825:
1312:
762:
359:
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57:
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279:
576:
38:
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806:, consisting of national banking groups backed by respective governments, through which all foreign loans to China were monopolised, granting the powers political influence over China and reducing economic competition between foreigners. This organisation controlled the majority of Chinese tax revenue in a "trust", utilising a small portion to bolster the rule of Chinese warlord
1409:; any entity wishing to sell a software product may weigh up compatibility with Microsoft's products as part of a marketing plan. In another example, retailers wishing to make the most profits must ensure they open their stores in the correct location. This is also true for shopping centers that, to reap the most profits, must be able to attract customers to their vicinity.
1012:
The wartime spheres lacked a practical definition and it had never been determined if a dominant allied power was entitled to unilateral decisions only in the area of military activity, or could also force its will regarding political, social and economic future of other states. This overly informal
773:
The powers (and the United States) might have their own courts, post offices, commercial institutions, railroads, and gunboats in what was on paper
Chinese territory. However, the foreign powers and their control in some cases could have been exaggerated; the local government persistently restricted
810:
to great effect. The renewed consortium of UK, France, Japan and the U.S. in 1920 effectively vetoed all developmental loans to China, exerting control over the
Chinese government by aiming to control all railroads, ports and highways in China. The Consortium helped to contain the political and
1412:
There is no defined scale measuring such spheres of influence. However, one can evaluate the spheres of influence of two shopping centers by seeing how far people are prepared to travel to each shopping center, how much time they spend in its vicinity, how often they visit, the order of goods
790:
within their spheres of influence in China, as the United States felt threatened by other powers' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that it might lose access to the
Chinese market should the country be officially partitioned. Although treaties made after 1900 refer to this
1394:, organization, or group can show its power and influence in the decisions of other businesses/organizations/groups. The influence shows in several ways, such as in size, frequency of visits, etc. In most cases, a company described as "bigger" has a larger sphere of influence.
1147:(NATO). Cuba, as another example, often took positions that put it at odds with its Soviet ally, including momentary alliances with China, economic reorganizations, and providing support for insurgencies in Africa and the Americas without prior approval from the Soviet Union.
795:", competition among the various powers for special concessions within China for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, foreign trade ports, and so forth, continued unabated, with the US itself contradicting the policy by agreeing to recognise the Japanese sphere in the
1758:
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had each its own sphere of influence. The presumption of the US-British and Soviet unrestricted rights in their respective spheres began to cause difficulties as the Nazi-controlled territory shrank and the allied powers successively liberated other states.
769:
The
Russian government militarily occupied their zone, imposed their law and schools, seized mining and logging privileges, settled their citizens, and even established their municipal administration on several cities, the latter without Chinese consent.
785:
sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold
Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the
1750:
650:
held special powers over large swaths of
Chinese territory based on securing "nonalienation commitments" for their "spheres of interest"; only the United States was unable to participate due to their involvement in the
2512:
170:. Similarly, a formal alliance does not necessarily mean that one country lies within another's sphere of influence. High levels of exclusivity have historically been associated with higher levels of conflict.
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financial conflict between parties and states over the loans, while imposing foreign control on China's finances during the period of revolutionary upheaval, which the
Consortium also helped to precipitate.
1245:
On August 31, 2008, Russian president Dmitri
Medvedev stated five principles of foreign policy, including the claim of a privileged sphere of influence that comprised "the border region, but not only".
1802:
British
Documents on the Origins of the War 1898–1914, Volume IV, The Anglo-Russian Rapprochement 1903-7. Edited by G.P. Gooch and H Temperley. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London 1929. p618-621.
1231:, "After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the West's focus was on Russia. Western nations implicitly treated the post-Soviet countries (besides the Baltic states) as Russia's sphere of influence."
2840:
1273:
Russia now appears to be attempting to recreate a sphere of influence by seizing a part of
Ukraine, maintaining large numbers of forces on its borders, and demanding, as Russian Foreign Minister
2753:
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said, "We should not jeopardise the freedoms that President Reagan and Mrs Thatcher brought to Eastern Europe by accepting President Putin's claim that it is now in his sphere of influence."
1285:
said that "old thinking about spheres of influence, which runs roughshod over international law" put the "entire European peace order into question." In January 2017, British Prime Minister
2022:
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after World War II. The system of spheres of influence by which powerful nations intervene in the affairs of others continues to the present. It is often analyzed in terms of
2504:
2725:
1242:, stating the "aim of creating in Europe a common space of security and stability, without dividing lines or spheres of influence limiting the sovereignty of any state."
2280:
2242:
2184:
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in the United States, corruption was rampant as business leaders spent significant amounts of money ensuring that government did not regulate their activities.
618:) into spheres of influence, with the Russians gaining recognition for influence over most of northern Iran, and Britain establishing a zone in the Southeast.
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2543:
2108:
Shan, Patrick Fuliang (Fall 2006). "What was the 'Sphere of Influence'? A Study of Chinese Resistance to the Russian Empire in North Manchuria, 1900–1917".
