Spanish grammar - Knowledge

599: 4711:, whether SVO, VSO, or OSV, is imperative for a multilingual and universal syntactic representation system to work. As such, there has been great discussion and investigation in the literature for that particular word order element. Clitics, on the other hand, have been given relatively less thought and investigation, particularly an inquiry into an uncomplicated approach in their syntactic distribution. Clitics offer a myriad of functional roles depending upon the language in question, further complicating the situation. 31: 5245:. The Spanish language does not explicitly demonstrate in its grammar whether an object, either direct or indirect, refers to an animate or inanimate object. Therefore, the use of two clitics is common, although not always required. In this way, clitics can be doubled or "redundant" when two instances occur within the same phrase. Double clitics are found in instances of phrases with both direct accusative case objects and indirect dative objects in this way: 2875:

In the first two examples, the ideally likable friend has not yet been found and remains an uncertainty, and authors "who write that" are not known to exist. In the third, possibility is not certainty, but rather a conjecture, and the last expresses clear doubt. Thus, subjunctive is used. Some of the

2338:

In all three cases, an event or completed action interrupts an ongoing state or action. For example, in the second sentence, the speaker states that he was in his room (expressed through the imperfect to reflect the ongoing or unfinished state of being there) when the other person "interrupted" that

1898:

All three of the sentences above describe "non-instantaneous" actions that are viewed as continuing in the past. The characteristic in the first sentence and the action in the second were continuous, not instantaneous occurrences. In the third sentence, the speaker focuses on the action in progress,

4706:

are a necessary part of syntactic form and representation in Spanish. Defining a specific syntactic role of a clitic in Spanish is cumbersome, as they are used in a variety of ways. Syntactic approaches to this common element have attempted to find a universal way of handling them. For example, all

4214:

Spanish does not usually employ such a structure in simple sentences. The translations of sentences like these can be readily analyzed as being normal sentences containing relative pronouns. Spanish is capable of expressing such concepts without a special cleft structure thanks to its flexible word

3418:

or the social relation between speakers. Additionally, these second-person forms vary according to geographical region. Because the form of a conjugated verb reflects the person and number of its subject, subject pronouns are usually omitted, except where they are felt to be needed for emphasis or

5490:

with reflexive verbs, the completive, wherein with specific verbs the clitic denotes a completion of an action. Lewandowski has proposed an interconnected functionality for the Spanish reflexive pronoun, representing this concept via a cluster map indicating semantic, pragmatic, and grammatical

4927:

Imperatives in Spanish do not require the use of clitics, but when they are used, a specific word order must be followed. With an affirmative verb, the clitic succeeds the verb. However, in a negative command, word order alters in that the clitic precedes the verb. Another review of sentence

4263:("The one who lost the keys was Juan"). As can be seen from the translations, if this word order is chosen, English stops using the cleft structure (there is no more dummy "it" and a nominalising relative is used instead of the cleaving word) whilst in Spanish no words have changed. 3217:

In Spanish, as in other Romance languages, all nouns belong to one of two genders, "masculine" or "feminine", and many adjectives change their form to agree in gender with the noun they modify. For most nouns that refer to persons, grammatical gender matches biological gender.

5317:

for the clitics while sustaining a separation from the verb. In the cluster model, both clitics are two adjacent constituents whereas the split model, one clitic has been split from the other, appearing higher on the syntactic tree. Both are still under the same

3870:

Prepositions in Spanish do not change a verb's meaning as they do in English. For example, to translate "run out of water", "run up a bill", "run down a pedestrian", and "run in a thief" into Spanish requires completely different verbs, and not simply the use of

4584:

In the singular, the subordinate clause can agree either with the relative pronoun or with the subject of the main sentence, though the latter is seldom used. However, in the plural, only agreement with the subject of the main sentence is acceptable. Therefore:

5351:

because of the lack of external argument in the grammar structure. The object clitic begins in the subject position of the verb, moving up to attach to the verb via adjunction on the left. Another theory is the "base-generation" which considers clitics to be

3240:

the noun they modify. The exception is when the writer/speaker is being slightly emphatic, or even poetic, about a particular quality of an object (rather than the mundane use of using the quality to specify which particular object they are referring to).

4153:

or "theme" (old information), while the subject is part of the comment, or "rheme" (new information), often assumes OVS order. In this case the direct object noun phrase is supplemented with the appropriate direct object pronoun; for example:

5606:

and other areas where syllable-final /s/ is completely silent is that there is no audible difference between the second- and third-person singular form of the verb. This leads to redundant pronoun use, for example, the tagging on of

5373:. Cuervo addresses the difference by positing the following: if the process is proclitic, there is climbing; if the process is enclitic, there is no climbing. Thus, the determining factor for syntactic presentation is the type of 4202:

like "it" as its subject), plus a word that "cleaves" the sentence, plus a subordinate clause. They are often used to put emphasis on a part of the sentence. Here are some examples of English sentences and their cleft versions:

4796:

being grammatically diverse in Spanish grammatical application, it does certain specific roles. Zagona, author of a comprehensive Spanish syntax textbook, has extensively outlined form and function in depth, stating that:

5392:

Ya se lo he

4714:

Spanish is a diasporic language which also experiences diachronic variation. While Spanish is said to generally have flexible or "free" word order, others such as Pountain assert that the syntax is heavily influenced by

5468: 4088:

Although bare VSO and VOS are somewhat rare in declarative independent clauses, they are quite common in sentences in which something other than the subject or direct object functions as the focus. For example:

666:

are remarkably few, and someone who has learned the language in one area will generally have no difficulties of communication in the other; however, pronunciation does vary, as well as grammar and vocabulary.

5312:

in Spanish, Ordóñez has suggested a "cluster" versus "split" formation, weighing consideration of the double clitic as a single unit (cluster) or a separable unit (split). The syntactic approach maintains a

5364:

As recently as 2021, Cuervo has suggested that, for clitic doubling, the solution is considering the dative clitic to be the head of an Applicative Phrase with care taken in identifying whether the form is

4438:

This structure is quite wordy, and is therefore often avoided by not using a cleft sentence at all. Emphasis is conveyed just by word order and stressing with the voice (indicated here within bolding):

4248:", we can play with the word order of the Spanish sentence without affecting its structure – although each permutation would, to a native speaker, give a subtly different shading of emphasis. 6300:

The third-person direct-object and indirect-object pronouns exhibit variation from region to region, from one individual to another, and even within the language of single individuals. The

2309:

The preterite and the imperfect can be combined in the same sentence to express the occurrence of an event in one clause during an action or state expressed in another clause. For example:

6636: 6617: 6598: 3232:

Spanish generally uses adjectives in a similar way to English and most other Indo-European languages. However, there are three key differences between English and Spanish adjectives.

4762:, replacive pronoun (direct and indirect object), intrinsic pronoun (without the pronoun, the structure is ungrammatical), "derivational" pronoun, and "stylistic" pronoun. Further, 1387:

Spanish has a number of verb tenses used to express actions or states of being in a past time frame. The two that are "simple" in form (formed with a single word, rather than being

3269:= My house, which is obviously red. Another way of thinking of it is that this makes the house red at declaration, whereas Spanish typically defines a house and makes it red later. 7565: 5497:

and how best to syntactically handle this issue, perhaps by not separating the syntax from morphology. Another recent view is that there are two syntactic formations: first, that

5448:

Additional structures for direct and indirect objects have been suggested. Other views include the use of AgrS and AgrO for Spanish when clitics are involved. Daussá states that

3311:

In Spanish, it is perfectly normal to let an adjective stand in for a noun or pronoun—with (where people are involved) no implication of condescension or rudeness. For example,

3249:

could either mean that there are many red houses in the world but I wish to talk about the one that I happen to own, or that I have many houses but am referring to the red one.

5515:

is represented by third person singular. This cross-referencing of syntax and morphology overlapping with a communicative stylistic approach has been suggested in the past.

1886:(You ate a lot – literally, this sentence is saying "You used to eat a lot", saying that in the past, the person being referred to had a characteristic of "eating a lot"). 5481:

is part of a Determiner Phrase. While there had been some postulation that clitics are heads of their own phrases, there has not been much support given to those claims.

5380:

Bradley illustrates some inflexible constructions, mainly when two third-person pronouns are within the same sentence and the indirect object must be expressed via

3342:

in a similar way to English. The main difference is that they inflect for both number (singular/plural) and gender (masculine/feminine). Common determiners include

5421:

Nos vamos a acostar

2396:, depending on context, to agree with the subject, and then attaching a gerund of the verb that follows. The past (imperfect) progressive simply requires the 4410:= "That is why I did it", more literally: "It is because of that that I did it", or completely literally: "It is because of that because of which I did it" 4811:

The impersonal form is clearly defined as it does not double and uses only the third person singular verb form as in the impersonal form example here:

4736:

and its forms in Spanish has undergone much debate within the research with no obvious conclusion. Part of the difficulty stems from the variable role

515: 378: 1407:

The preterite is used to express actions or events that took place in the past, and which were instantaneous or are viewed as completed. For example:

5593:. The choice of pronoun is a tricky issue and can even vary from village to village. Travellers are often advised to play it safe and call everyone 3199:

forms. The imperfect subjunctive is formed for basically the same reasons as the present subjunctive, but is used for other tenses and time frames.

3187:

form derives from the Latin pluperfect indicative. The use of one or the other is largely a matter of personal taste and dialect. Many only use the

6045:

In the present subjunctive, the same rules as for the present indicative apply, though these forms coexist in Argentina with those for the pronoun

6969: 6882: 2347:

The present and imperfect progressive both are used to express ongoing, progressive action in the present and past, respectively. For example:

5330:

in the syntax. The hypothesis includes a requirement that a non-third person clitic is located higher on a tree than the third person clitic.

4882:

Zagona also notes that, generally, oblique phrases do not allow for a double clitic, yet some verbs of motion are formed with double clitics:

5433:

The clitic is not attached to the infinitive verb; instead, it is in subject position. Grammatically, attachment to the verb occurs with a

4367:

When prepositions come into play, things become complicated. Structures unambiguously identifiable as cleft sentences are used. The verb

7681: 7191: 5475:

with verbal agreement in both person and number. Romain has also offered a thorough examination of the various theories, concluding that

4787:, and with a completive meaning. They can take the form of either phrasal constituents or words with an independent syntactic structure. 535:

language, which means that many words are modified ("marked") in small ways, usually at the end, according to their changing functions.

7572: 4373:

introduces the stressed element and then there is a nominaliser. Both of these are preceded by the relevant preposition. For example:

2704:

of a verb is used to express certain connotations in sentences such as a wish or desire, a demand, an emotion, uncertainty, or doubt.

5783:

in the present indicative (roughly equivalent to the English simple present), are formed from the second person plural (the form for

4186:

Yes/no questions, regardless of constituent order, are generally distinguished from declarative sentences by context and intonation.

