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spindles for a new set. The cops are removed and collected into cans or baskets, and subsequently delivered to the warehouse. The remainder of the "draw" or "stretch," as the length of spun yarn is called when the carriage is out, is then wound upon the spindles as the carriage is run up to the roller beam. Work then commences anew. The doffing took only a few minutes, the piecers would run the length of the mule gate thrutching five spindles a time, and the doffing involved lifting four cops from the spindles with the right hand and piling them on the left forearm and hand. To get a firm cop bottom, the minder would whip the first few layers of yarn. After the first few draws the minder would stop the mule at the start of an inward run and take it in slowly depressing and releasing the faller wire several times. Alternatively, a starch paste could be skilfully applied to the first few layers of yarn by the piecers – and later a small paper tube was dropped over spindle – this slowed down the doffing operation and extra payment was negotiated by the minders.
695:-inch (3.2 cm) gap between two ends, stripping them of fly and replacing them on the next inward run. Cleaning the carriage top was far more dangerous. The minder would stop the mule on the outward run, and raise his hands above his head. The piecers would enter under the yarn sheet with a scavenger cloth on the carriage spindle rail and a brush on the roller beam, and run bent double the entire length of the mule, avoiding the rails and draw bands, and not letting themselves touch the yarn sheet. When they had finished they would run to agreed positions of safety where the minder could see both of them, and the minder would unclip the stang and start the mule. Before this ritual was devised, boys had been crushed. The mule was 130 feet (40 m) long, the minder's eyesight might not have been good, the air in the mill was clouded with fly and another minder's boys might have been mistaken for his. The ritual became encoded in law.
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that each mule worked differently. They were specialists in spinning, and were answerable only to the gaffer and under-gaffer who were in charge of the floor and with it the quantity and quality of the yarn that was produced. Bobbins of rovings came from the carder in the blowing room delivered by a bobbin carrier who was part of the carder's staff, and yarn was hoisted down to the warehouse by the warehouseman's staff. Delineation of jobs was rigid and communication would be through the means of coloured slips of paper written on in indelible pencil.
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yarn, and impede subsequent operations. As, however, the twist, spreading itself over the level thread, gives firmness to this portion, the thick and untwisted part yields to the draught of the spindle, and, as it approaches the tenuity of the remainder, it receives the twist it had hitherto refused to take. The carriage, which is borne upon wheels, continues its outward progress, until it reaches the extremity of its traverse, which is 63 inches (160 cm) from the roller beam. The revolution of the spindles cease, the drawing rollers stop.
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stopped while the thread was found. The number of yarn breakages was dependent on the quality of the roving, and quality cotton led to fewer breakages. Typical 1,200 spindle mules of the 1920s would experience 5 to 6 breakages a minute. The two piecers would thus need to repair the thread within 15 to 20 seconds while the mule was in motion but once they had the thread it took under three seconds. The repair actually involved a slight rolling of the forefinger against the thumb.
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that was captured by the clothing of anyone piecing an end. In the 1920s much attention was given to this problem. Mules had used this mixture since the 1880s, and cotton mules ran faster and hotter than the other mules, and needed more frequent oiling. The solution was to make it a statutory requirement to use only vegetable oil or white mineral oils, which were believed to be non-
112:, uses a continuous process, where the roving is drawn, twisted and wrapped in one action. The mule was the most common spinning machine from 1790 until about 1900 and was still used for fine yarns until the early 1980s. In 1890, a typical cotton mill would have over 60 mules, each with 1,320 spindles, which would operate four times a minute for 56 hours a week.
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on mule-type machines which have no roller drafting, but create the draft by the spindles receding from the delivery rollers whilst that latter, having paid out a short length of roving, are held stationary. Such mules are often complex involving multiple spindles speeds, receding motions, etc. to ensure optimum treatment of the yarn.