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obligations between the influenced and influencer, such formal arrangements are not necessary and the influence can often be more of an example of
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province, exclusive control over developmental loans, mining, and railway ownership, while Russia gained a sphere over all territory north of the
1781:
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3045:
2006:
1992:
Encyclopedia of World History, Ackerman-Schroeder-Terry-Hwa Lo, 2008: Encyclopedia of World History Volume 7 of Encyclopedia of World History
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In more extreme cases, a country within the "sphere of influence" of another may become a subsidiary of that state and serve in effect as a
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stated that the "Eastern Partnership is not about spheres of influence. The difference is that these countries themselves opted to join."
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1614:
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and other former central and eastern European leaders signed an open letter stating that Russia had "violated the core principles of the
588:
944:, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed in September 1939 assigned Lithuania to the USSR.
802:
In 1910, the great powers, Britain, France, Germany, United States, and later, Russia and Japan, ignored the Open Door Policy to form a
522:
encroachment. As the U.S. emerged as a world power, few nations dared to trespass on this sphere (A notable exception occurred with the
3740:
3284:
2301:
Davis, Clarence B. (1982). "Financing Imperialism: British and American Bankers as Vectors of Imperial Expansion in China, 1908–1920".
1089:
3678:
1672:
1333:
2717:
1819:
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3610:
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1200:
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Sugita, Yoneyuki, "The Rise of an American Principle in China: A Reinterpretation of the First Open Door Notes toward China" in
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Icenhower, Brian. 2018. "SOI: Building a Real Estate Agent's Sphere of Influence." CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
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857:
451:
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had very different ideas concerning the administration and future development of the liberated regions and of Germany itself.
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2429:
2092:
1960:
1927:
1780:
2566:"Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France"
2181:
599:) basin; in turn, the French recognised British influence over the territory to the west of the Menam basin and west of the
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300:
31:
17:
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signed an agreement in 1904 whereby the British recognised a French sphere of influence to the east of the River Menam's (
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3441:
1265:... all in the name of defending a sphere of influence on its borders." In April 2014, NATO stated that, contrary to the
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1804:
Appendix IV – Revised Draft of Agreement Concerning Persia, Sent to Sir A. Nicholson by Sir Edward Grey on June 6, 1907
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on 28 June 1940 violated the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence as agreed with
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2016:
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inherited from a previous sphere of influence, even if they are no longer under political control. Examples include
326:
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Etkind, Alexander; Finnin, Rory; Blacker, Uilleam; Julie Fedor; Simon Lewis; Maria Mälksoo; Matilda Mroz (2013).
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1207:
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209:
Sometimes portions of a single country can fall into two distinct spheres of influence. In the 19th century, the
112:
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system backfired during the late stages of the war and afterward, when it turned out that the Soviets and the
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1315:
1085:
3574:
3372:
3316:
3243:
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1425:
1187:
2085:
Taming China's Wilderness: Immigration, Settlement and the Shaping of the Heilongjiang Frontier, 1900–1931
3662:
3415:
3311:
3253:
1803:
1587:
1362:
1352:
1183:
881:
1416:
Corporations have significant influence on the regulations and regulators that monitor them. During the
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3301:
1539:
411:
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3508:
3289:
3167:
2929:
2705:
919:
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Piffanelli, Luciano. 2018. "Crossing Boundaries: A Problem of Territoriality in Renaissance Italy",
2681:
1154:, the Eastern Bloc fell apart, effectively ending the Soviet sphere of influence. Then in 1991, the
3714:
3436:
3351:
1892:
Democracy and Socialism in Republican China: The Politics of Zhang Junmai (Carsun Chang), 1906–1941
1783:
Declaration between the United Kingdom and France concerning Siam, Madagascar, and the New Hebrides
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607:
289:
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1119:
However, the level of control exerted in these spheres varied and was not absolute. For instance,
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2043:
796:
427:
293:
246:
128:
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2143:
1624:
1451:
1120:
997:
627:
226:
93:
1952:
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3709:
3391:
1437:
1081:
592:
234:
139:) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of
116:
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2645:
993:
840:
had quite a large sphere of influence. The Japanese government directly governed events in
755:
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635:
527:
163:
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1577:
For historical and current examples of significant battles over spheres of influence see:
1311:
922:
was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the
495:, taking on the mantle of regional dominance among American nations, although most of the
8:
3785:
3462:
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2701:
2697:
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2637:
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1342:
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120:
3524:
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
2777:
1751:"Tillerson Praises Monroe Doctrine, Warns Latin America of 'Imperial' Chinese Ambitions"
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1815:
1707:
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1250:
1215:
1163:
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953:
675:
464:
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367:
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German and Japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in fall 1942
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3084:
2837:"FULL TEXT: Theresa May's speech to the Republican 'Congress of Tomorrow' conference"
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2012:
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province was declined by the Chinese government. These do not include the lease and
119:," written on slices of the cake, represent those locations in China; a stereotyped
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2713:
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1918:
Dallin, David J. (2013). "2 The Second Drive to the Pacific, Section Port Arthur".