820:

In many areas of Latin America (especially Central America and southern South America), the second-person familiar singular pronoun

5341:

where the clitic "climbs" to adjoin the verb in a higher position. This widely discussed theory has involved raising of the clitic

5398:

already CL(Nom.) CL(Acc.) sent-presperf

470: 6441:. The person who is told something is an indirect object in Spanish, and the substituting pronoun is the same for both genders. 6333:

as a direct object form for masculine, animate antecedents (i.e. male humans). Deviations from these approved usages are named

3278:

with what they refer to in terms of both plurality (singular/plural) and grammatical gender (masculine/feminine). For example,

508: 7544: 7481: 7385: 7299: 7289: 7278: 7260: 7222: 7201: 7183: 6998: 6945: 6911: 6858: 6705: 6673: 3610:

is dropped from all but the final adverb, and the others are left as if they were adjectives in the feminine singular. Thus:

2749:

If the sentence expresses a desire, demand, or emotion, or something similar, in the present tense, the subjunctive is used.

7212: 4668:= "We are the only ones who do not have even a cent to bet" (agreement with subject of main sentence) (from dialogue of the 8800: 2889:

Es necesario que, conviene que, no parece que, es dudoso que, es probable que, no creo que, importa que, parece mentira que

832:, which frequently requires its own characteristic verb forms, especially in the present indicative, where the endings are 5438: 4768:

is used in addition with certain intransitive verbs, in reflexive-passive constructions, and in impersonal constructions.

610: 323: 73: 6940:. Antonio Fábregas, Víctor Acedo-Matellán, Grant Armstrong, Maria Cristina Cuervo, Isabel Pujol. Abingdon, Oxon. 2021. 6853:. Antonio Fábregas, Víctor Acedo-Matellán, Grant Armstrong, Maria Cristina Cuervo, Isabel Pujol. Abingdon, Oxon. 2021. 101: 7455: 7367: 7348: 7321: 7240: 6783: 6745: 501: 4236:

is not a cleaver but a nominalising relative pronoun meaning "the one that". Provided we respect the pairings of "

8884: 7340:

Studies in Language Variation: Semantics, Syntax, Phonology, Pragmatics, Social Situations, Ethnographic Approaches

3193:

forms in speech, but vary between the two in writing. Many may spontaneously use either, or even prefer the rarer

663: 2712:

Normally, a verb would be conjugated in the present indicative to indicate an event in the present frame of time.

8613: 8412: 7710: 7674: 4126:, the verb is placed before the subject (and thus often VSO or VOS) to avoid placing the verb in final position: 3463:

is added to the feminine singular of the adjective, whether or not it differs from the masculine singular. Thus:

82: 5023:

With continuous verbs, the clitic can precede the auxiliary verb or follow the participle, as in (1a) and (1b):

4754:

features and functions. It is utilized in a variety of Spanish grammar contexts, including the following forms:

4742:

and its other forms play with regard to the contextual grammar. Some syntacticians have aptly termed the clitic

3406:. The personal pronouns–those that vary in form according to whether they represent the first, second, or third 2289:

Note that (1) for all verbs in the imperfect, the first- and third-person singular share the same form; and (2)

8846: 7735: 3595:("deep") can also mean "early" (as in English, as in "He arrived early") "slowly", and "deeply", respectively. 446: 184: 4934:

in various grammatical constructions offers the following example, demonstrating imperative differences thus:

7725: 7705: 7338: 3822:

A, ante, bajo, cabe, con, contra, de, desde, en, entre, hacia, hasta, para, por, según, sin, so, sobre, tras.

3212: 129: 5426:

CL(Nom.) go-1.pres. to go to bed

7720: 7269:

Cuervo, Maria Cristina; Fábregas, Antonio; Acedo-Matellán, Victor; Armstrong, Grant; Pujol, Isabel (2021).

5560:, and Latin America, except in the liturgical or poetic of styles. In some parts of Andalusia, the pronoun 4675: 887:

The present indicative is used to express actions or states of being in a present time frame. For example:

8042: 7896: 4669: 3840:, usually placed at the end to preserve the list (which is usually learnt by heart by Spanish students). 2907:

To form the first-person singular subjunctive, first take the present indicative first-person singular (

8907: 8550: 8305: 8300: 7740: 7667: 6973: 6886: 7393:"Constructions are not predictable but are motivated: evidence from the Spanish completive reflexive". 4771:

As a class, clitics have such a variety of grammatical functions that they are not always pronominal,

8782: 8588: 8459: 8422: 7901: 7558: 7046:"Constructions are not predictable but are motivated: evidence from the Spanish completive reflexive" 7045: 5327: 4707:

languages are capable of having subjects, objects, and verbs, so a universal methodology to handling

141: 2882:

Dudar, negar, esperar, alegrarse de, temer, sentir, pedir, aconsejar, exigir, desear, querer, mandar

638: 8947: 8434: 5338: 3093: 228: 4210:"You will stop smoking through willpower." → "It is through willpower that you will stop smoking." 3716:

before the comparative, although it is generally used with an additional qualifier phrase such as

805:'you eat'), while in Latin American Spanish it merges with the formal second-person plural (e.g., 8623: 7959: 7954: 7886: 7757: 7745: 7730: 7626: 7621: 7141: 6277: 6161: 4728: 3275: 699: 644: 598: 595:

system; the Spanish pronominal system represents a simplification of the ancestral Latin system.

560: 451: 173: 146: 7511: 7439: 7412: 3577:

As in English, some adverbs are identical to their adjectival counterparts. Thus words such as

8703: 8693: 8570: 8185: 8062: 7936: 7816: 7603: 5326:

to each other. Ordóñez suggests that when clitics are sisters, they may not even be considered

4776: 4772: 4170:, one will often see sentences with a verb and direct object but no explicitly stated subject. 1869:

The imperfect expresses actions or states that are viewed as ongoing in the past. For example:

5972:

is removed, and if the verb has more than one syllable, an accent is added to the last vowel:

5461:

Daussá’s realization of syntactic structure presents a solution for the paradigmatic issue of

4784: 4218:

For example, if we translate a cleft sentence such as "It was Juan who lost the keys", we get

4053:(SVO); however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is more variable, with 3877:("run") plus the corresponding Spanish preposition. This is more due to the nature of English 8918: 8808: 8769: 8646: 8555: 8417: 8399: 8213: 8203: 7659: 6642: 6623: 6604: 5540:

as a polite form of address is universal. However, there are variations in informal address.

5442: 3890: 3395: 3391: 3181:

form derives (as in most Romance languages) from the Latin pluperfect subjunctive, while the

3112: 625: 484: 263: 8067: 3015:

This forms the first-person conjugation. The other conjugations work similarly, as follows:

8749: 8208: 8127: 7836: 7821: 6545:

in contexts where it is not prescribed in standard grammar. This insertion of "extraneous"

5314: 3981:

change when initial in a question (where it serves to introduce or reintroduce a name as a

3803: 3263:

means that I am stressing how red my particular house is (probably the only house I have).

2895:

Some phrases that require the indicative instead, because they express certainty, include:

2701: 330: 158: 96: 8282: 4224:

Whereas the English sentence uses a special structure, the Spanish one does not. The verb

4073:(OVS) are also relatively common, while other orders are very uncommon outside of poetry. 766:

In most dialects, each tense has six potential forms, varying for first, second, or third

8: 8902: 8897: 8504: 8354: 8346: 8218: 7794: 7550: 6306:

prefers an "etymological" usage, one in which the indirect object function is carried by

4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4050: 3415: 3333: 3116: 879:

In the tables of paradigms below, the (optional) subject pronouns appear in parentheses.

775: 760: 695: 652: 489: 335: 288: 243: 168: 119: 68: 8467: 6506:

in the standard language. This sequence, in turn, is often reduced colloquially to just

4386:= "It was me to whom he gave permission", lit. "It was to me to whom he gave permission" 8777: 8636: 8479: 8384: 8335: 8330: 8310: 8150: 8077: 8037: 8032: 8022: 8004: 7966: 7766: 7694: 7633: 7249: 7122: 7073: 6963: 6876: 6154:

In Spain, colloquially, the infinitive is used instead of the normative imperative for

5730:, depend on the dialect. In certain countries there may be socioeconomic implications. 5603: 4759: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3339: 3227: 1849:), the first-person plural form is the same as that of the present indicative; and (2) 771: 767: 659: 621: 588: 584: 580: 572: 568: 556: 552: 544: 360: 345: 318: 308: 303: 298: 293: 268: 258: 193: 153: 8560: 8892: 8856: 8664: 8583: 8537: 8517: 8374: 8257: 8092: 8082: 8027: 7926: 7874: 7826: 7811: 7774: 7608: 7582: 7540: 7507: 7477: 7451: 7435: 7408: 7381: 7363: 7344: 7317: 7295: 7274: 7256: 7236: 7218: 7197: 7179: 7126: 7114: 7077: 7065: 7004: 6994: 6951: 6941: 6917: 6907: 6864: 6854: 6830: 6789: 6779: 6751: 6741: 6711: 6701: 6669: 5374: 5348: 4755: 4716: 4167: 4150: 4123: 3982: 744: 540: 355: 253: 238: 223: 203: 61: 56: 38: 7448:

Cassell's Contemporary Spanish: A Handbook of Grammar, Current Usage, and Word Power

6655: 4422:= "It is this way that it must be done", lit. "It is this way how it must be done" ( 8716: 8654: 8598: 8593: 8545: 8449: 8444: 8369: 8292: 8272: 8247: 8239: 8180: 8155: 8145: 8140: 8057: 8014: 7991: 7981: 7971: 7913: 7851: 7648: 7638: 7526: 7499: 7427: 7400: 7153: 7104: 7057: 6820: 6661: 6482: 6240:

ending in the second person singular of the preterite or simple past. For example,

5455: 3746:("the least clearly of them"), etc. As with their corresponding adjectival forms, 3399: 3387: 3381: 2408:

to be conjugated, depending on context, in imperfect, with respect to the subject.

2339:

state by entering (expressed through the preterite to suggest a completed action).

778:" between familiar and formal modes of address. The formal second-person pronouns ( 756: 648: 592: 576: 548: 528: 350: 313: 273: 218: 213: 208: 136: 22: 8869: 7530: 7157: 7092: 8864: 8818: 8741: 8731: 8721: 8711: 8603: 8578: 8512: 8489: 8484: 8320: 8315: 8262: 8252: 8225: 8175: 8160: 8135: 8110: 8100: 8072: 8052: 7999: 7941: 7921: 7864: 7841: 7831: 7801: 7789: 7613: 7593: 6524: 5472: 5334: 5309: 2937:

with the "opposite ending". This is done in the following way: if the verb is an

2901:

Es verdad que, es obvio que, es seguro que, parece que, es evidente que, creo que

793:

The second-person familiar plural is expressed in most of Spain with the pronoun

740: 724: 340: 283: 278: 233: 5454:

can block features as it travels attached to the appropriate verb form from the

5337:

is a common feature in Romance languages with designation of clitics as unbound

2876:

phrases and verbs that require sentences to have subjunctive formation include:

817:

is used as both the formal and familiar second-person pronoun in Latin America.