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remove irregularities from the rove before it is wound on the spindle. When
Arkwright's patents expired, the mule was developed by several manufacturers. Crompton's first mule had 48 spindles and could produce 1 pound (0.45 kg) of 60s thread a day. This demanded a spindle speed of 1,700 rpm, and a power input of
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Connection is then established between the attenuated rovings and the spindles. When the latter are bare, as in a new mule, the spindle-driving motion is put into gear, and the attendants wind upon each spindle a short length of yarn from a cop held in the hand. The drawing-roller motion is placed in
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Piecing involved repairing sporadic yarn breakages. At the rollers, the broken yarn would be caught on the underclearer (or fluker rod on Bolton mules), while at the spindle it would knot itself into a whorl on the spindle tip. If the break happened on the winding stroke the spindle might have to be
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Creeling involved replacing the rovings bobbins in a section of the mule without stopping the mule. On very coarse counts a bobbin lasted two days but on fine count it could last for 3 weeks. To creel, the creeler stood behind the mule, placing new bobbins on the shelf above the creel. As the bobbin
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A pair of mules would be manned by a person called the minder and two boys called the side piecer and the little piecer. They worked barefoot in humid temperatures; the minder and the little piecer worked the minder half of the mule. The minder would make minor adjustments to his mules to the extent
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Doffing is performed by the piercers thrutching, that is raising, the cops partially up the spindles, whilst the carriage is out. The minder then depressing the faller, so far as to guide the threads upon the bare spindle below. A few turns are wound onto the spindle, to fix the threads to the bare
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The back rollers pull the sliver from the bobbins, and passing it to the succeeding pairs, whose differential speeds attenuate it to the required degree of fineness. As it is delivered in front, the spindles, revolving at a rate of 6,000–9,000 rpm twist the hitherto loose fibres together, thus
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A pair of
Condenser spinning mules. These have 748 spindles and are believed to be the longest surviving cotton mules. They worked at Field Mill Ramsbottom, Lancashire until that mill closed in 1988 at which time they were the last such machines at work in the cotton industry probably in the world.
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Spinning wool is a different process as the variable lengths of the individual fibres means that they are unsuitable for attenuation by roller drafting. For this reason, woolen fibres are carded using condenser cards which rub the carded fibres together rather than drafting them. They are then spun
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Bolton specialised in fine count cotton, and its mules ran more slowly to put in the extra twist. The mule jenny allowed for this gentler action but in the 20th century additional mechanisms were added to make the motion more gentle, leading to mules that used two or even three driving speeds. Fine
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pulled the rovings through a set of attenuating rollers. Spinning at differing speeds, these pulled the thread continuously while other parts twisted it as it wound onto the heavy spindles. This produced thread suitable for warp, but the multiple rollers required much more energy input and demanded
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of the carriage, its purpose being to eliminate all irregularities in the fineness of the thread. Should a thick place in the roving come through the rollers, it would resist the efforts of the spindle to twist it; and, if passed in this condition, it would seriously deteriorate the quality of the
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Condenser spinning was developed to enable the short fibres produced as waste from the combing of fine cottons, to be spun into a soft, coarse yarns suitable for sheeting, blankets etc. Only approximately 2% of the mule spindles in
Lancashire were Condenser spindles, but many more Condenser mules
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detected in former mule spinners. It was limited to cotton mule spinners and did not affect woollen or condenser mule spinners. The cause was attributed to the blend of vegetable and mineral oils used to lubricate the spindles. The spindles, when running, threw out a mist of oil at crotch height,
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Cleaning was important and until a formal ritual had been devised it was a dangerous operation. The vibration in a mule threw a lot of short fibres (or fly) into the air. It tended to accumulate on the carriage behind the spindles and in the region of the drafting rollers. Piking the stick meant
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used a new method to assist the draw stroke. First animals, and then water, was used as the prime mover. Wright of
Manchester moved the headstock to the centre of the machine, allowing twice as many spindles; a squaring band was added to ensure the spindles came out in a straight line. He was in
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and elsewhere. Mules were worked in pairs by a minder, with the help of two boys: the little piecer and the big or side piecer. The carriage carried up to 1,320 spindles and could be 150 feet (46 m) long, and would move forward and back a distance of 5 feet (1.5 m) four times a minute.
