119:
304:
295:
284:
273:
262:
251:
46:
239:
228:
217:
200:
183:
172:
155:
138:
107:
210:
193:
165:
148:
2054:
1750:
republicans were victorious however
Calzada's troops were able to escape destruction as Ricaurte's cavalry did not press their attack but instead focused on looting their defeated enemy. Despite escaping total destruction Calzada's forces had suffered 200 dead and around 300 captured and missing as a result of the battle, nevertheless he continued his invasion pivoting northward and crossed the
1967:
refused to grant political recognition and would not commit the sufficient amount of economic and military aid to successfully resist
Morillo's force. In addition, the provinces themselves did not give each other much-needed aid. Finally, several notable individuals, whose leadership would have been
1716:
blew up off the coast of
Venezuela earlier that year, he began to order more offensive operations against the fortifications of the city. By early December, Morillo demanded the surrender the fortified city, at a council of war, the defenders of Cartagena decided not to capitulate, but to try to get
1708:
amongst the troops were the Honor guard battalion, Militia units, as well as
Venezuelan and foreign troops along with a contingent of dragoons and carabiners. There were also between 400 and 300 artillery troops to man the 400 artillery pieces that dotted the impressive fortifications that defended
1954:
On learning of the arrival of the expeditionary force, republican leaders assumed various positions. Internal divisions, which had developed during the previous years of struggle, softened but still remained a considerable obstacle. In the end, they prevented a coordinated effort by the different
1749:
of the
Casanare Province of New Granada. The only republican army in the vicinity was the Army of the East under the command of Colonel Joaquín Ricaurte who had at his disposal 150 infantrymen and 1,000 cavalry. Ricaurte intercepted Calzada's forces on 31 October in an area called Chire. The
1729:. Of the nearly 2,000 people who left on 6 merchant ships and 10 armed schooners, only 600 people managed to reach Haiti. Many ships sank, ran aground or returned to port and were captured by the Spaniards. The fortified city finally fell on December 6, 1815.
1571:
In 1814, with King
Ferdinand VII back on the Spanish throne, Spain decided to send to its most seditious colonies the strongest expeditionary force that it had ever sent to the Americas, this force was known as the Expeditionary army of Costa Firme (Spanish:
1983:, a small republic that had freed itself from French rule, where he and other independence leaders were given a friendly reception. Eventually, the growing exile community received money, volunteers and weapons from Haitian president
1584:, was chosen as its commander with Admiral Pascual Enrile as second in command and commander of the naval forces. The expeditionary force was made up of approximately 10,000 men and nearly 60 ships. Originally, they were to head for
569:
1690:. Another royalist force would also support Morillo's invasion, that being 2,100 Venezuelan royalist troops of the V division under the command Colonel Sebastian de la Calzada who would invade from the east in Venezuela.
1975:, who had been acting under the authority of the United Provinces, left his command on 8 May 1815, after failing to subdue Cartagena in March in retaliation for its refusal to give him arms and men. Bolívar traveled to
638:
633:
1712:
By
November however the siege began to take a toll on the Spanish and their expeditionary troops began to suffer from tropical diseases, as Morillo had lost his siege train equipment when the ship
472:
1968:
useful, decided to exile themselves, although other republican leaders remained in the region and tried to reorganize their military and political activities in order to face the new threat.
353:
1659:, there Morillo's forces picked up supplies as well as militia volunteers. Morillo's main objective and main effort would be concentrarted on capturing the republican fortress city of
1725:. On the night of 5 December, the Cartagena authorities and some of the defenders set sail on ships, many of them corsairs, others merchant ships, under command of the French corsair
604:
710:
516:
550:
399:
1991:
with the locals. This formed the basis from which the struggle to establish republics successfully spread towards the other areas of South
America under Spanish control.
