1642:
403:, a species is considered "introduced" when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated. Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental. Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who either (1) believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location or, (2) species are introduced intentionally but with no regard to the potential impact. Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements and are thus unbound to human motivations. Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity.
6551:
1646:
6587:
263:". The transition from introduction, to establishment and to invasion has been described in the context of plants. Introduced species are essentially "non-native" species. Invasive species are those introduced species that spread widely or quickly and cause harm, be that to the environment, human health, other valued resources, or the economy. There have been calls from scientists to consider a species "invasive" only in terms of their spread and reproduction rather than the harm they may cause.
6575:
6516:
1386:
6478:
407:
52:
891:
303:
461:
oriental bittersweet, and honeysuckle produce fruit that is used by a handful of fruit-eating bird species. The invasive plants can also be a source of pollen and nectar for many insects, such as bees. These invasive plants were able to help their ecosystem thriving, and increase the native animal's chances of survival. Several introduced exotic trees served as nest sites for resident waterbird species in
Udaipur city, India.
6563:
6526:
434:
6507:
6499:
6491:
1046:
38:
278:
and rapid response is the most effective strategy for regulating a pest species and reducing economic and environmental impacts of an introduction. Management of invasion pathways are on the forefront of eliminating unwanted invasive species this would include preliminary steps; educating the public, cooperation from industries and government resources.
267:"invasive species" as "an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health". The biological definition of invasive species, on the other hand, makes no reference to the harm they may cause, only to the fact that they spread beyond the area of original introduction.
1022:
which was intentionally introduced into many countries in North
America, Europe, and Africa as an ornamental plant. This species has become invasive in Australia, where it threatens native rare plants and causes erosion and soil slumping around river banks. It has also become invasive in France where
266:
According to a practical definition, an invasive species is one that has been introduced and become a pest in its new location, spreading (invading) by natural means. The term is used to imply both a sense of urgency and actual or potential harm. For example, U.S. Executive Order 13112 (1999) defines
210:
There are many terms associated with introduced species that represent subsets of introduced species, and the terminology associated with introduced species is now in flux for various reasons. Examples of these terms are "invasive", "acclimatized", "adventive", "naturalized", and "immigrant" species.
429:
Species that humans intentionally transport to new regions can subsequently become successfully established in two ways. In the first case, organisms are purposely released for establishment in the wild. It is sometimes difficult to predict whether a species will become established upon release, and
195:
In the broadest and most widely used sense, an introduced species is synonymous with "non-native" and therefore applies as well to most garden and farm organisms; these adequately fit the basic definition given above. However, some sources add to that basic definition "and are now reproducing in the
277:
has adopted an approach that comes close to this). Regulations require a definitional distinction between non-natives that are deemed especially onerous and all others. Introduced "pest" species, that are officially listed as invasive, best fit the definition of an invasive species. Early detection
2571:
van den Burg, Matthijs P.; Daltry, Jennifer C.; Angin, Baptiste; Boman, Erik; Brisbane, Jeanelle L. K.; Collins, Katrina; Haakonsson, Jane E.; Hill, Arica; Horrocks, Julia A.; Mukhida, Farah; Providence, FitzGerald; Questel, Karl; Ramnanan, Naitram; Steele, Sophia; Vique
Bosquet, Isabel M.; Knapp,
1309:
When a new species is introduced, the species could potentially breed with members of native species, producing hybrids. The effect of the creating of hybrids can range from having little effect, a negative effect, to having devastating effects on native species. Potential negative effects include
552:
that earn much of their profit through the selling of genetically modified seeds has added to the controversy surrounding introduced species. The effect of genetically modified organisms varies from organism to organism and is still being researched today, however, the rise of genetically modified
460:
Although most introduced species have negative impacts on the ecosystems they enter into, there are still some species that have affected the ecosystem in a positive way. For example, in New
Hampshire invasive plants can provide some benefits to some species. Invasive species such as autumn olive,
444:
In the second case, species intentionally transported into a new region may escape from captive or cultivated populations and subsequently establish independent breeding populations. Escaped organisms are included in this category because their initial transport to a new region is human motivated.
217:
Acclimatized species are introduced species that have changed physically and/or behaviorally in order to adjust to their new environment. Acclimatized species are not necessarily optimally adjusted to their new environment and may just be physically/behaviorally sufficient for the new environment.
179:
and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown. The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists,
1206:
The exotic pet trade has also been a large source of introduced species. The species favored as pets have more general habitat requirements and larger distributions. Therefore, as these pets escape or are released, unintentionally or intentionally, they are more likely to survive and establish
851:
Most accidentally or intentionally introduced species do not become invasive as the ones mentioned above. For instance, Some 179 coccinellid species have been introduced to the U.S. and Canada; about 27 of these non-native species have become established, and only a handful can be considered
733:
Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors. Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas in which they are not considered native. For example, three species of
1436:, either deliberately or unintentionally. It has also been hypothesized that the origin of life on earth is due to introductions of life from other planets billions of years ago, possibly by a sentient race. Projects have been proposed to introduce life to other lifeless but
1362:
In plants, introduced species have been observed to undergo rapid evolutionary change to adapt to their new environments, with changes in plant height, size, leaf shape, dispersal ability, reproductive output, vegetative reproduction ability, level of dependence on the
3397:
Knapp, Charles R.; Grant, Tandora D.; Pasachnik, Stesha A.; Angin, Baptiste; Boman, Erik; Brisbane, Jeanelle; Buckner, Sandra D.; Haakonsson, Jane E.; Harlow, Peter S.; Mukhida, Farah; Thomas-Moko, Nunia; Burg, Matthijs P.; Wasilewski, Joseph A. (6 November 2020).
474:
Perhaps the most common motivation for introducing a species into a new place is that of economic gain. Non-native species can become such a common part of an environment, culture, and even diet that little thought is given to their geographic origin. For example,
637:
In other cases, species have been translocated for reasons of "cultural nostalgia", which refers to instances in which humans who have migrated to new regions have intentionally brought with them familiar organisms. Famous examples include the introduction of
1697:
227:
are often introduced species that do not need human help to reproduce and maintain their population in an area outside their native range (no longer adventive), but that also applies to populations migrating and establishing in a novel environment (e.g.: in
1359:, as hybrids appear to have higher fitness than native iguanas, leading to competitive outcompetition and replacement. Numerous populations have already become extinct and hybridization continues to reduce the number of native iguanas on multiple islands.
430:
if not initially successful, humans have made repeated introductions to improve the probability that the species will survive and eventually reproduce in the wild. In these cases, it is clear that the introduction is directly facilitated by human desires.
503:
are non-native species to North
America. Collectively, non-native crops and livestock account for 98% of US food. These and other benefits from non-natives are so vast that, according to the Congressional Research Service, they probably exceed the costs.
126:
activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are considered
2642:
van den Burg, Matthijs P.; Brisbane, Jeanelle L. K.; Knapp, Charles R. (14 October 2019). "Post-hurricane relief facilitates invasion and establishment of two invasive alien vertebrate species in the
Commonwealth of Dominica, West Indies".
175:), while other introduced species may have little or no negative impact (no invasiveness), and integrate well into the ecosystem they have been introduced to. Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests. They are called
650:, who, it is rumoured, wanted to introduce all of the birds mentioned in Shakespeare's plays into the United States. He deliberately released eighty starlings into Central Park in New York City in 1890, and another forty in 1891.
936:
and becoming invasive. Studies have shown that introduced species display a greater likeliness of naturalizing when there is an appropriate environmental match, the plant species are short lived herbs or cultivate from seeds.
786:. The Mediterranean and Black Seas, with their high volume shipping from exotic sources, are most impacted by this problem. Busy harbors are all potential hotspots as well: over 200 species have been introduced to the
1693:
813:) was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania. Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it. Some become invasive, for example, the
2922:
Whalley, R. D. B.; Price, J. N.; Macdonald, M. J.; Berney, P. J. (2011). "Drivers of change in the Social-Ecological
Systems of the Gwydir Wetlands and Macquarie Marshes in northern New South Wales, Australia".
2959:. Collection Patrimoines naturels. Vol. 1. Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Paris: Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Conservatoire botanique national de Porquerolles Ministère de l'environnement.
712:
A special case of introduction is the reintroduction of a species that has become locally endangered or extinct, done in the interests of conservation. Examples of successful reintroductions include wolves to
3331:
Fitzpatrick, Sarah W.; Gerberich, Jill C.; Angeloni, Lisa M.; Bailey, Larissa L.; Broder, Emily D.; Torres-Dowdall, Julian; Handelsman, Corey A.; López-Sepulcre, Andrés; Reznick, David N. (2016-08-01).
3457:"Genetic Evidence of Hybridization between the Endangered Native Species Iguana delicatissima and the Invasive Iguana iguana (Reptilia, Iguanidae) in the Lesser Antilles: Management Implications"
3594:
Lupisella, M.; Bleacher, J.; Lewis, R.; Dworkin, J.; Wright, M.; Burton, A.; Rubins, K.; Wallace, S.; Stahl, S.; John, K.; Archer, D.; Niles, P.; Regberg, A.; Smith, D.; Race, M. (2018-02-01).
1147:, the success of introduced bird species was related to their native range size and body size; larger species with larger native range sizes were found to have larger introduced range sizes.
541:) from California to Australia and New Zealand as a commercial timber crop. These examples represent only a small subsample of species that have been moved by humans for economic interests.
