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7791: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7762: 7761:External links 7759: 7757: 7756: 7747: 7740: 7736: 7727: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7698: 7670: 7653: 7639: 7622: 7605: 7588: 7576:Hassig, Ross. 7574: 7557: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7508: 7491: 7477: 7460: 7439: 7418: 7408: 7391: 7374: 7367: 7345: 7328: 7308: 7294: 7284:Anthony Pagden 7282:translated by 7272: 7250: 7239: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7204:978-0786474707 7203: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7178:. 25 May 2017. 7167: 7156:on 17 May 2008 7132: 7097:(3): 404–412. 7081: 7048: 7039: 7022: 7009: 6996: 6980: 6972:James Lockhart 6964: 6951: 6943:Charles Gibson 6935: 6927:Charles Gibson 6919: 6897: 6890: 6861: 6852: 6843: 6840:. p. 110. 6824: 6809: 6802: 6784: 6777: 6756: 6743:10.2307/481953 6721: 6684: 6675: 6668: 6650: 6629: 6609: 6594: 6580: 6560: 6546: 6523: 6511: 6485: 6470: 6457: 6435: 6423: 6414: 6405: 6389: 6366: 6350: 6328: 6322:978-0826334053 6321: 6303: 6293: 6280: 6274:Thomas, Hugh. 6267: 6261:Hassig, Ross, 6254: 6245: 6232: 6219: 6213:Hassig, Ross, 6203: 6179: 6166:10.2307/491417 6141: 6135:Thomas, Hugh. 6128: 6115: 6093: 6084: 6071: 6064: 6043: 5892: 5872: 5859: 5843: 5830: 5827:978-0807055014 5785: 5772: 5759: 5746: 5733: 5729:We People Here 5720: 5707: 5694: 5681: 5672: 5657: 5644: 5631: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5516: 5507: 5494: 5467:(4): 187–194. 5451: 5436: 5411: 5398:978-0806137933 5397: 5374: 5367: 5349: 5342: 5324: 5311: 5304: 5286: 5272: 5249: 5240: 5212: 5198: 5178: 5161: 5140: 5123: 5117:Thomas, Hugh. 5107: 5078: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5054:Spanish Empire 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4979: 4965: 4949: 4946: 4921:in 1929–1930. 4885:, directed by 4851:Brian McCardie 4801: 4798: 4758:Manila Galleon 4743:gold placering 4655:James Lockhart 4628:Charles Gibson 4577: 4574: 4570:Chichimeca War 4482:Chichimeca War 4477: 4476:Chichimec Wars 4474: 4458:Main article: 4455: 4452: 4380:Nuño de Guzmán 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4248:Main article: 4245: 4242: 4222:Diego de Ordaz 4168: 4165: 4083:Main article: 4080: 4077: 4057: 4054: 4050:St. John's Day 4016: 4013: 3862:Tlacochcalcatl 3829: 3826: 3815:Constantinople 3790: 3787: 3703:Main article: 3700: 3697: 3681:Aztec religion 3660: 3657: 3643:respectively. 3567: 3564: 3530: 3527: 3473:Diego Columbus 3452:and landed on 3417: 3414: 3289: 3286: 3278:James Lockhart 3258:Trinidad, Cuba 3230: 3227: 3190: 3187: 3179: 3176: 3104: 3101: 3080: 3077: 3040: 3037: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2990: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2906:and Dominican 2887: 2884: 2853:James Lockhart 2803:James Lockhart 2695:and Dominican 2656: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2640: 2639: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2579: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2469: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2440: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2375: 2372: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2314:1517- City of 2312: 2305: 2295: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2243:Spanish Empire 2221:, Cortés left 2113: 2110: 2065:Spanish Empire 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2033: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1893: 1892: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1850:Morocco (1909) 1846: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1823:Cuba (1895–98) 1820: 1815: 1813:Cuba (1879–80) 1810: 1808:Cuba (1868–78) 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1741:Uruguay (1811) 1738: 1733: 1731:Peru (1811–24) 1728: 1723: 1718: 1716:Florida (1810) 1713: 1708: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1674:Algiers (1784) 1671: 1669:Algiers (1783) 1666: 1661: 1659:Peru (1780–82) 1656: 1651: 1646: 1644:Algiers (1775) 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1582:Bahamas (1720) 1579: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1560:Morocco (1689) 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1535:Jamaica (1658) 1532: 1530:Jamaica (1657) 1527: 1525:Jamaica (1655) 1522: 1517: 1515:Tortuga (1654) 1512: 1507: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1437:Morocco (1614) 1434: 1432:Tunisia (1605) 1429: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365:Tunisia (1574) 1362: 1360:Tunisia (1573) 1357: 1352: 1350:Florida (1565) 1347: 1342: 1340:Morocco (1564) 1337: 1335:Morocco (1563) 1332: 1330:Algeria (1563) 1327: 1322: 1320:Tunisia (1560) 1317: 1315:Algeria (1558) 1312: 1310:Algeria (1556) 1307: 1305:Algeria (1555) 1302: 1297: 1295:Tunisia (1550) 1292: 1290:Algeria (1547) 1287: 1282: 1277: 1275:Algeria (1543) 1272: 1270:Algeria (1541) 1267: 1262: 1260:Tunisia (1535) 1257: 1255:Algeria (1535) 1252: 1247: 1245:Tunisia (1534) 1242: 1240:Peru (1532–72) 1237: 1235:Algeria (1531) 1232: 1230:Algeria (1529) 1227: 1222: 1220:Morocco (1525) 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1195:Tunisia (1520) 1192: 1190:Algeria (1519) 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1170:Algeria (1516) 1167: 1162: 1160:Tunisia (1510) 1157: 1155:Tripoli (1510) 1152: 1150:Algeria (1510) 1147: 1145:Algeria (1509) 1142: 1140:Morocco (1508) 1137: 1135:Algeria (1507) 1132: 1130:Algeria (1505) 1126: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1118:Melilla (1497) 1115: 1113:Algeria (1497) 1110: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1074: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1051: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 978: 972: 965: 962: 961: 950: 949: 942: 935: 927: 919: 918: 907: 906: 890: 887: 886: 877: 876: 868: 858: 857: 854: 845: 844: 840: 839: 837: 836: 827: 826: 821: 820: 812: 811: 800: 798: 778: 777: 771: 768: 767:90–100 cavalry 765: 753: 752: 748: 747: 745: 744: 724: 723: 718: 717: 705: 703: 702: 691: 680: 667: 654: 643: 630: 612: 611: 610: 604: 598: 592: 587: 582: 577: 562: 561: 548: 546:Nuño de Guzmán 543: 541:Diego de Ordaz 538: 533: 528: 523: 512: 511: 507: 506: 487: 486: 479: 474: 468: 463: 458: 452: 447: 441: 431: 418: 395: 394: 379: 378: 368: 367: 366: 361: 351: 341: 331: 299: 298: 297: 287: 282: 272: 267: 251: 250: 237: 232: 229: 219: 209: 193: 192: 179: 163:Habsburg Spain 151: 150: 146: 145: 142: 141: 134:Spanish Empire 122: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 101: 99: 95: 94: 82: 74: 73: 47: 46: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10691: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10562: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10513: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10478:Tapada limeña 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10442: 10435: 10431: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10337: 10330: 10326: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10070:Montes Claros 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10010:Vienna (1529) 10008: 10006: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9996: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9831: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9739:Hernán Cortés 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9731:Conquistadors 9728: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9701:Juan de Ayala 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9555:Duke of Savoy 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9521: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9450: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9354:Dollar (Peso) 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9328: 9314: 9313:Santo Domingo 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190:New Andalusia 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137:Santo Domingo 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9061:Viceroyalties 9058: 9054: 9047: 9043: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8906: 8902: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8874: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8818: 8811: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8754: 