8926: 8874: 8823: 8759: 8754: 8688: 8683: 8527: 8439: 8429: 8407: 8364: 8359: 8325: 8277: 8165: 8105: 8047: 7931: 7859: 7806: 7779: 7598: 6486: 6283: 5557: 5434: 5412: 4398:= "It is us for whom this was made", lit. "It is for us for whom this was made" 4054: 670:

Recently published comprehensive Spanish reference grammars in English include

426: 198: 7008: 6955: 6921: 6868: 704:

Every Spanish verb belongs to one of three form classes, characterized by the

606:

Spanish was the first of the European vernaculars to have a grammar treatise,

8941: 8838: 8828: 8813: 8789: 8726: 8631: 8522: 8472: 8389: 8115: 7946: 7891: 7869: 7784: 7118: 7069: 6834: 6715: 5241:

Specific issues arise in clitic use and syntactic representation in terms of

4691:= "You girls are the ones who know" (agreement with subject of main sentence) 4199: 3878: 3386:

Spanish pronouns fall into the same broad categories as English pronouns do:

3208: 2554:

verbs (and some -ir verbs, like disminuir) whose stem ends with a vowel, the

1388: 728: 691: 407: 248: 163: 124: 7492:"Deconstructing Voice. The syntax and semantics of u-syncretism in Spanish". 6793: 6755: 6324:(according to the gender of the antecedent, and regardless of its animacy). 6108:

Outside Argentina, other combinations are possible. For instance, people in

4207:"I did it." → "It was I who did it" or colloquially "It was me that did it." 3410:–include a variety of second-person forms that differ not only according to 8608: 8494: 8267: 8170: 7881: 7431: 7404: 7093:"Deconstructing Voice. The syntax and semantics of u-syncretism in Spanish" 7061: 6988: 6935: 6901: 6848: 6825: 6808: 6375:

as indirect objects). The object pronoun variation is studied in detail by

3813: 752: 720:—sometimes called the first, second, and third conjugations, respectively. 369: 6695: 6665: 6560: 5484:

Even more recently, Lewandowski has focused on one function in the use of

8659: 8379: 7176:

Clitic combinations in Spanish : syntax, processing and acquisition.

6906:. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. 6773: 6735: 5950:

is also derived from the second person plural. The latter ends always in

5722:

as the informal pronoun. The exact connotations of this practice, called

5491:

functions. His discussion has centered around the "polyfunctionality" of

5366: 3809: 3707: 3673: 91: 30: 6903:

Clitic combinations in Spanish : syntax, processing and acquisition

5370: 4602:= "I was the one who drank it" (agreement with subject of main sentence) 3457:("almost"), etc. To form adverbs from adjectives, the adverbial suffix 431: 7360:

Hablar y escribir correctamente: Gramática normativa del español actual

7178:

Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada.

5575:

Depending on the region, Latin Americans may also replace the singular

4780: 4779:. Syntactically, they are most often found in non-argument benefactive 4708: 3639:

There are also a wide variety of adverbial phrases in Spanish, such as

748: 705: 532: 461: 6515: 4076:

Thus, to simply say, "My friend wrote the book", one would say (SVO):

4004:

appears between numerals, it was usually spelled with an accent mark (

2806:

The subjunctive is also used to convey doubt, denial, or uncertainty.

8675: 7503: 7337:: A Semantic Approach". In Fashold, Ralph W.; Shuy, Roger W. (eds.). 7109: 6312:(regardless of gender), and the direct object function is carried by 6109: 5553: 5437:

or a main conjugated verb. The clitic adjoins the verb and undergoes

5323: 5319: 4049:

Spanish unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is

3867:) as well as a large number of very important compound prepositions. 1396: 1392: 736: 732: 629: 617: 479: 456: 436: 6494:, and such a noun clause may serve as the object of the preposition 6358: 6350: 6336: 4631:= "I am the one who knows" (agreement with subject of main sentence) 398: 393: 383: 5123:

The clitic cannot follow a past or passive participle, as in (2b):

4515:

In casual speech, the complex cleaving pronoun is often reduced to

4195: 4118:= "Yesterday, my mother saw my friend and asked him about his book" 3881:

rather than an inherent function of Spanish verbs or prepositions.

2318:(They were listening to the radio when they heard a noise outside.) 441: 4061:

being the primary factors in the selection of a particular order.

3157:

Today, the two forms of the imperfect subjunctive – for example, "

7690: 5646:

was used in medieval Castilian as a polite form, like the French

5242: 4748:

as "paradigmatic" in reference to the complexity and variance of

3734:("as quickly as you can", lit. "the most quickly that you can"), 416: 7331:

García, Érica; Otheguy, Ricardo (1977). "Dialectal Variation in

6234:

A form used for centuries but never accepted normatively has an

3427:

Spanish adverbs work much like their English counterparts, e.g.

2384:

The present progressive is formed by first conjugating the verb

2342: 755:('I will walk'), the future perfect ('I will have walked'), the 7517:

Serrano, María José; Aijón Oliva, Miguel Ángel (January 2011).

7140:

Serrano, María José; Aijón Oliva, Miguel Ángel (January 2011).

6740:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–160. 5356:. However, both approaches fail when there is clitic doubling. 4703: 3916:

respectively when followed by an identical vowel sound. Thus,

3904:('or') alter their form in both spoken and written language to 421: 7689: 6637:

Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española

6618:

Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española

6599:

Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española

5772: 5725: 5636: 5353: 871: 564: 536: 388: 7538:

Syntax of Spanish. Port Chester: Cambridge University Press.

6700:. Port Chester: Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–18. 5619:) to the ends of sentences, where other speakers would say 5411:

followed by an infinitive verb when the clitic precedes an

7580: 7446:

Pérez, Angeles; Sala, Rafael; Santamarina, Manuel (1993).

5503:

is a probe for A-movement which results in a paradigmatic

727:

tenses with more-or-less direct English equivalents: the

7474:

A Good Spanish Book!: Basic Spanish Course for Foreigners

2304: 1440:(You had your hair cut, Lit. "You cut yourself the hair") 774:. In the second person, Spanish maintains the so-called " 6295: 4801:

the only true subject clitic in Spanish is "impersonal"

3598:

In series of consecutive adverbs that would each end in

2976:

Yo como; yo puedo; yo vivo → Yo coma; yo pueda; yo viva.

2315:

Ellos escuchaban la radio cuando oyeron un ruido afuera.

643:(RAE, Royal Spanish Academy) traditionally dictates the 7193:

Manual de dialectología hispánica: El español de España

6565:— is generally associated with less-educated speakers. 4115:

Ayer vio a mi amigo mi madre y le preguntó por su libro

4109:

Ayer vio mi madre a mi amigo y le preguntó por su libro

3985:, rather than to link one element with another), as in 3054:→ Nosotros hablemos; nosotros comamos; nosotros vivamos 1864: 6778:. I. E. Mackenzie. London: Routledge. pp. 80–82. 4198:

is one formed with the copular verb (generally with a

7312:

Diccionario esencial Santillana de la lengua española

7445: 7420:"Some Clitic Combinations in the Syntax of Romance". 6527:(i.e. in an apparent effort to avoid the "error" of 6011:(to go), which does not have an imperative form for 4643:= (preferred form with same meaning, agreement with 4173:

In questions, VSO is usual (though not obligatory):

3064:→ Vosotros habléis; vosotros comáis; vosotros viváis 7284:

Daussà, E. J. The Syntactic Operator se in Spanish.

7021:

Daussà, E. J. The Syntactic Operator se in Spanish.