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Crompton built his mule from wood. Although he used
Hargreaves' ideas of spinning multiple threads and of attenuating the roving with rollers, it was he who put the spindles on the carriage and fixed a creel of roving bobbins on the frame. Both the rollers and the outward motion of the carriage
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The 1790 mule was operated by brute force: the spinner drawing and pushing the frame while attending to each spindle. Home spinning was the occupation of women and girls, but the strength needed to operate a mule caused it to be the activity of men. Hand loom weaving, however, had been a man's
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gear, and the rollers soon present lengths of attenuated roving. These are attached to the threads on the spindles, by simply placing the threads in contact with the un-twisted roving. The different parts of the machine are next simultaneously started, when the whole works in harmony together.
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allowed a group of eight spindles to be operated together. It mirrored the simple wheel; the rovings were clamped, and a frame moved forward stretching and thinning the roving. A wheel was rapidly turned as the frame was pushed back, and the spindles rotated, twisting the rovings into yarn and
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The carriage commences to run inwards; that is, towards the rollerbeam. This is called putting up. The spindles wind on the yarn at a uniform rate. The speed of revolution of the spindle must vary, as the faller is guiding the thread upon the larger or smaller diameter of the cone of the cop.
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Oldham counts refers to the medium thickness cotton that was used for general purpose cloth. Roberts did not profit from his self-acting spinning mule, but on the expiry of the patent other firms took forward the development, and the mule was adapted for the counts it spun. Initially
Roberts'
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A counter faller under the thread was made to rise to take in the slack caused by backing off. This could be used with the top faller wire to guide the yarn to the correct place on the cop. These were controlled by levers and cams and an inclined plane called the shaper. The spindle speed was
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Backing-off commences. This process is the unwinding of the several turns of the yarn, extending from the top of the cop in process of formation to the summit of the spindle. As this proceeds, the faller- wire, which is placed over and guides the threads upon the cop, is depressed ; the
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Mule spindles rest on a carriage that travels on a track a distance of 60 inches (1.5 m), while drawing out and spinning the yarn. On the return trip, known as putting up, as the carriage moves back to its original position, the newly spun yarn is wound onto the spindle in the form of a
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to hold the roving, connected through the headstock to a parallel carriage with the spindles. On the outward motion, the rovings are paid out through attenuating rollers and twisted. On the return, the roving is clamped and the spindles are reversed to take up the newly spun thread.
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ran empty he would pick it off its skewer in the creel unreeling 30 cm or so of roving, and drop it into a skip. With his left hand, he would place on the new bobbin onto the skewer from above and with his right hand twist in the new roving into the tail of the last.
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William Eaton, in 1818, improved the winding of the thread by using two faller wires and performing a backing off at the end of the outward traverse. All these mules had been worked by the strength of the operatives. The next improvement was a fully automatic mule.
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controlled by a drum and weighted ropes, as the headstock moved the ropes twisted the drum, which using a tooth wheel turned the spindles. None of this would have been possible using the technology of
Crompton's time, fifty years earlier.
365:. In 1793, John Kennedy addressed the problem of fine counts. With these counts, the spindles on the return traverse needed to rotate faster than on the outward traverse. He attached gears and a clutch to implement this motion.
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Mule spinners were the leaders in unionism within the cotton industry; the pressure to develop the self-actor or self-acting mule was partly to open the trade to women. It was in 1870 that the first national
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collecting it on the spindles. The spinning jenny was effective and could be operated by hand, but it produced weaker thread that could be used only for the weft part of the cloth. (Because the side-to-side
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349:, constructed a mule using toothed gearing and, importantly, metal rollers. Baker of Bury worked on drums, and Hargreaves used parallel scrolling to achieve smoother acceleration and deceleration.
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Crompton's machine was largely built of wood, using bands and pulleys for the driving motions. After his machine was public, he had little to do with its development. Henry Stones, a mechanic from
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took out his first patent in 1825 and a second in 1830. The task he had set himself was to design a self-actor, a self-acting or automatic spinning mule. Roberts is also known for the
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Whilst this is going on, the spindle carriage is being drawn away from the rollers, at a pace very slightly exceeding the rate at which the roving is coming forth. This is called the
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cone-shaped cop. As the mule spindle travels on its carriage, the roving which it spins is fed to it through rollers geared to revolve at different speeds to draw out the yarn.
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799:. It lagged behind cotton in adopting new technology. Worsted tended to adopt Arkwright water frames which could be operated by young girls, and woollen adopted the mule.