1770:
594:
584:
482:
781:
389:
1551:, recently restored to the throne in Spain, decided to send military forces to retake most of the northern South American colonies, which had established autonomous
589:
444:
1627:
in April, where no resistance was encountered. After leaving the island, Morillo's troops reinforced existing royalist forces in the
Venezuelan mainland, entering
491:
673:
501:
346:
394:
2020:
609:
668:
663:
643:
506:
976:
861:
2042:
703:
658:
579:
545:
511:
414:
404:
434:
1810:
was set up to judge those accused of treason and rebellion, resulting in the execution of more than a hundred notable
Republican officials, including:
1709:
the city. For the next five months, the Spanish laid a brutal siege that devastated the civilian population however the defenders stubbornly held out.
806:
521:
339:
1908:
1737:
While Cartagena was under siege, on 18 October 1815, Colonel Calzada's V division began their invasion of New Granada setting out from the town of
653:
540:
2263:
2010:
1704:
By mid August, Morillo and his forces set sail and arrived off Cartagena, the city was defended by some 4,000 troops under the command of General
1402:
530:
2837:
2832:
696:
981:
2782:
1682:
battalion and a squadron of hussars. This advance force would penetrate the interior of the country and capture the important river port of
1987:, and resumed the struggle for independence in the remote border areas of both New Granada and Venezuela, where they established irregular
1761:
By early 1816, the combined efforts of Spanish and colonial forces, marching south from Cartagena and north from Royalist strongholds in
1830:
1290:
1238:
2035:
1295:
1186:
2643:
Córdova: gloria y asesinato del héroe. Volume I pp. 114–119 / Armando Barona Mesa ; prólogo del académico Antonio Cacua Prada
2777:
871:
2694:
Jesús María y Arrubla Gerardo Henao, Historia de Colombia Para la Enseñanza Secundaria, Bogota, Voluntad, 1952, pp. 342–344
1270:
2792:
2772:
2148:
2050:
2582:
2787:
2697:
2674:
2642:
2142:
2102:
1552:
1536:
1342:
1305:
1181:
1589:
1429:
1412:
1337:
896:
826:
2698:
Córdova : gloria y asesinato del héroe. Tomo I / Armando Barona Mesa ; prólogo del académico Antonio Cacua Prada
2747:
2028:
1253:
1191:
881:
1884:
971:
1419:
771:
2807:
2725:
2711:
1325:
1122:
991:
776:
754:
2797:
2267:
1127:
996:
836:
801:
599:
429:
2154:
1956:
1233:
956:
931:
916:
851:
786:
111:
74:
20:
1792:
Captured units of the Republican armies of New Granada were incorporated into the Royalist army and sent to the
744:
2112:
2107:
2079:
1751:
1407:
1387:
906:
739:
123:
1300:
1078:
866:
2842:
2802:
2005:
1540:
1352:
1315:
1310:
1161:
1151:
1137:
1132:
1093:
946:
846:
791:
379:
363:
37:
2433:
2335:
1902:
1826:
2443:
2350:
2212:
2160:
1786:
1382:
1372:
1347:
1142:
876:
856:
477:
243:
221:
45:
2629:
1083:
2767:
2234:
2166:
2136:
1392:
1367:
1051:
841:
796:
2345:
1858:
1820:
2827:
2822:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2516:
2484:
2474:
2073:
1921:
1705:
1593:
1531:
1377:
1320:
1285:
1218:
1098:
204:
88:
1939:
277:
2817:
2812:
1946:
It is estimated that in total, some 7,000 people were executed by the Spanish between 1816 and 1819.