6993:. Vol. 69-11A. Pennsylvania State University. 6809:"Some Clitic Combinations in the Syntax of Romance" 6139: 5405:In such cases, one solution is to use the particle 4010:), in order to distinguish it from zero (0); thus, 2542:undergoes the stem vowel change that is typical of 7248: 7139: 4613:(preferred form with same meaning, agreement with 4325:to cleave such sentences as in English, but using 591:(including a residual neuter), and a very reduced 7211:Batchelor, R. E.; San José, Miguel Ángel (2010). 7210: 6899: 6584:Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 6003:The only exception to these rules is in the verb 5710:was lost in standard Spanish, some dialects lost 4319:Note that it is ungrammatical to try to use just 4039: 679: 36: 8939: 3828:Recently, two new prepositions have been added: 2334:(It was a very peaceful day when that happened.) 7343:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 65–88. 6027:, which has a similar meaning, and is regular: 5001: 4943: 7519:"Syntactic variation and communicative style". 7468:. University of California, Los Angeles; 2015. 7034:. University of California, Los Angeles; 2015. 6986: 6221: 5282: 4909: 4840: 4521:, just as it is reduced to "that" in English. 3975:('steel and iron'). Nor does the conjunction 3816:. The following list is traditionally cited: 7675: 7566: 7357: 7332: 7330: 7310: 7271:The Routledge handbook of Spanish morphology. 7142:"Syntactic variation and communicative style" 6634: 6615: 6596: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6462: 6452: 6445: 6436: 6426: 6419: 6410: 6404: 6394: 6387: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6342: 6334: 6328: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6287: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6174: 6168: 6155: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6099: 6091: 6081: 6075: 6063: 6057: 6047: 6037: 6031: 6021: 6013: 6005: 5995: 5989: 5982: 5976: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5936: 5930: 5923: 5917: 5910: 5904: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5868: 5862: 5852: 5842: 5836: 5829: 5823: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5784: 5778: 5770: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5695: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5668: 5659: 5653: 5641: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5567: 5561: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5485: 5476: 5462: 5449: 5419: 5406: 5390: 5381: 5342: 4929: 4802: 4791: 4763: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4683: 4673: 4659: 4644: 4634: 4622: 4614: 4605: 4594: 4575: 4565: 4557: 4547: 4536: 4525: 4516: 4497: 4479: 4461: 4443: 4429: 4423: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4368: 4354: 4342: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4252: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4177: 4158: 4149:A sentence in which the direct object is the 4140: 4130: 4113: 4107: 4099: 4093: 4080: 4027: 4021: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3986: 3976: 3966: 3960: 3947: 3937: 3927: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3872: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3843:This list includes two archaic prepositions ( 3835: 3829: 3820: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3630: 3622: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3541: 3535: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3318: 3312: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3250: 3244: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3144: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3100: 3087: 3081: 3069: 3059: 3049: 3039: 3029: 3019: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2899: 2887: 2880: 2858: 2842: 2826: 2810: 2789: 2773: 2753: 2732: 2716: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2375: 2367: 2359: 2351: 2343:Present progressive and imperfect progressive 2329: 2321: 2313: 2296: 2290: 2276: 2266: 2251: 2241: 2226: 2216: 2201: 2191: 2168: 2162: 2147: 2137: 2122: 2112: 2097: 2087: 2072: 2062: 2039: 2033: 2018: 2008: 1993: 1983: 1968: 1958: 1943: 1933: 1910: 1904: 1889: 1881: 1873: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1818: 1808: 1793: 1783: 1768: 1758: 1743: 1733: 1710: 1704: 1689: 1679: 1664: 1654: 1639: 1629: 1614: 1604: 1581: 1575: 1560: 1550: 1535: 1525: 1510: 1500: 1485: 1475: 1452: 1446: 1435: 1427: 1419: 1411: 1369: 1359: 1344: 1334: 1319: 1309: 1300: 1285: 1275: 1252: 1246: 1231: 1221: 1206: 1196: 1181: 1167: 1158: 1143: 1133: 1110: 1104: 1089: 1079: 1064: 1054: 1039: 1025: 1016: 1001: 991: 968: 962: 944: 928: 912: 904: 891: 869: 863: 857: 851: 845: 839: 833: 827: 821: 812: 806: 800: 794: 785: 779: 636: 608: 509: 7471: 7246: 6937:The Routledge handbook of Spanish morphology 6850:The Routledge handbook of Spanish morphology 5647: 4291:= "It is only three days that you have left" 3758:("badly") have irregular comparative forms ( 3414:(singular or plural), but also according to 3299:(glass) is masculine, so "the red glass" is 675: 7466:A phase approach to spanish object clitics. 7043: 7032:A phase approach to spanish object clitics. 6485:in Spanish are typically introduced by the 6089:Other tenses always have the same form for 5467:using AgrO and AgrS. This model includes a 4783:, in formation of passive, in formation of 4104:= "A few years ago, my friend wrote a book" 739:('I was walking' or 'I used to walk'), the 602:Frontispiece of the Grammatica Nebrissensis 7682: 7668: 7573: 7559: 7494:Glossa: a journal of general linguistics. 7316:(in Spanish). Editorial Santillana. 1991. 6968:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6881:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4266:Here are some examples of such sentences: 4257:("Juan was the one who lost the keys") or 4101:Hace pocos años escribió un libro mi amigo 4095:Hace pocos años escribió mi amigo un libro 3959:The change does not take place before the 3012:Yo hablo; yo camino → Yo hable, yo camine. 2323:Yo estaba en mi cuarto cuando usted entró. 516: 502: 7251:A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish 7108: 6824: 6733: 6264:. That is the only instance in which the 4976: 4819: 4145:= "This is the book that my friend wrote" 3808:Spanish has a relatively large number of 3317:means "the tall ones" or "the tall men". 2913:) form of a verb. For example, the verbs 2823:likable or I search for a likable friend) 2331:Era un día muy tranquilo cuando eso pasó. 799:and its characteristic verb forms (e.g., 7287: 7097:Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics 6653: 6471: 6019:and uses the analogous form of the verb 5664:. This gave three levels of formality: 4722: 4315:= lit. "There are few who come and stay" 4044: 3710:is formed by placing the neuter article 3562:("bad") have irregular adverbial forms: 3152: 3074:→ ellos hablen; ellos coman; ellos vivan 1245:Present indicative forms of the regular 1103:Present indicative forms of the regular 961:Present indicative forms of the regular 671: 658:Differences between formal varieties of 597: 7380:69-11A. Pennsylvania State University. 6806: 6771: 5789:). If the second person plural ends in 5518: 5271: 5223: 5154: 5107: 5046: 5005: 4990: 4955: 4947: 3284:(cup) is feminine, so "the red cup" is 3175:" – are largely interchangeable.* The 3092:, the following would be expected (and 8940: 6693: 6415:depending on the gender of the object. 4230:has no dummy subject, and the pronoun 4142:Este es el libro que mi amigo escribió 2707: 2305:Using preterite and imperfect together 7663: 7554: 7247:Butt, John; Benjamin, Carmen (2011). 7189: 6581: 6327:The Academy also condones the use of 6296:Third-person object pronoun variation 5322:of the left branch but are no longer 4026:('two-hundred three'). Nowadays only 3855:), but leaves out two new Latinisms ( 3627:= "slowly, carefully, and skillfully" 3323:means "the big one" or "the big man". 3105:→ Vos hablés; vos comás; vos escribás 2301:verbs share the same set of endings. 1878:(I was/used to be funny in the past). 1861:verbs share the same set of endings. 909:not required and not routinely used.) 882: 7391:Lewandowski, Wojciech (2021-01-27). 7235:I. E. Mackenzie. London: Routledge. 7233:Spanish : an essential grammar. 7090: 7044:Lewandowski, Wojciech (2021-01-27). 6767: 6765: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6654:Pountain, Christopher (2016-10-04). 5876:If the second person plural ends in 5415:, as in the example provided below: 5359: 4676:El coronel no tiene quien le escriba 4428:replaces longer expressions such as 2326:(I was in my room when you came in.) 6775:Spanish : an essential grammar 5523: 5257: 3700:("faster, quicker, more quickly"), 1894:(They were listening to the radio). 13: 7255:(5th ed.). Hodder Education. 5509:and second, that non-paradigmatic 4221:Fue Juan el que perdió las llaves. 4189: 3688:("less") before the adverb. Thus 3236:In Spanish, adjectives usually go 2411: 14: 8959: 7418:Ordóñez, Francisco (2002-12-01). 7376:Gonzalez Lopez, Veronica (2008). 7174:Alba de la Fuente, Anahi (2013). 6987:Gonzalez Lopez, Veronica (2008). 6900:Alba de la Fuente, Anahi (2013). 6807:Ordóñez, Francisco (2002-12-01). 6762: 6722: 6682: 6382:Here are some examples for this: 5232:María already had prepared-CL.ACC 5179:María already CL.ACC had prepared 4279:= "It was John who lost the keys" 4260:El que perdió las llaves fue Juan 4254:Juan fue el que perdió las llaves 4182:= "Did my friend write the book?" 3706:("less interestingly"), etc. The 2766:very ambitious—literally, I want 611:Gramática de la lengua castellana 7476:. University Academic Editions. 7422:Catalan Journal of Linguistics. 7358:Gómez Torrego, Leonardo (2006). 5944:In the imperative, the form for 5658:, and it used the same forms as 5299:CL.DAT CL.ACC told.1SG yesterday 3737:lo más interesantemente de todos 3676:of adverbs is formed by placing 2819:(I search for a friend who will 790:) take third-person verb forms. 29: 7291:A Comprehensive Spanish Grammar 7196:(in Spanish). Editorial Ariel. 7133: 7084: 7037: 7024: 7015: 6980: 6928: 6893: 6841: 6512:, and this reduction is called 5602:A feature of the speech of the 5182:"Maria had already prepared it" 4876:"You cannot walk on the grass." 3884: 3797: 3740:("most interestingly of all"), 3512:("natural", m. & f. sg.) → 3034:→ Tú hables; tú comas; tú vivas 2161:Imperfect forms of the regular 2032:Imperfect forms of the regular 1903:Imperfect forms of the regular 1703:Preterite forms of the regular 1574:Preterite forms of the regular 1445:Preterite forms of the regular 680:Batchelor & San José (2010) 16:Grammar of the Spanish language 7472:Roque Mateos, Ricardo (2017). 7217:. Cambridge University Press. 7214:A Reference Grammar of Spanish 6813:Catalan Journal of Linguistics 6800: 6657:Exploring the Spanish Language 6647: 6628: 6609: 6590: 6575: 6160:. This is not accepted in the 5267: 5253: 5219: 5150: 5103: 5042: 4986: 4951: 4898: 4829: 4303:= "It will be I who tells him" 4040:Syntax and syntactic variation 3327: 2695: 2377:Él estaba limpiando su cuarto. 2372:(I was listening to the radio) 1382: 1: 7531:10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.008 7168: 7158:10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.008 4873:NEG CL can.1SG walk the grass 4166:Because subject pronouns are 4160:El libro lo escribió mi amigo 3731:lo más rápidamente que puedas 3221: 3213:Grammatical gender in Spanish 2925:(To talk, to eat, to live) → 1899:not on its beginning or end. 1424:(Pablo turned the lights off) 6737:A student grammar of Spanish 6500:, resulting in the sequence 6457:(They told him to shut up). 6431:(They told her to shut up). 5229:*María ya había preparádo-lo 4695: 4179:¿Escribió mi amigo el libro? 3956:('vertical or horizontal'). 3936:('Ferdinand and Isabella'), 3794:("a little"), respectively. 3743:lo menos claramente de ellos 3624:lenta, cuidosa, y duchamente 3540:("bold", m. & f. sg.) → 3044:→ Él hable; él coma; él viva 3024:→ Yo hable; yo coma; yo viva 2867:(It does not seem that they 1402: 7: 7490:Saab, Andrés (2020-12-29). 