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976:. The USSR continued to deny the existence of the Pact's protocols until after the
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Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe
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2479:"Yes, the US Has Its Own "Sphere of Influence." And It's Huge. | Mises Institute"
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97:
50:
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Paine, S. C. M. (1996). "Chinese Diplomacy in Disarray: The Treaty of Livadia".
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2008:
Recollections of the Revolution of 1911: A Great Democratic Revolution of China
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1139:(they were later forced to withdraw by joint U.S. and Soviet pressure). Later,
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85:
69:
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Spheres of Influence in International Relations: History, Theory and Politics
2778:"Russia's accusations – setting the record straight, Fact Sheet – April 2014"
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100:
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42:
2718:"An Open Letter to the Obama Administration from Central and Eastern Europe"
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Trans-Pacific relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the twentieth century
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is "an attempt to extend" it. In March that year, Swedish Foreign Minister
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1005:
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fully acknowledged the existence and authenticity of the secret protocols.
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Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)
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3172:
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3015:– Calculates the spheres of influence for American cities based on voting
1788:. Governments of Great Britain and the French Republic. 1904 – via
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In China, during the mid 19th and 20th centuries (known in China as the "
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671:
407:
383:
375:
348:
195:
167:
2930:"Wall Street Spent $ 2 Billion Trying to Influence the 2016 Election"
2685:
1867:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 11 Late Ch'ing 1800-1911 Part 2
1842:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 11 Late Ch'ing 1800–1911 Part 2
1728:. Vol. 8 (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 269.
1694:
Morison, S.E. (February 1924). "The Origins of the Monroe Doctrine".
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735:
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515:
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419:
152:
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2144:"Secretary of State John Hay and the Open Door in China, 1899–1900"
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declared his intent to seize territory in China, precipitating the
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218:
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603:. Both parties disclaimed any idea of annexing Siamese territory.
37:
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Anglo-American Relations in the 1920s: The Struggle for Supremacy
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909:
905:
845:
739:
726:(defined as all provinces adjoining the Yangtze river as well as
711:
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344:
242:
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Sphere of Influence, Star of Empire: American Renaissance Cosmos
2894:. Vol. 2 (Brief Ninth ed.). W. W. Norton. p. 578.
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that became independent in 1991, were portrayed as part of the
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going to the Soviet Union, while Germany would occupy the west.
913:
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719:
707:
519:
500:
233:, were divided between the spheres of influence of those three
183:
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
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1816:"Yale Law School: "Agreement concerning Persia" (in English)"
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923:
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was to be established as a Sphere of influence, removed from
1192:
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Spheres of influence in Chinese empire in early 20th century
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Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
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1947:
Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier
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recently stated, that "Ukraine cannot be part of any bloc."
1235:
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1065:
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For another example, during the height of its existence in
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362:
Map of Africa in 1897 shows European "sphere of influence".
258:
214:
3012:
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The Development of the North Manchuria Frontier, 1900–1931
1240:
Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security
655:. These spheres of influence were acquired by forcing the
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Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
2907:"Wall Street spends record $ 2bn on US election lobbying"
2443:
2441:
1994:. Fact on File Publishing, Inc Bukupedia. pp. 87–88.
686:, in addition to the previous tax exemption for trade in
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South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
3473:
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
2202:
Stillwell and the American Experience in China 1911–1945
1864:
1839:
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of 1939 (revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945),
3755:
1281:
Criticising Russia in November 2014, German Chancellor
1143:
was also able to withdraw from the military arm of the
339:
Many powerful states in past centuries had subordinate
3390:
2438:
1514:— area with Indian linguistic and cultural influence (
1218:'s 'sphere of influence', according to a statement by
1169:
2859:"EU expanding its 'sphere of influence,' Russia says"
2072:. Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University. p. 13.
1092:, among other countries at various times. Meanwhile,
579:
Delimitation of British and Russian influence in Iran
3801:
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
3053:
2593:"Russia Claims Its Sphere of Influence in the World"
1671:. United States Department of State. April 6, 2016.
666:
In early 1895, the French laid claim to a sphere in
3002:, Vol. 1. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison.
2150:. Office of the Historian, US Department of State.
2044:"Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet (1904)"
1424:spent a record $ 2 billion trying to influence the
860:" could thus be quite easily drawn on a map of the
3565:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
2964:Introduction: The Return of Spheres of Influence?
2905:
2536:"The EU Must Prepare for a Cold Peace With Russia"
2262:
1944:
1096:was considered to have a sphere of influence over
2176:, Jon Thares Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds.
1390:In corporate terms, the sphere of influence of a
774:further encroachment. The system ended after the
676:scramble to demarcate zones of influence in China
3842:
3786:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
2407:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
1431:
1029:Greatest extent of Soviet influence, after the
880:According to a secret protocol attached to the
864:as a large "bubble" surrounding the islands of
3731:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
3611:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
3519:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
3019:Russia – a counterbalancing agent to the Asia.
