42:
368:, similar to stem cells, are extremely adaptable and, when extracted from a brain, cultured and then re-injected in a lesioned area of the same brain, they can help repair and rebuild it. The treatment using them would take some time to be available for general public use, as it has to clear regulations and trials.
111:
Spastic quadriplegia can be detected by the abnormal development of motor skills in children. Symptoms can present themselves as early as three months but are generally seen before the child reaches two years of age. Some warning signs include: a child of more than two months who has stiff legs that
256:
refers to a group of disorders, it is important to have a clear and systematic naming system. These disorders must be non-progressive, non-transient, and not due to injury to the spinal cord. Disorders within the group are classified based on two characteristics- the main physiological symptom, and
222:
Spastic quadriplegia can be diagnosed as early as age one after a noticed delay in development, particularly a delay in rolling, crawling, sitting, or walking. However, depending on the severity, signs may not show up until the age of three. Muscle tone is sometimes used to make the diagnosis for
94:
Spastic quadriplegia, while affecting all four limbs more or less equally, can still present parts of the body as stiffer than others, such as one arm being tighter than another arm, and so forth. Spastic triplegia, meanwhile, involves three limbs (such as one arm and two legs, or one leg and two
156:
The white matter of the brain is especially vulnerable between the 26th and 34th weeks of maturation, and damage to the white matter can interfere with the brain’s ability to transmit signals to the rest of the body. Spastic quadriplegia can be caused by a condition known as periventricular
144:
Spastic quadriplegia is generally caused by brain damage or disruptions in normal brain development preceding birth. According to the
National Institutes of Health, there are four types of brain damage that can cause spastic quadriplegia. These include, damage to the white matter
164:
Prior to the 26th week of maturation, the fetal brain is particularly susceptible to various toxins whose effects can ultimately hinder normal development. Exposure of the brain to infectious agents is especially dangerous because they can trigger immune responses that activate
207:, lack of oxygen to the brain, can also cause damage in the cerebral motor cortex and other brain regions. This lack of oxygen can be the result of placenta malfunction, womb rupture, umbilical cord damage, low maternal blood pressure or asphyxia during labor and delivery.
135:
and dislocation, making it difficult to sit. The combination of these symptoms often makes it difficult for the patients to walk as well. Although the arms and legs of patients are often stiff, the neck is usually limp due to the lack of voluntary muscle control.
268:
While a diagnosis may be able to be made shortly after birth based on family history and observation of the infant, it is often postponed until after the child is between 18–24 months old in order to monitor the possible regression or progression of symptoms.
131:, or lasting muscle contractions and tightness, is also often experienced by those affected by spastic quadriplegia. These involuntary muscle contractions may affect the development of structural muscle around the hip and lead to hip
214:, head injury, or bleeding in the brain have a greater risk of developing spastic quadriplegia. Children whose mothers were ill during the pregnancy or did not receive adequate nutrition are also more likely to develop the disease.
196:
Bleeding in the brain caused by fetal strokes, blood clots, weak and malformed blood vessels, or high maternal blood pressure may also lead to brain damage causing spastic quadriplegia. Maternal infection, most specifically
611:
790:
858:
365:
127:
is another symptom that is characterized by alternating, rapid muscle contraction and relaxation. This presents itself as tremors and scissoring of the limbs.
416:
87:. It is distinguishable from other forms of cerebral palsy in that those afflicted with the condition display stiff, jerky movements stemming from
230:
past the age at which they should have disappeared (6–12 months of age). These reflexes include the rooting reflex, the sucking reflex, and the
185:. A difference in blood types between the mother and the fetus can also initiate a problematic immune response and cause brain damage. Severe
112:
scissor and is unable to control his or her head, and a child of more than twelve months who has not developed the ability to crawl or stand.
827:
257:
the limbs that are affected. For a disorder to be diagnosed as spastic quadriplegia, an individual must show spastic symptoms (as opposed to
802:
675:
430:
169:
and lead to inflammation of the brain. Some infections that have been linked to the development of spastic quadriplegia include
469:
853:
796:
578:
848:
265:, or atonic symptoms) and it must be present in all four limbs (as opposed to hemiplegic, diplegic, or triplegic cases).
210:
Children who experienced many complications during birth, such as, prematurity, insufficient oxygen, low birthweight,
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879:
103:
affects one or another entire side of the body (left or right); and spastic monoplegia involves a single limb.
884:
819:
776:
668:
641:
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198:
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153:), and brain damage due to lack of oxygen (hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or intrapartum asphyxia).
41:
511:
808:
753:
661:
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150:
712:
69:
748:
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spastic quadriplegia as affected children often appear to be either too stiff or too floppy.
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8:
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227:
100:
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534:
30:
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96:
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189:, can also lead to brain damage and spastic quadriplegia due to a buildup of
149:), abnormal brain development (cerebral dysgenesis), bleeding in the brain (
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182:
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120:
76:
530:
231:
116:
603:
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leukomalacia which results in the formation of lesions and holes in the
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246:
170:
115:
Spastic quadriplegia also presents a range of symptoms that affect the
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80:
50:
832:
456:"Spastic Quadriplegia - Spastic Tetraplegia - BrainAndSpinalCord.org"
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166:
132:
84:
35:
564:
791:
Gross Motor
Function Classification System - Expanded & Revised
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186:
128:
123:, which are defined as joints that cannot be stretched or moved.