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counter-faller at the same time rising, the slack unwound from the spindles is taken up, and the threads are prevented from running into snarls. Backing-off is completed.
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self-actor was used for coarse counts (Oldham Counts), but the mule-jenny continued to be used for the very finest counts (Bolton counts) until the 1890s and beyond.
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Short video showing the spinning of cotton yarn on a self-acting cotton mule. The video shows how broken yarn is "pieced" together - without stopping the machine.
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occupation but in the mill it could and was done by girls and women. Spinners were the bare-foot aristocrats of the factory system. It replaced decentralised
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that the device be driven by a water wheel. The early water frame, however, had only a single spindle. Combining ideas from these two system inspired the
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placing the hand though the yarnsheet, and unclipping two sticks of underclearer rollers from beneath the drafting rollers, drawing them through the
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The spinning inventions were significant in enabling a great expansion to occur in the production of textiles, particularly cotton ones. Cotton and
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768:. Both industries underwent a great expansion at about the same time, which can be used to identify the start of the Industrial Revolution.
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conversation with John
Kennedy about the possibility of a self-acting mule. Kennedy, a partner in McConnell & Kennedy machine makers in
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Mules are still in use for spinning woolen and alpaca, and being produced across the world. In Italy for example by
Bigagli and Cormatex
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in 1825. At its peak, there were 5,000,000 mule spindles in
Lancashire alone. Modern versions are still in production and are used to spin
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A reversing mechanism that would unwind a spiral of yarn on the top of each spindle, before commencing the winding of a new stretch
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made the loom twice as productive, causing the demand for cotton yarn to vastly exceed what traditional spinners could supply.
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in the 1820s, was little used in Lancashire until the 1890s. It required more energy and could not produce the finest counts.
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The motion of the middle pair is slightly quicker than the first, but only sufficiently so to keep the roving uniformly tense
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counts needed a softer action on the winding, and relied on manual adjustment to wind the chase or top of the perfect cop.
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The first pair takes hold of the roving, to draw the roving or sliver from the bobbin, and deliver it to the next pair.
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Fowler, Alan (11–13 November 2004). "British Textile Workers in the Lancashire Cotton and Yorkshire Wool Industries".
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Marsden in 1885 described the processes of setting up and operating a mule. Here is his description, edited slightly.
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An appliance to vary the speed of revolution of the spindle, in accordance with the diameter of thread on that spindle
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employed inventors to find solutions that would increase the amount of yarn spun, then took out the relevant patents.
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the fibre – break up and clean the disorganised fluff into long bundles. The women would then spin these rough
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With the invention of the self actor, the hand-operated mule was increasingly referred to as a mule-jenny.
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Development over the next century and a half led to an automatic mule and to finer and stronger yarn. The
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Modern automatic spinning mules, bale breakers and carding machines used for woolen and cashmere products
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The front pair, running much more quickly, draws out (attenuates) the roving so it is equal throughout.
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opposed the perceived threat to their livelihood: there were frame-breaking riots and, in 1811–13, the
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process. These two wheels became the starting point of technological development. Businessmen such as
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599:. The rovings are passed through small guide-wires, and between the three pairs of drawing-rollers.
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is pulled through rollers and twisted; on the return it is wrapped onto the spindle. Its rival, the
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Immediately the winding is finished, the depressed faller rises, the counter-faller is put down.
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and other fibres. They were used extensively from the late 18th to the early 20th century in the
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is completed. A stop-motion paralyses every action of the machine, rendering it necessary to
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survive today as these were the last spindles regularly at work., and the mules are similar.
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Description of working day in a Lancashire spinning mill- explaining the operation of a mule
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Transcription of 1979 tape describing the operations of a Taylor and Lang Condenser Mule
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A faller wire that would ensure the yarn was wound into a predefined form such as a cop
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These movements are repeated until the cops on each spindle are perfectly formed: the
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and flyer with a heck (an apparatus that guides the thread to the reels) in a
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self-acting spinning mule: 1835 diagram showing the gearing in the headstock
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The increased supply of muslin inspired developments in loom design such as
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Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)
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process, and the more refined Saxony wheel, which drives a differential
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These mules were built by Asa Lees and Company Ltd, of Oldham in 1906.