1314:
population when high levels of escape from
Atlantic Salmon farms into the wild populations resulted in hybrids that had reduced survival. Potential positive effects include adding to the
2787:
221:
Adventive species are often considered synonymous with "introduced species", but this term is sometimes applied exclusively to introduced species that are not permanently established.
6227:
3582:"This protocol was defined in concert with Viking, the first mission to face the most stringent planetary protection requirements; its implementation remains the gold standard today."
1440:
in other star systems some time in the future. In preparation for this, projects have been proposed to see if anything is still alive from any of the feces left behind during the six
6452:
6447:
171:
The impact of introduced species is highly variable. Some have a substantial negative effect on a local ecosystem (in which case they are also classified more specifically as an
2122:
979:, which have become an essential source of early season nectar for both native and introduced pollinators, and do not meaningfully compete with native grasses or flowers.
1172:
in the late 1800s for pest control. Since then, it has thrived on prey unequipped to deal with its speed, nearly leading to the local extinction of a variety of species.
3151:
289:
prevents the introduction of any animal not naturally occurring in the wild or any of a list of both animals or plants introduced previously and proved to be invasive.
3274:
McGinnity, Philip; Prodöhl, Paulo; Ferguson, Andy; Hynes, Rosaleen; Maoiléidigh, Niall ó; Baker, Natalie; Cotter, Deirdre; O'Hea, Brendan; Cooke, Declan (2003-12-07).
1620:
1023:
it has been listed as an invasive plant species of concern in the
Mediterranean region, where it can form monocultures that threaten critical conservation habitats.
916:
species has become widely distributed across the country. Though non-native, its leaves attract insects which serve as a food source for populations of native birds.
523:
was released in
Southeast Asia with the intent that it be used as a protein source, and subsequently to places like Hawaii to establish a food industry. In Alaska,
3075:
Lundgren, E.J.; Ramp, D.; Rowan, J.; Middleton, O.; Schowanek, S.D.; Sanisidro, O.; Carroll, S.P.; Davis, M.; Sandom, C.J.; Svenning, J.-C.; Wallach, A.D. (2020).
622:
use has and continues to be a source of many introductions. Some of these species have escaped horticultural control and become invasive. Notable examples include
1996:
1955:
2757:
259:, "established", or "wild non-native species". If they further spread beyond the place of introduction and cause damage to nearby species, they are called "
1207:
non-native populations in the wild. Among the popular exotic pets that have become alien or invasive species are parrots, frogs, terrapins, and iguanas.
2696:"Field guide to recently introduced species of coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in North America, with a revised key to north American genera of coccinellini"
247:
Immigrant species are species that travel, sometimes by themselves, but often with human help, between two habitats. Invasiveness is not a requirement.
214:
The term "invasive" is used to describe introduced species that cause ecological, economic, or other damage to the area in which they were introduced.
3276:"Fitness reduction and potential extinction of wild populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, as a result of interactions with escaped farm salmon"
2858:
2048:
3334:"Gene flow from an adaptively divergent source causes rescue through genetic and demographic factors in two wild populations of Trinidadian guppies"
750:
are sometimes transported to areas far beyond their native range by riding in shipments of tropical fruit. This was seen during the introduction of
255:
Introduction of a species outside its native range is all that is required to be qualified as an "introduced species". Such species might be termed
689:
Intentional introductions have also been undertaken with the aim of ameliorating environmental problems. A number of fast spreading plants such as
2187:
Riley, Seth P. D.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Voss, S. Randal; Fitzpatrick, Benjamin M. (2003). "Hybridization Between a Rare, Native Tiger Salamander (
273:
From a regulatory perspective, it is neither desirable nor practical to list as undesirable or outright ban all non-native species (although the
1759:
967:. Many introduced species require continued human intervention to survive in the new environment. Others may become feral, but do not seriously
6465:
4441:
3694:
2779:
912:, has been introduced across most of Europe and parts of North America as an ornamental plant. Introduced to the United Kingdom in 1616, this
2808:
Dong, Bi-Cheng; Yang, Qiang; Kinlock, Nicole L.; Pouteau, Robin; Pyšek, Petr; Weigelt, Patrick; Yu, Fei-Hai; van Kleunen, Mark (April 2024).
189:
2019:"Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city"
1590:
2881:
Xu, Cheng-Yuan; Tang, Shaoqing; Fatemi, Mohammad; Gross, Caroline L.; Julien, Mic H.; Curtis, Caitlin; van Klinken, Rieks D. (2015-09-01).
1854:
3233:"Non-Indigenous Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): From a Few Notorious Cases to a Potential Global Faunal Mixing in Aquatic Ecosystems"
610:
Many plants have been introduced with the intent of aesthetically improving public recreation areas or private properties. The introduced
6160:
4585:
764:
581:
have also been frequently transported into new areas by humans, and their escapes have resulted in several introductions, such as feral
192:
is "A species that has been intentionally or inadvertently brought into a region or area. Also called an exotic or non-native species".
4655:
561:
Introductions have also been important in supporting recreation activities or otherwise increasing human enjoyment. Numerous fish and
862:. However the small percentage of introduced species that become invasive can produce profound ecological changes. In North America,
4227:
3019:
Su, S.; Cassey, P.; Dyer, E. E.; Blackburn, T. M. (2017). "Geographical range expansion of alien birds and environmental matching".
2113:
725:, which advocates the introduction of new individuals into genetically depauperate populations of endangered or threatened species.
4192:
1322:
ability of the population and increase the number of healthy individuals within a population. This was seen in the introduction of
3561:
548:
has added another potential economic advantage to introducing new/modified species into different environments. Companies such as
6399:
3657:
367:
1015:
from the Red Sea, or as an accidental introduction from an aquarium. Another troublesome plant species is the terrestrial plant
4665:
4393:
1668:
1033:, a dietary supplement. It can grow in building foundations, threatening their stability, and spreads quite quickly. Mesquite (
339:
3143:
196:
wild", which means that species growing in a garden, farm, or house may not meet the criteria unless they escape and persist.
6442:
3056:
Lowe, Sarah (2000). "00 of the world's worst invasive alien species: a selection from the global invasive species database".
2964:
2735:
3666:
5730:
5542:
4670:
17:
1612:
527:
were introduced to many islands to create new populations for the fur trade. About twenty species of African and European
346:
5695:
5588:
5258:
4858:
3147:
1037:) has spread very widely across the Indian subcontinent and is impacting a range of wild species including urban birds.
320:
721:
to parts of England and Scotland. Introductions or translocations of species have also been proposed in the interest of
6460:
6437:
5616:
5276:
4611:
4434:
4275:
3687:
3638:
932:
is seldom understood in the beginning, and many non-native ornamentals languish in the trade for years before suddenly
535:
in an effort to reduce the impact of livestock manure. The timber industry promoted the introduction of Monterey pine (
205:
6502:
6249:
6135:
5629:
5624:
3947:
2883:"Population structure and genetic diversity of invasive Phyla canescens: implications for the evolutionary potential"
1988:
1059:
Most introduced species do not become invasive. Examples of introduced animals that have become invasive include the
386:
286:
2309:
Foster, Jennifer; Sandberg, L. Anders (2004). "Friends or Foe? Invasive Species and Public Green Space in Toronto".
1959:
1029:
grows profusely in many nations. Human beings introduced it into many places in the 19th century. It is a source of
353:
6429:
2749:
1813:
Richardson, David M.; Pysek, Petr; Rejmanek, Marcel; Barbour, Michael G.; Panetta, F. Dane; West, Carol J. (2000).
1176:
647:
4408:
2278:"Rarely naturalized, but widespread and even invasive: the paradox of a popular pet terrapin expansion in Eurasia"
2226:
1792:
1643:"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment. September 16, 2003. Introduced species"
6175:
5912:
5302:
4690:
4403:
4270:
3982:
3562:"Assessment of Planetary Protection and Contamination Control Technologies for Future Planetary Science Missions"
2418:
Moritz, Craig (2004). "Conservation Units and Translocations: Strategies for Conserving Evolutionary Processes".
2707:
2080:
2063:
5075:
4948:
1942:
532:
335:
324:
6510:
6485:
5790:
5121:
4720:
4675:
4427:
3680:
545:
4207:
3455:
Vuillaume, Barbara; Valette, Victorien; Lepais, Olivier; Grandjean, Frédéric; Breuil, Michel (5 June 2015).
6612:
5961:
5710:
5690:
5442:
4553:
1376:
400:
6607:
6066:
5720:
4910:
3801:
1397:
1310:
hybrids that are less fit for their environment resulting in a population decrease. This was seen in the
658:
2982:"Reduction in avian diversity due to exotic tree plantations on the native savannas of Pune city, India"
6541:
6494:
6394:
6317:
5725:
5555:
5385:
4975:
4695:
4182:
3899:
3796:
806:
2354:"On the Origin of the Common Wall Lizards Podarcis muralis (Reptilia: Lacertidae) in Cincinnati, Ohio"
1862:
6197:
6155:
6117:
5682:
5476:
5156:
4768:
4660:
4518:
4503:
4498:
4177:
3889:
1720:
968:
714:
3672:
2506:
6192:
5715:
5656:
5567:
5146:
5141:
5111:
4915:
4378:
4260:
1498:
1051:
933:
449:
256:
224:
128:
63:
4419:
4050:
2520:
Cohen, A. N.; Carlton, James T. (1998). "Accelerating Invasion Rate in a Highly Invaded Estuary".