2527:
2502:
1000:operated on the unwritten assumption that the
781:On September 6, 1899, U.S. Secretary of State
561:New Imperialism era (late 1800s – early 1900s)
445:
3039:
2890:Tindall, George Brown; Shi, David E. (2012).
2379:
1351: Other ENP countries (all but Libya are
948:Another clause of the treaty stipulated that
758:where the foreign powers had full authority.
2852:
2850:
2505:"Yeltsin Claims Russian Sphere of Influence"
694:, economic powers similar to Germany's over
483:, harboured ambitions for the US to rise to
391:
2558:
2360:Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
2224:
1869:. Cambridge University Press. p. 274.
1844:. Cambridge University Press. p. 113.
1615:Balance of power in international relations
1440:— areas of United States' influence in the
1374:desires a sphere of influence and that the
1303:Potential enlargement of the European Union
814:
307:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3741:Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
3468:Central American Integration System (SICA)
3046:
3032:
2889:
2770:
2454:Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory
2231:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 123–132.
2004:
1989:
1465:— historically Chinese-influenced cultures
875:
41:A 1912 newspaper cartoon highlighting the
3679:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
3647:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
3483:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
3442:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
2962:Ferguson, Iain, and Susanna Hast. 2018. "
2847:
2805:"Merkel: Russia cannot veto EU expansion"
2796:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
1913:
1911:
722:province; and the British over the whole
327:Learn how and when to remove this message
249:, three of which later consolidated into
3695:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
3606:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
3549:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)
3514:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
3493:Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
2993:Viator. Medieval and Renaissance Studies
2622:
2404:
2380:Christie, Kenneth; Cribb, R. B. (2002).
2373:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1894:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 28.
1553:
1310:
1191:
1024:
823:
760:
574:
366:Many areas of the world are joined by a
357:
55:
36:
3616:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
3544:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
3534:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
2802:
2199:
1693:
1530:— historically Iran-influenced cultures
1225:According to Ulrich Speck, writing for
1201:Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
1090:People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1020:
706:provinces. France gained a sphere over
14:
3843:
3368:Composite Index of National Capability
2590:
2447:
2345:
2011:. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 39.
1917:
1908:
1761:from the original on 16 September 2018
1748:
1497:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
987:
858:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
487:status and gain the strength to expel
475:to establish a sphere of influence in
452:Foreign relations of the United States
268:
62:China – the cake of Kings and Emperors
3488:Organization of American States (OAS)
3458:Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
3389:
3027:
2940:from the original on February 1, 2021
2843:from the original on 27 January 2017.
2839:. Business Insider. 26 January 2017.
2533:
2457:. London: Penguin. pp. 172–174.
2300:
1976:
1942:
1889:
1675:from the original on January 31, 2017
123:reacts with horror in the background.
2803:Rettman, Andrew (17 November 2014).
2503:John M. Goshko (27 September 1994).
2154:from the original on 11 January 2014
2107:
2082:
2067:
1718:
305:adding citations to reliable sources
272:
60:A French political cartoon in 1898,
32:Sphere of influence (disambiguation)
3259:International relations (1814–1919)
2856:
2728:from the original on 16 August 2014
1293:Contemporary European Union (1990s–
916:were assigned to the Soviet sphere.
872:and Pacific nations it controlled.
24:
3575:European Political Community (EPC)
2956:
2756:from the original on 5 August 2016
2572:from the original on 10 April 2020
1749:Gramer, Robbie (2 February 2018).
1397:For example, the software company
1370:In 2009, Russia asserted that the
1212:Commonwealth of Independent States
1145:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
819:
670:. By December 1897, German Kaiser
510:', was formalized under President
25:
3887:
3006:
2817:from the original on 3 March 2015
2784:from the original on 9 March 2016
2534:Speck, Ulrich (9 December 2014).
2515:from the original on 1 March 2023
1687:
1549:
994:German attack on the Soviet Union
964:under the control of Moscow. The
3705:Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
3055:Power in international relations
2918:from the original on 2022-12-10.
2871:from the original on 5 June 2011
2857:Pop, Valentina (21 March 2009).
2591:Kramer, Andrew E. (2008-09-01).
2546:from the original on 4 July 2015
1865:Kwang-ching Liu; John Fairbank.
1840:Kwang-ching Liu; John Fairbank.
277:
3509:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
2922:
2898:
2883:
2829:
2746:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2611:from the original on 2022-01-18
2584:
2496:
2471:
2413:
2398:
2294:
2283:from the original on 2023-06-28
2256:
2245:from the original on 2023-06-28
2218:
2193:
2166:
2136:
2101:
2076:
2061:
2050:from the original on 2011-06-10
2036:
2025:from the original on 2023-06-28
1998:
1936:
1883:
1822:from the original on 2018-09-30
1385:
1166:who became independent states.
978:dissolution of the Soviet Union
533:As of 2018, Secretary of State
261:and the latter a member of the
221:, lying between the empires of
3856:International relations theory
3715:Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)
3621:Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
2122:10.1080/1547402X.2006.11827243
2083:Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2016).