7362:(in Spanish). Arco Libros. 7091:Saab, Andrés (2020-12-29). 6586:. HarperCollins. p. 3. 6377:García & Otheguy (1977) 5176:María ya lo había preparado 4870:No se puede pisar el césped 3669:("however, nevertheless"). 3635:= "partially or completely" 3526:("sad", m. & f. sg.) → 3375: 2928:Yo hablo, yo como, yo vivo. 2828:No hay ningún autor que lo 2614:verbs whose stem ends with 2369:Estaba escuchando la radio. 868:verbs, respectively. (See " 770:and for singular or plural 616:, published in 1492 by the 10: 8964: 7288:DeBruyne, Jacques (1996). 7231:Bradley, Peter T. (2004). 6772:Bradley, Peter T. (2004). 5634: 5566:is used with the standard 4727:The syntactic role of the 4665:ni un centavo para apostar 4393:para nosotros para quienes 4337:in plural is grammatical. 4082:Mi amigo escribió el libro 4020:('2 or 3') in contrast to 3801: 3504:("fast, quickly, rapidly") 3492:("fast, rapid", m. sg.) → 3422: 3379: 3331: 3225: 3206: 2835:(There are no authors who 2380:(He was cleaning his room) 1875:Yo era cómico en el pasado 1865:Imperfect or "copretérito" 689: 676:Butt & Benjamin (2011) 571:system and are marked for 559:(resulting in up to fifty 8916: 8883: 8855: 8837: 8798: 8768: 8740: 8702: 8673: 8645: 8622: 8569: 8536: 8503: 8458: 8398: 8344: 8291: 8238: 8196: 8126: 8091: 8013: 7990: 7912: 7850: 7765: 7756: 7701: 7589: 6734:Batchelor, R. E. (2006). 6660:(0 ed.). Routledge. 6523:Some speakers, by way of 6464:Le dijeron que se callara 6454:Lo dijeron que se callara 6438:Le dijeron que se callara 6428:La dijeron que se callara 6347:as a direct object), and 6246:instead of the normative 5777:, verbs corresponding to 5754:as an object pronoun and 5116:John was preparing-CL.ACC 5113:Juan estaba preparándo-lo 5071:John CL.ACC was preparing 5068:Juan lo estaba preparando 4685:Vosotras sois las que lo 4454:= "He gave permission to 3574:("badly"), respectively. 3255:= My house, which is red. 2931:Then, replace the ending 2851:(It is possible that she 2416:To form the gerund of an 1891:Ellos escuchaban la radio 763:('I would have walked'). 759:('I would walk') and the 7378:Spanish clitic climbing. 6568: 6270:form does not end in an 5628: 5458:which alters the nodes. 5401:"I have already sent it" 4661:Somos los únicos que no 4251:For example, we can say 3782:are the comparatives of 3672:As with adjectives, the 3202: 2798:(It is a shame that you 2356:(I am doing my homework) 2353:Estoy haciendo mi tarea. 934:en un submarino amarillo 903:tall). (Subject pronoun 751:— ('I had walked'), the 723:A Spanish verb has nine 685: 8413:Central Atlas Tamazight 6990:Spanish clitic climbing 6399:(They saw him/her/it). 5884:(with an accent on the 5302:"I told you yesterday." 5074:"John was preparing it" 5014:NEG CL.ACC open-2SG.IMP 4490:= "I did it because of 3946:('subject or object'), 3632:parcial o completamente 3274:In Spanish, adjectives 3119:, recommends using the 3094:used in Central America 3086:forms are derived from 2782:(I am happy that Marta 2775:Me alegro de que Marta 2428:of the infinitive with 2213:Second person familiar 2084:Second person familiar 1955:Second person familiar 1755:Second person familiar 1626:Second person familiar 1497:Second person familiar 1297:Second person familiar 1155:Second person familiar 1013:Second person familiar 941:in a yellow submarine). 743:('I have walked'), the 700:Spanish irregular verbs 624:and presented to Queen 37: 7536:Zagona, Karen (2002). 7405:10.1515/ling-2020-0264 7333: 7311: 7273:Abingdon, Oxon. 2021. 7190:Alvar, Manuel (1996). 7062:10.1515/ling-2020-0264 6694:Zagona, Karen (2002). 6635: 6616: 6597: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6463: 6453: 6446: 6437: 6427: 6420: 6411: 6405: 6395: 6388: 6371: 6365: 6357: 6349: 6343: 6335: 6329: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6303:Real Academia Española 6302: 6288: 6286:has gone further with 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6175: 6169: 6156: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6100: 6092: 6082: 6076: 6064: 6058: 6048: 6038: 6032: 6022: 6014: 6006: 5996: 5990: 5983: 5977: 5967: 5960: 5958:. So for the form for 5953: 5946: 5937: 5931: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5869: 5863: 5853: 5843: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5785: 5779: 5771: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5696: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5669: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5568: 5562: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5486: 5477: 5463: 5450: 5420: 5407: 5391: 5382: 5343: 4930: 4918:María CL went.away-3SG 4803: 4792: 4764: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4684: 4674: 4670:Gabriel García Márquez 4660: 4645: 4635: 4623: 4615: 4606: 4595: 4576: 4566: 4558: 4548: 4537: 4526: 4517: 4498: 4480: 4462: 4444: 4430: 4424: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4369: 4355: 4343: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4253: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4178: 4159: 4141: 4131: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4094: 4081: 4028: 4022: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3995:('What about Inés?'). 3987: 3977: 3967: 3965:of a diphthong, as in 3961: 3948: 3938: 3928: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3873: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3703:menos interesantemente 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3631: 3623: 3619:= "quickly and easily" 3615: 3606: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3542: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3319: 3313: 3301: 3295: 3286: 3280: 3265: 3259: 3251: 3245: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3145: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3101: 3088: 3082: 3070: 3060: 3050: 3040: 3030: 3020: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2888: 2881: 2859: 2843: 2827: 2811: 2790: 2774: 2754: 2733: 2717: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2566:ending is replaced by 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2376: 2368: 2360: 2352: 2330: 2322: 2314: 2297: 2291: 2277: 2267: 2252: 2242: 2227: 2217: 2202: 2192: 2169: 2163: 2148: 2138: 2123: 2113: 2098: 2088: 2073: 2063: 2040: 2034: 2019: 2009: 1994: 1984: 1969: 1959: 1944: 1934: 1911: 1905: 1890: 1882: 1874: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1819: 1809: 1794: 1784: 1769: 1759: 1744: 1734: 1711: 1705: 1690: 1680: 1665: 1655: 1640: 1630: 1615: 1605: 1582: 1576: 1561: 1551: 1536: 1526: 1511: 1501: 1486: 1476: 1453: 1447: 1436: 1428: 1420: 1412: 1370: 1360: 1345: 1335: 1320: 1310: 1301: 1286: 1276: 1253: 1247: 1232: 1222: 1207: 1197: 1182: 1168: 1159: 1144: 1134: 1111: 1105: 1090: 1080: 1065: 1055: 1040: 1026: 1017: 1002: 992: 969: 963: 945: 929: 913: 905: 892: 870: 864: 858: 852: 846: 840: 834: 828: 822: 813: 807: 801: 795: 786: 780: 639:Real Academia Española 637: 609: 603: 462:Palenquero or Palenque 457:Chavacano or Chabacano 7581:Grammars of specific 6972:) CS1 maint: others ( 6885:) CS1 maint: others ( 6666:10.4324/9781315735078 6582:Kamen, Henry (2003). 5892:), then the form for 5691:Vuestra merced quiere 5429:"We are going to bed" 4775:or related to verbal 4723:Historical approaches 4472:= "This was done for 4132:Este es el libro que 4045:Order of constituents 3998:When the conjunction 3818: 3153:Imperfect subjunctive 3113:Royal Spanish Academy 2238:Second person formal 2109:Second person formal 1980:Second person formal 1780:Second person formal 1651:Second person formal 1522:Second person formal 1421:Pablo apagó las luces 1331:Second person formal 1193:Second person formal 1051:Second person formal 601: 7432:10.5565/rev/catjl.59 6826:10.5565/rev/catjl.59 5519:Dialectal variations 3926:('father and son'), 3804:Spanish prepositions 3788:("much, a lot") and 3722:("that you can") or 3472:("clear", m. sg.) → 2952:comer, poder, vivir, 2844:Es posible que ella 1416:(She died yesterday) 35:A manuscript of the 8043:Old Church Slavonic 7521:Language Sciences. 7294:. Wiley-Blackwell. 6059:Que vosotros digáis 5850:Similarly the verb 4964:open.2SG.IMP-CL.ACC 4507:= "It must be done 4284:Son sólo tres días 4071:object-verb-subject 4067:verb-object-subject 4063:Verb-subject-object 4051:subject-verb-object 3812:, and does not use 3616:rápida y fácilmente 3334:Spanish determiners 3072:Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes 2997:replace the ending 2961:replace the ending 2812:Busco un amigo que 2791:Es una lástima que 2708:Present subjunctive 2482:verbs, replace the 2361:Estamos estudiando. 2174: 2045: 2020:(ellos, ellas) habl 1970:(vosotros/-as) habl 1945:(nosotros/-as) habl 1916: 1716: 1587: 1562:(ellos, ellas) habl 1512:(vosotros/-as) habl 1487:(nosotros/-as) habl 1458: 1437:Te cortaste el pelo 1429:Yo me comí el arroz 1258: 1116: 1091:(ellos, ellas) habl 1041:(vosotros/-as) habl 1003:(nosotros/-as) habl 974: 761:conditional perfect 696:Spanish conjugation 626:Isabella of Castile 531:is a grammatically 490:Instituto Cervantes 8908:Lingua Franca Nova 8551:Classical Japanese 5716:, and began using 5604:Dominican Republic 4921:"Maria went away." 4760:reciprocal pronoun 4405:por eso por lo que 4312:vienen y se quedan 3604:on their own, the 3408:grammatical person 3228:Spanish adjectives 2979:If the verb is an 2644:(as is typical of 2422:verb, replace the 2278:(ellos, ellas) viv 2228:(vosotros/-as) viv 2203:(nosotros/-as) viv 2160: 2149:(ellos, ellas) com 2099:(vosotros/-as) com 2074:(nosotros/-as) com 2031: 1902: 1831:Note that (1) for 1820:(ellos, ellas) viv 1770:(vosotros/-as) viv 1745:(nosotros/-as) viv 1702: 1691:(ellos, ellas) com 1641:(vosotros/-as) com 1616:(nosotros/-as) com 1573: 1444: 1413:Ella se murió ayer 1371:(ellos, ellas) viv 1321:(vosotros/-as) viv 1287:(nosotros/-as) viv 1244: 1233:(ellos, ellas) com 1183:(vosotros/-as) com 1145:(nosotros/-as) com 1102: 960: 883:Present indicative 757:conditional simple 735:('I walked'), the 622:Antonio de Nebrija 604: 579:are inflected for 563:forms per verb). 8935: 8934: 8589:Classical Chinese 8234: 8233: 7695:world's languages 7657: 7656: 7583:Romance languages 7545:978-0-511-15575-8 7483:978-1-5426-9745-3 7386:978-0-549-92293-3 7301:978-0-631-19087-5 7279:978-0-429-31819-1 7262:978-1-4441-3769-9 7224:978-0-521-42961-0 7203:978-84-344-8217-3 7184:978-0-494-98079-8 7146:Language Sciences 7000:978-0-549-92293-3 6947:978-0-429-31819-1 6913:978-0-494-98079-8 6860:978-0-429-31819-1 6707:978-0-511-15575-8 6697:Syntax of Spanish 6675:978-1-317-56288-7 6198:in some dialects) 6112:may use standard 5736:uses the pronoun 5469:Determiner Phrase 5360:Recent approaches 4756:reflexive pronoun 4717:topic and comment 4527:Es para nosotros 4360:perdió las llaves 4348:perdió las llaves 4276:perdió las llaves 4124:dependent clauses 3663:("finally"), and 3451:("much, a lot"), 3366:("much, a lot"), 3117:Argentinian usage 2650:verbs), and this 2364:(We are studying) 2287: 2286: 2158: 2157: 2029: 2028: 1883:Usted comía mucho 1829: 1828: 1700: 1699: 1571: 1570: 1380: 1379: 1242: 1241: 1100: 1099: 747:—also called the 651:, as well as its 577:Personal pronouns 526: 525: 39:Cantar de mio Cid 8955: 8604:Mandarin Chinese 8435:Levantine Arabic 7763: 7762: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7661: 7660: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7552: 7551: 7504:10.5334/gjgl.704 7487: 7461: 7373: 7354: 7336: 7327: 7314: 7305: 7266: 7254: 7228: 7207: 7162: 7161: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7112: 7110:10.5334/gjgl.704 7088: 7082: 7081: 7041: 7035: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7013: 7012: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6967: 6959: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6880: 6872: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6828: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6769: 6760: 6759: 6731: 6720: 6719: 6691: 6680: 6679: 6651: 6645: 6640: 6632: 6626: 6621: 6613: 6607: 6602: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6579: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6519: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6466: 6456: 6449: 6440: 6430: 6423: 6414: 6408: 6398: 6391: 6374: 6368: 6363:(for the use of 6362: 6354: 6346: 6341:(for the use of 6340: 6332: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6291: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6172: 6159: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6103: 6095: 6085: 6079: 6067: 6061: 6051: 6041: 6035: 6025: 6017: 6009: 5999: 5993: 5986: 5980: 5978:Tened (vosotros) 5970: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5940: 5934: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5872: 5866: 5856: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5827: 5825:Vosotros habláis 5817: 5810: 5803: 5795: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5766:as possessives. 