1011:. The origin of the alga in the Mediterranean was thought to be either as a migration through the
6404:
6170:
5700:
5251:
4990:
4853:
4763:
4631:
4513:
4483:
4340:
4305:
4025:
3992:
3967:
3669:
Ecologists challenge the categories that identify some species as natives and others as invaders.
1582:
1136:
738:(the black, Norway and Polynesian) have spread to most of the world as hitchhikers on ships, and
573:
313:
360:
6363:
5753:
5136:
5080:
5015:
4878:
4813:
4748:
4310:
4098:
3806:
3786:
1473:
1437:
900:
132:
43:
565:
have been introduced for the purposes of sport fishing and hunting. The introduced amphibian (
135:, in which species spread to new areas through "natural" (non-human) means such as storms and
6555:
6333:
6165:
6041:
5949:
5639:
5532:
5332:
5040:
4985:
4848:
4833:
4616:
4573:
4563:
4558:
4315:
4295:
4151:
4141:
4083:
4078:
3914:
3766:
2493:
2042:
1152:
1084:
722:
31:
2112:
1346:. Wide-spread introductions of non-native iguanas are causing devastating effects on native
1301:
have introduced around the world, causing dramatic changes in native freshwater ecosystems.
709:
of the target species with the intention of reducing its numbers or controlling its spread.
6140:
5795:
5491:
5166:
5131:
5126:
5050:
5045:
5000:
4898:
4868:
4863:
4715:
4578:
4568:
4113:
3952:
3741:
3607:
3468:
3345:
3185:
3088:
2993:
2821:
2581:
2529:
2390:
2318:
2200:
1896:
1826:
1735:
1463:
662:
654:
115:
3596:"Low-Latency Telerobotic Sample Return and Biomolecular Sequencing for Deep Space Gateway"
1694:
Introduced Species in U.S. Coastal Waters: Environmental Impacts and Management Priorities
943:, for example, originated in China, and have been carried to much of the populated world.
8:
6207:
6145:
6112:
6051:
5983:
5848:
5843:
5821:
5395:
5216:
5191:
5055:
5025:
4970:
4883:
4773:
4758:
4705:
4538:
4473:
4355:
4285:
4217:
3816:
2810:"Naturalization of introduced plants is driven by life-form-dependent cultivation biases"
1478:
1364:
1003:. By 1997, it had covered some 50 km. It has a strong potential to overgrow natural
837:
3611:
3595:
3472:
3349:
3189:
3092:
2997:
2825:
2585:
2533:
2394:
2322:
2204:
1900:
1830:
1739:
6586:
6579:
6520:
6481:
6414:
6389:
6384:
6202:
6079:
5873:
5745:
5380:
5307:
5244:
5227:
5176:
5171:
4980:
4943:
4685:
4606:
4463:
4388:
4290:
4222:
4212:
4146:
4093:
3904:
3849:
3811:
3736:
3568:
3543:
3499:
3486:
3456:
3437:
3421:
3374:
3333:
3308:
3275:
3208:
3173:
3124:
3111:
3076:
2676:
2660:
2621:
2597:
2553:
2334:
2330:
2169:
2093:
1914:
1559:
1524:
1458:
987:
698:
666:
643:
631:
567:
151:
3654:
2034:
920:
Many non-native plants have been introduced into new territories, initially as either
6409:
6269:
6089:
5998:
5966:
5883:
5836:
5763:
5735:
5504:
5499:
5297:
5116:
5085:
4873:
4700:
4508:
4373:
4350:
4088:
3864:
3776:
3761:
3746:
3726:
3634:
3539:
3526:; Hartley, Stephen (2010). "Is rapid evolution common in introduced plant species?".
3504:
3441:
3429:
3379:
3361:
3313:
3295:
3256:
3213:
3128:
3116:
2960:
2904:
2839:
2680:
2668:
2625:
2613:
2605:
2545:
2485:
2466:
2431:
2403:
2378:
2338:
2161:
2085:
1909:
1884:
1839:
1814:
1751:
1564:
1546:
1483:
1468:
1367:, and level of phenotype plasticity appearing on timescales of decades to centuries.
1331:
1315:
1232:
1216:
1026:
996:
971:
with natives, but simply increase the biodiversity of the area. One example would be
913:
864:
859:
854:
845:
787:
772:
615:
164:
136:
3547:
2173:
2097:
2018:
1918:
1747:
1660:
614:
for example occupies a prominent status in many of Canada's parks. The transport of
553:
organisms has added complexity to the conversations surrounding introduced species.
6591:
6353:
6254:
6212:
6180:
6074:
6028:
5988:
5895:
5863:
5831:
5816:
5800:
5775:
5560:
5514:
5070:
4933:
4925:
4843:
4725:
4710:
4646:
4626:
4543:
4533:
4528:
4493:
4325:
4265:
4136:
3937:
3879:
3791:
3751:
3535:
3494:
3476:
3411:
3369:
3353:
3303:
3287:
3246:
3203:
3193:
3106:
3096:
3036:
3028:
3001:
2932:
2894:
2829:
2652:
2589:
2557:
2537:
2458:
2427:
2398:
2353:
2326:
2289:
2256:
2208:
2153:
2075:
2030:
1931:
1904:
1834:
1743:
1554:
1536:
1503:
1417:
1338:
into the population. The results of this introduction included increased levels of
1092:
929:
921:
825:
752:
702:
653:
Yet another prominent example of an introduced species that became invasive is the
260:
172:
2727:
6217:
6127:
6093:
5978:
5932:
5858:
5785:
5705:
5608:
5550:
5405:
5206:
5065:
5035:
5030:
5020:
4953:
4938:
4818:
4798:
4680:
4548:
4454:
4345:
4255:
4197:
3781:
3707:
3661:
3481:
3237:
2860:
A systematic study of the genus Phyla Lour. (Verbenaceae: Verbenoideae, Lantanae)
2541:
2227:"Effects of an Invasive Species: Domestic Cats. The Wildlife society. Fact sheet"
1356:
1343:
1311:
1228:
1017:
885:
841:
829:
798:
794:
778:
665:
because he missed hunting them. A more recent example is the introduction of the
639:
600:
438:
147:
119:
2064:"Environmental and Economic Costs of Nonindigenous Species in the United States"
1525:"Species invasions and extinction: The future of native biodiversity on islands"
448:
The widespread phenomena of intentional introduction has also been described as
6567:
6530:
6264:
6150:
6107:
6101:
6097:
5942:
5927:
5878:
5868:
5780:
5634:
5390:
5361:
5186:
5010:
4963:
4893:
4888:
4783:
4650:
4523:
4330:
4320:
4300:
4103:
4068:
4007:
3884:
3839:
3731:
3005:
2656:
1425:
1421:
1339:
1072:
828:
in the aftermath of natural disasters. This occurred during relief efforts for
623:
562:
496:
3174:"Invasiveness is linked to greater commercial success in the global pet trade"
2462:
2294:
2277:
531:
have established themselves in Australia after deliberate introduction by the
6601:
6574:
6515:
6284:
6185:
5971:
5900:
5672:
5420:
5284:
5211:
4187:
4161:
4118:
4108:
4063:
4030:
3922:
3756:
3711:
3490:
3433:
3425:
3365:
3299:
3260:
2981:
2908:
2843:
2672:
2664:
2609:
2601:
2470:
2089:
1550:
1256:
1224:
1150:
One notoriously devastating introduced species is the small Indian mongoose (
1124:
1064:
976:
869:
763:
Further there are numerous examples of marine organisms being transported in
706:
537:
516:
282:
270:
Some argue that "invasive" is a loaded word and harm is difficult to define.
233:
3198:
3101:
2951:
2593:
2447:"XXIV.—On some new and rare British Spiders, with characters of a new genus"
2446:
2157:
1974:
1541:
824:
Yet another unintentional pathway of introduction is during the delivery of
6305:
6279:
6259:
6083:
6046:
6010:
5646:
5593:
5469:
5425:
5410:
5339:
5196:
5181:
4838:
4808:
4753:
4636:
4601:
4478:
3977:
3523:
3508:
3383:
3317:
3291:
3217:
3120:
3018:
2617:
2165:
2062:
Pimentel, David; Lach, Lori; Zuniga, Rodolfo; Morrison, Doug (2000-01-01).
2017:
Mehta, Kanishka; Koli, Vijay K.; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2024).
1755:
1568:
1453:
1441:
1297:
1175:
In some cases, introduced animals may unintentionally promote the cause of
1080:
1068:
873:
783:
611:
528:
55:
3041:
2549:
519:
was first introduced to the United States as a potential food source. The
30:"Alien species" redirects here. For life on planets other than Earth, see
6242:
6237:
5922:
5917:
5888:
5853:
5826:
5356:
4488:
4035:
3997:
3972:
3962:
3927:
3874:
3854:
3655:
National Estuarine and Marine Exotic Species Information System (NEMESIS)
2899:
2882:
1488:
1429:
1236:
1200:
1165:
1140:
1076:
1030:
814:
790:
in this manner making it the most heavily invaded estuary in the world.
619:
590:
520:
512:
508:
500:
417:
1721:"A uniform terminology on bioinvasions: a chimera or an operative tool?"