2068:Shan, Patrick Fuliang (2003).
1858:
1833:
1808:
1796:
1773:
1742:
1657:
1558:An 1878 British cartoon about
469:U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
13:
1:
3626:Organization of Turkic States
3463:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
3249:List of medieval great powers
2985:. Milton Park, UK: Routledge.
2976:10.1080/14650045.2018.1461335
2228:Modern China's Foreign Policy
2110:The Chinese Historical Review
1650:
1316:European Neighbourhood Policy
503:colonies during that period.
253:and the remaining one became
186:. This was the case with the
3373:Comprehensive National Power
3244:List of ancient great powers
3013:The CommonCensus Map Project
2892:America: A Narrative History
1542:— imperial influence of the
1499:— imperial influence of the
1432:List of spheres of influence
1426:2016 United States elections
1188:Russian-occupied territories
1156:Soviet Union ceased to exist
158:While there may be a formal
7:
3710:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
3663:Union for the Mediterranean
3416:Union for the Mediterranean
3254:List of modern great powers
2998:White, Craig Howard. 1992.
2263:B. J. C. McKercher (1991).
2204:. Grove Press. p. 48.
1990:Lo Jiu-Hwa, Upshur (2008).
1726:New Encyclopædia Britannica
1593:
1588:Geostrategy in Central Asia
1184:Foreign relations of Russia
1170:Contemporary Russia (1990s–
1129:act independently to invade
678:. The Germans acquired, in
506:This doctrine, dubbed the '
479:. Hamilton, writing in the
446:Early United States (1820s)
10:
3892:
3851:Political science theories
3791:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
3302:Hegemonic stability theory
2370:, executed August 23, 1939
2180:(Greenwood, 2003) pp 3–20
2087:. Routledge. p. 154.
1920:The Rise Of Russia In Asia
1540:Soviet sphere of influence
1300:
1177:
1086:People's Republic of China
1046:Soviet sphere of influence
564:
545:as the region's preferred
537:continued to refer to the
449:
29:
3814:
3723:
3687:
3671:
3655:
3634:
3598:
3557:
3501:
3450:
3424:
3403:
3399:
3385:
3360:
3272:
3236:
3191:
3140:
3065:
3061:
2424:. John Wiley & Sons.
2269:. Springer. p. 166.
2200:Tuchman, Barbara (2001).
1403:large sphere of influence
1048:was said to include: the
257:, the former a member of
3861:Sociological terminology
3392:Organizations and groups
3352:Superpower disengagement
2405:Brackman, Roman (2001).
1951:. M.E. Sharpe. pp.
1890:Jeans, Roger B. (1997).
1508:— Spanish-speaking world
1471:— Russian-speaking world
1222:, dated September 1994.
1208:fall of the Soviet Union
852:, and parts of Mainland
815:World War II (1939–1945)
663:" and long-term leases.
621:
608:Anglo-Russian Convention
514:, who asserted that the
3736:Commonwealth of Nations
3570:Council of Europe (CoE)
3332:Power transition theory
2303:Business History Review
1669:Office of the Historian
1665:"Monroe Doctrine, 1823"
1493:— German-speaking world
1487:— French-speaking world
1459:— Arabic-speaking world
1210:, the countries of the
882:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
876:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
797:Lansing-Ishii Agreement
742:provinces, and part of
129:international relations
2682:Aleksander Kwaśniewski
1625:Seven Mountain Mandate
1574:
1452:English-speaking world
1367:
1279:
1238:and Russia signed the
1203:
1116:, among other places.
1037:
900:spheres of influence:
829:
766:
756:concession territories
718:provinces; Japan over
628:century of humiliation
580:
392:
363:
245:was divided into four
124:
53:
3806:Uniting for Consensus
2981:Hast, Susanna. 2016.
2780:. NATO. 12 May 2014.
2568:. NATO. 27 May 1997.
2384:. London: Routledge.
2148:Milestones: 1899–1913
1557:
1334:EU enlargement agenda
1314:
1271:
1195:
1028:
827:
764:
734:provinces), parts of
710:, as well as most of
610:of 1907, Britain and
578:
361:
59:
40:
3876:Spheres of influence
3672:Africa–South America
3635:North America–Europe
2706:Vaira VÄ«Ä·e-Freiberga
2225:Werner Levi (1953).
1056:, some countries in
1021:Cold War (1947–1991)
724:Yangtze River valley
653:Spanish–American War
528:Cuban Missile Crisis
301:improve this section
235:international powers
30:For other uses, see
18:Spheres of influence
3822:United Nations (UN)
3590:Visegrád Group (V4)
3580:European Union (EU)
3347:Superpower collapse
3342:Sphere of influence
3317:Philosophy of power
2702:Adam Daniel Rotfeld
2698:Janusz Onyszkiewicz
2670:Karel Schwarzenberg
2638:Emil Constantinescu
2005:Wu Yuzhang (2001).
1757:. The Slate Group.