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and returned to weaving. Dale patented the mule and profited from it.
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General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association
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The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor
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The only surviving mule made by its inventor is at Bolton Museum
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132:. Weaving was a family activity. The children and women would
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with centralised factory jobs, driving economic upheaval and
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An early spinning mule: showing the gearing in the headstock
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does not have to be stretched on a loom in the way that the
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in 1779, so called because it is a hybrid of Arkwright's
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riots. The preparatory and associated tasks allowed many
1357:. Storey Institute Lancaster: Oxford Archaeology North.
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Cotton Spinning: its development, principles an practice
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National Overview Great Britain, Textile Conference IISH
965:"Technological Evolution in Cotton Spinning, 1878–1933"
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North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association
740:
Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution
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Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society
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Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners
837:
Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
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by an intermittent process. In the draw stroke, the
1300:(Elibron Classics ed.). London: John Heywood.
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77:. The self-acting (automatic) mule was patented by
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1355:A & G Murray and the Cotton Mills of Ancoats
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1298:Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering
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2310:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association
916:(in Italian and English). 2012. Archived from
2595:History of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
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645:or strip the spindles, and to commence anew.
1840:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co
847:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
372:
167:There were two types of spinning wheel: the
96:The spinning mule spins textile fibres into
18:Machine used to spin cotton and other fibres
2360:United Textile Factory Workers' Association
2350:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation
744:Industrial Revolution § Social effects
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120:Before the 1770s, textile production was a
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156:in the sun to bleach it. The invention by
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813:Circa 1900 there was a high incidence of
73:It was invented between 1775 and 1779 by
963:Saxonhouse, Gary; Wright, Gavin (2010).
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363:Fine Spinners & Doublers Association
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152:to weave this into cloth. This was then
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532:was a cotton waste mule spinning mill.
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1353:Miller, I; Wild, C; Little, S (2007).
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203:is, it can generally be less strong.)
1880:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn
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333:his invention. He sold the rights to
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677:Doffing has already been described.
329:Samuel Crompton could not afford to
148:. The male weaver would use a frame
1278:. Preston: The Lancashire Library.
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791:The wool industry was divided into
577:Running spinning mule, built 1897,
35:A working mule spinning machine at
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2315:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union
1860:William Roberts & Co of Nelson
969:The Japanese Economy in Retrospect
471:Selfactor in Vonwiller & Co.,
288:is the product of crossbreeding a
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2335:General Union of Loom Overlookers
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729:Textile manufacturing terminology
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93:for the knitted textile market.
2320:Amalgamated Weavers' Association
1758:
1492:
885:Bigagli automatic spinning mules
535:
504:
495:
486:
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
85:yarns from noble fibres such as
1750:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)
1267:
1252:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
340:
318:The mule produced strong, thin
2178:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust
1157:Miller, Wild & Little 2007
1000:
956:
944:
932:
858:
722:
1:
2153:Lancashire Cotton Corporation
2127:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers
1830:W & J Galloway & Sons
852:
1931:John Hetherington & Sons
1815:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co
1428:
1340:. Manchester: Marsden and Co
764:were leading sectors in the
550:Watch video demonstration #1
7:
1916:Butterworth & Dickinson
1321:. George Bell and Sons 1903
825:
459:Notice the faller wire gear
322:, suitable for any kind of
206:The throstle and the later
10:
2616:
2148:Fine Spinners and Doublers
1756:
806:
737:
734:Social and economic impact
726:
352:In 1790, William Kelly of
238:until this was regulated.
115:
57:is a machine used to spin
2559:John Kay (spinning frame)
2554:John Kay (flying shuttle)
2521:
2485:
2399:
2368:
2292:
2199:Cotton-spinning machinery
2186:
2135:
2014:
1971:Parr, Curtis & Madely
1921:Curtis, Parr & Walton
1903:
1800:Browett, Lindley & Co
1767:
1712:
1601:Cotton-spinning machinery
1593:
1547:
1501:
1490:
1436:
1315:Marsden, Richard (1884).