1385:
6419:
6036:
5351:
5344:
5327:
5312:
5201:
4778:
4743:
4383:
4335:
4280:
4250:
4156:
4073:
4017:
3894:
3844:
3631:
Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature Is Thriving in an Age of Extinction
1815:"Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions"
1433:
1319:
1280:
1196:
1060:
1012:
972:
802:
768:
674:
627:
488:
433:
327: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
176:
3416:
3399:
3357:
3251:
3232:
3032:
2834:
2809:
2261:
2244:
1784:
406:
51:
6348:
6300:
6274:
6222:
6056:
6018:
5768:
5758:
5430:
5292:
5267:
5106:
5060:
4788:
4232:
4202:
4002:
3957:
3932:
3869:
3859:
3834:
3826:
3771:
3702:
3231:
Kotov, Alexey A.; Karabanov, Dmitry P.; Van Damme, Kay (2022-09-09).
3077:"Introduced herbivores restore Late Pleistocene ecological functions"
2695:
1353:
1220:
1116:
1108:
1008:
964:
890:
739:
492:
480:
3144:"Pablo Escobar's hippos may help counteract a legacy of extinctions"
2936:
2212:
507:
Other examples of species introduced for the purposes of benefiting
302:
5993:
5937:
5598:
5447:
5415:
5161:
5090:
4621:
4449:
4128:
4040:
3987:
3942:
2245:"The Number and Distribution of Introduced and Naturalized Parrots"
1327:
1188:
960:
928:
control, stock feed, or forestry. Whether an exotic will become an
895:
833:
818:
743:
718:
549:
412:
237:
155:
67:
3330:
2144:
Naylor, R. L. (2001). "Aquaculture—A Gateway for Exotic Species".
577:) was introduced to California as a source of bait for fishermen.
5954:
5457:
5435:
5322:
5317:
5151:
4958:
4828:
4823:
4450:
4398:
4058:
3703:
3280:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
1493:
1323:
1291:
1285:
1192:
1128:
1112:
1096:
1004:
983:
952:
925:
909:
694:
476:
131:. The process of human-caused introduction is distinguished from
111:
3400:"The global need to address threats from invasive alien iguanas"
2637:
2635:
872:
and probably accounts for more observations than all the native
6358:
6338:
6232:
5907:
5400:
3454:
1348:
1335:
1248:
1235:, have been introduced very widely. In addition there are some
1184:
1169:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1100:
1088:
1000:
944:
905:
757:
747:
604:
586:
274:
229:
71:
1812:
646:, a lover of the works of Shakespeare and the chairman of the
6368:
6310:
5651:
5583:
5481:
5373:
3593:
3567:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. January 24, 2011. Archived from
3273:
2632:
2572:
Charles R. (7 May 2021). "Biosecurity for humanitarian aid".
2379:"Assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act"
1260:
1244:
1180:
1161:
956:
948:
940:
690:
678:
661:, a British landowner, had rabbits released on his estate in
484:
123:
5236:
2570:
982:
A very troublesome marine species in southern Europe is the
603:), a native of East Asia, has been introduced into parts of
464:
6343:
5464:
5452:
5368:
2921:
2564:
2242:
2186:
2081:
10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0053:EAECON]2.3.CO;2
1719:
Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Anna; Galil, Bella S. (November 2004).
1268:
1264:
1157:
1104:
241:
3448:
3074:
2950:
Olivier, Louis; Galland, Jean-Paul; Maurin, Hervé (1995).
2486:"Alien marine organisms introduced by ships - An overview"
2243:
Calzada Preston, Carlos E.; Pruett-Jones, Stephen (2021).
2061:
1045:
848:
were introduced with the former two becoming established.
37:
2641:
1276:
1272:
1252:
1240:
735:
582:
578:
524:
3396:
677:
boy, George Rau, around 1950 after a family vacation to
188:
The formal definition of an introduced species from the
3390:
3230:
1718:
805:
to the United States. The insect commonly known as the
2807:
2700:
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
158:) relationships. Neobiota can further be divided into
6539:
2016:
817:, accidentally introduced with the ornamental plant,
2949:
1956:"Invasive Species Program. Clemson University – DPI"
1885:"A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species"
684:
571:) that threatens the endemic California salamander (
3521:
1587:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Endangered Species
1210:
143:captures the characteristic that these species are
3171:
1989:"Can invasive species be beneficial for wildlife?"
1191:may play ecological roles similar to those of the
162:(also: neozoons, sing. neozoon, i.e. animals) and
2880:
2445:C.M.Z.S, Rev O. P. Cambridge M. A. (1879-09-01).
1785:"Immigration, Extinction, and Island Equilibrium"
852:invasive, including the intentionally introduced
705:. This involves the purposeful introduction of a
6599:
2693:
1882:
1055:, from Asia, introduced in the rest of the world
3628:
3178:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3081:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2979:
1883:Colautti, Robert I.; MacIsaac, Hugh J. (2004).
1529:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
797:(AHB), known colloquially as "killer bees") or
697:control. Other species have been introduced as
416:introduced worldwide from its place of origin (
3667:The Naked Scientists Invasive Species Articles
2377:Shirey, Patrick D.; Lamberti, Gary A. (2010).
2376:
2308:
1007:, and represents a major risk for sublittoral
728:
5252:
4435:
3688:
2047:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1687:
1685:
1523:Sax, Dov F.; Gaines, Steven D. (2008-08-12).
515:or other economic activities are widespread.
190:United States Environmental Protection Agency
150:to their environment in terms of established
3068:
2519:
793:There is also the accidental release of the
424:
3600:Deep Space Gateway Concept Science Workshop
3058:Auckland: Invasive Species Specialist Group
2863:(Thesis). The University of Texas at Austin
2483:
2275:
5259:
5245:
4656:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
4442:
4428:
3695:
3681:
1682:
292:
3498:
3480:
3415:
3373:
3307:
3250:
3207:
3197:
3135:
3110:
3100:
3040:
2953:Livre rouge de la flore menacée de France
2898:
2833:
2780:"Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)"
2402:
2293:
2260:
2079:
1908:
1838:
1558:
1540:
1522:
1318:of the population which can increase the
465:Motivations for intentional introductions
387:Learn how and when to remove this message
4554:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
4193:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
3578:3.1.1 Microbial Reduction Methodologies:
2351:
1855:"IUCN SSC - Species Survival Commission"
1712:
1156:). Originating in a region encompassing
1044:
889:
432:
405:
50:
47:introduced but not naturalized worldwide
36:
6400:Pollutant release and transfer register
4586:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
2856:
2484:Briand, Frederic; Galil, Bella (2002).
2444:
2110:
1691:
14:
6600:
4394:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
2750:"Horse chestnut | The Wildlife Trusts"
2694:Gordon, R. D.; Vandenberg, N. (1991),
2451:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2417:
2143:
1370:
756:(Noble false widow) worldwide through
199:
5240:
4423:
3676:
3172:Gippet, JMW; Bertelsmeier, C (2021).
3141:
2276:Reshetnikov, Andrey N. (2023-01-24).
1972:
1040:
6490:
5731:Electromagnetic radiation and health
4409:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
3055:
1765:from the original on 29 January 2021
1428:after the former is introduced by a
1380:
879:
325:adding citations to reliable sources
296:
27:Species introduced by human activity
6506:
6498:
5589:Radium and radon in the environment
4859:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
2352:Deichsel, Guntram; Gist, Daniel H.
2125:from the original on 17 August 2022
1661:"Glossary | Chesapeake Bay Program"
693:have been introduced as a means of
250:
24:
4612:Ecological effects of biodiversity
3622:
2980:Choudaj, K.; Wankhede, V. (2021).
2331:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2004.tb00166.x
1593:from the original on 28 March 2019
959:(corn), and tobacco are native to
556:
206:Glossary of invasion biology terms
25:
6624:
3948:Generalist and specialist species
3648:
2777:
2035:10.1007/s11252-023-01454-5towards
1696:(Report). Pew Oceans Commission.
685:Addressing environmental problems
642:to North America by the American
287:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
236:are well established since early
180:governments, farmers and others.
122:, but which has arrived there by
6585:
6573:
6561:
6549:
6524:
6514:
6505:
6497:
6489:
6477:
6476:
4671:Occupancy–abundance relationship
3540:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01759.x
2738:from the original on 2017-05-03.
2432:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00217.x
2404:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2009.00083.x
2191:) and its Introduced Congener".
2111:Johnson, Tim (9 November 2003).
1973:Tobin, Patrick C. (2018-10-23).
1910:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00061.x
1840:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x
1700:from the original on 29 May 2019
1623:from the original on 28 May 2019
1384:
1211:Most commonly introduced species
648:American Acclimatization Society
301:
5303:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
4691:Relative abundance distribution
4404:Plant defense against herbivory
4271:Competitive exclusion principle
3983:Mesopredator release hypothesis
3587:
3554:
3515:
3324:
3267:
3224:
3165:
3154:from the original on 2020-03-28
3049:
3012:
2973:
2943:
2915:
2874:
2850:
2801:
2790:from the original on 2021-11-03
2771:
2760:from the original on 2021-04-14
2742:
2720:
2710:from the original on 2017-05-25
2687:
2513:
2477:
2438:
2411:
2370:
2345:
2302:
2269:
2236:
2219:
2180:
2137:
2104:
2055:
2010:
1999:from the original on 2022-12-13
1981:
1966:
1948:
1925:
1876:
1847:
1795:from the original on 2021-06-11
1748:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.08.011
1671:from the original on 2022-06-04
1243:species that frequently become
312:needs additional citations for
4276:Consumer–resource interactions
1943:President of the United States
1806:
1777:
1653:
1635:
1605:
1575:
1516:
1416:It has been hypothesized that
546:genetically modified organisms
533:Australian Dung Beetle Project
183:
13:
1:
5791:Electrical resistance heating
5266:
5122:Biological data visualization
4949:Environmental niche modelling
4676:Population viability analysis
1535:(supplement_1): 11490–11497.