1376:Eastern Partnership
1343:Eastern Partnership
1249:Following the 2008
1164:ex-Soviet Republics
1152:end of the Cold War
988:End of World War II
549:partner over other
269:Historical remnants
133:sphere of influence
3656:Africa–Asia–Europe
2597:The New York Times
2366:2014-11-14 at the
2187:2020-01-07 at the
1922:. Read Books Ltd.
1575:
1570:over influence in
1536:— Slavic influence
1524:— the Muslim world
1438:America's Backyard
1368:
1259:Helsinki Final Act
1251:Russo-Georgian War
1216:Russian Federation
1204:
1199:members including
1162:and several other
1160:Russian Federation
1158:, replaced by the
1038:
992:From 1941 and the
982:Russian government
892:were divided into
830:
804:banking consortium
767:
581:
465:Alexander Hamilton
440:Post-Soviet States
368:cultural influence
364:
237:. Likewise, after
125:
54:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3381:
3380:
3337:Second Superpower
3297:Deterrence theory
2936:. March 8, 2017.
2914:. March 8, 2017.
2750:Radio Free Europe
2464:978-0-14-311409-3
2431:978-0-7456-6296-1
2422:Remembering Katyn
2174:Richard J. Jensen
2094:978-1-317-04684-4
1962:978-1-56324-724-8
1929:978-1-4733-8257-2
1620:Right of conquest
1610:National interest
1407:operating systems
1405:in the market of
1082:Tito–Stalin split
1078:Sino-Soviet split
1035:Sino-Soviet Split
956:, would join the
597:Chao Phraya River
481:Federalist Papers
442:and many others.
347:acknowledged the
337:
336:
329:
239:World War II
74:Kaiser Wilhelm II
27:Political concept
16:(Redirected from
3883:
3866:Social influence
3401:
3400:
3387:
3386:
3327:Power projection
3312:Internationalism
3285:Balance of power
3280:American decline
3264:Post-Western era
3063:
3062:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3025:
3024:
2995:, 49(3):245–275.
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2881:
2880:
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2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2752:. 16 July 2009.
2742:"An Open Letter"
2737:
2735:
2733:
2716:(15 July 2009).
2626:
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2619:
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2588:
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2055:
2040:
2034:
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2002:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1950:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1915:
1906:
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1887:
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1862:
1856:
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1740:
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1722:
1716:
1715:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1661:
1413:available, etc.
1360:
1350:
1340:
1331:
1325:EU member states
1322:
1263:Charter of Paris
1076:, and—until the
1031:Cuban Revolution
998:Allied Coalition
793:Open Door Policy
776:Second World War
661:unequal treaties
614:divided Persia (
601:Gulf of Thailand
471:, aimed for the
397:
341:tributary states
332:
325:
321:
318:
312:
281:
273:
247:occupation zones
127:In the field of
82:Tsar Nicholas II
21:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3841:
3840:
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3826:
3810:
3719:
3688:Oceania–Pacific
3683:
3667:
3651:
3630:
3594:
3553:
3497:
3446:
3420:
3395:
3377:
3356:
3307:Multilateralism
3268:
3232:
3187:
3136:
3057:
3052:
3009:
2959:
2957:Further reading
2954:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2912:Financial Times
2904:
2903:
2899:
2888:
2884:
2874:
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2797:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2759:
2757:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2722:Gazeta Wyborcza
2710:Alexandr Vondra
2666:Sandra Kalniete
2662:Rastislav Káčer
2654:István Gyarmati
2646:Luboš Dobrovský
2627:
2623:
2614:
2612:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2540:Carnegie Europe
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2509:Washington Post
2501:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2465:
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2439:
2432:
2418:
2414:
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2374:
2368:Wayback Machine
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2315:10.2307/3113978
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2189:Wayback Machine
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1704:10.2307/2547870
1692:
1688:
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1662:
1658:
1653:
1640:Informal empire
1596:
1552:
1501:Japanese Empire
1434:
1388:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1309:
1299:
1228:Carnegie Europe
1190:
1176:
1033:but before the
1023:
990:
966:Soviet invasion
960:and become the
952:, then part of
878:
838:Japanese Empire
822:
820:Empire of Japan
817:
750:'s request for
668:Southwest China
657:Qing government
624:
573:
571:New Imperialism
567:Informal empire
563:
539:Monroe Doctrine
508:Monroe Doctrine
489:European powers
462:
460:Monroe Doctrine
456:Carter Doctrine
448:
343:, whose native
333:
322:
316:
313:
298:
282:
271:
175:satellite state
109:Emperor Guangxu
51:Monroe Doctrine
45:' influence in
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
5:
3889:
3879:
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3642:Arctic Council
3638:
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3596:
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3585:Nordic Council
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3007:External links
3005:
3004:
3003:
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2989:
2986:
2979:
2970:23(2):277-84.
2958:
2955:
2952:
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2795:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2694:János Martonyi
2630:Valdas Adamkus
2621:
2583:
2557:
2526:
2495:
2470:
2463:
2451:(2008-08-26).
2449:Davies, Norman
2437:
2430:
2412:
2409:. p. 341.