653:
328:
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178:
342:
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615:
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124:
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Another important diagnostic factor is the persistence of
238:
859:
Works about cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes
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The scientific classifications for these types include:
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may be used for the same function in premature babies.
201:, has been shown to increase the risk of fetal stroke.
579:"The brain may be able to repair itself -- with help"
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450:
448:
462:
245:) may be used to locate the cause of the symptoms.
72:that affects all four limbs (both arms and legs).
445:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
871:
561:"Reliability of the Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy"
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828:Selective percutaneous myofascial lengthening
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803:Communication Function Classification System
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503:
501:
272:
99:affects two limbs (commonly just the legs),
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676:
662:
40:
498:
417:"An Overview of Spastic Cerebral Palsy"
872:
509:
657:
106:
797:Manual Ability Classification System
512:"A classification of cerebral palsy"
79:, spastic tetraplegia is defined by
423:
13:
683:
83:of the limbs as opposed to strict
14:
896:
589:
241:) or a computed tomography scan (
431:"PubMed Health - Cerebral palsy"
571:
553:
378:
1:
854:Cerebral palsy organizations
777:General movements assessment
474:www.formsofcerebralpalsy.com
237:Magnetic resonance imaging (
217:
147:periventricular leukomalacia
7:
366:Doublecortin positive cells
360:
199:pelvic inflammatory disease
10:
901:
849:People with cerebral palsy
841:
818:
783:
771:
759:Dyskinetic cerebral palsy
741:
708:Upper motor neuron lesion
698:
691:
627:
597:
470:"Forms of Cerebral Palsy"
273:Scientific classification
139:
49:
29:
24:
386:"spastic cerebral palsy"
371:
809:Modified Ashworth scale
754:Athetoid cerebral palsy
510:Minear, WL (Nov 1956).
151:intracranial hemorrhage
880:Neurological disorders
793:(gross motor function)
713:Spastic cerebral palsy
70:spastic cerebral palsy
749:Ataxic cerebral palsy
531:10.1542/peds.18.5.841
390:c.merriam-webster.com
16:Neurological disorder
885:Cerebral palsy types
733:Spastic quadriplegia
435:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
62:Spastic quadriplegia
25:Spastic quadriplegia
581:. 15 February 2016.
66:spastic tetraplegia
799:(manual dexterity)
784:Measurement scales
728:Spastic hemiplegia
692:Symptoms and signs
628:External resources
228:primitive reflexes
119:. Many experience
107:Symptoms and signs
101:spastic hemiplegia
867:
866:
767:
766:
742:Ataxia and others
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650:
358:
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68:, is a subset of
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19:Medical condition
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723:Spastic diplegia
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563:. Archived from
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492:"Cerebral palsy"
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476:. Archived from
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437:. Archived from
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419:. 25 March 2015.
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234:, among others.
97:spastic diplegia
91:of the muscles.
64:, also known as
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805:(communication)
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685:Cerebral palsy
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598:Classification
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590:External links
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567:on 2013-09-28.
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480:on 2004-06-15.
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441:on 2011-02-04.
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261:, hypertonic,
254:cerebral palsy
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193:in the blood.
161:of the brain.
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525:(5): 841–52.
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95:arms, etc.);
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811:(spasticity)
732:
718:Scissor gait
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565:the original
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478:the original
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439:the original
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183:encephalitis
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159:white matter
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121:contractures
114:
110:
93:
77:quadriplegia
75:Compared to
74:
65:
61:
60:
232:Moro reflex
117:musculature
874:Categories
820:Management
700:Spasticity
519:Pediatrics
247:Ultrasound
212:aspiration
171:meningitis
89:hypertonia
81:spasticity
51:Medication
833:Rhizotomy
772:Diagnosis
547:245030471
259:athetotic
218:Diagnosis
191:bilirubin
167:cytokines
133:dysplasia
85:paralysis
36:Neurology
31:Specialty
637:Orphanet
539:13370256
361:Research
252:Because
187:jaundice
129:Dystonia
55:baclofen
619:: G11.4
354:7q22.1
334:9p24.3
329:ANKRD15
243:CT scan
205:Hypoxia
179:rubella
642:210141
545:
537:
343:612936
339:CPSQ3
323:612900
319:CPSQ2
303:603513
299:CPSQ1
294:Locus
263:ataxic
181:, and
175:herpes
140:Causes
125:Clonus
38:
842:Other
543:S2CID
515:(PDF)
372:Notes
349:AP4M1
314:2q31
291:Gene
283:Type
535:PMID
309:GAD1
287:OMIM
612:ICD
527:doi
239:MRI
876::
640::
616:10
541:.
533:.
523:18
521:.
517:.
500:^
472:.
447:^
433:.
398:^
388:.
177:,
173:,
677:e
670:t
663:v
614:-
604:D
549:.
529::
494:.
458:.
392:.
145:(
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