1509:
963:, but were introduced to the
868:has become the most abundant
5443:Persistent organic pollutant
4607:Density-dependent inhibition
3482:10.1371/journal.pone.0127575
2542:10.1126/science.279.5350.555
1861:. 2007-03-03. Archived from
1377:Interplanetary contamination
655:European rabbit in Australia
240:though they originated from
7:
6453:Least polluted cities by PM
5076:Liebig's law of the minimum
4911:Resource selection function
3802:Metabolic theory of ecology
2814:Diversity and Distributions
1889:Diversity and Distributions
1819:Diversity and Distributions
1447:
1304:
1164:, it was introduced to the
846:Venezuela snouted tree frog
729:Unintentional introductions
469:
10:
6629:
6395:Pollution haven hypothesis
6318:Brain health and pollution
5556:Ecological light pollution
5386:Internal combustion engine
4976:Niche apportionment models
4696:Relative species abundance
3900:Primary nutritional groups
3797:List of feeding behaviours
3006:10.1007/s42965-021-00158-1
2657:10.1007/s10530-019-02107-5
1692:Carlton, James T. (2002).
1583:"Foreign Species Overview"
1374:
1215:Some species, such as the
999:in 1984, off the coast of
995:was first observed in the
883:
807:brown marmorated stink bug
801:to Brazil in 1957 and the
776:, the dangerous bacterium
767:, among them the invasive
203:
74:as a forage and cover crop
29:
6474:
6428:
6377:
6326:
6293:
6198:Nonpoint source pollution
6126:
6118:War and environmental law
6065:
6027:
6009:
5809:
5744:
5681:
5607:
5576:
5541:
5525:
5490:
5477:Volatile organic compound
5283:
5274:
5225:
5157:Ecosystem based fisheries
5099:
4999:
4924:
4797:
4769:Interspecific competition
4734:
4661:Minimum viable population
4594:
4519:Maximum sustainable yield
4504:Intraspecific competition
4499:Effective population size
4462:
4379:Anti-predator adaptations
4364:
4243:
4170:
4127:
4049:
4016:
3913:
3890:Photosynthetic efficiency
3825:
3719:
3338:Evolutionary Applications
2857:Kennedy, Kathryn (1992).
2463:10.1080/00222937908679818
2295:10.3897/neobiota.81.90473
2119:The Burlington Free Press
1975:Managing invasive species
1728:Marine Pollution Bulletin
715:Yellowstone National Park
425:Intentional introductions
5657:Marine mammals and sonar
5568:Radio spectrum pollution
5147:Ecological stoichiometry
5112:Alternative stable state
3629:Chris D. Thomas (2017).
1977:(Report). F1000Research.
1499:Naturalisation (biology)
1199:there at the end of the
1187:that have gone feral in
1052:Gallus gallus domesticus
836:, it was found that the
607:for ornamental reasons.
450:biological globalization
6503:WikiProject Environment
6461:Most polluted countries
6405:Polluter pays principle
6136:Agricultural wastewater
4991:Ontogenetic niche shift
4854:Ideal free distribution
4764:Ecological facilitation
4514:Malthusian growth model
4484:Consumer-resource model
4341:Paradox of the plankton
4306:Energy systems language
4026:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
3993:Optimal foraging theory
3968:Heterotrophic nutrition
3199:10.1073/pnas.2016337118
3102:10.1073/pnas.1915769117
2594:10.1126/science.abj0449
2193:Ecological Applications
2189:Ambystoma Californiense
2158:10.1126/science.1064875
1542:10.1073/pnas.0802290105
1179:. For example, escaped
1137:common brushtail possum
544:The rise in the use of
293:Nature of introductions
139:. The Latin expression
133:biological colonization
6521:Environment portal
5754:Agricultural pollution
5137:Ecological forecasting
5081:Marginal value theorem
4879:Landscape epidemiology
4814:Cross-boundary subsidy
4749:Biological interaction
4099:Microbial intelligence
3787:Green world hypothesis
3584:
3292:10.1098/rspb.2003.2520
2754:www.wildlifetrusts.org
2501:Cite journal requires
2037:(inactive 2024-04-04).
1474:Colonisation (biology)
1056:
917:
901:Aesculus hippocastanum
844:, and potentially the
795:Africanized honey bees
673:to North America by a
456:Positive Introductions
441:
421:
104:non-indigenous species
75:
48:
44:Bos primigenius taurus
6176:Industrial wastewater
6042:Clutter (advertising)
5950:Municipal solid waste
5796:Soil guideline values
5640:Sustainable transport
5533:Information pollution
5333:Open burning of waste
5142:Ecological humanities
5041:Ecological energetics
4986:Niche differentiation
4849:Habitat fragmentation
4617:Ecological extinction
4564:Small population size
4316:Feed conversion ratio
4296:Ecological succession
4228:San Francisco Estuary
4142:Ecological efficiency
4084:Microbial cooperation
3580:
2925:The Rangeland Journal
1932:Exec. Order No. 13112
1665:www.chesapeakebay.net
1048:
893:
717:in the U.S., and the
436:
409:
54:
40:
32:Extraterrestrial life
6448:Most polluted cities
6141:Biological pollution
6052:Overhead power lines
5167:Evolutionary ecology
5132:Ecological footprint
5127:Ecological economics
5051:Ecological threshold
5046:Ecological indicator
4916:Source–sink dynamics
4869:Land change modeling
4864:Insular biogeography
4716:Species distribution
4455:Modelling ecosystems
4114:Microbial metabolism
3953:Intraguild predation
3742:Biogeochemical cycle
3708:Modelling ecosystems
2900:10.1890/ES14-00374.1
2732:Lost Ladybug Project
2728:"Summary by Species"
2645:Biological Invasions
2383:Conservation Letters
1464:Biological dispersal
1424:could contaminate a
1229:ring-necked pheasant
723:genetic conservation
336:"Introduced species"
321:improve this article
18:Species introduction
6613:Ecology terminology
6511:WikiProject Ecology
6208:Ocean acidification
6113:Unexploded ordnance
5984:Post-consumer waste
5844:Foam food container
5822:Biodegradable waste
5396:Global distillation
5217:Theoretical ecology
5192:Natural environment
5056:Ecosystem diversity
5026:Ecological collapse
5016:Bateman's principle
4971:Limiting similarity
4884:Landscape limnology
4706:Species homogeneity
4544:Population modeling
4539:Population dynamics
4356:Trophic state index
3612:2018LPICo2063.3032L
3473:2015PLoSO..1027575V
3404:Animal Conservation
3350:2016EvApp...9..879F
3286:(1532): 2443–2450.
3190:2021PNAS..11816337G
3093:2020PNAS..117.7871L
2998:2021TrEco..62..499C
2826:2024DivDi..30...55D
2586:2021Sci...372..581V
2534:1998Sci...279..555C
2395:2010ConL....3...45S
2323:2004GeoRv..94..178F
2311:Geographical Review
2205:2003EcoAp..13.1263R
2152:(5547): 1655–1656.
2121:. pp. 2D, 3D.
1901:2004DivDi..10..135C
1831:2000DivDi...6...93R
1740:2004MarPB..49..688O
1479:Directed panspermia
1444:from 1969 to 1972.
1371:On a planetary body
1365:mycorrhizal network
1352:populations in the
838:common green iguana
225:Naturalized species
200:Subset descriptions
114:living outside its
6608:Introduced species
6531:Ecology portal
6415:Waste minimisation
6390:Industrial ecology
6385:Cleaner production
6203:Nutrient pollution
6080:Herbicidal warfare
5874:Construction waste
5510:Introduced species
5381:Indoor air quality
5308:Chlorofluorocarbon
5228:Outline of ecology
5177:Industrial ecology
5172:Functional ecology
5036:Ecological deficit
4981:Niche construction
4944:Ecosystem engineer
4721:Species–area curve
4642:Introduced species
4457:: Other components
4389:Deimatic behaviour
4291:Ecological network
4223:North Pacific Gyre
4208:hydrothermal vents
4147:Ecological pyramid
4094:Microbial food web
3905:Primary production
3850:Foundation species
3660:2019-08-27 at the
3528:Journal of Ecology
3142:Rowan, J. (2020).
2114:"Invasive Species"
1937:(February 3, 1999)
1459:Adventitious plant
1396:. You can help by
1334:and introduce new
1057:
1041:Introduced animals
1035:Prosopis juliflora
988:Caulerpa taxifolia
947:are native to the
918:
701:agents to control
699:biological control
667:common wall lizard
644:Eugene Schieffelin
632:purple loosestrife
597:Lophura nycthemera
568:Ambystoma tigrinum
442:
422:
152:biological network
108:non-native species
80:introduced species
76:
62:), introduced and
49:
6537:
6536:
6410:Pollution control
6090:Nuclear holocaust
5999:Thermal treatment
5967:Plastic pollution
5884:Mercury poisoning
5837:Battery recycling
5736:Radioactive waste
5505:Genetic pollution
5500:Biological hazard
5298:Air quality index
5234:
5233:
5117:Balance of nature
4874:Landscape ecology
4759:Community ecology
4701:Species diversity
4637:Indicator species
4632:Gradient analysis
4509:Logistic function
4417:
4416:
4374:Animal coloration
4351:Trophic mutualism
4089:Microbial ecology
3880:Photoheterotrophs
3865:Myco-heterotrophy
3777:Ecosystem ecology
3762:Carrying capacity
3727:Abiotic component
3633:. PublicAffairs.