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5699: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5672: 5663: 5657: 5652:and the Italian 5651: 5645: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5571: 5565: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5524:Forms of address 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5489: 5480: 5466: 5456:feature geometry 5453: 5423: 5410: 5395: 5385: 5346: 5315:left-dislocation 5296:Te lo dije ayer. 5284: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5255: 5225: 5221: 5156: 5152: 5109: 5105: 5048: 5044: 5017:"Don't open it." 5007: 5003: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4933: 4911: 4900: 4842: 4831: 4821: 4806: 4795: 4767: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4719:identification. 4690: 4679: 4667: 4648: 4642: 4630: 4618: 4612: 4601: 4579: 4573: 4561: 4555: 4544: 4533: 4520: 4506: 4489: 4471: 4453: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4372: 4362: 4350: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4181: 4162: 4144: 4138: 4117: 4111: 4103: 4097: 4084: 4035: 4025: 4019: 4009: 4003: 3994: 3980: 3974: 3964: 3955: 3945: 3935: 3925: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3876: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3839: 3833: 3824: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3770:("worse")), and 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3651:("everywhere"), 3650: 3644: 3634: 3626: 3618: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3545: 3539: 3531: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3419:disambiguation. 3382:Spanish pronouns 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3322: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3292: 3283: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3124: 3107: 3091: 3085: 3076: 3066: 3056: 3046: 3036: 3026: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2891: 2884: 2866: 2850: 2834: 2818: 2797: 2781: 2761: 2740: 2724: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2656:merges with the 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2632:—the stem vowel 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2379: 2371: 2363: 2355: 2333: 2325: 2317: 2300: 2294: 2283: 2273: 2258: 2248: 2233: 2223: 2208: 2198: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2144: 2129: 2119: 2104: 2094: 2079: 2069: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2015: 2000: 1990: 1975: 1965: 1950: 1940: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1901: 1893: 1885: 1877: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1825: 1815: 1800: 1790: 1775: 1765: 1750: 1740: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1686: 1671: 1661: 1646: 1636: 1621: 1611: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1572: 1567: 1557: 1542: 1532: 1517: 1507: 1492: 1482: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1443: 1439: 1432:(I ate the rice) 1431: 1423: 1415: 1376: 1366: 1351: 1341: 1326: 1316: 1307: 1292: 1282: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1243: 1238: 1228: 1213: 1203: 1188: 1178: 1165: 1150: 1140: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1101: 1096: 1086: 1071: 1061: 1046: 1036: 1023: 1008: 998: 975: 972: 966: 959: 951: 949:las diez y media 936: 920: 908: 898: 875: 867: 861: 855: 849: 843: 837: 831: 825: 816: 810: 804: 798: 789: 783: 731:('I walk'), the 664:American Spanish 649:Spanish language 642: 614: 518: 511: 504: 229:Central American 42: 33: 23:Spanish language 19: 18: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8948:Spanish grammar 8938: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8912: 8879: 8851: 8833: 8801:Native American 8794: 8764: 8736: 8698: 8669: 8641: 8618: 8565: 8532: 8499: 8454: 8394: 8340: 8287: 8230: 8192: 8122: 8087: 8009: 7986: 7908: 7887:Scottish Gaelic 7846: 7752: 7697: 7688: 7658: 7653: 7585: 7579: 7484: 7458: 7370: 7351: 7324: 7308: 7302: 7263: 7225: 7204: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7138: 7134: 7089: 7085: 7042: 7038: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7001: 6985: 6981: 6961: 6960: 6948: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6914: 6898: 6894: 6874: 6873: 6861: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6805: 6801: 6786: 6770: 6763: 6748: 6732: 6723: 6708: 6692: 6683: 6676: 6652: 6648: 6633: 6629: 6614: 6610: 6595: 6591: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6525:hypercorrection 6480: 6298: 6232: 6152: 6133:que vos habléis 5838:Vosotros tenéis 5805:, the form for 5639: 5633: 5526: 5521: 5362: 5335:clitic climbing 5310:clitic doubling 5304: 5294: 5286: 5275: 5261: 5237: 5227: 5212: 5204: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5166: 5158: 5144: 5136: 5128: 5121: 5111: 5096: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5036: 5028: 5019: 5009: 4994: 4980: 4969: 4959: 4923: 4913: 4902: 4892: 4878: 4868: 4860: 4852: 4844: 4833: 4823: 4725: 4701: 4445:Me dio permiso 4431:la forma en que 4331:in singular or 4192: 4190:Cleft sentences 4047: 4042: 3887: 3806: 3800: 3764:("better") and 3697:más rápidamente 3648:en todas partes 3550:The adjectives 3425: 3384: 3378: 3336: 3330: 3230: 3224: 3215: 3207:Main articles: 3205: 3155: 2770:very ambitious) 2762:(I want you to 2729:very ambitious) 2710: 2698: 2414: 2412:Forming gerunds 2345: 2307: 2010:(él, ella) habl 1867: 1843:verbs (but not 1552:(él, ella) habl 1405: 1385: 1308: 1166: 1081:(él, ella) habl 1024: 930:Todos nosotros 885: 826:is replaced by 776:T–V distinction 741:present perfect 702: 690:Main articles: 688: 672:DeBruyne (1996) 539:are marked for 522: 452:Roquetas Pidgin 174:irregular verbs 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8961: 8951: 8950: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8923: 8921: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8861: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8843: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8774: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8746: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8680: 8678: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8651: 8649: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8575: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8542: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8509: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8464: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8415: 8410: 8404: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8297: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8206: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8132: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8063:Serbo-Croatian 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7996: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7937:Istro-Romanian 7934: 7929: 7924: 7918: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7867: 7862: 7856: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7713: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7687: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7664: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7604:Istro-Romanian 7601: 7596: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7578: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7534: 7525:(1): 138–153. 7515: 7488: 7482: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7443: 7416: 7389: 7374: 7368: 7355: 7349: 7328: 7322: 7306: 7300: 7285: 7282: 7267: 7261: 7244: 7229: 7223: 7208: 7202: 7187: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7152:(1): 138–153. 7132: 7083: 7036: 7023: 7014: 6999: 6979: 6946: 6927: 6912: 6892: 6859: 6840: 6799: 6784: 6761: 6746: 6721: 6706: 6681: 6674: 6646: 6627: 6608: 6589: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6487:complementizer 6479: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6442: 6416: 6297: 6294: 6231: 6222:Non-normative 6220: 6219: 6218: 6199: 6179: 6151: 6138: 6087: 6086: 6069: 6068: 6043: 6042: 6001: 6000: 5991:Dad (vosotros) 5987: 5942: 5941: 5928: 5915: 5906:Vosotros vivís 5874: 5873: 5848: 5847: 5834: 5748:but maintains 5702: 5701: 5687: 5673: 5635:Main article: 5632: 5627: 5558:Canary Islands 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5413:auxiliary verb 5403: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5361: 5358: 5287: 5276: 5262: 5248: 5247: 5213: 5205: 5197: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5167: 5159: 5145: 5137: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5097: 5089: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5059: 5051: 5037: 5029: 5026: 5025: 4995: 4981: 4971: 4970: 4937: 4936: 4903: 4893: 4885: 4884: 4861: 4853: 4845: 4834: 4824: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4724: 4721: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4681: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4632: 4620: 4607:Yo fui el que 4603: 4596:Yo fui el que 4591: 4590: 4582: 4581: 4563: 4553:le dio permiso 4545: 4534: 4513: 4512: 4499:Se debe hacer 4495: 4477: 4459: 4436: 4435: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4383:le dio permiso 4365: 4364: 4352: 4317: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4196:cleft sentence 4191: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4164: 4163: 4147: 4146: 4120: 4119: 4105: 4086: 4085: 4055:topicalization 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 3886: 3883: 3802:Main article: 3799: 3796: 3657:("suddenly"), 3637: 3636: 3628: 3620: 3589:("slow"), and 3548: 3547: 3533: 3519: 3505: 3485: 3439:("a little"), 3424: 3421: 3380:Main article: 3377: 3374: 3332:Main article: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3309: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3256: 3226:Main article: 3223: 3220: 3204: 3201: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3109: 3108: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3057: 3047: 3037: 3027: 2916:hablar, comer, 2905: 2904: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2873: 2872: 2860:No parece que 2856: 2840: 2824: 2804: 2803: 2787: 2771: 2759:muy ambicioso. 2747: 2746: 2730: 2722:muy ambicioso. 