715:Faller and counter faller
595:holds bobbins containing
373:Roberts' self-acting mule
1996:Textile Machinery Makers
1976:British Northrop Loom Co
1895:Woolstenhulmes & Rye
1845:John Musgrave & Sons
1725:Bradshaw Gass & Hope
1274:Catling, Harold (1986).
653:Duties of the operatives
562:selfactor mule headstock
315:horsepower (47 W).
89:, ultra-fine merino and
2513:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal
2173:James Burton & Sons
2163:Combined Egyptian Mills
2001:Tweedales & Smalley
284:in the same way that a
236:children to be employed
2209:Magnetic ring spinning
2204:DREF friction spinning
1885:Willans & Robinson
1790:Bateman & Sherratt
1621:Magnetic ring spinning
1616:DREF friction spinning
757:
708:
666:
581:
563:
524:
386:
262:
50:
39:
2386:Mule spinners' cancer
2355:The Textile Institute
2325:Cardroom Amalgamation
2194:Textile manufacturing
2006:T. Wildman & Sons
1991:Taylor, Lang & Co
1951:Howard & Bullough
1941:John Pilling and Sons
1875:Urmson & Thompson
1785:Ashworth & Parker
1626:Mule spinners' cancer
1334:Marsden, ed. (1909).
842:Textile manufacturing
809:Mule spinners' cancer
803:Mule-spinners' cancer
766:Industrial Revolution
752:Mules operating in a
751:
706:
664:
576:
560:Taylor, Lang & Co
558:
521:
380:
260:
45:
34:
2369:Employment practices
2187:Industrial processes
1805:Buckley & Taylor
1730:F.W. Dixon & Son
1661:Wool combing machine
1337:Cotton Yearbook 1910
1123:, pp. 75–9, 118
971:. World Scientific.
435:The outward traverse
423:A cross section 1882
226:. Some spinners and
2381:Kissing the shuttle
2158:Bagley & Wright
2097:George Augustus Lee
2087:William Houldsworth
2057:Nathaniel Eckersley
1926:Dobson & Barlow
1870:Scott & Hodgson
1835:Benjamin Goodfellow
1820:Earnshaw & Holt
1594:Industrial spinning
1548:Hand spinning tools
1231:, pp. 160, 161
920:on 18 December 2014
544:Operation of a mule
447:The inward traverse
2600:English inventions
2037:Hugh Hornby Birley
1981:Pemberton & Co
1966:Mather & Platt
1946:Harling & Todd
1911:Brooks & Doxey
1855:Petrie of Rochdale
1850:J & W McNaught
1795:Boulton & Watt
1171:, pp. 240–242
1135:, pp. 141–146
1096:, pp. 226–230
887:(in Italian). 2012
774:cottage industries
758:
709:
667:
665:Mule-spinning room
618:forming a thread.
582:
579:Mueller Cloth Mill
564:
525:
514:Condenser spinning
387:
263:
51:
40:
2590:Textile machinery
2572:
2571:
2529:Richard Arkwright
2508:Weavers' Triangle
2503:Queen Street Mill
2284:Lancashire boiler
2214:Open-end spinning
2136:Limited companies
2102:Charles Macintosh
2042:Joseph Brotherton
1669:
1668:
1611:Open-end spinning
1364:978-0-904220-46-9
1276:The Spinning Mule
707:A Mule Jenny 1892
574:
245:, originating in
220:Edmund Cartwright
185:Richard Arkwright
32:
2607:
2544:James Hargreaves
2442:Oldham (borough)
2052:Peter Drinkwater
2022:Elkanah Armitage
1904:Machinery makers
1762:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1585:Spinner's weasel
1496:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1368:
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1166:
1160:
1154:
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1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
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1091:
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1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
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1031:
1022:
1016:
1010:
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992:
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954:
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942:
936:
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929:
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906:
897:
896:
894:
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877:
868:
862:
694:
693:
689:
686:
575:
468:
456:
444:
432:
420:
314:
313:
309:
278:James Hargreaves
228:handloom weavers
171:, which uses an
122:cottage industry
37:Quarry Bank Mill
33:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2534:Samuel Crompton
2517:
2498:Helmshore Mills
2481:
2395:
2391:Piece-rate list
2364:
2288:
2259:Lancashire Loom
2182:
2143:Oldham Limiteds
2131:
2082:Richard Howarth
2010:
1956:Geo. Hattersley
1899:
1763:
1754:
1720:David Bellhouse
1708:
1700:
1670:
1665:
1631:Piece-rate list
1589:
1543:
1497:
1488:
1432:
1427:
1375:
1365:
1343:
1341:
1324:
1322:
1308:
1294:Nasmith, Joseph
1286:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
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1100:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
986:
979:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
923:
921:
908:
907:
900:
890:
888:
879:
878:
871:
863:
859:
855:
828:
811:
805:
746:
738:Main articles:
736:
731:
725:
712:Drawing rollers
701:
691:
687:
684:
682:
655:
566:
546:
538:
530:Helmshore Mills
516:
507:
498:
489:
479:
477:Austria-Hungary
469:
460:
457:
448:
445:
436:
433:
424:
421:
390:Richard Roberts
375:
343:
311:
307:
306:
266:Samuel Crompton
255:
118:
79:Richard Roberts
75:Samuel Crompton
48:Samuel Crompton
23:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Peter Foxcroft
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
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2474:
2469:
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2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2400:Lists of mills
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
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2327:
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2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2229:Spinning jenny