1699:
1464:
1434:
1258:
1068:
1046:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
986:
911:
831:
811:
462:
2489:
1846:
159:
2287:
1670:, Morillo ordered that Brigadier Pedro Ruiz de Porras take 1,000 troops composed of the battalions
1491:
1357:
1280:
1228:
1117:
1006:
1001:
936:
901:
886:
439:
2393:
2428:
2186:
1459:
1275:
1201:
941:
648:
2654:
2378:
2330:
2271:
1896:
1806:
1555:
and independent states. The Spanish expeditionary army under the command of Lieutenant General
1548:
1243:
1156:
1107:
1063:
816:
555:
255:
176:
2510:
2666:
2459:
2388:
1927:
1874:
1868:
1559:, with support from loyal colonial troops, completed the reconquest of New Granada by taking
1469:
1223:
424:
142:
2659:
1933:
2373:
1683:
1474:
1424:
951:
2413:
1774:
1754:
of the Andes through the Chita Pass into the Tunja Province with aims of marching towards
628:
467:
8:
2469:
2315:
2015:
1793:
1667:
1660:
1439:
1213:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1036:
821:
759:
2630:
Jesús María Henao and Gerardo Arrubla: Historia de Colombia para la enseñanza secundaria
2275:
2228:
1984:
2494:
2368:
2281:
2224:
2218:
1972:
1814:
1511:
1112:
1088:
1073:
419:
409:
308:
2704:
Response to Revolution: Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions, 1810-1840
2408:
2320:
1836:
2721:
2707:
2670:
2464:
1988:
1913:
1726:
1454:
1449:
1362:
921:
2310:
2130:
966:
288:
2418:
2403:
2340:
2240:
1766:
1655:
The expeditionary forces arrived on the Neogranadine coast on 23 July, arriving in
961:
749:
560:
232:
2325:
1852:
187:
2398:
1890:
1687:
1544:
1479:
1265:
1041:
331:
2085:
1960:
1640:
1624:
1581:
1444:
720:
618:
2741:
2479:
2172:
2058:
2053:
1964:
1577:
1556:
1496:
1248:
1196:
1011:
688:
266:
209:
192:
164:
147:
50:
2438:
53:, Commander-in-chief of the combined Spanish-Venezuelan expeditionary force.
2423:
1742:
2383:
2000:
1959:. One significant factor in the disunity was that representatives of the
1878:
1862:
1840:
1738:
1656:
1644:
1516:
1955:
factions, although there were some attempts to do so, such as under the
1785:, but their last stronghold was also captured after their defeat in the
1585:
926:
891:
1782:
2182:
1609:
1778:
1755:
1636:
1628:
1560:
1620:
1597:
1506:
1616:
2176:
1976:
1718:
1632:
1601:
1501:
1746:
1605:
1980:
1762:
1722:
118:
1663:, which was the most important port in all of the colony.
1566:
1635:
in May. A small part of the main corps set off towards
1580:
later promoted to Lieutenant General, a veteran of the
1971:
As a result of the internal conflicts in New Granada,
1887:, former president of the Junta of Cartagena de Indias
1592:, but soon it was decided to send these forces to the
1650:
1619:on 17 February 1815, the force initially landed at
2658:
2718:Spain and the Independence of Colombia, 1810-1825
1781:on 6 May 1816. The Republican government fled to
1777:in February 1816 and took the Republican capital
1769:completed the reconquest of New Granada. Colonel
1717:out of the besieged city by sea and head towards
361:
2739:
2706:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
2615:Riaño, Camilo. (1966) "La batalla de cachiri",
2602:Riaño, Camilo. (1966) "La batalla de cachiri",
2734:. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1959.
1639:, while the main contingent was directed from
1259:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
718:
2036:
1249:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)
704:
347:
2619:, (37), p. 32. doi: 10.25062/0120-0631.3107.
2606:, (37), p. 31. doi: 10.25062/0120-0631.3107.
2720:. Exter: University of Exter Press, 2000.
2264:Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
2043:
2029:
2011:Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
711:
697:
354:
340:
44:
1643:towards the Neogranadine coastal city of
16:Part of the Colombian war of independence
1893:, for aiding Revolutionary guerrilleros,
2838:1816 in the Viceroyalty of New Granada
2833:1815 in the Viceroyalty of New Granada
2740:
2732:Pablo Morillo and Venezuela, 1815-1820
2149:Venezuelan Declaration of Independence
1574:Ejército Expedicionario de Costa Firme
2783:Spanish American wars of independence
2653:
2143:Colombian Declaration of Independence
2024:
1693:
1567:The expeditionary force and campaigns
1537:Spanish American wars of independence
1244:Caribbean and North America (1739–48)
692:
335:
2622:
1949:
1905:, for organizing a guerrilla group,
1732:
1647:which was still in Royalist hands.