2397:
2390:
2372:
2344:
2309:(2): 236–264.
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2116:(2): 271–291.
2100:
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1755:Foreign Policy
1741:
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1635:Unequal treaty
1632:
1627:
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1607:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1564:United Kingdom
1560:The Great Game
1551:
1550:Other examples
1548:
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1479:European Union
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1387:
1384:
1372:European Union
1357:
1347:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1298:
1291:
1206:Following the
1175:
1168:
1125:United Kingdom
1098:Western Europe
1058:Eastern Europe
1054:Central Europe
1022:
1019:
1015:Western Allies
1002:Western Powers
989:
986:
946:
945:
940:, adjacent to
935:
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904:In the north,
890:Eastern Europe
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49:following the
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2024:
2020:
2018:0-89875-531-X
2014:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1925:
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1912:
1903:
1901:0-8476-8707-4
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1600:Cultural area
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1516:Greater India
1513:
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1491:Germanosphere
1489:
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1476:
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1470:
1469:Russian world
1467:
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1345:ENP countries
1344:
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1326:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:Angela Merkel
1278:
1276:
1275:Sergei Lavrov
1270:
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1260:
1256:
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1223:
1221:
1220:Boris Yeltsin
1217:
1213:
1209:
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1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:Russian world
1173:
1167:
1165:
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1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:were able to
1126:
1122:
1117:
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1111:
1110:South Vietnam
1107:
1103:
1099:
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1094:United States
1091:
1087:
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1071:
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1050:Baltic states
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958:Moldovan ASSR
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867:
863:
862:Pacific Ocean
859:
855:
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847:
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835:
826:
812:
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805:
800:
798:
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789:
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645:
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632:Great Britain
629:
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558:
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543:United States
540:
536:
535:Rex Tillerson
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:North America
474:
473:United States
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:Latin America
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:Germanosphere
396:
395:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
331:
328:
320:
310:
306:
302:
296:
295:
291:
286:This section
284:
280:
275:
274:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:buffer states
207:
205:
204:middle powers
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
156:
155:exclusivity.
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:Emperor Meiji
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
52:
48:
47:Latin America
44:
43:United States
39:
33:
19:
3724:Non–regional
3341:
3114:
2999:
2992:
2982:
2967:
2942:. Retrieved
2933:
2924:
2911:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2862:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2808:
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2772:
2758:. Retrieved
2745:
2730:. Retrieved
2678:Ivan Krastev
2674:Michal Kováč
2658:Václav Havel
2650:Mátyás Eörsi
2624:
2613:. Retrieved
2596:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2539:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2508:
2498:
2487:. Retrieved
2485:. 2022-03-07
2482:
2473:
2452:
2421:
2415:
2406:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2285:. Retrieved
2265:
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2227:
2220:
2201:
2195:
2177:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2038:
2027:. Retrieved
2007:
2000:
1991:
1966:. Retrieved
1946:
1938:
1919:
1891:
1885:
1866:
1860:
1841:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1810:
1798:
1782:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1754:
1744:
1725:
1720:
1695:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1645:Iron Curtain
1576:
1572:Central Asia
1562:between the
1544:Soviet Union
1522:Islamosphere
1485:Francosphere
1477:— area with
1415:
1411:
1396:
1389:
1386:Corporations