8748: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8670: 8666:South America 8663: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8586: 8575: 8571: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8551:Spanish Texas 8548: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8529:North America 8526: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8510:Franche-Comté 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8425: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8185: 8180: 8178: 8173: 8171: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8053:Juan de Oñate 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8018:Hernán Cortés 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7847:Inter caetera 7845: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7827: 7822: 7820: 7815: 7813: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7714: 7713:0-7867-0271-0 7710: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7696:0-671-51104-1 7693: 7689: 7686:; (US title) 7685: 7684:0-091-77629-5 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7668:0-06-132095-1 7665: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7645:. Ecco 2018. 7644: 7640: 7638: 7637:0-19-516077-0 7634: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7620:0-375-75803-8 7617: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7586:0-582-06828-2 7583: 7579: 7575: 7573: 7572:0-292-73139-6 7569: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7555:0-03-055736-4 7552: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7530: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7370: 7368:0-8070-5501-8 7364: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7326:0-306-81319-X 7323: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7293: 7292:0-300-09094-3 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7206: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7177: 7171: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7059: 7052: 7043: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7019: 7013: 7006: 7000: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6961: 6955: 6948: 6944: 6939: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6907: 6901: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6878: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6813: 6805: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6761: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6679: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6605: 6598: 6583: 6581:9780299134334 6577: 6573: 6572: 6564: 6549: 6547:9781136968280 6543: 6539: 6538: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6515: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6461: 6445: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6418: 6409: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6338: 6332: 6324: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6297: 6290: 6284: 6277: 6271: 6264: 6258: 6249: 6242: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6201: 6200:0-19-516077-0 6197: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6146: 6138: 6132: 6125: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6098: 6088: 6081: 6075: 6067: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6048: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5888: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5869: 5863: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5818: 5817:Broken Spears 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5756: 5750: 5743: 5737: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5691: 5685: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5511: 5504: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5388:Aztec Warfare 5381: 5379: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5315: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5275: 5273:9780190642402 5269: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5254: 5244: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5201: 5199:9780806121215 5195: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5138:, p. 32. 