1582:Spanish struggle against the French
745:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
13:
1799:
1651:Arrival in New Granada – July 1815
1590:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
14:
2854:
2247:Spanish reconquest of New Granada
31:Spanish reconquest of New Granada
2103:Military career of Simón Bolívar
2052:
1823:, Colonel and Military engineer,
302:
293:
282:
271:
260:
249:
237:
226:
215:
208:
198:
191:
181:
170:
163:
153:
146:
136:
117:
105:
2688:
2647:
2636:
2155:United Provinces of New Granada
1957:United Provinces of New Granada
967:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)
112:United Provinces of New Granada
75:United Provinces of New Granada
21:Spanish conquest of New Granada
2778:Venezuelan War of Independence
2617:Revista de las Fuerzas Armadas
2609:
2604:Revista de las Fuerzas Armadas
2596:
2587:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2536:
2113:Venezuelan War of Independence
2108:Ecuadorian War of Independence
2080:Captaincy General of Venezuela
1:
2793:Military history of Venezuela
2773:Colombian War of Independence
2529:
2006:Reconquista (Spanish America)
1541:Colombian War of Independence
1535:in 1815–1816 was part of the
380:First Republic of New Granada
365:Colombian War of Independence
321:5,975 soldiers and militiamen
38:Colombian War of Independence
2788:Military history of Colombia
2351:Francisco de Paula Santander
2161:Second Republic of Venezuela
1787:Battle of Cuchilla del Tambo
1435:Dominican Republic (1863–65)
454:Spanish reconquest (1815-16)
7:
2167:Third Republic of Venezuela
2137:First Republic of Venezuela
1994:
1885:José María García de Toledo
1745:and penetrated the eastern
1678:, and some elements of the
10:
2859:
2748:Viceroyalty of New Granada
2542:Oswaldo Díaz Díaz (1964).
2517:Decree of War to the Death
2475:Juan Domingo de Monteverde
2434:Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi
2336:José Miguel Pey de Andrade
2074:Viceroyalty of New Granada
1922:Manuel del Castillo y Rada
1903:María Antonia Santos Plata
1827:Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez
1706:Manuel del Castillo y Rada
1697:
1594:Viceroyalty of New Granada
1291:Banda Oriental (1776–1777)
722:Spanish colonial campaigns
205:Manuel del Castillo y Rada
89:Viceroyalty of New Granada
18:
2503:
2452:
2359:
2301:
2256:
2205:
2196:
2121:
2095:
2066:
1700:Siege of Cartagena (1815)
1666:Prior to setting out for
1343:Spanish America (1808–33)
1338:Río de la Plata (1806–07)
730:
373:
315:
129:
98:
87:• Reestablishment of the
57:
43:
35:
30:
2808:Wars involving Venezuela
2346:Manuel Rodríguez Torices
2076:(1717–1723), (1739-1819)
1859:Manuel Rodríguez Torices
1821:Francisco José de Caldas
1512:Western Sahara (1973–76)
1440:Peru and Chile (1864–66)
1239:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
740:Canary Islands (1402–96)
570:River and naval campaign
19:Not to be confused with
2798:Wars involving Colombia
2544:La reconquista española
2485:Daniel Florence O'Leary
2444:José Antonio Anzoátegui
2429:Juan Bautista Arismendi
2187:Republic of New Granada
2086:Peninsular War in Spain
1940:José de Ayala y Vergara
1877:, former member of the
1861:, former member of the
1839:, former member of the
1771:Sebastián de la Calzada
1576:). Then Field Marshall
1296:North America (1779–83)
1214:North America (1702–13)
1052:Philippines (1599-1600)
987:Philippines (1565–1898)
299:Sebastián de la Calzada
278:Francisco Tomás Morales
222:José Francisco Bermúdez
2490:José Prudencio Padilla
2268:Las Queseras del Medio
1897:Policarpa Salavarrieta
1847:Custodio García Rovira
1829:, former president of
1530:Spanish reconquest of
492:New Granada resistance
256:Ferdinand VII of Spain
177:Manuel Roergas Serviez
160:Custodio García Rovira
130:Commanders and leaders
2702:Costeloe, Michael P.