1369:
1294:
1280:
1272:
1267:Founding Act
1266:
1255:Václav Havel
1248:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1205:
1171:
1149:
1118:
1039:
1011:
1006:Soviet Union
991:
962:Moldovan SSR
947:
942:East Prussia
879:
834:World War II
831:
801:
788:treaty ports
780:
772:
768:
704:Heilongjiang
665:
625:
605:
582:
541:to tout the
532:
524:Soviet Union
512:James Monroe
505:
463:
412:Latin Europe
394:Françafrique
388:Francophonie
365:
338:
323:
314:
299:Please help
287:
255:East Germany
251:West Germany
208:
200:great powers
192:Eastern Bloc
188:Soviet Union
178:
172:
157:
136:
132:
126:
61:
3871:Geopolitics
3432:Arab League
3425:Africa–Asia
3193:Geopolitics
3168:Least Great
3116:Realpolitik
2968:Geopolitics
2760:17 November
2732:17 November
2714:Lech Wałęsa
2642:Pavol Demeš
2519:16 November
1968:22 February
1605:Geopolitics
1534:Slavisphere
1448:Anglosphere
1422:Wall Street
1287:Theresa May
1114:South Korea
1074:North Korea
1040:During the
808:Yuan Shikai
485:world power
436:Malay world
432:Slavisphere
424:Turkosphere
380:Persosphere
372:Anglosphere
353:great power
263:Warsaw Pact
196:superpowers
117:Port-Arthur
113:Kiao-Tchéou
3845:Categories
2864:EUObserver
2810:EUobserver
2788:11 January
2690:Kadri Liik
2615:2021-08-31
2576:11 January
2489:2024-07-27
2287:2020-11-21
2249:2020-11-21
2158:17 January
2054:2018-10-04
2029:2020-11-21
1826:2018-10-04
1790:Wikisource
1651:References
1630:Sprachbund
1583:Great Game
1528:Persophere
1512:Indosphere
1475:Eurosphere
1463:Sinosphere
1457:Arabsphere
1418:Gilded Age
1380:Carl Bildt
1307:Eurosphere
1301:See also:
1178:See also:
1137:Suez Canal
950:Bessarabia
932:San Rivers
684:Great Wall
672:Wilhelm II
583:For Siam (
565:See also:
450:See also:
428:Sinosphere
420:Lusophonie
408:Hispanidad
404:Indosphere
384:Eurosphere
376:Arab World
349:suzerainty
317:March 2021
168:soft power
64:, showing
3394:by region
3178:Potential
2686:Mart Laar
2605:0362-4331
2483:mises.org
2339:154584987
2323:0007-6805
2130:152244604
1765:4 October
1696:Economica
1679:March 26,
1481:influence
1444:continent
1399:Microsoft
1234:In 1997,
1150:With the
980:when the
938:Lithuania
736:Guangdong
716:Guangdong
659:to sign "
516:New World
497:New World
491:from the
288:does not
202:, and/or
162:or other
153:political
107:ruled by
103:dividing
3478:Mercosur
3451:Americas
3322:Polarity
3290:European
3201:American
3163:Emerging
3158:Regional
3110:Politics
3105:National
3100:Maritime
3080:Economic
2944:June 13,
2938:Archived
2916:Archived
2869:Archived
2841:Archived
2815:Archived
2782:Archived
2754:Archived
2726:Archived
2609:Archived
2570:Archived
2544:Archived
2513:Archived
2364:Archived
2281:Archived
2243:Archived
2185:Archived
2152:Archived
2048:Archived
2023:Archived
1820:Archived
1759:Archived
1673:Archived
1594:See also
1442:American
1392:business
1355:members)
1123:and the
1088:and the
1042:Cold War
1004:and the
974:the Axis
970:Bukovina
886:Northern
868:and the
783:John Hay
752:Zhejiang
732:Zhejiang
696:Fengtian
692:Xinjiang
688:Mongolia
680:Shandong
585:Thailand
553:such as
526:and the
520:European
501:European
493:Americas
467:, first
219:Thailand
190:and its
180:de facto
160:alliance
149:military
145:economic
141:cultural
121:mandarin
98:Japanese
90:Marianne
3599:Eurasia
3361:Studies
3237:History
3228:Pacific
3216:Chinese
3075:Climate
2934:Fortune
2331:3113978
1712:2547870
1295:present
1172:present
1102:Oceania
1070:Vietnam
954:Romania
928:Vistula
910:Estonia
906:Finland
856:. The "
846:Vietnam
746:. Only
740:Guangxi
712:Guangxi
640:Germany
606:In the
589:Britain
551:nations
351:of the
345:dynasty
309:removed
294:sources
243:Germany
223:Britain
115:" and "
78:Germany
70:Britain
3815:Global
3558:Europe
3404:Africa
3273:Theory
3221:Indian
3153:Middle
3141:Status
3085:Energy
2875:22 May
2821:22 May
2603:
2550:22 May
2461:
2428:
2388:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2273:
2235:
2208:
2182:online
2128:
2091:
2015:
1959:
1926:
1898:
1873:
1848:
1785:
1732:
1710:
1568:Russia
1401:has a
1365:member
1361:
1359:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1318:(ENP)
1261:, the
1186:, and
1141:France
1135:) the
1133:Israel
1131:(with
1121:France
1044:, the
996:, the
930:, and
920:Poland
914:Latvia
912:, and
898:Soviet
850:Taiwan
836:, the
720:Fujian
708:Yunnan
702:, and
646:, and
644:Russia
636:France
612:Russia
593:France
458:, and
231:Russia
227:France
184:colony
164:treaty
94:France
86:Russia
3211:Asian
3183:Super
3173:Great
3148:Small
3127:Smart
3122:Sharp
3067:Types
2335:S2CID
2327:JSTOR
2126:S2CID
1708:JSTOR
1106:Japan
1084:—the
924:Narev
870:Asian
866:Japan
854:China
842:Korea
748:Italy
744:Tibet
728:Henan
700:Jilin
648:Japan
622:China
555:China
547:trade
499:were
151:, or
105:China
3766:G8+5
3502:Asia
3132:Soft
3095:Hard
3090:Food
2946:2020
2877:2015
2823:2015
2790:2016
2762:2015
2734:2015
2601:ISSN
2578:2016
2552:2015
2521:2022
2459:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2319:ISSN
2271:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2160:2014
2089:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1970:2018
1957:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1767:2018
1730:ISBN
1681:2016
1581:The
1566:and
1305:and
1236:NATO
1197:CSTO
1112:and
1080:and
1066:Laos
1062:Cuba
896:and
894:Nazi
888:and
738:and
730:and
714:and
690:and
630:"),
616:Iran
591:and
569:and
530:.).
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