5137: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5105: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999:Aztec warfare 4997: 4996: 4991: 4980: 4977: 4976:Mexico portal 4966: 4963: 4952: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915:Cortés Palace 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4650:New Philology 4647: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4616:Hernán Cortés 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4382:, a rival of 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4283: 4281: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4230:Santo Domingo 4228:on a ship to 4227: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4179: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4111:Huey Tlatoani 4108: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3894: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3711: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3545: 3535: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3211:Hernán Cortés 3208: 3204: 3195: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3028:ex post facto 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2995:mamalhuatztli 2991: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2942:Nezahualpilli 2938: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712:Hernán Cortés 2708: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2680:, Mexico (on 2679: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2520:huey tlatoani 2517: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2384:Cacique Gordo 2381: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2350:Early 1519 – 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2303:Ixtlilxochitl 2300: 2299:Nezahualpilli 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2276:huey tlatoani 2273: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2072:Hernán Cortés 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1966:Aztec history 1964: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906:Aztec society 1904: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1577:Chiloé (1712) 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1550:Panama (1671) 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1496:Taiwan (1642) 1494: 1492: 1491:Taiwan (1641) 1489: 1487: 1486:Brazil (1640) 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1476:Brazil (1638) 1474: 1472: 1471:Brazil (1631) 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1452:Taiwan (1626) 1450: 1448: 1447:Brazil (1625) 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1370:Brunei (1578) 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1108:Guinea (1478) 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1029:Colhuacatonco 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 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365: 362: 360: 356: 352: 350: 346: 342: 340: 336: 332: 330: 327: 326: 325: 321: 317: 316: 315: 311: 306: 300: 296: 292: 288: 286: 283: 281: 277: 273: 271: 268: 266: 262: 258: 257: 256: 255: 246: 242: 238: 236: 233: 230: 228: 224: 220: 218: 214: 210: 208: 204: 200: 199: 198: 197: 190: 185: 180: 177: 172: 167: 166: 165: 164: 159: 153: 152: 147: 140: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 117: 113: 110: 109: 104: 100: 97: 96: 93: 87: 83: 80: 79: 75: 71: 67: 61: 60: 53: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 10561: 10453:Architecture 10352: 10348:The Americas 10212:Newfoundland 10202:Túpac Katari 10192:Cuerno Verde 10127:Tenochtitlan 9959:Valenciennes 9716:Luis Fajardo 9585:Blas de Lezo 9530:Duke of Alba 9410:Spanish Road 9248:Buenos Aires 9157:Governorates 8926:Ayuntamiento 8919:Organization 8384:Carlist Wars 8232:Italian Wars 7906:Aztec Empire 7905: 7797:(in Spanish) 7750: 7743: 7730: 7704: 7687: 7676: 7673:Thomas, Hugh 7659: 7642: 7628: 7610: 7594: 7577: 7563: 7560:Hassig, Ross 7546: 7528: 7514: 7497: 7480: 7466: 7448:. Trans. by 7445: 7424: 7414: 7397: 7380: 7353: 7334: 7331:Durán, Diego 7318: 7314: 7297: 7279: 7275: 7252: 7244: 7228: 7194: 7170: 7158:. Retrieved 7154:the original 7149: 7145: 7135: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7057: 7051: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7017: 7012: 7004: 6999: 6991: 6983: 6975: 6967: 6959: 6954: 6946: 6938: 6930: 6922: 6910:. Retrieved 6900: 6875: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6833: 6827: 6818: 6812: 6793: 6787: 6768: 6737:(1): 97–99. 