2667:Yale University Press
2661:Simón Bolívar: A Life
2394:Antonio José de Sucre
1875:Antonio Villavicencio
1869:Camilo Torres Tenorio
1539:in South America and
1517:Western Sahara (1975)
1470:Philippines (1896–98)
1425:Cochinchina (1858–62)
1326:Caribbean (1796–1802)
1187:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
1123:Philippines (1638-46)
997:Philippines (1567–72)
852:El Salvador (1524–39)
847:Guatemala (1524–1697)
807:Puerto Rico (1511–29)
244:F. de Paula Santander
143:Camilo Torres Tenorio
2843:Attacks in Venezuela
2803:Wars involving Spain
2374:Francisco de Miranda
1615:Leaving the port of
1543:. Shortly after the
1197:New Mexico (1680–92)
2593:Cordova: pp. 95–96.
2573:Henao: pp. 333-334.
2511:Carmañola Americana
2470:Juan Manuel Cajigal
2316:Benito Salas Vargas
2016:History of Colombia
1871:, former president,
1855:, former president,
1849:, former president,
1817:, former president,
1794:Viceroyalty of Peru
1752:Cordillera Oriental
1672:Fijo de Puerto Rico
1430:Morocco (1859–1860)
1420:Balanguingui (1848)
1388:Venezuela (1811–23)
1353:Argentina (1810–18)
867:Yucatán (1527–1697)
842:Chiapas (1523–1695)
600:Cartagena (1820–21)
2768:Colonial Venezuela
2730:Stoan, Stephen K.
2583:Cartagena Explorer
2495:Miguel de la Torre
2225:Admirable Campaign
2219:Magdalena campaign
1942:, military leader.
1936:, military leader,
1934:Carlos de Montúfar
1930:, military leader,
1924:, military leader,
1918:, military leader,
1815:Jorge Tadeo Lozano
1694:Siege of Cartagena
1623:and the island of
1475:Puerto Rico (1898)
1445:Puerto Rico (1868)
1403:Colombia (1819–20)
1398:Colombia (1815–16)
1378:El Salvador (1811)
1363:Paraguay (1810–11)
1306:New Granada (1781)
1276:Philippines (1762)
1182:Porto Bello (1668)
1152:Philippines (1646)
1108:Philippines (1630)
1064:Philippines (1602)
1047:Puerto Rico (1598)
1037:Philippines (1596)
1032:Puerto Rico (1595)
1027:Cambodia (1593–97)
907:Colombia (1537–40)
857:Honduras (1524–39)
822:Mexico (1519–1821)
531:Bolívar's campaign
478:Cuchilla del Tambo
410:Magdalena campaign
309:Miguel de la Torre
2828:1816 in Venezuela
2823:1815 in Venezuela
2763:Colonial Colombia
2758:Conflicts in 1816
2753:Conflicts in 1815
2676:978-0-300-12604-4
2526:
2525:
2465:Louis-Michel Aury
2414:Cristóbal Mendoza
2379:José Antonio Páez
2331:José María Obando
2297:
2296:
2235:Alto de los Godos
1950:Patriot reactions
1807:consejo de guerra
1789:on 29 June 1816.
1775:Battle of Cachirí
1727:Louis-Michel Aury
1686:which lay on the
1525:
1524:
1507:Morocco (1957–58)
1502:Morocco (1920–26)
1497:Morocco (1911–12)
1460:Morocco (1893–94)
1408:Ecuador (1820–22)
1348:Bolivia (1809–25)
1281:Chile (1766–1767)
1229:Chile (1723–1726)
1162:Hispaniola (1655)
1069:Insulindia (1603)
1022:Insulindia (1585)
1017:Insulindia (1582)
927:Chile (1546–1662)
817:Algeria (1517–18)
686:
685:
681:
680:
551:Gameza and Topaga
430:Nariño's Campaign
330:
329:
94:
93:
2850:
2818:1816 in Colombia
2813:1815 in Colombia
2716:Earle, Rebecca.