3522:Buswell, Joanna;
3417:10.1111/acv.12660
3358:10.1111/eva.12356
3252:10.3390/w14182806
3087:(14): 7871–7878.
3033:10.1111/ibi.12418
2966:978-2-86515-092-2
2835:10.1111/ddi.13788
2778:Trust, Woodland.
2580:(6542): 581–582.
2528:(5350): 555–558.
2262:10.3390/d13090412
1734:(9–10): 688–694.
1613:"Foreign Species"
1484:Genetic pollution
1469:Biological hazard
1438:habitable planets
1414:
1413:
1332:population growth
1316:genetic diversity
1233:European starling
1217:Western honey bee
1153:Urva auropunctata
1027:Japanese knotweed
997:Mediterranean Sea
922:ornamental plants
880:Introduced plants
865:Harmonia axyridis
860:Asian lady beetle
855:Harmonia axyridis
811:Halyomorpha halys
788:San Francisco Bay
782:, or the fouling
773:Mnemiopsis leidyi
671:Podarcis muralis)
616:ornamental plants
397:
396:
389:
371:
96:immigrant species
92:adventive species
16:(Redirected from
6620:
6590:
6589:
6578:
6577:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6545:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6519:
6518:
6509:
6508:
6501:
6500:
6493:
6492:
6480:
6479:
6354:Legacy pollution
6213:Oil exploitation
6075:Chemical warfare
5989:Waste management
5896:Industrial waste
5864:Biomedical waste
5832:Electronic waste
5817:Advertising mail
5801:Phytoremediation
5776:Land degradation
5561:Overillumination
5515:Invasive species
5261:
5254:
5247:
5238:
5237:
4934:Ecological niche
4906:selection theory
4726:Umbrella species
4711:Species richness
4647:Invasive species
4627:Flagship species
4534:Population cycle
4529:Overexploitation
4494:Ecological yield
4444:
4437:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4326:Mesotrophic soil
4266:Climax community
4198:Marine food webs
4137:Biomagnification
3938:Chemoorganotroph
3792:Keystone species
3752:Biotic component
3697:
3690:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3644:
3616:
3615:
3591:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3484:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3419:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3201:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3148:U. Mass. Amherst
3139:
3133:
3132:
3114:
3104:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2986:Tropical Ecology
2977:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2199:(5): 1263–1275.
2184:
2178:
2177:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2023:Urban Ecosystems
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1958:. Archived from
1952:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1645:. Archived from
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1544:
1520:
1504:Invasive species
1418:invasive species
1409:
1406:
1388:
1381:
1247:; these include
1093:Tierra del Fuego
930:invasive species
910:Balkan peninsula
826:humanitarian aid
753:Steatoda nobilis
703:invasive species
640:common starlings
574:A. californiense
392:
385:
381:
378:
372:
370:
329:
305:
297:
261:invasive species
251:Invasive species
173:invasive species
21:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6584:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6550:
6548:
6540:
6538:
6533:
6525:
6523:
6513:
6470:
6456:
6424:
6373:
6322:
6289:
6228:Pharmaceuticals
6218:Oil exploration
6122:
6094:Nuclear fallout
6061:
6023:
6005:
5979:Packaging waste
5933:Deep sea mining
5859:Hazardous waste
5805:
5786:Open defecation
5740:
5706:Nuclear fallout
5701:Nuclear fission
5677:
5603:
5572:
5543:Electromagnetic
5537:
5521:
5486:
5406:Ozone depletion
5279:
5270:
5265:
5235:
5230:
5221:
5207:Systems ecology
5095:
5066:Extinction debt
5031:Ecological debt
5021:Bioluminescence
5002:
4995:
4964:marine habitats
4939:Ecological trap
4920:
4800:
4793:
4736:
4730:
4686:Rapoport's rule
4681:Priority effect
4622:Endemic species
4590:
4549:Population size
4465:
4458:
4448:
4418:
4413:
4366:
4360:
4346:Trophic cascade
4256:Bioaccumulation
4239:
4166:
4123:
4045:
4012:
3909:
3821:
3782:Ecosystem model
3715:
3701:
3662:Wayback Machine
3651:
3641:
3625:
3623:Further reading
3620:
3619:
3592:
3588:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3520:
3516:
3467:(6): e0127575.
3453:
3449:
3395:
3391:
3329:
3325:
3272:
3268:
3229:
3225:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3140:
3136:
3073:
3069:
3054:
3050:
3017:
3013:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2937:10.1071/rj11002
2920:
2916:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2851:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2791:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2692:
2688:
2640:
2633:
2569:
2565:
2518:
2514:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2457:(21): 190–215.
2443:
2439:
2416:
2412:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2350:
2346:
2307:
2303:
2274:
2270:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2213:10.1890/02-5023
2185:
2181:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2109:
2105:
2060:
2056:
2040:
2039:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1690:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1450:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1394:needs expansion
1379:
1373:
1357:Lesser Antilles
1344:population size
1312:Atlantic Salmon
1307:
1213:
1087:in Europe, the
1043:
1018:Phyla canescens
888:
886:Adventive plant
882:
858:, multicolored
842:Cuban tree frog
830:Hurricane Maria
799:Africanized bee
779:Vibrio cholerae
731:
687:
601:silver pheasant
559:
557:Human enjoyment
472:
467:
439:silver pheasant
427:
393:
382:
376:
373:
330:
328:
318:
306:
295:
275:State of Hawaii
253:
208:
202:
186:
118:distributional
100:foreign species
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6626:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6595:
6594:
6582:
6570:
6558:
6556:Earth sciences
6535:
6534:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6443:Law by country
6440:
6434:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6265:Surface runoff
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6151:Eutrophication
6148:
6143:
6138:
6132:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6108:Scorched earth
6105:
6102:nuclear winter
6098:nuclear famine
6087:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5964:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5943:Uranium mining
5940:
5935:
5930:
5928:Surface mining
5925:
5920:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5879:Lead poisoning
5876:
5871:
5869:Chemical waste
5866:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5781:Bioremediation
5778:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5696:Bioremediation
5693:
5687:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:Transportation
5613:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5547:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5391:Global dimming
5388:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5362:Diesel exhaust
5354:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5187:Microecosystem
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5086:Thorson's rule
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5011:Assembly rules
5007:
5005:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4896:
4894:Patch dynamics
4891:
4889:Metapopulation
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4784:Storage effect
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4666:Neutral theory
4663:
4658:
4653:
4651:Native species
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:Overpopulation
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4460:
4459:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4331:Nutrient cycle
4328:
4323:
4321:Feeding frenzy
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4301:Energy quality
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:Cascade effect
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4104:Microbial loop
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4069:Lithoautotroph
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4051:Microorganisms
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4008:Prey switching
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3885:Photosynthesis
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:Chemosynthesis
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3732:Abiotic stress
3729:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3650:
3649:External links
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:978-1610397278
3639:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3586:
3574:on 2014-03-19.
3553:
3534:(1): 214–224.
3514:
3447:
3410:(5): 717–719.
3389:
3344:(7): 879–891.
3323:
3266:
3223:
3164:
3134:
3067:
3048:
3042:10019.1/121016
3027:(1): 193–203.
3011:
2992:(4): 499–507.
2972:
2965:
2942:
2914:
2873:
2849:
2800:
2784:Woodland Trust
2770:
2741:
2719:
2686:
2651:(2): 195–203.
2631:
2563:
2512:
2503:|journal=
2476:
2437:
2426:(3): 217–228.
2410:
2369:
2358:www.lacerta.de
2344:
2317:(2): 178–198.
2301:
2268:
2235:
2218:
2179:
2136:
2103:
2054:
2009:
1995:. 2018-09-26.
1980:
1965:
1962:on 2010-05-30.
1947:
1924:
1895:(2): 135–141.
1875:
1846:
1805:
1791:. 2016-12-14.
1776:
1711:
1681:
1652:
1649:on 2020-05-29.
1634:
1617:NOAA Fisheries
1604:
1574:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1426:planetary body
1422:microbial life
1412:
1411:
1391:
1389:
1375:Main article:
1372:
1369:
1340:heterozygosity
1306:
1303:
1212:
1209:
1042:
1039:
896:horse chestnut
881:
878:
876:put together.
815:oleander aphid
730:
727:
686:
683:
624:water hyacinth
558:
555:
497:American bison
471:
468:
466:
463:
426:
423:
395:
394:
309:
307:
300:
294:
291:
252:
249:
234:house sparrows
201:
198:
185:
182:
88:exotic species
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6625:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6532:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6504:
6496:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6286:
6285:Water quality
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:Traffic signs
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5972:Microplastics
5970:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5962:Nanomaterials
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5901:Lead smelting
5899:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5721:Radioactivity
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5673:Noise control
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Metal working
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5257:
5255:
5250:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5212:Urban ecology
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:Kleiber's law
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Foster's rule
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4162:Trophic level
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4119:Phage ecology
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Microbial mat
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Bacteriophage
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:Decomposition
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Mesopredators
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Apex predator
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:Biotic stress
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3579:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:Moles, Angela
3518:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2893:(9): art162.
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2495:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2291:
2288:(1): 91–127.
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1865:on 2007-03-03
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:(2): 93–107.