6734: 6731:Ethnohistory 6730: 6724: 6697: 6687: 6678: 6659: 6653: 6639: 6632: 6623: 6603: 6597: 6585:. Retrieved 6570: 6563: 6551:. Retrieved 6536: 6518: 6514: 6502:. Retrieved 6498:the original 6488: 6479: 6473: 6465: 6464:Hugh Tomas, 6460: 6448:. Retrieved 6438: 6426: 6417: 6408: 6400: 6392: 6380:. Retrieved 6369: 6361: 6353: 6341:. 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Retrieved 5091:the original 5081: 5069: 4990:Spain portal 4939: 4933: 4925: 4923: 4908: 4905:Diego Rivera 4902: 4897: 4891: 4880: 4878: 4874:Jim Cummings 4863: 4861: 4855: 4836: 4825: 4821:La Conquista 4819: 4817: 4811:La Conquista 4809: 4783: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4747: 4739: 4732: 4717: 4708: 4694: 4676: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4646:ethnohistory 4643:Mesoamerican 4640: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4589: 4562: 4535: 4512: 4506: 4463: 4438: 4424: 4416: 4412:Tzintzuntzan 4408:Aztec Empire 4400:Tangaxuan II 4396:Aztec Empire 4393: 4371:Tangaxuan II 4338: 4335:Tenochtitlan 4328:Conquistador 4326: 4318: 4314: 4303: 4292: 4276: 4265: 4234: 4220:Cortés sent 4219: 4211:Lake Texcoco 4203:Panuco River 4200: 4184: 4176: 4157: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4118:Tenochtitlan 4115: 4101: 4099: 4093: 4072:Great Temple 4065: 4043: 4035: 4024: 4004: 4002: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3947: 3930: 3923:Tezcatlipoca 3912: 3908: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3870: 3858:Itzcuauhtzin 3831: 3823: 3807:Tenochtitlan 3804: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3748: 3744:Quetzalcoatl 3728: 3685: 3677: 3662: 3645: 3632: 3630: 3614: 3607: 3584: 3577: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3519: 3516:Tenochtitlan 3513: 3509: 3497: 3493:King Charles 3476: 3470: 3458:town council 3442: 3438:Moctezuma II 3431: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3373: 3368: 3362: 3344: 3306: 3291: 3269:arquebusiers 3266: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3219: 3214: 3205:returned to 3201:Even before 3200: 3149: 3136:Cape Catoche 3117: 3093:Spanish Main 3082: 3072: 3060: 3057: 3049:Quetzalcoatl 3042: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3008: 3003:tlacantzolli 3002: 2994: 2975:Xiuhtecuhtli 2951: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2924: 2913:Aztec Empire 2901: 2879: 2869: 2860: 2846: 2841: 2821: 2815: 2806: 2786: 2779: 2760: 2755: 2739: 2736:Tierra Firme 2731: 2723: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2690: 2685: 2674: 2667: 2642: 2641: 2630: 2629: 2623: 2613: 2612: 2592: 2591: 2564: 2563: 2555: 2534: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2500: 2491: 2461: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2329: 2328: 2275: 2270:Spanish Main 2240: 2236: 2232: 2216: 2199:Tenochtitlan 2195:Moctezuma II 2183:Lake Texcoco 2163:Aztec Empire 2156: 2154: 2146:Aztec Empire 2129: 2115: 2106:Tenochtitlán 2103: 2083:Moctezuma II 2080: 2069:conquistador 2056: 2054: 2011:Moctezuma II 2005: 1996:Aztec Empire 1991:Aztec script 1956:Templo Mayor 1951:Tenochtitlan 1844:20th century 1690:19th century 1679:Chile (1792) 1566:18th century 1502: 1461:Nevis (1629) 1458: 1416:17th century 1300:Libya (1551) 1184: 1124:16th century 1092:15th century 1037: (1521) 1035:Tenochtitlan 1031: (1521) 1025: (1520) 1019: (1520) 1013: (1520) 1007: (1520) 1001: (1519) 995: (1519) 989: (1519) 983: (1519) 977: (1519) 971: (1519) 954: 910: 894: 870: 848: 756: 709:Tangaxuan II 675: 662: 657:Itzquauhtzin 638: 625: 620:Moctezuma II 614: 563: 556: 515: 500: 397: 396: 381: 380: 324:Tenochtitlan 301: 253: 252: 195: 194: 178:(until 1521) 154: 149:Belligerents 126:Aztec Empire 103:Aztec Empire 86:Aztec Empire 56: 38:Part of the 10420:Philippines 10385:El Salvador 10005:Capo d'Orso 9889:St. Quentin 9864:Rome (1527) 9523:Strategists 9273:Guadalajara 9200:New Navarre 9195:New Castile 9180:La Luisiana 9132:Puerto Rico 9122:Philippines 9079:New Granada 8769:Philippines 8730:(Uruguay), 8726:(Bolivia), 8676:New Granada 8616:Puerto Rico 8562: [ 8432:Territories 8252:Encomiendas 7938:El Salvador 7867:Inca Empire 7263:(in French) 5205:6 September 4778:teonanácatl 4773:teonanácatl 4546:Guadalajara 4444:Lerma River 4322:Mexico City 4295:brigantines 4207:brigantines 4187:Maxixcatzin 3971:Huichilobos 3919:Huichilobos 3915:Virgin Mary 3797:Map of the 3772:Huexotzingo 3755:La Malinche 3740:Tlaxcalteca 3723:Felix Parra 3669:Huexotzinco 3618:Maxixcatzin 3610:Flower Wars 3599:Maxixcatzin 3546:his ships. 