2682:
2680:
2664:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2460:José Tomás Boves
2419:Mariano Montilla
2404:Carlos Soublette
2389:José Félix Ribas
2341:Antonio Ricaurte
2203:
2202:
2057:
2056:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2021:
1985:Alexandre Pétion
1928:José María Cabal
1917:
1733:Cachirí Campaign
1413:Mexico (1821–29)
1368:Mexico (1810–21)
1271:Nicaragua (1762)
922:Halmahera (1545)
892:Brazil (1534-36)
827:Mexico (1519–21)
725:
723:
713:
706:
699:
690:
689:
463:Cartagena (1815)
376:
375:
368:
366:
356:
349:
342:
333:
332:
307:
306:
305:
298:
297:
296:
287:
286:
285:
276:
275:
274:
265:
264:
263:
254:
253:
252:
242:
241:
240:
233:Carlos Soublette
231:
230:
229:
220:
219:
218:
212:
203:
202:
201:
195:
186:
185:
184:
175:
174:
173:
167:
158:
157:
156:
150:
141:
140:
139:
124:Kingdom of Spain
122:
121:
110:
109:
108:
59:
58:
48:
28:
27:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2738:
2737:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2623:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:Cordova: p. 62.
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2499:
2448:
2409:Santiago Mariño
2399:Rafael Urdaneta
2361:
2355:
2321:Joaquín Camacho
2303:
2293:
2270:, April 1819 –
2252:
2243:(December 1813)
2231:, February 1813
2198:
2192:
2123:
2117:
2091:
2062:
2051:
2049:
1997:
1989:guerrilla bands
1952:
1911:
1891:Mercedes Abrego
1837:Joaquín Camacho
1802:
1800:Reign of Terror
1741:, crossing the
1735:
1702:
1696:
1688:Magdalena River
1653:
1569:
1563:on 6 May 1816.
1545:Napoleonic Wars
1526:
1521:
1393:Chile (1812–27)
1254:Portugal (1762)
1147:Valdivia (1643)
1084:Petén (1618–97)
726:
721:
719:
717:
687:
682:
639:Second Taindalá
585:Chorros Blancos
369:
364:
362:
360:
325:
311:
303:
301:
300:
294:
292:
291:
283:
281:
280:
272:
270:
269:
261:
259:
258:
250:
248:
238:
236:
235:
227:
225:
224:
216:
214:
213:
199:
197:
196:
182:
180:
179:
171:
169:
168:
154:
152:
151:
137:
135:
116:
106:
104:
86:
85:Spanish victory
77:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2714:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2646:
2635:
2621:
2608:
2595:
2586:
2575:
2566:
2564:Henao: p. 332.