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1789:Farnam Street
1786:
1780:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1442:Moon landings
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1392:This section
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1342:and a larger
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:to encourage
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:house sparrow
1222:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:North America
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:gray squirrel
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:North America
1062:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:
985:
980:
978:
977:North America
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
923:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:
897:
892:
887:
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:
861:
857:
856:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
780:
775:
774:
770:
766:
765:ballast water
761:
759:
755:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
726:
724:
720:
716:
710:
708:
707:natural enemy
704:
700:
696:
692:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Thomas Austin
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:
570:
569:
564:
554:
551:
547:
542:
540:
539:
538:Pinus radiata
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Eurasian carp
514:
510:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
462:
458:
457:
453:
451:
446:
440:
435:
431:
419:
415:
414:
408:
404:
402:
391:
388:
380:
369:
366:
362:
359:
355:
352:
348:
345:
341:
338: –
337:
333:
332:Find sources:
326:
322:
316:
315:
310:This section
308:
304:
299:
298:
290:
288:
284:
283:Great Britain
279:
276:
271:
268:
264:
262:
258:
248:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:
207:
197:
193:
191:
181:
178:
174:
169:
167:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:alien species
81:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:Melilotus sp.
57:
53:
46:
45:
39:
33:
19:
6364:Point source
6306:Heavy metals
6280:Urban runoff
6260:Sulfur water
6238:Septic tanks
6084:Agent Orange
5938:Mining waste
5764:Manure waste
5594:Volcanic ash
5509:
5470:Black carbon
5426:Oil refining
5411:Particulates
5340:Construction
5197:Regime shift
5182:Macroecology
4903:
4899:
4839:Edge effects
4809:Biogeography
4754:Commensalism
4641:
4602:Biodiversity
4479:Allee effect
4218:kelp forests
4171:Example webs
4036:Detritivores
3875:Organotrophs
3855:Kinetotrophs
3807:Productivity
3630:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3569:the original
3556:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3407:
3403:
3392:
3341:
3337:
3326:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3245:(18): 2806.
3242:
3236:
3226:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3156:. Retrieved
3137:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3024:
3020:
3014:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2952:
2945:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2865:. Retrieved
2859:
2852:
2820:(1): 55–70.
2817:
2813:
2803:
2792:. Retrieved
2783:
2773:
2762:. Retrieved
2753:
2744:
2731:
2722:
2712:, retrieved
2703:
2699:
2689:
2648:
2644:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2494:cite journal
2479:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2389:(1): 45–52.
2386:
2382:
2372:
2361:. Retrieved
2357:
2347:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2221:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2118:
2106:
2074:(1): 53–65.
2071:
2067:
2057:
2043:cite journal
2026:
2022:
2012:
2001:. Retrieved
1992:
1983:
1968:
1960:the original
1950:
1941:
1927:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1858:
1849:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1731:
1727:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1673:. Retrieved
1664:
1655:
1647:the original
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1454:Archaeophyte
1415:
1402:
1398:adding to it
1393:
1361:
1347:
1308:
1298:Bythotrephes
1296:
1290:
1284:
1237:agricultural
1214:
1205:
1195:that became
1189:the Americas
1174:
1151:
1149:
1081:Canada goose
1069:zebra mussel
1058:
1050:
1034:
1025:
1016:
992:
986:
981:
961:the Americas
939:
934:naturalizing
919:
904:, native to
899:
874:lady beetles
863:
853:
850:
823:
810:
792:
784:zebra mussel
777:
771:
762:
760:shipments.
751:
732:
711:
688:
670:
652:
636:
612:Norway maple
609:
596:
595:
572:
566:
563:game animals
560:
543:
536:
529:dung beetles
506:
473:
459:
455:
454:
447:
443:
428:
411:
398:
383:
374:
364:
357:
350:
343:
331:
319:Please help
314:verification
311:
280:
272:
269:
265:
254:
246:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
194:
187:
170:
163:
159:
144:
140:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:
59:
56:Sweet clover
42:
6580:Environment
6334:Area source
6243:Pit latrine
6166:Groundwater
5923:Gold mining
5918:Coal mining
5889:Toxic waste
5854:Green waste
5827:Brown waste
5810:Solid waste
5357:Exhaust gas
4834:Disturbance
4737:interaction
4559:Recruitment
4489:Depensation
4281:Copiotrophs
4152:Energy flow
4074:Lithotrophy
4018:Decomposers
3998:Planktivore
3973:Insectivore
3963:Heterotroph
3928:Bacterivore
3895:Phototrophs
3845:Chemotrophs
3817:Restoration
3767:Competition
3184:(14): 1–6.
2706:: 845–867,
1769:27 December
1489:Hemerochory
1430:space probe
1281:water fleas
1201:Pleistocene
1166:West Indies
1141:New Zealand
1077:Great Lakes
1063:in eastern
1031:resveratrol
870:lady beetle
746:and exotic
620:landscaping
591:pond slider
579:Pet animals
521:apple snail
513:aquaculture
509:agriculture
495:except the
418:Mesopotamia
257:naturalized
184:Terminology
177:biocontrols
129:naturalized
64:naturalized
6602:Categories
6486:by country
6482:Categories
6420:Zero waste
6301:Pollutants
6255:Stagnation
6193:Monitoring
6161:Freshwater
6037:Air travel
5849:Food waste
5769:Pesticides
5759:Herbicides
5663:Industrial
5492:Biological
5352:Demolition
5345:Renovation
5328:Joss paper
5313:Combustion
5202:Sexecology
4779:Parasitism
4744:Antibiosis
4579:Resistance
4574:Resilience
4464:Population
4384:Camouflage
4336:Oligotroph
4251:Ascendency
4213:intertidal
4203:cold seeps
4157:Food chain
3958:Herbivores
3933:Carnivores
3860:Mixotrophs
3835:Autotrophs
3714:components
3158:2020-04-01
2931:(2): 109.
2867:2023-07-23
2794:2021-04-14
2764:2021-04-14
2714:2017-05-10
2363:2023-07-22
2255:(9): 412.
2068:BioScience
2003:2022-12-13
1869:2021-06-11
1859:archive.ph
1799:2021-06-11
1675:2022-06-25
1510:References
1434:spacecraft
1320:adaptation
1135:, and the
1061:gypsy moth
1013:Suez Canal
1009:ecosystems
973:Dandelions
951:. Squash (
884:See also:
803:Asian carp
769:comb jelly
675:Cincinnati
628:salt cedar
491:, and all
489:honey bees
481:kiwi fruit
401:definition
347:newspapers
204:See also:
168:(plants).
6592:Gardening
6378:Responses
6349:Garbology
6275:Turbidity
6223:Oil spill
6156:Firewater
6057:Vandalism
6019:Satellite
5716:Poisoning
5711:Plutonium
5691:Actinides
5683:Radiation
5431:Wood dust
5293:Acid rain
5268:Pollution
5107:Allometry
5061:Emergence
4789:Symbiosis
4774:Mutualism
4569:Stability
4474:Abundance
4286:Dominance
4244:Processes
4233:tide pool
4129:Food webs
4003:Predation
3988:Omnivores
3915:Consumers
3870:Mycotroph
3827:Producers
3772:Ecosystem
3737:Behaviour
3491:1932-6203
3442:228838378
3434:1367-9430
3426:1469-1795
3366:1752-4571
3300:0962-8452
3261:2073-4441
3129:214627869
2909:2150-8925
2887:Ecosphere
2844:1366-9516
2681:204460134
2673:1387-3547
2665:1573-1464
2626:233872896
2610:0036-8075
2602:1095-9203
2471:0374-5481
2420:Hereditas
2339:161635259
2249:Diversity
2090:0006-3568
1993:Extension
1551:0027-8424
1354:Caribbean
1221:brown rat
1177:rewilding
1117:Australia
1109:cane toad
1049:Chickens
965:Old World
744:scorpions
740:arachnids
493:livestock
377:June 2022
6466:Treaties
6438:Diseases
6250:Shipping
6146:Diseases
5994:Landfill
5669:Abstract
5666:Military
5599:Wildfire
5448:Smelting
5416:Asbestos
5162:Endolith
5091:Xerosere
5003:networks
4819:Ecocline
4365:Defense,
4041:Detritus
3943:Foraging
3812:Resource
3658:Archived
3606:: 3032.