3454:Good Friday 3426:Mexico City 3410:La Malinche 3404:malinchista 3395:La Malinche 3351:La Malinche 3317:Bernal Díaz 3044:Hugh Thomas 3015:Matlalcueye 2987:Cihuatcoatl 2908:Diego Durán 2896:Diego Durán 2872:New England 2838:Diego Durán 2697:Diego Durán 2688:petitions. 2682:Good Friday 2583:Mexico City 2462:30 June – " 2380:Xicomecoatl 2371:expedition. 2340:La Malinche 2191:La Malinche 2179:Huejotzingo 2167:Tlaxcaltecs 2150:Mexico City 2076:Mesoamerica 1838:Guam (1898) 1624:Cuba (1762) 1592:Oran (1732) 1400:Cuba (1596) 861:Tlaxcaltecs 781:Tlaxcaltecs 775:brigantines 603:of Zaachila 601:Cosijopii I 597:of Cempoala 595:Xicomecoatl 472:Chichimecas 400:city-states 384:city-states 313:(1519–1521) 231:Huejotzingo 227:Totonacapan 191:(from 1521) 119:Territorial 10568:Categories 10090:Somosierra 10080:Manila Bay 9954:Nördlingen 9894:Gravelines 9374:Columnario 9346:Currencies 9263:Concepción 9235:Audiencias 9210:New Toledo 9175:La Florida 9008:Corregidor 8972:Papal bull 8877:Antarctica 8785:Micronesia 8242:Golden Age 8139:Encomienda 8098:Juan Pardo 7862:California 7146:Humanities 6912:31 October 6891:0691101582 6587:21 October 6553:21 October 6504:31 October 6450:31 October 6382:31 October 6343:31 October 6110:Roundtable 6040:0140441239 5446:1042102952 5404:6 December 5279:6 December 5153:0140441239 5097:20 October 4919:Cuernavaca 4892:Historian 4712:Encomienda 4679:mendicants 4677:The first 4542:Nochistlán 4531:Mixton War 4527:Tenamaxtli 4523:Chichimeca 4486:Mixton War 4306:Cuauhtémoc 4280:Tlatelolco 4272:Cuitlahuac 4161:Cacamatzin 4122:sacrifices 4107:Cuitláhuac 4060:See also: 4019:See also: 4009:Cuitláhuac 3979:Cacamatzin 3955:Qualpopoca 3877:Cacamatzin 3873:Cuitláhuac 3866:Tlatelolco 3864:, lord of 3852:, king of 3844:, king of 3842:Cacamatzin 3751:Cempoalans 3591:Tlaxcalans 3477:adelantado 3462:adelantado 3223:Valladolid 3215:caballeros 3182:See also: 3085:Hispaniola 2752:Mixtón War 2740:benemérito 2732:benemérito 2686:benemérito 2624:cihuacoatl 2605:Conqueror 2570:October – 2486:Cuitlahuac 2442:Mid-May – 2171:Tetzcocans 2142:Cuauhtémoc 2095:status quo 2001:Tlaxcallan 1931:Philosophy 1457:St. Kitts 670:Cacamatzin 646:Cuauhtémoc 633:Cuitláhuac 609:of Texcoco 450:Yopitzinco 439:Metztitlan 359:Xochimilco 339:Tlatelolco 295:Iztapalapa 280:Xochimilco 10654:New Spain 10395:Nicaragua 10373:Guatemala 10283:Pichincha 10268:Chacabuco 10207:Pensacola 10152:Mataquito 10132:Cajamarca 10113:New World 10085:Trafalgar 9989:Alhucemas 9869:Landriano 9854:Comuneros 9840:Old World 9784:Joan Orpí 9504:Royalists 9278:Guatemala 9205:New Spain 9142:Venezuela 9117:Guatemala 9074:New Spain 9069:Columbian 8962:Exequatur 8862:Cape Juby 8716:Argentina 8539:New Spain 8473:Gibraltar 8237:Habsburgs 7948:Nicaragua 7921:Guatemala 7351:(1992) . 7160:8 October 7119:1874-9364 7066:cite book 6716:252946638 5550:Cempoala 5104:(Spanish) 5029:New Spain 4900:podcast. 4870:El Dorado 4620:New Spain 4612:New Spain 4600:Charles V 4596:Audiencia 4565:Zacatecas 4470:epidemics 4435:Michoacán 4431:Audiencia 4398:, Irecha 4388:Tlaxcalan 4361:Michoacan 4343:that the 4031:Velázquez 3998:Chinantec 3975:totoloque 3963:Axayácatl 3942:Tlaxcalan 3904:Axayácatl 3735:Moctezuma 3559:Cempoalan 3399:Malintzin 3355:Malintzin 3347:Potonchán 3339:Moctezuma 3335:Tlaxcalan 3097:New World 3063:that the 2985:A woman, 2716:Charles V 2643:1527–1547 2576:New Spain 2316:Cholollan 2247:New Spain 2161:) of the 2134:Tlaxcalan 1926:Mythology 969:Potonchan 818:Purépecha 760:(total): 758:Spaniards 683:Coanacoch 585:Maxixcatl 444:Tututepec 392:Teotitlan 189:New Spain 10405:Colombia 10390:Honduras 10303:Asomante 10288:Ayacucho 10278:Carabobo 10253:Curalaba 10030:Ceresole 9924:Gembloux 9884:Mühlberg 9599:Mariners 9457:Military 9379:Doubloon 9364:Maravedí 9308:Santiago 9215:Paraguay 8941:Germania 8781:Caroline 8736:Malvinas 8720:Paraguay 8680:Colombia 8622:Trinidad 8489:Sardinia 8329:Bourbons 7943:Honduras 7879:Colombia 7127:22085876 6872:(1984). 