2557:
2548:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2311:Antonio Nariño
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2288:Lake Maracaibo
2285:
2279:
2278:, August 1819)
2274:, July 1819 –
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2222:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2131:Luz de América
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2059:Gran Colombian
2048:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1961:United Kingdom
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1909:Antonio Baraya
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1818:
1801:
1798:
1734:
1731:
1698:Main article:
1695:
1692:
1652:
1649:
1641:Puerto Cabello
1568:
1565:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1492:Morocco (1909)
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:Cuba (1895–98)
1462:
1457:
1455:Cuba (1879–80)
1452:
1450:Cuba (1868–78)
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:Uruguay (1811)
1380:
1375:
1373:Peru (1811–24)
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:Florida (1810)
1355:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:Algiers (1784)
1313:
1311:Algiers (1783)
1308:
1303:
1301:Peru (1780–82)
1298:
1293:
1288:
1286:Algiers (1775)
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Bahamas (1720)
1221:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:Morocco (1689)
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1177:Jamaica (1658)
1174:
1172:Jamaica (1657)
1169:
1167:Jamaica (1655)
1164:
1159:
1157:Tortuga (1654)
1154:
1149:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:Morocco (1614)
1076:
1074:Tunisia (1605)
1071:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1007:Tunisia (1574)
1004:
1002:Tunisia (1573)
999:
994:
992:Florida (1565)
989:
984:
982:Morocco (1564)
979:
977:Morocco (1563)
974:
972:Algeria (1563)
969:
964:
962:Tunisia (1560)
959:
957:Algeria (1558)
954:
952:Algeria (1556)
949:
947:Algeria (1555)
944:
939:
937:Tunisia (1550)
934:
932:Algeria (1547)
929:
924:
919:
917:Algeria (1543)
914:
912:Algeria (1541)
909:
904:
902:Tunisia (1535)
899:
897:Algeria (1535)
894:
889:
887:Tunisia (1534)
884:
882:Peru (1532–72)
879:
877:Algeria (1531)
874:
872:Algeria (1529)
869:
864:
862:Morocco (1525)
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
837:Tunisia (1520)
834:
832:Algeria (1519)
829:
824:
819:
814:
812:Algeria (1516)
809:
804:
802:Tunisia (1510)
799:
797:Tripoli (1510)
794:
792:Algeria (1510)
789:
787:Algeria (1509)
784:
782:Morocco (1508)
779:
777:Algeria (1507)
774:
772:Algeria (1505)
768:
767:
763:
762:
760:Melilla (1497)
757:
755:Algeria (1497)
752:
747:
742:
736:
735:
731:
728:
727:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
684:
683:
679:
678:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
634:First Taindalá
631:
623:
622:
619:Pasto Campaign
615:
614:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
574:
573:
566:
565:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
535:
534:
527:
526:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
496:
495:
488:
487:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
457:
456:
450:
449:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
384:
383:
374:
371:
370:
359:
358:
351:
344:
336:
328:
327:
322:
318:
317:
313:
312:
289:Juan de Sámano
246:
132:
131:
127:
126:
114:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
91:
83:
79:
78:
73:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
41:
40:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2855:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:0-85989-612-9
2723:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:0-521-32083-6
2709:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2639:
2633:. pp. 343-344
2632:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2546:p.45. Lerner.
2545:
2539:
2535:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Pablo Morillo
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:Other figures
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Simón Bolívar
2367:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Liborio Mejía
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:Gran Colombia
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:Simón Bolívar
1969:
1966:
1965:United States
1962:
1958:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:, for spying,
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:Liborio Mejía
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:(present-day
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:Pablo Morillo
1575:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:Pablo Morillo