3548:84013042
3509:26046351
3461:PLOS ONE
3384:27468306
3318:14667333
3218:33753557
3152:Archived
3121:32205427
2788:Archived
2758:Archived
2736:Archived
2708:archived
2618:33958467
2282:NeoBiota
2174:82810702
2166:11721035
2123:Archived
2098:44703574
1997:Archived
1919:18971654
1793:Archived
1760:Archived
1756:15530511
1698:Archived
1669:Archived
1621:Archived
1591:Archived
1569:18695231
1448:See also
1405:May 2021
1328:Trinidad
1305:Genetics
1283:such as
1005:biotopes
993:Caulerpa
953:pumpkins
945:Tomatoes
914:neophyte
908:and the
834:Dominica
819:oleander
742:such as
719:red kite
663:Victoria
550:Monsanto
499:and the
477:soybeans
470:Economic
413:Triticum
238:Iron Age
165:neophyta
156:food web
141:neobiota
68:Americas
6568:Ecology
6542:Portals
6495:Commons
6270:Thermal
6171:Hypoxia
5955:Garbage
5726:Uranium
5577:Natural
5526:Digital
5458:Aerosol
5436:Welding
5323:Biomass
5318:Biofuel
5277:History
5152:Ecopath
4959:Habitat
4829:Ecotype
4824:Ecotone
4801:ecology
4799:Spatial
4735:Species
4595:Species
4466:ecology
4451:Ecology
4399:Mimicry
4367:counter
4311:f-ratio
4059:Archaea
3747:Biomass
3720:General
3712:Trophic
3704:Ecology
3608:Bibcode
3500:4457794
3469:Bibcode
3375:4947150
3346:Bibcode
3309:1691531
3209:8040636
3186:Bibcode
3112:7148574
3089:Bibcode
2994:Bibcode
2822:Bibcode
2582:Bibcode
2574:Science
2558:7874731
2550:9438847
2530:Bibcode
2522:Science
2391:Bibcode
2319:Bibcode
2201:Bibcode
2146:Science
2129:25 June
1897:Bibcode
1827:Bibcode
1736:Bibcode
1704:25 June
1560:2556416
1494:Nativar
1336:alleles
1324:guppies
1292:Bosmina
1286:Daphnia
1279:. Many
1249:rabbits
1197:extinct
1185:donkeys
1129:Eurasia
1113:red fox
1097:muskrat
1075:in the
1073:alewife
984:seaweed
969:compete
941:Peaches
926:erosion
924:or for
748:spiders
695:erosion
587:parrots
361:scholar
137:rafting
112:species
66:in the
41:Cattle
6359:Midden
6339:Debris
6294:Topics
6233:Sewage
6186:debris
6181:Marine
6029:Visual
5913:Mining
5908:Litter
5401:Mining
4183:Rivers
4079:Marine
3637:
3546:
3507:
3497:
3489:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3382:
3372:
3364:
3316:
3306:
3298:
3259:
3216:
3206:
3127:
3119:
3109:
2963:
2907:
2842:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2556:
2548:
2469:
2337:
2172:
2164:
2096:
2088:
1939:
1935:
1917:
1754:
1627:28 May
1597:28 May
1567:
1557:
1549:
1349:Iguana
1275:, and
1261:snakes
1231:, and
1193:equids
1181:horses
1170:Hawaii
1145:Taiwan
1133:Africa
1131:, and
1121:nutria
1107:, the
1101:Europe
1095:, the
1089:beaver
1079:, the
1067:, the
1001:Monaco
906:Greece
840:, the
758:banana
630:, and
605:Europe
589:, and
501:turkey
410:Wheat
363:
356:
349:
342:
334:
285:, the
230:Europe
160:neozoa
154:(e.g.
116:native
72:Europe
6430:Lists
6369:Waste
6311:Paint
6128:Water
6011:Space
5652:Sonar
5647:Urban
5625:Water
5609:Noise
5584:Ozone
5551:Light
5482:Waste
5374:Smoke
5100:Other
5001:Other
4954:Guild
4926:Niche
4178:Lakes
3572:(PDF)
3565:(PDF)
3544:S2CID
3487:eISSN
3438:S2CID
3422:eISSN
3238:Water
3125:S2CID
3064:: 10.
2957:(PDF)
2677:S2CID
2661:eISSN
2622:S2CID
2598:eISSN
2554:S2CID
2335:S2CID
2230:(PDF)
2170:S2CID
2094:S2CID
1915:S2CID
1763:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1265:goats
1257:ducks
1245:feral
1162:India
1143:. In
957:maize
949:Andes
691:kudzu
679:Italy
525:foxes
485:wheat
437:Male
368:JSTOR
354:books
148:biota
124:human
120:range
110:is a
106:, or
70:from
6344:Dust
6327:Misc
5746:Soil
5635:Rail
5621:Land
5465:Soot
5453:Smog
5369:Haze
4188:Soil
3635:ISBN
3604:2063
3505:PMID
3430:ISSN
3380:PMID
3362:ISSN
3314:PMID
3296:ISSN
3257:ISSN
3214:PMID
3117:PMID
3021:Ibis
2961:ISBN
2905:ISSN
2840:ISSN
2669:ISSN
2614:PMID
2606:ISSN
2546:PMID
2507:help
2467:ISSN
2162:PMID
2131:2022
2086:ISSN
2049:link
1771:2020
1752:PMID
1706:2022
1629:2019
1599:2019
1565:PMID
1547:ISSN
1295:and
1277:cats
1273:pigs
1269:fish
1253:dogs
1239:and
1183:and
1168:and
1160:and
1158:Iran
1111:and
1105:Asia
1103:and
1083:and
1071:and
894:The
618:for
583:cats
340:news
242:Asia
6455:2.5
6067:War
5630:Air
5285:Air
3536:doi
3495:PMC
3477:doi
3412:doi
3370:PMC
3354:doi
3304:PMC
3288:doi
3284:270
3247:doi
3204:PMC
3194:doi
3182:118
3107:PMC
3097:doi
3085:117
3037:hdl
3029:doi
3025:159
3002:doi
2933:doi
2895:doi
2830:doi
2653:doi
2590:doi
2578:372
2538:doi
2526:279
2459:doi
2428:doi
2424:130
2399:doi
2327:doi
2290:doi
2257:doi
2209:doi
2154:doi
2150:294
2076:doi
2031:doi
1905:doi
1835:doi
1744:doi
1555:PMC
1537:doi
1533:105
1432:or
1420:of
1400:.
1326:in
1241:pet
1139:in
1123:in
1115:in
1099:in
1091:in
975:in
955:),
832:in
736:rat
399:By
323:by
281:In
244:).
145:new
78:An
6604::
6488:)
6100:-
6096:-
4649:/
4453::
3710::
3706::
3602:.
3598:.
3542:.
3532:99
3530:.
3503:.
3493:.
3485:.
3475:.
3465:10
3463:.
3459:.
3436:.
3428:.
3420:.
3408:24
3406:.
3402:.
3378:.
3368:.
3360:.
3352:.
3340:.
3336:.
3312:.
3302:.
3294:.
3282:.
3278:.
3255:.
3243:14
3241:.
3235:.
3212:.
3202:.
3192:.
3180:.
3176:.
3150:.
3146:.
3123:.
3115:.
3105:.
3095:.
3083:.
3079:.
3062:12
3060:.
3035:.
3023:.
3000:.
2990:62
2988:.
2984:.
2929:33
2927:.
2903:.
2889:.
2885:.
2838:.
2828:.
2818:30
2816:.
2812:.
2786:.
2782:.
2756:.
2752:.
2734:.
2730:.
2704:93
2702:,
2698:,
2675:.
2667:.
2659:.
2649:22
2647:.
2634:^
2620:.
2612:.
2604:.
2596:.
2588:.
2576:.
2552:.
2544:.
2536:.
2524:.
2498::
2496:}}
2492:{{
2465:.
2453:.
2449:.
2422:.
2397:.
2385:.
2381:.
2356:.
2333:.
2325:.
2315:94
2313:.
2286:81
2284:.
2280:.
2253:13
2251:.
2247:.
2207:.
2197:13
2195:.
2168:.
2160:.
2148:.
2117:.
2092:.
2084:.
2072:50
2070:.
2066:.
2045:}}
2041:{{
2029:.
2027:27
2025:.
2021:.
1991:.
1913:.
1903:.
1893:10
1891:.
1887:.
1857:.
1833:.
1821:.
1817:.
1787:.
1758:.
1750:.
1742:.
1732:49
1730:.
1726:.
1684:^
1667:.
1663:.
1619:.
1615:.
1589:.
1585:.
1563:.
1553:.
1545:.
1531:.
1527:.
1289:,
1271:,
1267:,
1263:,
1259:,
1255:,
1251:,
1227:,
1223:,
1219:,
1203:.
1127:,
1119:,
991:.
898:,
821:.
681:.
657:.
634:.
626:,
593:.
585:,
511:,
487:,
483:,
479:,
452:.
232:,
102:,
98:,
94:,
90:,
86:,
82:,
6544::
6484:(
6104:)
6092:(
6086:)
6082:(
5260:e
5253:t
5246:v
4904:K
4902:/
4900:r
4443:e
4436:t
4429:v
3696:e
3689:t
3682:v
3643:.
3614:.
3610::
3550:.
3538::
3511:.
3479::
3471::
3444:.
3414::
3386:.
3356::
3348::
3342:9
3320:.
3290::
3263:.
3249::
3220:.
3196::
3188::
3161:.
3131:.
3099::
3091::
3045:.
3039::
3031::
3008:.
3004::
2996::
2969:.
2939:.
2935::
2911:.
2897::
2891:6
2870:.
2846:.
2832::
2824::
2797:.
2767:.
2683:.
2655::
2628:.
2592::
2584::
2560:.
2540::
2532::
2509:)
2505:(
2488:.
2473:.
2461::
2455:4
2434:.
2430::
2407:.
2401::
2393::
2387:3
2366:.
2341:.
2329::
2321::
2298:.
2292::
2265:.
2259::
2232:.
2215:.
2211::
2203::
2176:.
2156::
2133:.
2100:.
2078::
2051:)
2033::
2006:.
1921:.
1907::
1899::
1872:.
1843:.
1837::
1829::
1823:6
1802:.
1773:.
1746::
1738::
1708:.
1678:.
1631:.
1601:.
1571:.
1539::
1407:)
1403:(
1020:,
809:(
669:(
599:(
420:)
390:)
384:(
379:)
375:(
365:·
358:·
351:·
344:·
317:.
58:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.