6194:(2003), 5489:73637531 4948:See also 4941:Eternals 4794:mestizos 4765:amaranth 4509:("Sun"). 4507:Tonatiuh 4439:de facto 4268:smallpox 4149:Zumpango 4127:Tlacopan 4102:en masse 3994:Tuxtepec 3987:caciques 3983:caciques 3854:Tlacopan 3846:Tetzcoco 3673:Tlaxcala 3633:Caciques 3580:Tlaxcala 3522:Caudillo 3500:Cempoala 3434:Veracruz 3321:Chetumal 3262:mutineer 3184:Morzillo 3168:El Petén 3156:polities 3019:Caciques 3011:Tlaxcala 2946:tlatoani 2678:Veracruz 2425:Smallpox 2257:Timeline 2207:Veracruz 2203:Totonacs 2175:Cempoala 2158:altepetl 2063:and the 1941:Medicine 1936:Calendar 1921:Religion 987:Tlaxcala 981:Cempoala 903:Mixtecos 901:against 816:100,000 803:200,000 790:Cempoala 784:~10,000 751:Strength 737:) ( 477:Tonallan 455:Colliman 376:Tlacopan 364:Xaltocan 235:Zaachila 217:Tetzcoco 98:Location 10537:Asiento 10508:Mustang 10368:Yucatán 10363:Chiapas 10243:Tucapel 10075:Passaro 10025:Algiers 10015:Preveza 9984:Tetouan 9979:Vitoria 9969:Bitonto 9909:Antwerp 9904:Lepanto 9859:Bicocca 9335:Economy 9258:Charcas 9253:Caracas 9147:Yucatán 9018:Regidor 9003:Alcalde 8931:Cabildo 8838:Tripoli 8777:Mariana 8724:Charcas 8700:(Peru, 8684:Ecuador 8647:Bonaire 8642:Curazao 8627:Jamaica 8555:Florida 8132:Related 7931:Yucatán 7916:Chiapas 7896:Florida 7884:Chibcha 7840:History 7739:87–104. 7707:(1971) 7690:(1993) 7662:(1996) 7286:(1986) 7276:Letters 7187:Sources 7099:Bibcode 6433:pbs.org 5481:3317246 4845:series 4683:Nahuatl 4503:Nahuatl 4345:natives 4238:Texcoco 3838:Sahagún 3819:Seville 3731:Cholula 3725:, 1877. 3665:Cholula 3544:scuttle 3504:Totonac 3481:cabildo 3380:Nahuatl 3294:Cozumel 3273:Arawaks 3172:Tayasal 3158:of the 3128:Yucatán 3069:Nahuatl 2931:Nahuatl 2834:Sahagún 2830:Nahuatl 2811:Texcoco 2799:Nahuatl 2631:1525–30 2404:Cholula 2307:1517 – 2211:cacique 2130:entrada 2120:led by 2118:Yucatán 1986:Codices 1981:Warfare 1501:Chiloé 993:Cholula 917:(1521). 786:Totonac 770:32 guns 731: ( 676:† 663:† 639:† 626:† 557:† 499:(1520, 461:Xalisco 382:Allied 329:Cholula 285:Mixquic 121:changes 66:Spanish 10515:Castas 10273:Boyacá 10248:Guiana 10238:Iguape 10162:Recife 10100:Mactan 10095:Annual 10060:Rocroi 10055:Leiden 10040:Djerba 9974:Bailén 9929:Ostend 9914:Azores 9509:Legión 9474:Tercio 9467:Armies 9369:Escudo 9298:Panamá 9293:Mexico 9288:Manila 9243:Bogotá 9028:Vecino 9023:Syndic 8854:Béjaïa 8814:Africa 8800:Tidore 8688:Panama 8652:Belize 8559:Mexico 8485:Sicily 8481:Naples 8443:Europe 7966:People 7889:Muisca 7775:(1911) 7711: 7694: 7682: 7666: 7649: 7635: 7618: 7601: 7584: 7570: 7553: 7521: 7504: 7487: 7473: 7465:, ed. 7456: 7435: 7404: 7387: 7365: 7341: 7324: 7304: 7290: 7268: 7235: 7201: 7125: 7117: 6888: 6800: 6775: 6751:481953 6749: 6714: 6666: 6578: 6544: 6468:, 1994 6319: 6278:p. 141 6198: 6174:491417 6172: 6139:p. 192 6062: 6038: 5825: 5487: 5479: 5444: 5434: 5395: 5365: 5340: 5302: 5270: 5196: 5170:before 5151: 5004:Aztecs 4927:Hernán 4814:, 2005 4735:Potosi 4672:Nahuas 4538:Mixtón 4505:name, 4384:Cortés 4349:canals 3811:Naples 3388:Martin 3384:Martin 3132:Mayans 3065:Nahuas 3061:teules 2878:. His 2251:Mexico 1976:Aztlán 1023:Otumba 999:Nautla 975:Centla 885:(1520) 835:(1520) 809:Aztecs 805:Mexica 711: 648: 635: 622: 571: 553: 470:Other 457:(1523) 446:(1522) 429:(1522) 416:(1519) 349:Chalco 270:Chalco 128:, the 111:Result 59:Cortés 10410:Chile 10378:Petén 10353:Aztec 10172:Bahia 10147:Penco 10137:Cusco 10065:Downs 10045:Tunis 9964:Ceuta 9949:Breda 9899:Malta 9879:Tunis 9874:Pavia 9388:Trade 9303:Quito 9268:Cusco 9107:Chile 8842:Tunis 8789:Palau 8706:Chile 8637:Aruba 8632:Haiti 8566:] 8495:Milan 8453:Spain 7926:Petén 7901:Texas 7872:Chile 7427:(The 7416:Spain 7123:S2CID 6884:–59. 6747:JSTOR 6712:S2CID 6446:. PBS 6339:. 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Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

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