2709: 2706: 2697: 2694: 2413: 2410: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2365: 2357: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2319: 2306: 2303: 2285: 2284: 2274: 2268:(él, ella) viv 2264: 2260: 2259: 2249: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2224: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2199: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2139:(él, ella) com 2135: 2131: 2130: 2120: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2095: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2070: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2027: 2026: 2016: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1995:(ustedes) habl 1991: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1966: 1960:(tú, vos) habl 1956: 1952: 1951: 1941: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1879: 1866: 1863: 1827: 1826: 1816: 1810:(él, ella) viv 1806: 1802: 1801: 1791: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1766: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1698: 1697: 1687: 1681:(él, ella) com 1677: 1673: 1672: 1662: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1637: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1569: 1568: 1558: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1537:(ustedes) habl 1533: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1508: 1502:(tú, vos) habl 1498: 1494: 1493: 1483: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1442: 1441: 1433: 1425: 1417: 1404: 1401: 1389:compound verbs 1384: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1367: 1361:(él, ella) viv 1357: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1317: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1283: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1240: 1239: 1229: 1223:(él, ella) com 1219: 1215: 1214: 1204: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1179: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1141: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1098: 1097: 1087: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1066:(ustedes) habl 1062: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1037: 1014: 1010: 1009: 999: 989: 985: 984: 981: 978: 958: 957: 942: 926: 910: 884: 881: 687: 684: 524: 523: 521: 520: 513: 506: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492: 487: 482: 474: 473: 467: 466: 465: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 427:Judaeo-Spanish 424: 419: 411: 410: 408:Interlanguages 404: 403: 402: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 373: 372: 366: 365: 364: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 327: 326: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 188: 187: 181: 180: 179: 178: 177: 176: 171: 161: 156: 151: 150: 149: 144: 134: 133: 132: 122: 114: 113: 107: 106: 105: 104: 99: 94: 86: 85: 79: 78: 77: 76: 71: 66: 65: 64: 51: 50: 46: 45: 43:, 13th century 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8960: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8915: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8797: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8672: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8624:Austroasiatic 8621: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7758:Indo-European 7755: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7711:Orthographies 7709: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7678: 7673: 7671: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7457:0-02-595915-8 7453: 7450:. Macmillan. 7449: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7395:Linguistics. 7394: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7369:84-7635-653-6 7365: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7350:0-87840-209-8 7346: 7342: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7323:84-294-3415-1 7319: 7315: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7245: 7242: 7241:0-203-49729-5 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7018: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6785:0-203-49729-5 6781: 6777: 6776: 6768: 6766: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6747:0-511-14039-8 6743: 6739: 6738: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6677: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6650: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6631: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6612: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6578: 6574: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6474: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6293: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6229: 6225: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6084: 6083:que vos digas 6078: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6066: 6065:que vos digás 6060: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6008: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5962: 5957: 5955: 5948: 5939: 5933: 5932:Vosotros huís 5929: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5899:is identical: 5896: 5891: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5871: 5865: 5864:Vosotros sois 5861: 5860: 5859: 5858:(to be) has: 5857: 5855: 5845: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5441:to check its 5440: 5439:head movement 5436: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5409: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5375:verbal phrase 5372: 5368: 5357: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5274: 5265: 5260: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5192: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5165: 5162: 5157: 5148: 5143: 5140: 5135: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5099:preparándo-lo 5095: 5092: 5087: 5084: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5040: 5035: 5032: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4993: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4940: 4935: 4932: 4928:positions of 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4859: 4856: 4851: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4689: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4571:se debe hacer 4570: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4463:Se hizo esto 4460: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4419:se debe hacer 4418: 4412: 4408: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4347: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4200:dummy pronoun 4197: 4187: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4168:often dropped 4161: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4143: 4139:, but rarely 4137: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4037: 4036:is standard. 4034: 4032: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3944: 3942: 3934: 3932: 3924: 3922: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3879:phrasal verbs 3875: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3825: 3823: 3817: 3815: 3814:postpositions 3811: 3805: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3752:("well") and 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3694:("earlier"), 3692: 3686: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3568:("well") and 3566: 3560: 3556:("good") and 3554: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3518:("naturally") 3516: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396:interrogative 3393: 3392:demonstrative 3389: 3383: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3341: 3338:Spanish uses 3335: 3321: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3209:Spanish nouns 3200: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3111:However, the 3106: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3042:Él/Ella/Usted 3038: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2985:verb such as 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2949:verb such as 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2864:mucho dinero. 2863: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2668:ending; e.g. 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2638:is raised to 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2299: 2293: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2263:Third person 2262: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2253:(ustedes) viv 2250: 2247: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2218:(tú, vos) viv 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2188:First person 2187: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2165: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2136: 2134:Third person 2133: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2124:(ustedes) com 2121: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089:(tú, vos) com 2086: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2061: 2059:First person 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2024: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2005:Third person 2004: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1930:First person 1929: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1915:('to speak') 1913: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1805:Third person 1804: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1795:(ustedes) viv 1792: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1760:(tú, vos) viv 1757: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1732: 1730:First person 1729: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1707: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1678: 1676:Third person 1675: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666:(ustedes) com 1663: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631:(tú, vos) com 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1601:First person 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1566: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1547:Third person 1546: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1472:First person 1471: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1457:('to speak') 1455: 1449: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1375: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1356:Third person 1355: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346:(ustedes) viv 1343: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1272:First person 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1249: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1218:Third person 1217: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1208:(ustedes) com 1205: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1132: 1130:First person 1129: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1076:Third person 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1000: 997: 996: 990: 988:First person 987: 986: 982: 979: 977: 976: 973:('to speak') 971: 965: 955: 950: 948: 943: 940: 935: 933: 927: 925:in the club). 924: 919: 917: 911: 907: 902: 897: 895: 890: 889: 888: 880: 877: 874: 873: 866: 860: 854: 848: 842: 836: 830: 824: 818: 815: 809: 808:ustedes comen 803: 797: 791: 788: 782: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 729:present tense 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 701: 697: 693: 692:Spanish verbs 683: 681: 677: 673: 668: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 647:rules of the 646: 641: 640: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 613: 612: 600: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 567:follow a two- 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 519: 514: 512: 507: 505: 500: 499: 497: 496: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 476: 475: 472: 469: 468: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 414: 413: 412: 409: 406: 405: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 371: 368: 367: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 325: 322: 321: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 264:Equatoguinean 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 190: 189: 186: 183: 182: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 131: 128: 127: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 116: 115: 112: 109: 108: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 89: 88: 87: 84: 81: 80: 75: 72: 70: 67: 63: 60: 59: 58: 57:Pronunciation 55: 54: 53: 52: 48: 47: 41: 40: 32: 28: 27: 24: 21: 20: 8750:Massachusett 8704:Austronesian 8571:Sino-Tibetan 7976: 7837:West Frisian 7736:Prepositions 7715: 7643: 7537: 7522: 7518: 7495: 7491: 7473: 7465: 7447: 7423: 7419: 7399:(1): 35–74. 7396: 7392: 7377: 7359: 7339: 7309: 7290: 7270: 7250: 7232: 7213: 7192: 7175: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7100: 7096: 7086: 7056:(1): 35–74. 7053: 7049: 7039: 7031: 7026: 7017: 6989: 6982: 6936: 6930: 6902: 6895: 6849: 6843: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6774: 6736: 6696: 6656: 6649: 6630: 6611: 6592: 6583: 6577: 6522: 6483:Noun clauses 6481: 6476: 6472: 6467:. See above. 