2226:
2224:Spinning frame
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Samuel Oldknow
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Henry Ashworth
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Platt Brothers
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:Joseph Hibbert
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1890:J & E Wood
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Daniel Adamson
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:Stott and Sons
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:Throstle frame
1648:
1643:
1641:Spinning jenny
1638:
1636:Spinning frame
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1580:Spinning wheel
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1539:Twist per inch
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1373:External links
1371:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1350:
1331:
1312:
1306:
1290:
1284:
1269:
1266:
1264:
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1137:
1125:
1113:
1098:
1086:
1074:
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1038:
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999:
984:
977:
955:
943:
931:
898:
869:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
827:
824:
815:scrotal cancer
807:Main article:
804:
801:
735:
732:
727:Main article:
724:
721:
720:
719:
716:
713:
700:
699:Key components
697:
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651:
611:
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604:
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374:
371:
342:
339:
282:spinning jenny
254:
253:The first mule
251:
192:spinning jenny
162:flying shuttle
117:
114:
106:throstle frame
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2612:
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2496:
2494:
2493:Bancroft Shed
2491:
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2267:
2265:
2264:Northrop Loom
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Spinning mule
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Ring spinning
2217:
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2200:
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2110:
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1810:Carels Frères
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1768:Engine makers
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1646:Spinning mule
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1632:
1629:
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1624:
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1617:
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1606:Ring spinning
1604:
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1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
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1558:
1556:
1555:Hand spinning
1553:
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1309:
1307:1-4021-4558-6
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:0-902228-61-7
1281:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1261:, p. 179
1260:
1255:
1247:
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1225:
1219:, p. 155
1218:
1213:
1207:, p. 154
1206:
1201:
1195:, p. 158
1194:
1189:
1183:, p. 157
1182:
1177:
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1159:, p. 166
1158:
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1147:, p. 144
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
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1103:
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1084:, p. 226
1083:
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1072:, p. 224
1071:
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1048:, p. 223
1047:
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1036:, p. 222
1035:
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1021:, p. 221
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
997:, p. 219
996:
991:
989:
980:
978:9789814271455
974:
970:
966:
959:
953:, p. 109
952:
947:
941:, p. 109
940:
935:
919:
915:
911:
905:
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536:Current usage
533:
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505:Woollen mules
502:
496:Bolton counts
493:
487:Oldham counts
484:
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268:invented the
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55:spinning mule
49:
44:
38:
21:
16:
2549:Thomas Highs
2293:Associations
2269:Air-jet loom
2254:Roberts Loom
2233:
2122:John Rylands
2092:John Kennedy
2067:William Gray
2062:John Fielden
2047:James Burton
1865:George Saxon
1780:Ashton Frost
1735:Edward Potts
1645:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1336:
1323:. Retrieved
1317:
1297:
1275:
1268:Bibliography
1259:Catling 1986
1254:
1245:
1229:Catling 1986
1224:
1217:Catling 1986
1212:
1205:Catling 1986
1200:
1193:Catling 1986
1188:
1181:Catling 1986
1176:
1169:Marsden 1884
1164:
1152:
1145:Catling 1986
1140:
1133:Catling 1986
1128:
1121:Catling 1986
1116:
1111:, p. 51
1109:Catling 1986
1094:Marsden 1884
1089:
1082:Marsden 1884
1077:
1070:Marsden 1884
1065:
1060:, p. 43
1058:Catling 1986
1053:
1046:Marsden 1884
1041:
1034:Marsden 1884
1019:Marsden 1884
1014:
1009:, p. 53
1007:Catling 1986
1002:
995:Marsden 1884
968:
958:
951:Nasmith 1895
946:
939:Marsden 1884
934:
922:. Retrieved
918:the original
913:
889:. Retrieved
884:
867:, p. 11
865:Catling 1986
860:
820:carcinogenic
812:
790:
788:was formed.