1554:
1550:
1549:Ferdinand VII
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Chiloé (1712)
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:Panama (1671)
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:Taiwan (1642)
1136:
1134:
1133:Taiwan (1641)
1131:
1129:
1128:Brazil (1640)
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:Brazil (1638)
1116:
1114:
1113:Brazil (1631)
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1094:Taiwan (1626)
1092:
1090:
1089:Brazil (1625)
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:Brunei (1578)
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
750:Guinea (1478)
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
733:
732:
729:
724:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
691:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
624:
620:
617:
616:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Laguna Salada
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
575:
571:
568:
567:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
537:
536:
532:
529:
528:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
497:
493:
490:
489:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
455:
452:
451:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:
381:
378:
377:
372:
367:
357:
352:
350:
345:
343:
338:
337:
334:
323:
320:
319:
314:
310:
290:
279:
268:
267:Pablo Morillo
257:
247:
245:
234:
223:
211:
206:
194:
189:
188:Liborio Mejía
178:
166:
161:
149:
144:
134:
133:
128:
125:
120:
115:
113:
103:
102:
97:
90:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:Pablo Morillo
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2731:
2717:
2703:
2689:Bibliography
2660:
2649:
2638:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2589:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2424:Pedro Camejo
2272:Vargas Swamp
2246:
2061:independence
1970:
1953:
1945:
1831:Cundinamarca
1805:
1804:A permanent
1803:
1791:
1760:
1743:Arauca River
1736:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1654:
1614:
1573:
1570:
1529:
1527:
1486:20th century
1397:
1332:19th century
1321:Chile (1792)
1208:18th century
1144:
1103:Nevis (1629)
1100:
1058:17th century
942:Libya (1551)
766:16th century
734:15th century
556:Vargas Swamp
453:
99:Belligerents
36:Part of the
25:
2655:Lynch, John
2384:Manuel Piar
2290:(July 1823)
2284:(June 1821)
2237:, May 1813)
2221:(1812-1813)
2215:(June 1812)
2213:La Victoria
2175:(1819–31) (
2088:(1808–1814)
2082:(1777–1821)
2001:Patria Boba
1963:and of the
1912: [
1879:Triumvirate
1863:Triumvirate
1841:Triumvirate
1739:Guasdualito
1657:Santa Marta
1645:Santa Marta
1532:New Granada
1480:Guam (1898)
1266:Cuba (1762)
1234:Oran (1732)
1042:Cuba (1596)
621:(1822-1825)
572:(1819-1821)
502:Guasdualito
494:(1816-1819)
390:Bajo Palacé
382:(1810-1816)
2742:Categories
2681:pp. 90–92.
2530:References
2439:Luis Brión
2360:Venezuelan
2266:(1819–20:
2067:Background
1979:and later
1586:Montevideo
1099:St. Kitts
440:Palo River
324:10,000 men
2302:Colombian
2249:(1815–16)
2183:Venezuela
2169:(1817–19)
2163:(1813–14)
2157:(1811–16)
2139:(1810–12)
2122:Political
1714:San Pedro
1668:Cartagena
1661:Cartagena
1625:Margarita
1610:Venezuela
674:Sucumbíos
669:Barbacoas
664:Mapachico
644:Catambuco
605:Fundación
507:El Yagual
425:Civil War
420:Admirable
400:La Ladera
326:60 ships
65:1815–1816
2657:(2006).
2282:Carabobo
2197:Military
2096:Overview
1995:See also
1773:won the
1621:Carupano
1598:Colombia
659:Calvario
595:Tenerife
580:Riohacha
546:Corrales
517:Chocontá
512:Achaguas
483:La Plata
415:Carrillo
395:Iscuandé
316:Strength
70:Location
2362:figures
2304:figures
2257:1819–23
2227:(1813:
2206:1812–16
2199:history
2189:, 1831)
2177:Ecuador
2124:history
1977:Jamaica
1783:Popayán
1719:Jamaica
1680:Albuera
1676:Granada
1633:Caracas
1602:Ecuador
1588:in the
1547:ended,
1143:Chiloé
629:Bomboná
610:Ciénaga
468:Cachirí
435:Enmedio
405:Sabanas
2724:
2710:
2673:
2519:(1813)
2513:(1797)
2276:Boyacá
2241:Araure
2229:Cúcuta
2179:, 1830
2151:(1811)
2145:(1810)
2133:(1809)
1779:Bogotá
1756:Cúcuta
1747:llanos
1684:Mompox
1637:Panamá
1629:Cumaná
1608:) and
1606:Panama
1561:Bogotá
1553:juntas
649:Ibarra
561:Boyaca
533:(1819)
522:Pienta
473:Cancán
207:
190:
162:
145:
82:Result
2504:Other
1981:Haiti
1916:]
1767:Pasto
1763:Quito
1723:Haiti
1617:Cádiz
654:Pasto
2722:ISBN
2708:ISBN
2671:ISBN
1765:and
1631:and
1528:The
541:Paya
445:Tolú
62:Date
1721:or
2744::
2669:.
2665:.
1914:es
1796:.
1758:.
1674:,
1612:.
1604:,
1600:,
2679:.
2185:/
2044:e
2037:t
2030:v
1881:,
1865:,
1843:,
1833:,
1145:·
1101:·
712:e
705:t
698:v
355:e
348:t
341:v
23:.
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