6458: 6444: 6432: 6418: 6400: 6386: 6381: 6326: 6299: 6282: 6255:hablastes tú 6233: 6227: 6223: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6143:imperative: 6140: 6118:endings for 6107: 6098: 6090: 6088: 6077:Que tú digas 6070: 6046: 6044: 6020: 6012: 6004: 6002: 5965: 5951: 5943: 5919:Vosotros oís 5898: 5885: 5877: 5875: 5851: 5849: 5812: 5798: 5790: 5768: 5703: 5680:(originally 5640: 5629: 5613:(pronounced 5601: 5574: 5527: 5483: 5460: 5447: 5432: 5404: 5379: 5363: 5349:unaccusative 5332: 5328:constituents 5307: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5280: 5277: 5266: 5263: 5252: 5249: 5240: 5238: 5235:(same as 2a) 5234: 5231: 5228: 5217: 5215:preparádo-lo 5214: 5209: 5206: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5190: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5163: 5160: 5149: 5146: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5122: 5119:(same as 1a) 5118: 5115: 5112: 5101: 5098: 5093: 5090: 5085: 5082: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5041: 5038: 5033: 5030: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5011:No lo abras. 5010: 4999: 4996: 4985: 4982: 4975: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4941: 4938: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4915:María se fue 4914: 4907: 4904: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4849: 4846: 4838: 4835: 4828: 4825: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4789: 4785:middle voice 4770: 4726: 4713: 4702: 4697: 4686: 4662: 4637: 4625: 4608: 4597: 4583: 4574:(preferred: 4568: 4556:(preferred: 4550: 4539: 4531:se hizo esto 4528: 4514: 4508: 4501: 4500: 4491: 4483: 4481: 4473: 4466: 4464: 4455: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4416: 4404: 4395:se hizo esto 4392: 4381:a mí a quien 4380: 4366: 4357: 4345: 4318: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4265: 4250: 4217: 4213: 4193: 4185: 4172: 4165: 4148: 4133: 4121: 4087: 4075: 4048: 4030: 4014: 3997: 3989: 3969: 3958: 3950: 3940: 3930: 3920: 3898:('and') and 3891:conjunctions 3889:The Spanish 3888: 3885:Conjunctions 3869: 3842: 3827: 3819: 3810:prepositions 3807: 3798:Prepositions 3728:("of all"): 3691:más temprano 3682:("more") or 3671: 3638: 3597: 3576: 3549: 3515:naturalmente 3426: 3385: 3337: 3303: 3288: 3266:Mi roja casa 3260:Mi roja casa 3252:Mi casa roja 3246:Mi casa roja 3237: 3231: 3216: 3156: 3146:vos escribas 3134:→ Vos hables 3131: 3115:, following 3110: 3102: 3079: 3071: 3061: 3051: 3041: 3031: 3021: 2973:i.e. : 2906: 2894: 2874: 2871:much money.) 2868: 2861: 2852: 2845: 2836: 2829: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2783: 2776: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2748: 2742: 2735: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2699: 2494:ending with 2415: 2383: 2346: 2337: 2308: 2288: 2279: 2269: 2254: 2244: 2229: 2219: 2204: 2194: 2173:('to live') 2150: 2140: 2125: 2115: 2100: 2090: 2075: 2065: 2021: 2011: 1996: 1986: 1985:(usted) habl 1971: 1961: 1946: 1936: 1897: 1868: 1830: 1821: 1811: 1796: 1786: 1771: 1761: 1746: 1736: 1715:('to live') 1692: 1682: 1667: 1657: 1642: 1632: 1617: 1607: 1563: 1553: 1538: 1528: 1527:(usted) habl 1513: 1503: 1488: 1478: 1406: 1386: 1372: 1362: 1347: 1337: 1322: 1312: 1303: 1288: 1278: 1257:('to live') 1234: 1224: 1209: 1199: 1184: 1174: 1170: 1161: 1146: 1136: 1092: 1082: 1067: 1057: 1056:(usted) habl 1042: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1004: 994: 956:ten thirty). 953: 946: 938: 931: 922: 915: 900: 893: 886: 878: 819: 792: 765: 745:past perfect 722: 717: 713: 709: 703: 669: 657: 634: 620:philologist 607: 605: 527: 370:Dialectology 331:Puerto Rican 159:Prepositions 110: 8919:constructed 8903:Interlingue 8898:Interlingua 8770:Uto-Aztecan 8460:Niger–Congo 8400:Afroasiatic 7726:Determiners 7706:Phonologies 7464:Romain IJ. 7050:Linguistics 7030:Romain IJ. 6261:hablaste tú 6243:lo hicistes 6212:instead of 6209:¡Marcharos! 6186:instead of 6173:instead of 6127:vos habláis 5677:Vos queréis 5552:in much of 5528:The use of 4781:theta-roles 4609:se lo bebió 4538:Es por eso 4351:(incorrect) 4069:(VOS), and 3708:superlative 3674:comparative 3666:sin embargo 3645:("often"), 3583:("early"), 3529:tristemente 3501:rápidamente 3498:(f. sg.) → 3484:("clearly") 3478:(f. sg.) → 3340:determiners 3328:Determiners 3302:el vaso roj 3287:la taza roj 2768:that you be 2755:Quiero que 2702:subjunctive 2696:Subjunctive 2548:verbs). In 2536:(note that 2527:escribiendo 2243:(usted) viv 2114:(usted) com 2044:('to eat') 1785:(usted) viv 1656:(usted) com 1586:('to eat') 1383:Past tenses 1336:(usted) viv 1198:(usted) com 1115:('to eat') 653:orthography 336:Rioplatense 289:New Mexican 244:Costa Rican 169:conjugation 120:Determiners 69:Orthography 8676:East Asian 8637:Vietnamese 8423:Historical 8385:Mingrelian 8151:Hindustani 8128:Indo-Aryan 8078:Slovincian 8038:Macedonian 8023:Belarusian 8005:Lithuanian 7967:Portuguese 7897:colloquial 7721:Adjectives 7634:Portuguese 7169:References 7009:1194709906 6956:1204267667 6922:1019467284 6869:1204267667 6533:), insert 6412:la miraron 6406:lo miraron 6396:Le miraron 6280:language. 6249:lo hiciste 6195:¡Callarse! 6183:¡Callaros! 6164:language. 5984:tené (vos) 5831:vos hablás 5811:drops the 5670:Tú quieres 5473:nominative 5435:non-finite 5308:Regarding 5102:preparing- 5061:preparando 4967:"Open it." 4908:went.away- 4709:word order 4636:La que lo 4624:La que lo 4598:me lo bebí 4308:Son pocos 4300:se lo diga 4245:las llaves 3953:horizontal 3719:que puedas 3654:de repente 3546:("boldly") 3543:audazmente 3481:claramente 3433:("very"), 3404:possessive 3372:("some"). 3360:("this"), 3222:Adjectives 3080:Since the 2958:compartir, 2816:simpático. 2779:la comida. 2738:la comida. 1391:) are the 1027:(vos) habl 918:en el club 749:pluperfect 725:indicative 706:infinitive 660:Peninsular 618:Andalusian 561:conjugated 361:Venezuelan 346:Salvadoran 319:Philippine 309:Peninsular 304:Panamanian 294:Nicaraguan 269:Guatemalan 259:Ecuadorian 194:Andalusian 154:Adjectives 102:Influences 8893:Esperanto 8885:auxiliary 8783:Classical 8694:Mongolian 8584:Cantonese 8518:Malayalam 8505:Dravidian 8375:Kabardian 8283:Meänkieli 8258:Hungarian 8083:Ukrainian 8028:Bulgarian 7927:Dalmatian 7827:Ripuarian 7822:Old Norse 7817:Norwegian 7812:Icelandic 7775:Afrikaans 7609:Dalmatian 7512:2397-1835 7440:2014-9719 7413:1613-396X 7127:222117000 7119:2397-1835 7078:231694734 7070:1613-396X 6964:cite book 6877:cite book 6835:2014-9719 6716:923616508 6561:dequeísmo 6557:— called 6477:dequeísmo 6459:Normative 6433:Normative 6401:Normative 6278:normative 6189:¡Callaos! 6162:normative 6110:Maracaibo 5912:vos vivís 5844:vos tenés 5572:endings. 5554:Andalusia 5546:replaces 5367:proclitic 5339:morphemes 5333:In fact, 5320:c-command 5292:yesterday 5218:prepared- 5169:preparado 5064:preparing 4777:arguments 4773:anaphoric 4549:Fue a mí 4363:(correct) 4356:Fue Juan 4344:Fue Juan 4288:te quedan 4272:Fue Juan 3949:vertical 3929:Fernando 3532:("sadly") 3445:("far"), 3416:formality 3348:("the"), 3320:El grande 3314:los altos 3169:", from " 3140:vos comas 2786:the food) 2745:the food) 2620:—such as 2533:durmiendo 2467:caminando 2180:Singular 2051:Singular 1935:(yo) habl 1922:Singular 1722:Singular 1593:Singular 1477:(yo) habl 1464:Singular 1403:Preterite 1397:imperfect 1393:preterite 1311:(vos) viv 1264:Singular 1169:(vos) com 1122:Singular 1018:(tú) habl 993:(yo) habl 980:Singular 811:). Thus, 737:imperfect 733:preterite 708:ending: 645:normative 630:Salamanca 533:inflected 480:Hispanism 437:Spanglish 356:Uruguayan 254:Dominican 239:Colombian 224:Caribbean 204:Argentine 8942:Category 8857:artistic 8847:American 8809:Cherokee 8717:Hawaiian 8655:Has Hlai 8599:Kokborok 8594:Dzongkha 8556:Okinawan 8546:Japanese 8450:Ugaritic 8445:Tigrinya 8370:Georgian 8347:European 8273:Livonian 8248:Estonian 8204:Albanian 8181:Sanskrit 8156:Maithili 8146:Gujarati 8141:Bhojpuri 8058:Silesian 7982:Venetian 7972:Romanian 7951:Lombard 7902:literary 7767:Germanic 7741:Pronouns 7716:Grammars 7691:Grammars 7649:Venetian 7639:Romanian 7618:Lombard 6794:56565448 6756:67531454 6643:escribir 6289:hablates 6157:vosotros 6141:Vosotros 6115:vosotros 5997:da (vos) 5938:vos huís 5786:vosotros 5704:Whereas 5683:queredes 5661:vosotros 5610:¿tú ves? 5569:vosotros 5549:vosotros 5471:that is 5443:features 5371:enclitic 5172:prepared 4790:Despite 4589:Singular 4467:nosotros 4296:Seré yo 4136:mi amigo 4134:escribió 4122:In many 3837:mediante 3725:de todos 3642:a menudo 3580:temprano 3400:relative 3388:personal 3376:Pronouns 3089:vosotros 3062:Vosotros 3052:Nosotros 3009:: i.e., 3003:with an 2967:with an 2605:creyendo 2599:trayendo 2521:comiendo 2509:escribir 2461:hablando 2193:(yo) viv 2064:(yo) com 1735:(yo) viv 1606:(yo) com 1395:and the 1302:(tú) viv 1277:(yo) viv 1160:(tú) com 1135:(yo) com 937:(We all 796:vosotros 471:Teaching 442:Castrapo 432:Portuñol 351:Standard 314:Peruvian 299:Paraguay 274:Honduran 219:Canarian 214:Bolivian 209:Belizean 185:Dialects 142:personal 137:Pronouns 49:Overview 8865:Klingon 8819:Miskito 8778:Nahuatl 8732:Tagalog 8722:Ilocano 8712:Cebuano 8647:Kra–Dai 8614:Tibetan 8579:Burmese 8561:Hachijō 8538:Japonic 8513:Kannada 8490:Swahili 8321:Turkmen 8316:Turkish 8263:Ingrian 8253:Finnish 8226:Hittite 8214:Ancient 8176:Punjabi 8161:Marathi 8136:Bengali 8111:Persian 8101:Kurdish 8093:Iranian 8073:Slovene 8053:Russian 8000:Latvian 7977:Spanish 7960:Western 7955:Eastern 7942:Italian 7922:Catalan 7865:Cornish 7842:Yiddish 7832:Swedish 7802:Faroese 7790:English 7693:of the 7644:Spanish 7627:Western 7622:Eastern 7614:Italian 7594:Catalan 7426:: 201. 6819:: 201. 6551:before 6539:before 6530:queísmo 6516:queísmo 6473:Queísmo 6276:in the 6176:¡Venid! 6170:¡Venir! 6097:as for 5925:vos oís 5870:vos sos 5694:(today 5563:ustedes 5543:Ustedes 5537:ustedes 5393:mandado 5354:affixes 5324:sisters 5243:animacy 5202:already 5142:already 4704:Clitics 4696:Clitic 4663:tenemos 4567:Es así 4559:a quien 4542:lo hice 4487:lo hice 4415:Es así 4407:lo hice 4334:quienes 4310:los que 4286:los que 4242:" and " 4215:order. 4065:(VSO), 3939:sujeto 3831:durante 3660:por fin 3509:natural 3423:Adverbs 3354:("a"), 3166:hubiera 3163:" and " 3160:hubiese 3125:forms: 2994:caminar 2855:a lot.) 2830:escriba 2793:llegues 2741:(Marta 2689:friendo 2662:of the 2629:sonreír 2593:leyendo 2572:: e.g. 2560:of the 2500:; e.g. 2455:jugando 2449:caminar 2434:; e.g. 2183:Plural 2054:Plural 1925:Plural 1725:Plural 1596:Plural 1467:Plural 1267:Plural 1125:Plural 983:Plural 932:vivimos 814:ustedes 787:ustedes 529:Spanish 447:Creoles 417:Llanito 341:Saharan 284:Murcian 279:Mexican 234:Chilean 111:Grammar 83:History 8927:Lojban 8917:Other 8875:Quenya 8824:Navajo 8799:Other 8760:Ojibwe 8755:Munsee 8689:Korean 8684:Evenki 8674:Other 8528:Telugu 8480:Herero 8440:Somali 8430:Kabyle 8418:Hebrew 8408:Arabic 8365:Basque 8360:Adyghe 8355:Abkhaz 8345:Other 8326:Uyghur 8306:Kyrgyz 8301:Kazakh 8293:Turkic 8278:Udmurt 8240:Uralic 8166:Nepali 8106:Pashto 8068:Slovak 8048:Polish 8015:Slavic 7992:Baltic 7932:French 7914:Italic 7860:Breton 7852:Celtic 7807:German 7780:Danish 7599:French 7543: 7510: 7480: 7454: 7438: 7411: 7384: 7366: 7347: 7334:leísmo 7320: 7298: 7277: 7259: 7239: 7221: 7200: 7182: 7125: 7117: 7076: 7068: 7007: 6997: 6954: 6944: 6920: 6910: 6867: 6857: 6833: 6792: 6782: 6754: 6744: 6714: 6704: 6672: 6605:hablar 6503:de que 6447:Loísmo 6421:Laísmo 6389:Leísmo 6359:loísmo 6351:laísmo 6337:leísmo 6284:Ladino 6215:¡Idos! 6203:¡Iros! 5556:, the 5347:as an 5191:*María 5091:estaba 5053:estaba 4997:abras. 4961:Ábrelo 4939:Ábrelo 4863:césped 4807:"one". 4729:clitic 4687:sabéis 4672:novel 4654:Plural 4646:la que 4640:soy yo 4628:soy yo 4616:el que 4274:el que 4239:el que 4233:el que 3972:hierro 3968:acero 3943:objeto 3933:Isabel 3919:padre 3874:correr 3607:-mente 3601:-mente 3523:triste 3495:rápida 3489:rápido 3460:-mente 3412:number 3402:, and 3369:alguno 3293:, but 2988:hablar 2862:tengan 2848:mucho. 2839:that.) 2800:arrive 2795:tarde. 2784:brings 2777:traiga 2743:brings 2734:Marta 2683:riendo 2665:-iendo 2563:-iendo 2539:dormir 2515:dormir 2497:-iendo 2470:. 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