782:
778:urbanisation
770:
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499:
490:
482:
409:
394:Roberts Loom
388:
367:
351:
344:
341:Improvements
328:
317:
303:
290:female horse
269:
264:
240:
217:
212:
205:
189:
180:
173:intermittent
172:
169:simple wheel
166:
119:
95:
72:
54:
52:
20:
15:
2564:Robert Owen
2274:Rapier loom
2249:Water frame
2117:Robert Peel
2077:Samuel Greg
2072:Hannah Greg
2032:Hugh Birley
2015:Mill owners
1656:Water frame
1565:Niddy noddy
924:13 December
891:13 December
832:Cotton mill
754:Cotton mill
723:Terminology
294:male donkey
274:water frame
247:New England
208:water frame
2579:Categories
2437:Manchester
2432:Lancashire
2427:Derbyshire
2376:More looms
2279:Dandy loom
2168:Courtaulds
2107:Hugh Mason
1713:Architects
1703:Lancashire
1570:Nostepinne
1534:Short draw
1502:Techniques
910:"Cormatex"
853:References
335:David Dale
243:ring frame
224:power loom
181:continuous
110:ring frame
67:Lancashire
2477:Yorkshire
2462:Stockport
2407:LCC mills
1825:Fairbairn
1529:Scutching
1524:Long draw
1437:Materials
881:"Bigagli"
2585:Spinning
2522:Pioneers
2467:Tameside
2452:Rochdale
2422:Cheshire
2244:Steaming
1961:Asa Lees
1519:Heckling
1430:Spinning
1344:26 April
1325:26 April
1296:(1895).
826:See also
718:Quadrant
158:John Kay
154:tentered
87:cashmere
2486:Museums
2457:Salford
2447:Preston
2239:Carding
1575:Spindle
1560:Distaff
1514:Combing
1509:Carding
1484:Worsted
797:worsted
793:woollen
690:⁄
597:rovings
473:Žamberk
383:Roberts
359:Ancoats
354:Glasgow
347:Horwich
324:textile
310:⁄
298:bobbins
292:with a
232:Luddite
177:spindle
160:of the
146:spindle
138:rovings
116:History
83:woollen
2412:Bolton
1706:cotton
1479:Woolen
1464:Staple
1459:Sliver
1454:Roving
1361:
1304:
1282:
975:
331:patent
124:using
102:roving
91:alpaca
59:cotton
2472:Wigan
1740:Stott
1449:Rolag
786:union
593:creel
140:into
63:mills
2417:Bury
1444:Noil
1359:ISBN
1346:2009
1327:2009
1302:ISBN
1280:ISBN
973:ISBN
926:2012
893:2012
795:and
762:iron
742:and
643:doff
623:gain
591:The
320:yarn
286:mule
276:and
201:warp
197:weft
190:The
150:loom
142:yarn
134:card
130:wool
128:and
126:flax
98:yarn
53:The
1474:Tow
1469:Top
639:set
280:'s
222:'s
108:or
65:of
2581::
1236:^
1101:^
1026:^
987:^
967:.
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883:.
872:^
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475:,
381:A
312:16
215:.
1695:e
1688:t
1681:v
1422:e
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1248:.
981:.
928:.
895:.
756:.
692:4
688:1
685:+
683:1
308:1
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